008837   Awate B P;Kandpal G;Chattopadhyay S;Ganesh B; Raut K B;Arora S S (NO, Ballarpur Industries Limited, Unit Ballarpur, P.O. Ballarpur Paper Mills, Dist Chandrapur, Maharashtra) : Alkaline sizing for fine paper. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(4), 137-42.

Alkaline Sizing offers many benefits to the papermakers in terms of quality and cost. For this purpose in paper industry, AKD and ASA is the established alkaline sizing agent for stock pH up to 8.5. In today's scenario, alkaline sizing becomes necessity for the papermaker to have an edge over the competition in terms of product quality which facilitates use of GCC/PCC in system along with other benefits in terms of cost, quality and productivity. As both the product have certain limitations as well as advantages, selection of suitable sizing agent among ASA and AKD for alkaline sizing depends on the individual mill and paper machine conditions. A particular mill has to select a suitable chemistry for successful implementation based on the available process conditions and resources like furnish process water quality, steam availability in dryer section, design of press section, size press design, nature of final product to be manufactured etc. Mill under consideration have gained sufficient experience for both alkaline sizing agent in recent past and based on the available system, ASA has been selected as an alkaline sizing agent for fine paper making. In initial phases, mill has faced lot of issues with ASA sizing technology. But the issues have been sorted out with complete analysis and understanding the necessary chemistry. Now mill is ready for change over to ASA sizing system.

2 illus, 6 tables, 4 ref

008836   Annam Raju P V;Raghavulu V V;Satyanarayana U V;Suri P K (NO, The Andhra Pradesh paper Mills Ltd., Rajahmundry-533 105) : Experiences in alkaline sizing of paper. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(4), 147-9.

In an effort to achieve improvement in optical properties especially brightness and whiteness required to meet the growing demands of domestic and global markets with the high bright pulp available, APPM took up trials with Alkaline and Neutral sizing chemicals. It has been the first mill in India to dedicate one machine for the production of different grades of writing and printing papers in Alkaline sizing from the year 2000 onwards. Since then trials for other sizing systems are continuing. Some of those experiences are presented in this paper.

2 tables, 2 ref

008835   Anil Kumar (NO, Shreyans Industries Limited, Ahmedgarh-148-021) : Right maintenance strategies-a must for efficient mill operations. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(3), 65-6.

Maintenance management can be better termed as Physical Asset Management. Asset Management helps maximizing output, equipment reliability, cost reduction and contribution to the economic growth of the company. An attempt has been made to understand how Asset management contributes in this area. Also, use of OEE [Overall Equipment Effectiveness] as measurement tool for measuring success of Asset management, impact of failure on product quality, industries reputation and society on the whole are discussed. Emphasis has been laid on reducing Mill blindness and building a highly motivated maintenance team which can deliver results as per expectation of management and change the mindset that maintenance team is a cost centre and not a profit contributor.

5 ref

008834   Ahmad S;Sharma R;Raj K;Mediratta R;Prasad K D;Ashok Kumar (Ballarpur Industries ltd., Unit Shree Gopal, Yamunanagar-135 001) : Alkaline sizing (AKD) with GCC filler. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(4), 123-7.

To sustain in the competitive market, it is inevitable to up-date the quality of product on a continual basis: an attempt has been made to switch over from neutral size to synthetic or cellulose-reactive sizing agents such as AKD (Alkyl Ketene Dimer) with the use of GCC filler. In this regard, laboratory studies is carried out on alkaline sizing with the use of AKD from three different suppliers along with their retention aid and fixing agent. AKD samples were evaluated in laboratory with soapstone and GCC. With varying dosage of AKD (1.0%, 1.2%, 1.5% as such basis), laboratory handsheets were made and tested for Cobb value. Based upon laboratory studies, the most effective AKD was selected for the plant trial. A full-scale mill trial was conducted on the Fourdrinier paper machine of 120 m/min speed manufacturing superior grade of paper i.e. Royal Executive Bond to validate laboratory study. Alkaline sized paper could be manufactured, however, the optimization of these chemical to reduce sizing cost could not be made due to limitation in the process. Deals with the mill experiences of AKD sizing, using GCC filler.

5 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

007945   Tyagi S;Ray A K;Kulkarni A G (Paper Technology Dep, Saharanpur Campus, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur-247 001) : Drive power requirement for winder & reel section of finishing house. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 73-6.

The power requirement of winder drives depends on many variables such as type of winder, critical speed of roll, deflection of roll, running time of winder, dimensions of the winder rolls, tension and speed of web and basis weight of paper. algorithm is developed taking into account of all the above parameters. This will provide an efficient tool to estimate the different output winders parameters to practicing engineer on shop floor. The algorithm can be used fully or partially depending on one's individual needs. The case studies of an Indian mill and mill operating abroad have been shown to facilitate the use of the algorithm derived.

3 tables, 6 ref

007944   Tyagi G K;Bhattacharya S;Kumar P (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Hand-related properties of polyester-viscose and polyester-cotton ring and MJS yarn fabrics-effects of fibre profile and finishing treatment. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 126-31.

The hand - related properties of polyester-viscose and polyester-cotton ring and polyester-viscose MJS yarn fabrics have been studied using FAST evaluation system. Invariably, polyester-viscose MJS yarn fabrics have higher rigidity, higher extensibility and enhanced formability but display lower shear rigidity than ring-spun yarn fabrics. The fibre profile and fibre-mix are important and critical to fabric formability and shear rigidity. When compared with the grey fabric, finished fabric compressibility and shear rigidity increase, while bending rigidity, extensibility and formability are markedly reduced. Nevertheless, polyester-cotton fabrics are more rigid, less extensible and provide higher shear rigidity and enhanced formability even for similar fibre profiles.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

007943   Tyagi C H;Dutt D (Paper Technology Dep, Institute of Technology Roorkee, Indian Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Pulp and Pager making characteristics of Saccharum spontaneum. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 109-13.

The study aims at assessing the suitability of S. spontaneum for pulp and paper making. The proximate chemical analysis indicates that it is a bulky material having comparatively lower extractives and lignin content with higher holocellulose content. It requires lower cooking chemicals and shorter cooking cycle in order to produce chemical grade pulp. The unbleached pulp shows good response towards O2 delignification and reduces kappa number by 62 per cent. The pulp shows good response towards multi-stage bleaching sequence and produces a pulp of high brightness ceiling.

5 tables, 13 ref

007942   Singhal D K (NO, Chandpur Enterprises Ltd, Sargam Theatre, Chandpur-246 725) : Energy audit of vacuum system. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 129-33.

Vacuum pumps consume nearly 15-20% of total power required by a paper machine. Due to non-availability of published benchmarks, many mills are using much more power for vacuum generation than really required. By way of audit, it is possible to identify the points where there is a potential for energy conservation, Present work indicates how such an audit program may be conducted.

1 table, 5 ref

007941   Singh V;Dutt D;Swarnima;Tahiliyani D (Paper Technology Dep, Institute of Technology Roorkee, Indian Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Effect of metal ions on electrical insulation paper properties. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 121-3.

Paper made from pure cellulose permits transmission of larger power loads through given size of ducts in cables compared to other insulations. Based on use, the electrical insulation paper may be categorized as high-tension cable paper, telephone cable paper, and capacitor tissue paper. These papers have distinct levels of metal ion purity in pulp depending on end use. Present paper aims at studying the effect of thickness of paper and metal ion concentration on electrical properties of paper. This study will help for developing various insulation papers.

6 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

007940   Sheikhzadeh M;Semnani D;Eslamian Z; Darvishzadeh M (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran, Email: m.sh110@ac.iut.ac.ir) : Determination of yarn position on cone surface of random cone winding system. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 181-4.

The parametrical differential equation of yarn curvature for suitable yarn random cone winding has been derived. Along with the determination of the yarn position on cone surface by numerical method, the suitable situation of random winding is also studied in various forms of yarn positions. The results show that the equation can determine the exact yarn position on surface of cone for optimum yarn winding conditions. Also, the wide start angle and tight cone angle cause tight yarn curvature and more yarn length on package, but these parameters are limited to winding and unwinding processes.

^ssc4 illus, 9 ref

007939   Sharma S;Nair A;Dube S (Bangurnagar Degree College, Danlcli, Karnataka) : Development of surface acting agents using naturally occurring phenols from CNSL, a penetrating aid in kraft pulping. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 125-7.

Cashew Nut Shell Oil is a naturally occurring phenolic material. Commercially CNSL is vacuum distilled to separate cardanol. The structural features of CNSL are similar to that of many surface-active compounds, which are basically manufactured by using petrochemicals. The petrochemical based compounds are non-biodegradable and hence are not ecofriendly. Sulphonated CNSL can be conveniently used for important applications such as detergents, emulsifying, penetrating, wetting and soluibilising agents. CNSL is readily available in the West Coast Belt of India. As CNSL is obtained from natural resources it is more advantageous and eco-friendly. The compound is proved to be a good penetrating aid for pulping of hardwoods. It improves the pulp quality and yield by accelerating delignification process.

5 tables, 5 ref

007938   Sengupta S;Majumdar P K;Ray P (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: ssg_42@rediffmail.com) : Tensile deformation of jute needle-punched nonwomen geotextiles under compressive load. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 139-45.

The effect of compressive load on tensile behaviour of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric has been studied with special reference to crack or void generation. A test box is designed to apply compressive load on the fabric during testing in horizontal cloth tensile tester. The tensile behaviour of single, 2-ply and 3-ply fabrics has been studied using this set-up with different compressive pressures ranging from 0 kPa to 39.2 kPa. It is observed that the stress-at-failure, extension-at-break, modulus of fabric and their coefficient of variations depend on the extent of compressive load. Fibre orientation and wetting of fabric play a role in determining its tensile behaviour under compressive load. A single ply, cross-laid fabric in wet condition shows better performance during crack or void generation in soil.

8 illus, 19 ref

007937   Sarwar Jahan M;Nasima Chowdhury D A;Khalidul Islam M (Pulp and Paper Research Div, BCSIR laboratories, Dhaka, Dr Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh) : Formic acid/acetic acid pulping of kash (Saccharum spontaneum), jute (Chorcorus capsularies) and Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata). IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 115-18.

The cooking of kash (Saccharum spontaneum), jute (chorcorus capsularies) and dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) was carried out at atmospheric pressure using a mixture of formic acid/ acetic acid/ water. Increasing formic acid concentration in the acid mixture improved the delignification rate. The unbleached pulp yield was higher than the conventional pulping process. In order to make easier and chlorine free bleaching, it was possible to improve the delignification in an efficient and selective manner by using peroxyacid in acidic organic medium. Low kappa number and high viscosity of pulp were obtained by treating formic acid/ acetic acid water pulp with peroxy acid. Alkaline peroxide bleaching gave pulp of above 80 % brightness. The acceptable strength properties were obtained. Bleaching improved the strength properties.

3 illus, 5 tables, 15 ref

007936   Samanta A K;Agarwal P (Institute of Jute Technology, , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijt@cal2.vsnl.net.in) : Dyeing of jute with binary mixtures of jackfruit wood and other natural dyes-study on colour performance and dye compatibility. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 171-80.

Varying proportion of binary mixtures of aqueous extracts of jackfruit wood (JFW) with other natural dyes, tike manjistha (MJ), red sandal wood (RSW), mariegold (MG), sappan wood (SW) and babool (BL), have been used to dye bleached jute fabric pre-mordanted with 20% myrobolan followed by 20% aluminium sulphate. Binary combinations of JFW with each of the five natural dye extracts have been evaluated for colour strength (K/S value) and its coefficient of variation, brightness index (BI), changes in hue (AW), metamerism index (MI), total colour differences (ΔE) and colour fastness to washing, light and rubbing. Dyed fabric samples have been further treated with the cationic dye fixing agents n-cetyl-N-trimethyl ammonium bromide, cetrimide and Sandofix-HCF to improve wash fastness. Treatment with 1% benztriozale is also given to improve light fastness. The compatibility of these binary pairs has been assessed by the analysis of ΔC vs ΔL and K/S vs ΔL plots for the progressive depth of shade produced by varying time and temperature profile as well as by varying total concentrations of the binary pairs of dyes taken in equal proportion. A simple method of assessing relative compatibility rating of pairs of dyes has been proposed, where a new index called colour difference index [(ΔE x ΔH) / (ΔC x MI)] has been postulated and the compatibility ratings determined. The results of this proposed system of compatibility rating are found to be in well agreement with the results of conventional methods of plots analysis. The order of relative degree of compatibility of these binary pairs of natural dyes applied on pre-mordanted jute is found to be JFW : RSW ≥ JFW: BL ≥ JFW : MJ >>> JFW: MG >>> JFW : SW.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

007935   Rathi B H;Tyagi M K;Bhorale V K (a, The West Coast Paper Mills Ltd, Dandeli-581 325) : Modified conventional batch cooking (MCBC)-a step towards AOX reduction. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 59-62.

Indian paper industry is more than a century old industry. The industry had seen many ups and downs with economic and environmental issues. Industry is now emerging strongly to face global competitiveness inspite of lack of funds to adopt advanced technologies, 4th Charter on "Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection" (CREP) guidelines, control of AOX is one of the major environmental challenges before the Indian pulp and paper industry for its sustainability. The environmental challenges related to AOX generation have already been over come by pulp and paper mills in developed countries by adoption of new fiber line incorporating modern pulping and bleaching technologies. However Indian pulp & paper industry is still at cross roads due to its inability to adopt these modern technologies due to low scales of operation, use of mixed raw materials, and high capital investment. Fprtechno-economical reasons, the industry has to think towards indigenously developed low cost system to minimize the AOX generation. Development of indigenous system with a prime objective to minimize the AOX generation at source i.e before bleaching, which is very difficult to achieve in conventional batch cooking system followed by oxygen delignification without affecting the quality of pulp to meet CREP requirement. Looking into ecology and economic conditions, the Indian paper mills require improved/modified cooking system i.e Modified conventional batch cooking (MCBC) followed by oxygen delignification in case they are unable to afford modern cooking system for minimizing the AOX generation because of their high capital cost.

1 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

007934   Padaki N V;Alagirusamy R;Deopura B L;Sugun B S;Raul F (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: alagiru@gmail.com) : Low velocity impact behaviour of textile reinforced composites. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 189-202.

An attempt has been made to summarize the research progress on low velocity drop weight impact properties of textile reinforced composites. Mainly reports the impact test parameters and textile reinforcement along with matrix, interphase effects, impact failure modes and major evaluation techniques for impact damage analyses such as ultrasonic scanning and retention of strength after impact.

^iia7 illus, 1 table, 116 ref

007933   Nagieb Z A;Rezkallah L A (Cellulose and Paper Laboratory, Microbial Chemistry Dep, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Utilization of Waste Paper and Lignocellulosic Pulps for Production of Cellulases, beta-Glucosidases and Xylanases by Penicillium funiculosum. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 85-93.

The production of cellulases, (beta-glucosidases and xylanases was investigated in two fungi obtained from NRRL Penicillium funiculosum 3647 and Trichoderma viride 6198, using different carbon source in the medium as pretreated rice straw, cotton linter and newspaper under shake-culture conditions at 30°C, P. funiculosum has been found to produce moderately good enzymes when growing on Dox medium supplemented with (1 % w/v) pretreated rice straw and cotton linter for 4 days and had an optimum pH and temperature ranging between pH 3.5-5.0 and 50°C respectively, and air: medium 4:1, the enzyme is not stable at temperature of up to 50°C and rapidly decreased. While T. viride have poor activity that was observed when grown alone. On mixed P. funiculosum T. viride together through cultivation caused a significant decrease in the levels of cellulase, (beta-glucosidases and xylanases enzymes. It is clear that treatment of lignocellulosic by fungi enhanced the bleachability and reduced kappa no. Also degree of polymerization was highly increased. IR and scanning electron microscope were studied.

2 illus, 9 tables, 31 ref

007932   Luo Y;Hu H;Fangueiro R (Textile Engineering Dep, Minho Univ, 4800 Guimaraes, Portugal, Email: rfang@det.uminho.pt) : Tensile and tearing properties of PVC coated biaxial warp knitted fabrics under biaxial loads. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 146-50.

The tensile and tearing behaviour of biaxial warp-knitted fabrics made with polyester fibre and coated with PVC under biaxial tensile loads has been studied. The typical tensile and tearing load-extension curves under biaxial tensile loads are presented and discussed. The failure mechanism of samples, in particular, by evaluation of the influence of crack length and direction under biaxial tensile loads is observed and analysed. The results show that the tensile properties of biaxial warp knitted fabrics coated with PVC depend on the yarn linear density, the densities of insertion and stitch yarns, the regularity of yarn tension during knitting and the quality of coated fabric. The pre-cracked tearing strength decreases with the increase in initial crack length and the maximum extension supported by a sample is increasing with the initial crack orientation.

7 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

007931   Lakshmana Reddy B H;Chandra Shekar H M; Ramababu Y;Nayak R G;Vasantha Kumar Pai K (NO, The Mysore Paper Mills Ltd, Bhadravathi, Karnataka) : Ecodeinking of ONP by using "csrmp" spent liqour. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 119-20.

With the fibrous raw materials becoming scarce day by day there is increased ecological concern and conservation of raw materials through recycle, reutilization and reduction of industrial waste and end products are important. Recycling of waste paper and old news paper (ONP) not only save trees and minimize pollution, but also reduce the bio mass waste reduction. The De-inking process (DIP) saves 75% water, 60-70% energy, and reduce the pollution by 75% per tonne of pulp production. The de-inking of waste paper is normally carried out at alkaline conditions using surfactant, bleaching, de-inking and chelating agents. In this work, attempt is made to utilize the spent liquor of CSRMP (cold soda refined mechanical pulp) which is a waste liquor containing residual alkali and was used for the de-inking of waste news paper. The de-inked pulp is then compared with de-inked pulp prepared using caustic soda, sodium silicate and other bleaching chemicals. It is observed that both de-inked attain similar mechanical and optical properties. The DIP effluent has however high BOD and COD, which is improving the potential of further bio-methanation in UASB (Dp-flow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor.

3 tables, 6 ref

007930   Ishtiaque S M;Das B R;Kumar A;Ramamoorthy M (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: biswaiitd@gmail.com) : Static and dynamic failure mechanisms of cotton yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 111-18.

The effect of various material and testing parameters on the static and dynamic failure mechanisms of cotton ring yarns of several counts has been studied. The yarn broken ends are classified into three groups, namely sharp, taper and slipped ends, based on their captured breaking zone images. The percentage of sharp broken ends increases with the increase in yarn TM and yarn count; however the rate of increase is quite low in dynamic testing. The interaction effect of yarn TM and yarn count in static failure mechanism is also studied. It is observed that the yarn count is dominating the yarn TM in deciding the percentage of sharp broken ends. The interactive effect of yarn TM, yarn count and dynamic testing speed is characterized along with their individual influence on the dynamic failure mechanism. It is observed that the effect of yarn TM is dominating the yarn failure mechanism than other influencing factors. The comparison of static and dynamic yarn strength is carried out to assess the over estimation of static yarn strength. This difference in two types of strength can be attributed to the difference in their failure mechanisms and length of yarn over which strength is measured.

3 illus, 8 tables, 7 ref

007929   Iqbal J;Bhatti J A;Adeel S (Chemistry Dep, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad 380040, Pakistan, Email: Shahid_agrichemist@hotmail.com) : Effect of UV radiation on cotton fabric with extracts of henna leaves. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 157-62.

Natural dye containing Lawsone that imparts yellowish-green colour on to the cotton fabric has been extracted using water, alum and methanol from non-irradiated and irradiated henna powder through UV source. The effect of treatment time, temperature and salt concentration on the dyeing of cotton fabric has been studied using CIELab system for the optimization of dyeing conditions. Different mordants, such as copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate, have been employed for the improvement in colour fastness properties of the irradiated dyed cotton fabrics. It is observed that the UV radiation not only enhances the colour strength of dye on cotton fabric but also improves the fastness properties of pre-irradiated cotton fabrics.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007928   Ikram M;Kashmiri A;Ali B;Adnan A (Chemistry Dep, GC Univ, Lahore, Pakistan) : State-of-the-art studies of chemical changes in the non-fibrous pulping black liquors during storage. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 77-9.

In this research emphasis have been made on the problems encountered by storage of the straw based kraft black liquors. There is considerable decrease in pH of the black liquor with aging in the storage tanks. Active, effective and total alkali contents also decrease with time. These changes add various problems in further treatment of this aged black liquor. In fact black liquor is stored at high temperatures, normally at 80-90°C. At this temperature degradation of the organic components of the black liquor occurs. Normally carboxylic acids are formed from organic components degradation, which further degrade into carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These gases neutralize available alkali contents within the black liquor and express their effect in reduction of pH. This black liquor is unfit for the set-parameters of the evaporators and hence causes problems in its treatment and recovery.

5 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

007927   Gui-zhen K;Wei-lin X (NO, Wuhan Univ of Science and Engineering, Wuhan 430073, PR China, Email: kgz66@126.com) : Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of adsorption of berberine on silk. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 185-8.

Dyeing properties of silk fabric with berberine have been studied in terms of the thermodynamic and kinetic factors, including standard affinity, enthalpy change, entropy change, dyeing rate, diffusion coefficient and activation energy of the diffusion. The results show that the adsorption isotherm of berberine on silk fabric belongs to Langmuir type. The analysis of dyeing thermodynamics shows that the adsorption of berberine on silk fabric is an exothermic process. When the fabric is dyed at higher temperature, the lower affinity and less dye uptake are obtained; however, the higher temperature increases the initial dyeing rate and diffusion coefficient.

^ssc6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

007926   Gokarneshan N;Subramaniam V;Anbumani N (Textile Technology Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: advaitcobe@rediffmail.com) : Influence of material and process parameters on the inter-fibre cohesion in ring-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 203-12.

The inter-fibre cohesion phenomenon is an important aspect to be considered, as it directly affects the yarn strength/tenacity and indirectly affects the productivity in ring spinning. Also, inter-fibre cohesive forces influence the individual fibre mobility in yarn structure and the yarn mobility in fabric structure. Paper critically reviews the past and recent research works on the inter-fibre cohesion and provides scope for further research in this area.

2 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

007925   Ghosh U K (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Pulping and ECF bleaching of whole jute for higher brightness. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 95-8.

Whole jute, also known as Corchorus Capsularies, is grown in many parts of the world particularly in eastern and central India, Bangladesh and south Asian countries. Due to its long fibre length, paper of considerably high tear and tensile strength could be made out of it. In this study whole jute was subjected to soda / soda-Anthraquinone pulping process. After oxygen delignification, various ECF bleaching sequences have been investigated. Conventional CEHH bleaching was also carried out for comparison. The results of bleaching were then compared and the sequence giving higher brightness and strength properties along with COD value was suggested.

5 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

007924   Dutt D;Tyagi C H;Jindal A K;Mittal A (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorke, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Effect of xylanases from Aspergillus niger NKUC3-0.2 mutant strain on prebleaching of hardwood mixed pulps and its impact on CE_pHH bleaching sequence. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 63-7.

Effects of Aspergillus niger NKUC3-0.2 pretreatment on total chlorine demand of pulp during conventional bleaching sequence and its impact on pulp brightness, viscosity and mechanical strength of mixed hardwood pulps were studied. Mixed hardwood pulps of Populus deltoides and Eucalyptus tereticornis in the ratio of 90:10 was cooked by kraft pulping process and then pre-bleached with A. niger NKUC3-0.2 to improve pulp brightness and pulp strength. A. nigerNKUC3-0.2 reduces kappa number from 19.6 to 5.0. The enzyme treated pulp shows an improvement in brightness and viscosity by 1.8 and 1.6 per cent (??øPV) respectively at enzyme dose of 20 and 40 IU/g of pulp over untreated pulp and after enzyme pretreatment, the total chlorine demand reduces by 1.3 and 1.7 per cent respectively. The average pulp brightness and viscosity of enzyme treated pulp at two different enzyme doses i.e. 20 and 40 IU/g are 86.8 and 87.0 per cent (??øPV) and 8.07 and 8.06 cps respectively.

10 tables, 21 ref

007923   Das D;Ray Maulik S;Bhattacharya S C (NO, Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijt@cal2.vsnl.net.in) : Colouration of wool and silk with Rheum emodi. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 163-70.

Silk and wool fabrics have been dyed with colourant extracted from Rheum emodi in the absence and presence of magnesium sulphate, aluminium sulphate and ferrous sulphate mordants for producing shades of different colours, ranging from yellow to olive green. Colouring component of Rheum emodi has close resemblance with a typical anthraquinonoid type disperse dye; the uptake of such colouring component by the protein fibres remains unaffected within a wide pH range of 4 - 8. Colour uptake, rate of dyeing and affinity of colour are found to be more for silk than that for wool under all the conditions studied. The dyeing mechanism corresponds to the partition mechanism, confirming that this anthraquinonoid-based colourant is adsorbed by silk and wool fibres as a disperse dye and the dyeing process is endothermic. The use of ferrous sulphate and aluminium sulphate produces significant improvement in depth of shade, when both the substrates are treated with such salts prior to application of the colourant. Coloured protein fibres, in general, show a common light fastness and wash fastness ratings of 4 and 3 respectively. Ferrous sulphate, however, improves the colour fastness properties and colour retention on washing of both wool and silk fabrics further.

5 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

007922   Carvalho V;Soares F O;Vasconcelos R M;Belsley M (Industrial Electronics Dep, Minho Univ, Azurem, Guimaraes, Portugal) : Comparative study between yarn diameter and yarn mass variation measurement systems using capacitive and optical sensors. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 119-25.

Reports a comparative study between yarn mass and yarn diameter measurement systems using a differential capacitance tester and an optical coherent signal processing diameter tester respectively. A full description of the systems is presented along with their new contributions, namely 1mm length samples analysis for a capacitive tester and optical signal processing to eliminate the influence of hairiness while measuring the diameter. It is proven statistically that the yarn mass measurement systems based on capacitive testers give similar results to that of optical diameter measurement system when identical yarn samples are used. A detailed test report of a cotton yarn with a linear mass of 295 g/km is presented.

9 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

007921   Borekar M U;Sapkal V S;Sapkal R S (University Dep of Chemical Technology, Heat and Mass Transfer Laborat, Paper & Pup Technology, Sant Gadgebaba Amravati Univ, Amravati-444 602) : Feasibility of waste heat recovery from waste sludge in paper & pulp industry: the economical use of energy resources. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 69-71.

The cardinal change in the world market for energy resources during the last 10 years requires the reoptimization of the entire energy economy and requires that great attention to be paid to increasing the efficiency of using energy resources and thus to reducing their consumption. Production of sludge as waste in pulp and paper plants can be considered as one of the serious environmental problems that have to be solved. While land filling is not a suitable solution from the environmental & energy recovery point of view, thermal treatment proved to be the most appropriate one. This paper describes an efficient way of processing sludge including waste-to-energy aspects and attention is focused on the performance of the energy recovery. The retrofit has been realized in two stages. The waste sludge is burnt in a multiple hearth incinerator with a fluidized-bed chamber. The different stage of retrofit, can be characterized as a "waste-to-energy" one, where heat from flue gas was utilized for generating the steam, drying the sludge, pre-heating air for combustion and fluidization and preheating water for steam generation. Off-gas cleaning system consists of a filter for particulate removal and a three-stage scrubber system is attached for cleaner stack.

1 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

007920   Behera B K;Mishra R;Nakum S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Comparative analysis of size materials and their weaving potential. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 132-8.

The application of different varieties of natural starches, modified starches and synthetic size materials on cotton and P/C blend yarns has been studied followed by their evaluation with respect to retrogradation, cohesion, adhesion and solubility. It is observed that the size paste characteristics and film properties of modified starch are better than those of the natural starch. Yarns sized with modified starch perform better than those sized with natural starch and even some synthetic size materials. The use of starch ester is found to be beneficial as compared to other size materials, as the ester modification in starch gives better results and the yarn sized with it gives better weaving performance, close to that of PVA. Adhesion of size material with fibre substrate is found to have good correlation with weavability of sized yarns and it is an important parameter for selecting the size material for any application. The studies on the effect of lubricant show that the addition of lubricant into size solution helps to provide surface lubrication to the yarn which improves the abrasion resistance of the yarns and hence the weavability without affecting the essential properties.

6 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

007919   Banik S;Ghosh S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: shyamalbanik@yahoo.com) : Pectinolytic activity of microorganisms in piling of jute. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 151-6.

Quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation of microorganisms associated with piling of jute has been studied using raw jute fibre, jute fibre from laboratory bins and fibre samples collected from two jute mills (M/s Bharat Jute Mill and M/s Budge Budge Jute Mill). Bacterial population in raw C. capsularis jute is found to be in the order of 10⁴ per gram of jute fibre and that in raw C. olitorius jute is in the order of 10⁵ per gram of jute fibre. Bacterial population in laboratory bins is found to be in between 10⁶and 10⁷ per gram of jute fibre while fungal population is in between 10⁴ and 10⁵ per gram of jute fibre. The bacterial isolates are mostly Gram-positive rods of the genus Bacillus and fungi mainly of the genera Aspergillus and occasionally Penicillium. No significant change in strength and fineness of fibre has been observed due to 48 h of piling. Bacterial and fungal populations in piled jute samples of Bharat Jute Mill are found to be in the order of 10⁸ and 10⁵ per gram of fibre, while the same in Budge Budge Jute Mill are in the order of 10⁵ and 10³ per gram of jute fibre respectively. The bacterial isolates are mostly Gram-positive rods of the genus Bacillus, Gram-positive coccus of the genus Micrococcus and Gram-positive filamentous rods of the genus Streplomyces. Fungal isolates are mainly of the genera Aspergillus and, to a lesser extent, of the genus Penicillium and Dendrophoma. Mucor has been found only in Bharat Jute Mill and Chaetomium is found only in Budge Budge Jute Mill fibre samples. Genera of bacteria and fungi isolated in jute fibre samples from both the jute mills are mostly similar which indicates that only a small group of microorganisms is active in jute bins/piles and they originate from the common source, i.e. soil and water during retting. All the isolated bacteria as well as fungi possess pectinolytic activity. This indicates that the piling microbes might play a significant role in removing residual pectin from the fibre during piling of jute.

7 tables, 23 ref

007918   Adel A M;El-Mougy N S (National Research Centre, Cellulose and Paper Dep, Id-Talrur St, Dokki, Cairo, P.O 12622, Egypt) : Effects of a bacterial treatment on the brightness and strength properties of kraft bagasse pulp. IPPTA Jl 2007, 19(2), 81-4.

Kraft bagasse pulp was treated with several bacterial strains, including Pseudomonas flurescens (Pfl & Pf2); and Bacillus subtilis (B) for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. Strength and brightness properties of hand sheets made from bacterial treated pulp were examined. The characteristics of bacterial treated pulp using scanning electron microscope were carried out. The relative changes in the properties of hand sheets made from treated pulp with Pseudomonas flurescens and Bacillus subtilis followed by hydrogen peroxide bleaching were studied. The effect of the degree of poly merization of bleached bacterial treated pulp on the incubation time was carried out.

6 illus, 34 ref

007003   Rajendro Singh N;Yaiphaba N;David T;Babita R K;Devi C B;Singh N R (NO, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur & Manipur Development, RIMS Road, Imphal, Manipur, Email: rajmuhon@yahoo.co.in) : Traditional knowledge and natural dyeing system of Manipur - with special reference to Kum dye. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2009, 8(1), 84-8.

The Meitei women practice dyeing in Manipur using varieties of plant leaves, flowers and tree barks. However, the use of kum (Strobilanthus flaccidifolius) is more significant than any other type of vegetable dyes because of its superior quality than the others. Focuses on the traditional knowledge and traditional dyeing system in Manipur emphasizing on the preparations of kum dye and preparation of dyes of different colours using kum.

005983   Upadhyaya J S;Dutt D;Singh B;Tyagi C H (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa as an alternative pulp blend for softwood: optimization of soda pulping process. Indian J chem Technol 2008, 15(3), 277-6.

Due to dearth of forest based raw materials paper technocrats have explored the possibility of alternate cellulosic fibrous raw materials. H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa-agro-based residues bear the characteristics of both, the softwood and hardwood fibers. The bast fibers of H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa underneath the bark resemble with softwood and core fibers with hardwood. Morphological analysis and chemical composition of H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa show their suitability for producing paper of various grades. Study provides optimized soda pulping conditions for belter utilization of H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa. Due to identical pulping conditions, H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa can be delignified together. The optimum cooking conditions for H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa were found to be as, active alkali 18% (as NaOH), temperature 165°C, time (at temperature) 180 min and wood to liquor ratio of 1:4.5. An AQ dose of 0.05% at an active alkali dose of 13% (as Na₂O) produces the screening rejects and kappa number similar to that obtained by using 15% active alkali (as Na₂O).

2 illus, 8 tables, 44 ref

005010   Vasugi N (Family Science & Community Development Dep, Avinashilingam Deemed Univ, Sri Perumal Complex Nethaji Road, Pappanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore-641 037) : Women entrepreneuer development in garment making. J Text Ass 2007, 67(6), 271-6.

Deals with garment marketing and management. Fashion and Garment Industries is looked at as an Industry of future. Thus this paper deals the development of women entrepreneurs and their association on different garment manufacturing activities and emerging possible opportunities in the domestic and global markets.

8 tables

005009   Vassileva V;Budurova D (University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, , 8, "Kl. Ohridski", 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria) : Impartment of new properties to textile materials containing cellulose fibers-a comparative study on flurocarbon dispersions finishing. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(9), 320-4.

Study was carried out covering the impartment of oil- and water repellency to textile materials containing cellulose fibers aimed at the achievement of reliable protection against water and oil pollution. For this purpose products representing three different classes of fluorocarbon polymers were applied: a conventional one, Laundry Air Dry and one of Bionic Finish Technologies products.

11 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

005008   Udawat P;Srivastava M (Textiles and Appared Designing Dep, H. Sc. College, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001) : Standardisation of Herbal hair formulations. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(9), 340-3.

Study was conducted to standardize the Herbal Hair Formulations for developing different shades using natural herbs. With the help of primary and secondary sources, an extensive list of herbs having dye potential was prepared and used for laboratory experimentation for developing herbal hair colors. About 99 different herbal formulations of hair colors were tried by the researcher followed by two successive screening of finally select ten best Herbal formulations for standardization of the Herbal hair colors, capable of producing different shades on human hair. Dye material concentration, fixer concentration, pH of the dye paste and application time were the parameters optimized prior to its application on hair.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

005007   Teli M D;Shrish Kumar G V N (Fibres and Textile Processing Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous), Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Functional textiles and apparels. J Text Ass 2007, 68(1), 21-30.

Among the diverse field of application of Technical Textiles, which is poised for tremendous growth in fast developing economies like that of India and China, non implantable healthcare and hygiene products are gaining significant importance because of specificity of their end uses. Protective textiles offer protection from hazardous chemicals, heat, extreme cold, radiation and have special application potential in today's technologically advanced world. In addition to this, advent of nano-technology has opened innumerable avenues giving rise to high performance textiles and apparels. This paper discusses overall status of this field and its scope for growth in near future.

5 illus, 10 tables, 27 ref

005006   Tarafder N;Singh S S (Govt College of Engg. & Textile Technology, , Serampore, Hooghly-712 201) : Effect of flame retardant finishes on silk and polyester fabrics. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(2), 69-75.

Study has been made on effect of flame retardant (Antimony Oxide, Lead Monoxide, Manganese Dioxide, Ammonium Chloride etc.) finishes on silk and polyester fabrics. It is observed that antimony oxide is more suitable than lead monoxide for both the substrates. Fabric structure and % add on play important role for FR characteristics of the fabric.

4 tables, 28 ref

005005   Tarafder N;Prabir Man;Mondal M K;Mondal S (NO, Govt. College of Engg. & Textile Technology, 12, William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Comparative study on trimming materials. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(11), 406-10.

The trimming materials are important elements in garment products. They give functional properties to sewn garments. An attempt has been made to identify various trimming materials available in market and compare amongst them in respect to its function.

6 tables, 14 ref

005004   Tarafder N;Karmakar R;Mondal M (NO, Govt College of Engg and Textile Technology, 12, William Carey Road, PO Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Effect of stitch density on seam performance of garments stitched from plain and twill fabrics. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(8), 298-302.

Garment industry is growing by leaps and bounds, so also its complexity of manufacturing. From quality point of view, stitch density holds utmost importance. Plain and twill wears are most common material in the industry. Studies the effect of stitch density on seam performance of textile.

2 tables, 12 ref

005003   Tarafder N;Banerjee S;Ala A;Panja S K;Ghosh U (NO, Govt. College of Engg & Textile Technology, 12 William Carrey Road, Serompore, Hooghly-712 201) : Comparative study on physical testing of readymade shirts for quality standards. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(2), 63-8.

Fabric type plays an important role apart from the functional criteria during1ormation into a readymade garment. Deals with investigations for testing of readymade garments to highlight some of the important parameters for selection of readymades. The important cloth parameters studied were density and crimp whereas the garment properties studied were crease recovery stiffness, drape, shrinkage, etc. Results indicate wide variation in fabric specifications, abrasion loss, air permeability, seam strength, whereas the pill resistance and hygral shrinkage for all were found to be satisfactory.

3 tables, 10 ref

005002   Tarafder N (NO, Govt. College of Engg & Textile technology, 12, William Carey Road, Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Textiles for protection against harmful ultraviolet radiation. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(11), 411-16.

Describes the harmful health effects of UV radiations on human beings and describes the various textiles that protect against UV radiation. Finally it provides various suggestions reduce exposure to UV solar radiations.

7 ref

005001   Tarafder N (NO, Govt. College of Engg and Textile Technology, 12 William Carrey Road, Serampore, Hooghly-712 201) : Textile composite in sports. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(9), 325-30.

13 ref

005000   Sreenivasa;Sengupta D (Cocoon Testing Center, Central Silk Technological Research Institute Ramanagaram, Bangalore, Karnataka-571 511) : Application of lac dye on tasar silk fabrics - an experimental study. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(5), 178-81.

Lac dye has been applied on extensively Mulbery silk. This is a natural dye. Tasar, being a smaller section of silk industry in India, has not been given adequate emphasis on improved processing using natural dye. An experimental study of application of Lac dye on Tasar silk has been reported.

6 tables, 6 ref

004999   Sreenivasa;Reddy A;Kempegowda B C;Surkhi S (Cocoon Testing Center, CSTRI, Ramanagaram, Bangalore-571 511) : Impact of cocoon testing on quality improvement. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(6), 215-19.

Cocoon is the raw material for production of raw silk. Traditionally there was no practice of cocoon testing in the reeling industry. Farmers have realised that renditta assessment before auction can lead to transparency in transaction and would help them rectify possible mistakes in next rearing so as produce improved quality level of cocoons. Describes impact of cocoon testing on quality improvement.

14 illus, 2 tables

004998   Sivakkumar V (Textile Chemistry Dep, SSM College of Engineering, Komarapalayam-638 183) : Economical dyeing of P/C blends with multifunctional property. J Text Ass 2007, 67(6), 287-92.

Deals with different energy conservation processes and multifunctional Auxiliaries. To meet the objectiveness, the dyeing of P/C blends is done by using high boiling swelling agent, as compared with conventional processes. Hence use of different swelling agents, results in the generation of COD and BOD low values, anti soiling etc. Finally results in economic process, which can dye both portion of blend in a single stage with disperse dye.

7 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

004997   Sivakkumar V (Textile Chemistry Dep, SSM College of Engineering, Komarapalayam-638 183) : Economical dyeing of P/C blends with multifunctional property. J Text Ass 2007, 68(1), 47-53.

Paper deals with different energy conservation processes and multifunctional Auxiliaries. The dyeing of PIC blends is done by using high boiling swelling agent, as compared with conventional processes. Hence use of different swelling agents, results in the generation of COD and BOD low values, anti soiling etc. Finally results in economic process; which can dye both portion of blend in a single stage with disperse dye.

14 illus, 10 tables, 36 ref

004996   Singh J N (Ministry of Textiles, , GOI) : Strategies for realising vision 2010 of Indian textile and apparel industry. J Text Ass 2007, 67(5), 228-35.

Discusses about the present status of Indian Textile and Apparel industry and the opportunities of its growth in near future. The ambitious target of US $ 95 Bn requires every stake holder of this industry to study minutely its strength, weaknesses and reflect upon the strategies to be adopted. While justifying the conditions which are conductive to growth, the paper describes government policies and measures taken to further boost the performance of the industry. It also lists number of bottlenecks, one need to be cautious of and emphasises on the need for encouraging FDI and reformation in labour laws.

9 illus, 6 tables

004995   Shrivastava M;Valentina;Sangeeta (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur-313 001) : Eco-friendly dyeing of silk yarns with dhavdi flowers using mordant combination to study its effect on fastness properties. Man Made Text India 2007, 50(7), 262-6.

The dyes derived from bio-degradable natural resources have emerged as the prime colourant on textiles owing to their greater advantages. There is plenty of scope for rapid development in the production, processing of natural dyes and eco and health friendly value added products. Natural dyed textiles and made-ups have greater demand in export market at present globally. In this context, exploration of untapped bio-resources for textile colouration is the need of the hour to promote value addition, domestic processing and promotion of small-scale agro-enterprise for rural income and employment.

2 illus, 2 table