002938   Desai A (Textile Technology Dep, Sarvajanik College of Engg. & Tech, Surat) : Properties of union fabrics produced with nylon warp and nylon/polyester bicomponent weft yarns. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(11), 379-86.

Union fabrics were produced with nylon warp yarns and different types of nylon/polyester bicomponent weff yarns and the functional and aesthetic properties were measured and compared with all nylon and nylon/polyester union fabrics.

8 table, 5 ref

002937   Datta M (Textile Technology Dep, Government College of Engineering and Textile technology, Serampore-712 201) : Composite-future in progress. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(12), 421-8.

The `composite solution' is always a technological leap for designers. Composites affordfford the opportunity of making a product that is specially adapted to the required performance, and of optimizing price-performance ratio. However, the benefit of composite materials over alternative solutions has to be evaluated at the time of design along with the required testing. Unlike composites, standard materials (wood, steel, and aluminium) seem to be a reassuring solution because their technical performances are known and on file, and their wear performance is predictable. Also, these standard materials are regularly being improved (lightweight, special metal processing).

4 illus, 2 table 18 ref

002936   Chellamani K P;Ravindran M P S (The South India Textile Research Association, , Coimbatore-641 014, Tamil Nadu) : Development of 3-D fabrics to be used as reinforcement in opto-electronic systems. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2008, 89(Aug), 25-9.

Deals with the study conducted at South India 1extile Research Association (SITRA) on developing 3-D fabrics in a 2-D loom with appropriate adjustments. The fabric is intended to be used as reinforcement in opto-electronic systems. Para-aramid filament yarns were used by SITRA for the development. The suitability of the fabric developed for the intended application was evaluated in terms of breaking strength, breaking elongation and creep characteristics.

4 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

002935   Chaudhary S N;Borkar S P (Textile Manufacturers Dep, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJIT), Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Composites from some natural fibres of India. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(7), 233-40.

Natural fibre reinforced composites is an emerging area in polymer science. Few natural fibres (Jute, Sisla, Banana, Coir, Sunhemp and Palmyra) which are abundantly available in India have a potential as reinforcers in composites. The physical properties of natural the structure of fibres, cellulose content, angle of fibrils, cross-section, and by the degree of polymerization. The application of natural fibres as reinforcements in composite materials requires a strong adhesion between the fibre and the matrix. The physical and chemical treatment methods, which improve the fibre matrix adhesion, affect the physical properties of composites. The mechanical and other physical properties of the composite are generally dependent on the fibre content, which also determines the possible amount of coupling agents in the composite. For special performance requirements, hybrid composites made of naturalI and conventional fibres can be prepared with desired properties are discussed.

5 illus, 5 table, 34 ref

001933   Sultana S;Guna Sekaran S;Venkata Raman T (Chemistry Dep, St. Peter's Engineering College, Aadi, Chennai) : Synthesis and molecular mechanics calculation of copolyesters. Int J chem Sci 2008, 6(4), 2202-6.

Copolyesters and polyesters are similar as both have carboxylate ester in the repeating copolymers of a diol and diacid. In the present work, copolyesters based on adipoyl chloride with aromatic and aliphatic diols were synthesized by solution polycondensation method. To ascertain the quality of the synthesized copolyester materials, a satisfactory vibrational band assignments has been made for some of the specific modes of vibration observed from FTIR spectra. The assignments are very well supported by Laser Raman spectral studies and molecular mechanics calculations.

2 table, 9 ref

001932   Subramaniam V;Poongodi G R;Veena Sindhuja V (NO, Jaya Engineering College, Chennai) : Textile scaffolds for tissue engineering. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(1), 29-32.

Tissue engineering support structures or 'scaffolds' which are artificial devices, designed to act as templates for attached cells and newly formed tissues. The scaffolds' three-dimensional, porous structures encourage cell attachment, proliferation and migration through an interconnected network of pores. New tissue forms gradually and can be implanted into the body.

3 illus, 4 ref

001931   Srivastava M;Udawat P (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, H. Sc. College, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001) : Standardization of printing procedure on cotton fabric with kesula flowers as natural dye source - part: I. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(1), 24-8.

Kesula flower is one of the primitive natural dye source based on the butin as colouring component. This dye source was used for printing cotton fabric with four different mordants Aqueous method was found suitable for extraction of dye from kesula flowers. The optimum time for extraction of dye liquor from the petals was 30 minutes. A dye material concentration of T% and dyeing time 30 minutes was selected. Cotton fabric was prefreated with 20 percent myrobalan concentration for better dye uptake. After printing with selected concentration of mordants, the samples were dyed with selected concentration of dyes. The color obtained with Kesula flower dyes under optimized conditions ranged from cream to gold with alum, lemon to honey with copper sulphate, slate to burgundy with ferrous sulphate and ochre to chrome with stannous chloride. These samples were finally evaluated by a panel of judges for subjective evaluation and by measurements of colour strength and colourfastness of dyed and printed samples for objective evaluation. The dyed and printed samples of selected 14 mordant concentrations were post treated with 5 percent solution of different fixing agents such as-vinegar, alum common salt, lime juice and sodium carbonate for improving colourfastness of natural dyes on cotton fabric.

4 illus, 6 tables

001930   Sasikala L;Ganesan P;Hariharan S;Thirumoothy M (Textile Technology PSG College of Technology Dep, , Coimbatore) : Procesing of elastic fibres and fabrics. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(1), 10-15.

Today elastic yarns and fabrics play a major role, both in the textile industry and in everyday life. The range of uses to which highly elastic yarns and fabrics are far beyond the classic fields the underwear (lingerie) and the hosiery industry. For a long time the realm of highly elastic yarns remained unaffected by the triumphal march of synthetic fibers. Up to the late T 950s rubber threads offered the only means of manufacturing elastic textiles. But a further 30 years were to pass before total worldwide consumption reached 25000 tones per annum and one could speak of a significant volume of business in this class of fibers.

2 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

001929   Rekha R;Chauhan P D (The Synthetic & Art Silk Mill's Research Associations, , Sasmira Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Machineries for garment and denim processing. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(1), 16-18.

The garment industry today plays vital role in meeting the changing demands of the fashion market. Quality processing provides the garment an identity and exclusivity in appearance. In order to achieve good processing results different aspects are required to be considered like choice of chemical, production methodology, types of machineries used, etc. Describes about the various machineries used for garment and denim processing to give it aesthetic and functional looks.

001928   Ramachandran T;Ganesan P;Hariharan S; Thirumoorthy M (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Application of functional finishes for apparels. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(2), 62-6.

Only innovative products will be able to open up new markets and new horizons for the textile industry. Innovation is a key factor for operating successfully in any market. Within the textile industry, the challenge for companies today lies in bringing to market a stream of new and improved, value-added products, in order to strengthen existing product lines, and diversify into new areas.

6 illus, 4 ref

001927   Payamara J;Shahidi S;Wiener J (NO, , ) : Polypropylene fabric using ion irradiation. Archiv appl Sci Res 2009, 1(1), 57-64.

The main goal of this work was examination of structural and compositional changes in the Polypropylene (PP) fabrics caused by ion irradiation. In this work, the PP fabric were irradiated with CO2 ions. The Implantation conditions (i.e, exposure time, beam current, and discharge power) were changed to control the extend of surface modification and the effects of irradiation were studied using different instruments. Also dye ability of the untreated sample and treated under different conditions were investigated by using a 3% wt aqueous solution of a basic dyestuff. The obtained data show that, ion beam processing of PP fabrics allows an adjustable modification of their surface properties. The functional groups on the surface of samples were examined using FTIR spectrometer. Moreover, dyeing properties for treated fabrics has been tested. Significant increase in color strength has been achieved. Morphology of samples was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

001926   Panda R;Panda H (NO, , Devashish Consultants (P) Ltd. 61, West End City, Bidholia, Rampur Road, P.O. Clutterbuckganj-234 502, Email: technical.publication.2008@gmail.com) : Polymer chemistry in organic coating. Paintindia 2008, 58(9), 79-96.

The course of the reactions during the stoving of high solids polyester - melamine finished is studied by modem analytical techniques. It is stressed that in normal stoving finishes, most of the reaction occurs during the preparation of the resin and relatively little during stoving. The reverse is the case of high solids and solvent free coatings. Modern techniques used to know the progress of self condensation and final cured finish.

19 illus, 6 tables

001925   Naveen Singh;Malshe V C (NO, , ) : Telechelic polymers. Paintindia 2008, 58(8), 143-9.

^iia8 illus, 37 ref

001924   Malshe V C (NO, Polymer Science and Engineering at Umass Amherst, Massachusets01003, Email: vcmalshe@rediffmail.com) : Applications of polymers in medical applications. Paintindia 2008, 58(9), 105-18.

2 illus, 11 ref

001923   Kola N (P.G. Dep of Home Science, Sardar Patel Univ, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: knamrita@yahoo.com) : Printing of cotton and polyester fabrics with kikar fruits and bhangra leaves as natural dyes. Prajna 2006, 14, 62-9.

Due to environmental awareness, it has become necessary to revive the art of dyeing and printing with natural dyes. Their application on both natural and manmade fibres has become essential today. It is to this effect that the present study was undertaken to study the block printing application of two locally available natural dyes, fruits of kikar and leaves of bhangra on cotton and polyester fabrics. The incorporation of certain niordants in the printing paste has resulted in colour retention.

001922   Kandha Vadivu P;Dharani K S (Fashion Technology Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore) : Enhancing the aesthetic and functional properties of silk using cotton and linen. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(2), 54-7.

The paper venture towards production of innovative fabrics to commercialise the usage of silk to compete with the changing trends. New fabrics were produced by doubling the silk yarn with cotton and linen and by weaving in warp way, warp and weft way. Antimicrobial and zero-zero finish were also applied.

001921   Iragi M R;Murgod S B;Patil B G;Nerli S A (NO, , DCTSC, Central Silk Board, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Polyester cotton blended saree of Shigli (Karnataka) - a success story. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(2), 58-61.

In Norther part of Karnataka, weaving is part and parcel of life, as it has given employment opportunity in the rural areas. Central Silk Board, DCTSC dept., has conducted survey of weaving clusters in Gadag district. Reports one such area of Shigli as potential for weaving poly cotton saree which has developed good market in southern states. 

001920   Dhurai B;Kanjana S (Textile Technology Kumaraguru College of Technology Dep, , Coimbatore-641 006) : Measurement of hydrophilicity of fibres. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(1), 19-23.

The basic requirement of fabric worn next to skin should assist for moisture release to atmosphere. For which, the evaluation study of hydrophilicity of fibres, yarns and fabrics is helpfull to enhance the comfortness of fabrics. The various test methods available to evaluate the hydrophilicity of textile materials, which are essential characteristics for comfort is discussed.

2 tables, 12 ref

001919   Deshmukh G (NO, The Synthetic and Art Silk Mills' Research Association, Mumbai-400 030) : Eco-friendly liquid CO₂ dry cleaning process. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(2), 49-53.

Nowadays dry cleaning is used for all types of garments. The most common dry cleaning solvent at present is perchloroethylene (perc). There are several health risks associated with perc. The use of perc is already strictly regulated and more strict regulations are expected. In search of other environment friendly solution carbon dioxide is a viable alternative for perc. Carbon dioxide (CO is non-toxic, inflammable and ecologically sound. Liquid and supercritical CO₂ can be used. The use of supercritical CO₂ offers several new possibilities, which makes the use of CO₂ more attractive. CO₂ is non-toxic, non-polluting medium which eliminates zoning restrictions, flammability risks and harmful threats to individuals and the environment. CO₂ cleans virtually every type of fabric and provides longer garment life, brighter colours and is entirely odour free. The capital requirement of the CO₂ dry cleaning machine is high. In the long run, these machines will save money by eliminating the disposal and regulatory costs associated with perc. The overall costs of liquid CO₂ dry cleaning are lower than those of perc dry cleaning.

5 illus, 7 ref

001918   Desai A A (Textile Technology Dep, Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology, Surat) : Fabrics knitted with metallic yarn. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(1), 4-9.

The term metallic fibre, in its general sense, means simply a fibre that is made from metal. Fabrics were knitted using metal yarn produced by vacuum deposition of aluminum covered on polyester, viscose and nylon. Four different structures were produced using three different deniers of Tyarn. The fabrics were tested for properties such as bursting strength, pilling resistance, etc.

12 illus

000945   Wasif A I;Chinta S K;Deo H T (Textiles Dep, D.K.T.E.S' Textile & Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji-416 115, Email: chinta.sk@gmail.com) : Effluent treatment in textile wet processing - bleaching of polyester-cotton fabric. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 73-9.

Ecofriendly processes have been developed for the bleaching of carbonized and uncarbonized polyester-cotton blended fabrics with a view to reduce the water consumption and processing time. There is no significant difference in the whiteness values, KIS values and fastness properties of samples bleached by the conventional method and those bleached by the two suggested formulations. Further, by employing ecofriendly processes, there is significant decrease in volume of effluent generated. Both the formulations are found to be techno - economically viable.

1 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

000944   Varadarajan P V;Balsubramanya R H;Nachane N D;Mahangade R R (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: perianambi@rediffmail.com) : New bio-chemical scouring technique for cotton hand processing units. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 88-92.

The cotton woven fabric has been subjected to anaerobic treatment using a mixed microflora at room temperature followed by mild aikafi boiling. The required enzymes are produced in situ by a mixture of microflora and hence does not need external supply of costly enzymes. The treated fabric is then peroxide bleached, dyed with hot brand reactive dye and evaluated for various parameters. The results show that the properties of treated fabric are at par with the conventionally processed ones. The colour values of the treated and dyed samples are in fact higher than the conventionally processed ones. The above process can be easily coupled to the existing hand processing units. The new process may result in considerable reduction in pollution load along with appreciable saving in energy.

^ssc3 tables, 12 ref

000943   Tyagi G K;Sharma D (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Study on cotton ring and OE rotor yarn characteristics: part II - effect of caustic and enzymatic scouring treatments on structure and recovery characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 17-22.

The effects of scouring treatments on the structural and recovery characteristics of cotton ring- and rotor-spun yarns have been studied. Ring yarns have high mean fibre extent, spinning-in coefficient, immediate elastic recovery and delayed recovery, and less permanent set than the rotor-spun yarns. The results show that the scouring produces high immediate elastic recovery and delayed recovery but reduces permanent set, irrespective of the yarn structure. Although a greater effect is obtained with caustic scouring than with enzyme scouring, the magnitude depends mainly on processing factors. The structural properties reasonably reduces for different types of scouring treatments.

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000942   Tyagi G K;Bhattacharya S;Kumar P (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Hand-related properties of polyester-viscose and polyester-cotton ring and MJS yarn fabrics-effects of fibre profile and finishing treatment. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 126-31.

The hand- related properties of polyester-viscose and polyester-cotton ring and polyester-viscose MJS yarn fabrics have been studied using FAST evaluation system. Invariably, polyester-viscose MJS yarn fabrics have higher rigidity, higher extensibility and enhanced formability but display lower shear rigidity than ring-spun yarn fabrics. The fibre profile and fibre-mix are important and critical to fabric formability and shear rigidity. When compared with the grey fabric, finished fabric compressibility and shear rigidity increase, while bending rigidity, extensibility and formability are markedly reduced. Nevertheless, polyester-cotton fabrics are more rigid, less extensible and provide higher shear rigidity and enhanced formability even for similar fibre profiles.

5 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

000941   Thilagavathi G;Kannaian T (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: g_thilaga@hotmail.com) : Dual antimicrobial and blood repellent finishes for cotton hospital fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 23-9.

Antimicrobial and blood repellant finish has been applied to cotton fabrics used for surgical gowns, bed linens and drapes to reduce the surgical site infections. The extract of neem was applied to the fabric for imparting antimicrobial activity by pad-dry-cure method. The neem treated fabric was then imparted blood repellency through two different techniques, namely by treatment with fluoropolymer (3%, 4% and 5% owf) using pad-dry-cure method and by 'sputter deposition of teflon' technique using argon plasma. The antimicrobial activity is found to be higher for teflon deposited fabric than for the fluoropolymer finished fabric. Blood repellency increases with the higher concentration of fluoropolymer and the highest repellency for the teflon deposited fabric is observed at 80W power and 20 min exposure in the plasma chamber.

7 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

000940   Tarafder N (NO, Govt. College of Engg. and Textile Technology, 12, William Carey Road, P.O.: Serampore, Dist. Hooghly-712 201) : Versatality of polypropylene fibres used in industrial textile. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(5), 166-71.

Polypropylene is a versatile as a fibre forming high polymer material and finds varied applications in industrial textiles. Reviews the production technology, processing and manufacturing as well as the properties and application areas of this versatile fiber.

^iia19 ref

000939   Srivastava M;Udawat P;Gupta R;Shyamveer Singh;Gupta K C (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of HSc, MPUAT, Udaipur) : Dyeing of silk with natural dye extracted from Polygonum amplexicaule. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(5), 157-60.

The investigation was carried out to revive the age old art of dyeing with natural dyes from roots of Polygonum amplexicaule. P. ampfexicaufe belongs to family Polygonaceae commonly known as 'anjabar'. The roots were dried under shade and pulversied to powder form. The powdered material was subjected to hot and cold percolation. The silk sample was scoured with detergent to remove fatty impurities, washed with water and dried under shade. A number of metallic and natural mordants were used for pre-mordanting before dyeing silk fabric. These were Ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate, Alum, Stannous Chloride, Potassium dichromate, Amla, Katha, Anar, Arjun Ki Chaal, Bahera and Harda. The fastness results of all metallic mordants were very good towards washing and sunlight except stannous chloride along with deep bright and intense shades. The shades obtained with natural mordants ie. Amla and katha were also found very encouraging.

4 tables, 7 ref

000938   Sreenivasa;Reddy A;Surkhi S;Roy S (Cocon Testing Center, Central Silk Technology Research Institute, Govt. Cocoon Market, B. M. Road, Ramanagaram-571 511) : Silk twisting industry - an insight into facts and figures. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(5), 152-4.

Gives an insight into the Silk reeling clusters in and around Karnataka. Attempt to highlight the survey of twisting units conducted in Ramanagaram.

6 illus

000937   Sheikhzadeh M;Semnani D;Eslamian Z; Darvishzadeh M (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran, Email: m.sh110@cc.iut.ac.ir) : Determination of yarn position on cone surface of random cone winding system. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 181-4.

The parametrical differential equation of yarn curvature for suitable yarn random cone winding has been derived. Along with the determination of the yarn position on cone surface by numerical method, the suitable situation of random winding is also studied in various forms of yarn positions. The results show that the equation can determine the exact yarn position on surface of cone for optimum yarn winding conditions. Also, the wide start angle and tight cone angle cause tight yarn curvature and more yarn length on package, but these parameters are limited to winding and unwinding processes.

^ssc4 illus, 9 ref

000936   Shandilya S;Sreenivas K;Katiyar R S;Gupta V (Physics Astrophysis Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: drvin_gupta@rediffmail.com) : Structural and optical studies on texture LiNbO₃ thin film on (0001) sapphire. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2008, 15(4), 355-7.

In the work, c-axis oriented lithium niobate thin films has been deposited on Sapphire single crystal substrate by pulse laser deposition. X-ray diffraction showed only reflections corresponding to (006) and (0012) planes of LiNbO₃ on (001) sapphire substrate, indicating that growth of texture LiNbO₃ film on sapphire. The estimated value of c-axis lattice parameter is found to be 1.36 nm and is close to the value reported for LiNbO₃ single crystal. Optical properties of films has been studied using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the estimated value of refractive index at 640 nm is n = 1.76 nm. A slight dispersion in the refractive index has been observed with photon energy below the interband absorption edge. Raman scattering studies made on prepared sample in the back scattering geometry with incident light normal to the film surface in Z(X+Y, X+Y) Z configuration indicate the formation of single phase material and free from any type of lattice defects.

4 illus, 8 ref

000935   Shamsul Alam M;Arifuzzaman Khan G M;Abdur Razzaque S M;Jamil Hossain M;Minhazul-Haque M M (Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Dep, Islamic Univ, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh, Email: gm_arifuzzaman@yahoo.com) : Dyeing of cotton fabrics with reactive dyes and their physico-chemical properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 58-65.

The effect of dye concentration, electrolyte concentration, dyeing time and dyeing temperature on dyeing performance of cotton fabric dyed with reactive dyes, viz. Reactive Red 6B and Reactive Yellow RL, has been studied. The dye absorption increases with the increase in electrolyte concentration, dyeing time and dyeing temperature but decreases with the increase in dye concentration. Considering the effects of various external influences on the dyed cotton fabric, it has been observed that the Reactive Yellow RL imparts better physico-chemical properties than Reactive Red 6B in most cases.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

000934   Sengupta S;Majumdar P K;Ray P (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: ssg_42@rediffmail.com) : Tensile deformation of jute needle-punched nonwoven geotextiles under compressive load. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 139-45.

The effect of compressive load on tensile behaviour of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric has been studied with special reference to crack or void generation. A test box is designed to apply compressive load on the fabric during testing in horizontal cloth tensile tester. The tensile behaviour of single, 2-ply and 3-ply fabrics has been studied using this set-up with different compressive pressures ranging from 0 kPa to 39.2 kPa. It is observed that the stress-at-failure, extension-at-break, modulus of fabric and their coefficient of variations depend on the extent of compressive load. Fibre orientation and wetting of fabric play a role in determining its tensile behaviour under compressive load. A single ply, cross-laid fabric in wet condition shows better performance during crack or void generation in soil.

8 illus, 19 ref

000933   Sengupta S;Chattopadhyay S N;Samajpati S;Day A (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: ssg_42@rediffmail.com ) : Use of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric as reinforcement in composite. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 37-44.

The effect of punch density, depth of needle penetration, fibre orientation and area density of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric, for use as reinforcing material in jute-reinforced plastic (JRP) composite, has been studied and the composite properties, such as tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, and impact strength optimized. Composites have been prepared using hand lay-up technique with polyester resin. The fabric made with optimized parameters has been chemically treated and the mechanical properties of its composite evaluated. It is observed that the cross-laid nonwoven produces better composite, considering its mechanical properties in the machine and cross directions, compared to parallel-laid nonwoven. Jute nonwoven with 10 mm depth of needle penetration, 250 punches/cm² punch density and 700 g/m² area density shows optimum mechanical properties of the composite. On comparing the properties of nonwoven composite with those of the composite made out of woven jute fabric, it is observed that the nonwoven fabric shows better properties than woven fabric. Chemical treatment further improves the properties. Bleaching of nonwoven fabric with H₂O₂ shows optimum properties among the different chemical treatments applied to the fabric.

4 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

000932   Samanta A K;Agarwal P;Datta S (NO, Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijt@cal2.vsnl.net.in) : Dyeing of jute with binary mixtures of jackfruit wood and other natural dyes - study on colour performance and dye compatibility. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 171-80.

Varying proportion of binary mixtures of aqueous extracts of jackfruit wood (JFW) with other natural dyes, like manjistha (MJ), red sandal wood (RSW), mariegold (MG), sappan wood (SW) and babool (BL), have been used to dye bleached jute fabric pre-mordanted with 20% myrobolan followed by 20% aluminium sulphate. Binary combinations of JFW with each of the five natural dye extracts have been evaluated for colour strength (A7S value) and its coefficient of variation, brightness index (BI), changes in hue (ΔH), metamerism index (MI), total colour differences (ΔE) and colour fastness to washing, light and rubbing. Dyed fabric samples have been further treated with the cationic dye fixing agents n-cetyl-N-trimethyl ammonium bromide, cetrimide and Sandofix-HCF to improve wash fastness. Treatment with 1% benztriozale is also given to improve light fastness. The compatibility of these binary pairs has been assessed by the analysis of ΔC us ΔZ, and K/S us ΔZ, plots for the progressive depth of shade produced by varying time and temperature profile as well as by varying total concentrations of the binary pairs of dyes taken in equal proportion. A simple method of assessing relative compatibility rating of pairs of dyes has been proposed, where a new index called colour difference index [(ΔE x ΔH) / (ΔC x MI)] has been postulated and the compatibility ratings determined. The results of this proposed system of compatibility rating arc found to be in well agreement with the results of conventional methods of plots analysis. The order of relative degree of compatibility of these binary pairs of natural dyes applied on pre-mordanted jute is found to be JFW : RSW ≥JFW: BL ≥JFW : MJ >>> JFW: MG >>> JFW : SW.

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

000931   Samanta A K;Agarwal P (NO, Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijt@cal2.vsnl.net.in) : Physico-chemical studies on dyeing of jute and cotton fabrics using jackfruit wood extract: part II - dyeing kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 66-72.

Bleached jute and cotton fabrics have been double pre-mordanted applying 20% myrobolan (harda) as 1st mordant and 20% Al₂(SO₄)₃ or 20% FeSO₄ as 2nd mordant and subsequently dyed with aqueous extract of jackfruit wood under optimized conditions of dyeing. The physico-chemical parameters of dyeing, such as dyeing affinity, rate of dyeing, absorption isotherms and associated thermodynamic parameters like heat of dyeing (ΔH), entropy of dyeing (ΔS) and Gibb's free energy (ΔC), have been assessed to explain the interaction among different fibre-mordant-dye systems. It is observed that all of these dyeing processes are endothermic, ΔH values being positive. Among different fibre-mordant-dye systems studied, jute fabric double pre-mordanted with harda and FeSO₄ shows a non-linear Langmuir type dye-absorption isotherm, while dye-absorption isotherms of all other fibre-mordant-dye systems are found to be linear following Nernst absorption isotherm, indicating the formation of co-ordinated complex in jute-harda + FeSO₄-dye sample, and hydrogen bonding in all other cases of fibre-mordant-dye systems studied. However, the negative AC values of all the systems studied indicate that the potentiality of chemical interaction /reaction of these fibre-mordant-dye systems in some otherwise favorable conditions of dyeing need to be further studied.

2 illus, 17 ref

000930   Padaki N V;Alagirusamy R;Deopura B L;Sugun B S;Raul F (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: alagiru@gmail.com) : Low velocity impact behaviour of textile reinforced composites. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 189-202.

An attempt has been made to summarize the research progress on low velocity drop weight impact properties of textile reinforced composites. The paper mainly reports the impact test parameters and textile reinforcement along with matrix, interphase effects, impact failure modes and major evaluation techniques for impact damage analyses such as ultrasonic scanning and retention of strength after impact.

^iia7 illus, 1 table, 116 ref

000929   Nosraty H;Jeddi A A;Mousaloo Y (Textile Engineering Dep, Amirkabir Univ of Technology, Tehran 15914, Iran, Email: hnosraty@aut.ac.ir) : Simulation analysis of weft yarn motion in single nozzle air-jet loom to study the effective parameters. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 45-51.

A simulation model has been suggested for a single nozzle air-jet loom to analyse weft yarn motion under different conditions of weaving procedure. For this purpose, weft yarn motion equation has been derived using this model, physical laws and combination of air velocity and air-yarn friction coefficient equations. This analytical model for drum storage system is developed to investigate the weft yarn behaviour during weft insertion, i.e. displacement, velocity, and yarn tension. Numerical solutions of yarn motion equations have been obtained. Tension analysis of weft insertion has been carried out both theoretically and experimentally using different cotton-polyester yarn counts under different air pressures. The results show good agreement between theoretical and experimental values of weft yarn tension.

4 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

000928   Massey S;Goel A (Clothing & Textiles Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Udhamsingh Nagar) : Clothing hygiene: it's effect on insulation and comfort properties. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(5), 172-5.

Hygiene is termed as maintenance of health and healthy living. The chemical stability of both synthetic and natural material narrows the gap between their physical and hygienic indices. A hygienic classification provides item for defining the index of hygienic safety (HIS) which is a basis for designing the differential requirements towards cloths of various functional purpose and for various age groups. The area of contact with skin during wear and age of consumer are the key components of clothing system.

7 ref

000927   Mangut M;Becerir B;Alpay H R (Textile Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Uludag Univ, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey, Email: becerir@uludag.edu.tr) : Effects of repeated home launderings and non-durable press on the colour properties of plain woven polyester fabric. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 80-7.

The colour values and colour differences occurred in dyed polyester fabrics after repeated home launderings and nondurable pressings (hot-pressing) have been assessed. Two disperse dyes with different chemical structures (azo and anthraquinone) were applied to the polyester fabric separately at different dyeing concentrations and the domestic ironing was simulated by using international hot-pressing standards. The K/S value, lightness (L*), chroma (C*) and colour differences (DE*) were measured for the repeated experiment cycles. It is observed that the K/S values slightly decrease and L* values gradually increase, indicating the loss of some dyes from the fibres and decreasing depth. C* values increase as the experiment cycles increase. Colour differences are found to depend on the chemical class and concentration of the disperse dyes used, and colour measurement time. Dyeing at low dye concentrations is affected more from the repeated experimental procedure.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000926   Mahish S S;Punj S K;Kothari V K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: kotharivk@gmail.com) : Effect of process parameters and blend percentage on physical properties of polyester/viscose blended air-jet textured yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 13-16.

The effect of air pressure, overfeed and varying blend percentage on the properties of the polyester/viscose blended air-jet textured yarns has been studied. It is observed that at lower air pressure and overfeed levels, the increasing texturing speed reduces physical bulk and at higher texturing speed the increasing overfeed increases physical bulk. Physical bulk increases with the simultaneous increase in overfeed and air pressure and it reduces with a combination of low overfeed and high texturing speed. A combination of high texturing speed and low air pressure generates lower instability in the textured yarn.

2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

000925   Mahapatra A;Patkar U S;Lanjewar R W (NO, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-713 209, Email: abhi_mahapatra@yahoo.co.in) : Design of an automatic parallel type jute bag making machine. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 93-6.

An attempt has been made to design a jute bag making machine in which all operations, like fabric cutting, hemming, mid-folding and herackle stitching, are carried out automatically in a single setup to produce parallel type jute bags of industrial standards. The salient design features of indigenously developed first prototype of an automatic jute bag making machine have been described. The proposed machine comprises four major units, like fabric cutting and conveying unit, simultaneous mouth edge folding and stitching unit, mid folding and material guidance unit, and simultaneous parallel side stitching unit. The motor drives, sensors and actuators are synchronized and automated by programmable logic controller. The proposed machine can produce bags of uniform quality with mouth edge folded, hemmed and parallel side stitched in one single integrated setup at higher productivity compared to present manual system.

^ssc1 illus, 5 ref

000924   Luo Y;Hu H;Fangueiro R (Textile Engineering Dep, Minho Univ, 4800 Guimaraes, Portugal, Email: rfang@det.uminho.pt) : Tensile and tearing properties of PVC coated biaxial warp knitted fabrics under biaxial loads. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 146-50.

The tensile and tearing behaviour of biaxial warp-knitted fabrics made with polyester fibre and coated with PVC under biaxial tensile loads has been studied. The typical tensile and tearing load-extension curves under biaxial tensile loads are presented and discussed. The failure mechanism of samples, in particular, by evaluation of the influence of crack length and direction under biaxial tensile loads is observed and analysed. The results show that the tensile properties of biaxial warp knitted fabrics coated with PVC depend on the yarn linear density, the densities of insertion and stitch yarns, the regularity of yarn tension during knitting and the quality of coated fabric. The pre-cracked tearing strength decreases with the increase in initial crack length and the maximum extension supported by a sample is increasing with the initial crack orientation.

7 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

000923   Ishtiaque S M;Das B R;Kumar A;Ramamoorthy M (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: biswaiitd@gmail.com) : Static and dynamic failure mechanisms of cotton yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 111-18.

The effect of various material and testing parameters on the static and dynamic failure mechanisms of cotton ring yarns of several counts has been studied. The yarn broken ends are classified into three groups, namely sharp, taper and slipped ends, based on their captured breaking zone images. The percentage of sharp broken ends increases with the increase in yarn TM and yarn count; however the rate of increase is quite low in dynamic testing. The interaction effect of yarn TM and yarn count in static failure mechanism is also studied. It is observed that the yarn count is dominating the yarn TM in deciding the percentage of sharp broken ends. The interactive effect of yarn TM, yarn count and dynamic testing speed is characterized along with their individual influence on the dynamic failure mechanism. It is observed that the effect of yarn TM is dominating the yarn failure mechanism than other influencing factors. The comparison of static and dynamic yarn strength is carried out to assess the over estimation of static yarn strength. This difference in two types of strength can be attributed to the difference in their failure mechanisms and length of yarn over which strength is measured.

3 illus, 8 tables, 7 ref

000922   Iqbal J;Bhatti I A;Adeel S (Chemistry Dep, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan, Email: Shahid_agrichemist@hotmail.com) : Effect of UV radiation on dyeing of cotton fabric with extracts of henna leaves. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 157-62.

Natural dye containing Lawsone that imparts yellowish-green colour on to the cotton fabric has been extracted using water, alum and methanol from non-irradiated and irradiated henna powder through UV source. The effect of treatment time, temperature and salt concentration on the dyeing of cotton fabric has been studied using CIELab system for the optimization of dyeing conditions. Different mordants, such as copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate, have been employed for the improvement in colour fastness properties of the irradiated dyed cotton fabrics. It is observed that the UV radiation not only enhances the colour strength of dye on cotton fabric but also improves the fastness properties of pre-irradiated cotton fabrics.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

000921   Hanumanth Naik H S;Bhat P N (NO, Govt. S.K.S.J.T. Institute, K. R. Circle, Bangalore-560 001) : Production of melange yarns. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(5), 161-5.

The elegance of an end product made from melange yarn is solely dependent on the construction particulars and the combination of the colours. New techniques of production of melange yarns have been evolved in order to incorporate both the functional, specialty effect as well as aesthetic properties of the melange yarns. The paper makes an attempt to cover the production techniques used for creation of different melange yarns including the synthetic melange yarns.

^iia6 illus, 17 ref

000920   Gui-zhen K;Wei-lin X;Wei-dong Y (NO, Wuhan Univ of Science and Engineering, Wuhan 430073, P R China, Email: kgz66@126.com) : Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of adsorption of berberine on silk. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 185-8.

Dyeing properties of silk fabric with berberine have been studied in terms of the thermodynamic and kinetic factors, including standard affinity, enthalpy change, entropy change, dyeing rate, diffusion coefficient and activation energy of the diffusion. The results show that the adsorption isotherm of berberine on silk fabric belongs to Langmuir type. The analysis of dyeing thermodynamics shows that the adsorption of berberine on silk fabric is an exothermic process. When the fabric is dyed at higher temperature, the lower affinity and less dye uptake are obtained; however, the higher temperature increases the initial dyeing rate and diffusion coefficient.

^ssc6 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

000919   Guha A;Ramakrishnan N;Talukdar M K;Sharma P (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai-400 076, Email: anirbanguha@yahoo.com) : Coth roll doffing machine for Indian powerloom industry. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(1), 97-100.

A cloth roll doffing machine has been designed to overcome the constraint of cramped working condition in Indian powerloom industry. It is expected to be rugged and easy to manufacture. A single device can service many looms and can ease the strain on a worker.

^ssc6 illus, 6 ref

000918   Gokarneshan N;Subramaniam V;Anbumani N (Textile Technology Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: advaitcbe@rediffmail.com) : Influence of material and process parameters on the inter - fibre cohesion in ring-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 203-12.

The inter-fibre cohesion phenomenon is an important aspect to be considered, as it directly affects the yarn strength/tenacity and indirectly affects the productivity in ring spinning. Also, inter-fibre cohesive forces influence the individual fibre mobility in yarn structure and the yarn mobility in fabric structure. Paper critically reviews the past and recent research works on the inter-fibre cohesion and provides scope for further research in this area.

2 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

000917   Das D;Ray Maulik S;Bhattacharya S C (Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijt@cal2.vsnl.net.in) : Colouration of wool and silk with Rheum emodi. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2008, 33(2), 163-70.

Silk and wool fabrics have been dyed with colourant extracted from Rheum emodi in the absence and presence of magnesium sulphate, aluminium sulphate and ferrous sulphate mordants for producing shades of different colours, ranging from yellow to olive green. Colouring component of Rheum emodi has close resemblance with a typical anthraquinonoid type disperse dye; the uptake of such colouring component by the protein fibres remains unaffected within a wide pH range of 4 - 8. Colour uptake, rate of dyeing and affinity of colour are found to be more for silk than that for wool under all the conditions studied. The dyeing mechanism corresponds to the partition mechanism, confirming that this anthraquinonoid-based colourant is adsorbed by silk and wool fibres as a disperse dye and the dyeing process is endothermic. The use of ferrous sulphate and aluminium sulphate produces significant improvement in depth of shade, when both the substrates are treated with such salts prior to application of the colourant. Coloured protein fibres, in general, show a common light fastness and wash fastness ratings of 4 and 3 respectively. Ferrous sulphate, however, improves the colour fastness properties and colour retention on washing of both wool and silk fabrics further.

5 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

000916   Chauhan R D (NO, The Synthetic and Art Silk Mills Research Association, Mumbai-400 030) : Applications of chitosan in textile. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(5), 155-6.

Review novel uses of Chitosan and its derivatives in various applications to improve multi functional properties of fibres as well a fabrics.

^iia7 ref