003941   Das A;Alagirusamy R;Rajan Nagendra K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Filtration characteristics of spun-laid nonwoven fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 253-7.

Filtration behaviour of two types of spun-laid nonwoven fabrics, namely thermobonded and needle-punched, with wide range of physical parameters has been studied. A computerized air filtration apparatus has been designed and developed for measuring the air filtration characteristics of different types of filter fabrics. The developed apparatus measures the filtration parameters following the principle of dry filtration mechanisms. Needle-punched nonwovens show good filtration efficiency with lower pressure drop than the corresponding thermobonded nonwovens. Overall, the needle-punched fabrics perform better as a filter fabric in comparison to thermobonded nonwovens.

003940   Choudhury K C;Sridhar P;Balakrishna S; Ravindra B S;Thapiliyal L V;Gupta A (Ballarpur Industries Ltd. Unit:Sewa, Ganganapur, Jeypore-764 002) : Shift from neutral sizing to ASA sizing: case study at Ballarpur industries Ltd; unit-sewa. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 105-12.

Alkaline sizing technology (AKD /ASA) goes back to early sixties. The driving force behind it was to use Ground Calcium Carbonate (GCC) as filler for cost effectiveness in European Countries. Slowly paper Industries started shifting to AKD or ASA sizing to use GCC. In 1970's & 80's most of the European Paper Mills embraced Alkaline Papermaking. Though cost was the driving force, much more side benefits were observed like sheet permanence, enhanced brightness, increased opacity and sheet strength. In India Calcium Carbonate is a costly pigment and Talc is still prevailing as the cheapest and mostly used pigment as filler. Due to quality competencies and globalization of market, Indian Paper Industries started converting to Alkaline Sizing in 21st Century. Increased cost and non-availability of rosin size added interest in shifting to AKD / ASA. Ballarpur Industries Ltd, Unit: Sewa shifted from neutral sizing to ASA sizing in January-2008 and running successfully in PM#2. Tiffs presentation elaborates the path fallowed by the team to achieve it.

10 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

003939   Choudhury K C;Sridhar P;Agarwal N;Amar S; Raina R L (NO, , Ballarpur Industries Ltd Unit: Sewa, Gaganapur, Jeypore-764 002) : Selection of alternate raw material among the locally available species. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 119-22.

Paper manufacturing in India is increasing day by day to meet the demand. Hence raw-material shortage is getting acute. This is one of the reasons why Indian paper industries are going towards recycled fibers. Due to stringent pollution control norms agro based pulping industries are being switched over to secondary fiber or compelled to shut pulping operation. Hence search for alternate wood species suitable for prevailing cooking condition is inevitable to sustain in the integrated pulp & paper industries. At Ballarpur Industries Ltd, Unit: Sewa, five locally available species namely Kadam Anthocephalus Chinensis), Sema-Tuma (Prosopis Juliflora), Tad (Borasus Flabelliformis), Arjuna (Terminalia Arjuna) and Albizia (Albizia Prosera) have been evaluated for pulp and paper making. By analyzing the results, a hardwood species Prosopis Juliflora have been selected based on packing density, pulp yield, alkali consumption and suitability for mixing with other species in a common cooking schedule. Wood density, pulping and bleaching characteristics, fiber classification and strength properties has been discussed. The forestry and plantation characteristics of Prosopis Juliflora has also been talked about.

1 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

003938   Chattopadhyay D P;Patel B H (Textile Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, M S University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 001) : Improvement in physical and dyeing properties of natural fibres through pre-treatment with silver nanoparticles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 368-73.

Silver nano colloids have been synthesised by chemical reduction of silver salt solution, characterised by its surface plasmon resonance peak in absorption spectra at 450 nm and by SEM images of nanoparticles. The size and size distribution of these nanoparticles have also been examined using particle size analyzer; the average size of the particles is found to lie between 80 nm and 90 nm. The findings support the size and shape of the synthesised nano silver particles. These nanoparticles have been applied to cotton, silk and wool fabrics by usual padding technique and manifested the improved microbial resistance as measured through soil burial test. The dyeing behaviour of the treated fabrics with three direct dyes has also been studied and the build-up of dyes, measured as colour strength in terms of K/S values, reported. The higher K/S values are obtained when the Ag nano is anchored in the fibre matrix, i.e. when the fibre is pre-treated and dyed with direct dyes. Improved colour strength with good wash and light fastness is also obtained after treatment of fabrics with nano colloids.

003937   Chandramohan K (NO, , J K Paper Ltd., Unit: J K Paper Mills, P.O., Jaykaypur-765 017) : Energy efficient refiners-an experience at JK paper mills. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 123-7.

Refining plays a vital role in the paper making process. It greatly influences the paper quality and productivity. About 30-35% of the energy requirement of Stock Prepn. and Paper Machine is used in refining only. With increasing energy costs, there is a need to understand and adopt energy efficient equipment and controls. Analyses certain key aspects of refiner performance i.e specific energy, intensity of refining, specific edge load, size selection, refining parameters, etc and relates the above experience at JK Paper Mills.

003936   Bisht B S;Tiwary K N;Jauhari A S (NO, , Shreyans Industries Ltd., P.O. Ahmedgrah-148 021, Dist. Sangrur) : Binary/AKD siziing of wheat straw pulp. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 117-14.

Reasons for replacing binary system by AKD has been discussed. It was mainly deposition causing breakage at Machine, which restricts application of binary system. AKD performs well with wheat straw soda pulp. Use of soap stone powder, S.S powder containing high carbonate and GCC were discussed. S.S.Powder containing high carbonate increases wear and tear reducing wire life by almost half. With 100% GCC, retention is very low -60-62% -against 75-80% in case of Soap stone powder. Trial with 25-30% GCC mixed with 70-75% Soap Stone Powder is in progress.

2 tables, 1 ref

003935   Basu A (NO, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore-641 014) : Yarn structure - properties relationship. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 287-94.

Yarn structure and its relationship with the properties have attracted many researchers and scientists. This has resulted in a large number of published research works scattered in many places. The importance of this subject has increased due to the need of yarn with best possible quality at optimum cost. Also, the diversification of textiles in various products, such as technical textiles, where performance is the main criteria, necessitated better yarn engineering. An attempt has been made to analyse the study reported in this subject area.

003934   Banth V K;Singh K P;Patnaik G S;Plawat A; Vyavahare M (Ballarpur Industries Ltd., , Unit : Ashti, Post : Ashti, Distt. Gachiroli-442 707) : Use of calcium carbonate as filler with ASAA-successful story at bilt-ashti. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 89-92.

Ballarpur Industries Ltd. Unit-Ashti is located in dense forest covered area in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra. In search of an opportunity to explore further Quality Improvement Strategy on branded products & comparing with that of leading competitors, The Unit-Ashti of Ballarpur Industries Ltd. has dared to dream about first ever Paper manufacturing entity to go with ASA sizing along with PCC (Precipitated Calcium Carbonate) in copier segment in India. In line with conventional paper making in India, Mill was operating with Soap Stone till second quarter of 2007-08 with ASA sizing. Due to degradation in the quality of the soap stone powder received on site vis-a-vis cutting problems in final product, decision was taken to replace it with GCC (Ground Calcium carbonate) for sustenance of Quality, specially on smooth cutting of paper. To add up the beauty to the new knowledge gained with GCC on Quality front, Unit has beget new questions in search of improved answers further on Quality front with the help of PCC in line with international bench marking in paper making. First ever in Paper making Industry, in India. Deals with introductory value additions on GCC & benefits derived by replacing GCC with PCC at the end. Hunger to conserve energy has recently won the "Certificate of Merit" in "National Energy Conservation Awards" for the Year 2007. Calcium Carbonate is an exceptional mineral. The chemical formula CaCO3 covers a raw material, which is widespread throughout nature, whether dissolved in rivers and oceans, in molten form as "cold" carbonated-lava, or solid as a mineral in the form of stalactites, stalagmites or as the major constituent of whole mountain ranges. Plants and animals need calcium carbonate to form their skeletons and shells. The Earth's crust contains more than 4% calcium carbonate. As a result, the three calcium carbonate minerals - calcite, aragonite and vaterite - are among the most important rock-forming minerals. Rocks are not the only calcium carbonate deposits in nature, most stretches of water and countless plants and animals contain huge amounts of calcium carbonate. The link between these natural resources is the calcium carbonate cycle. Plants and animals absorb calcium carbonate from water - where it exists, in most cases, in the dissolved form of calcium hydrogen carbonate Ca(HCO₃)₂ - and use it to build up their skeletons and shells. After their death, crustacean, coccoliths, algae and corals form sedimentary deposits on sea-beds, thus the rock forming process is put in motion. The first stage is the sedimentation process from which chalk and limestone originate. Chalk is a poorly compacted sedimentary calcium carbonate rock, whose digenesis is incomplete. When the sedimentation process is completed this results in the formation of limestone. If the sedimentation process takes place in magnesium containing water a dolomitisation may occur. Part of the calcium ions in the crystal lattice are replaced by magnesium ions, a fact that leads to the formation of dolomite CaMg[CO₃]₂. The carbonate rocks, chalk, limestone, dolomite and marble rocks are subject to erosion, under the influence of wind, temperature and water they dissolve, and the cycle may start again.

5 tables, 5 ref

003933   Bajpai P K;Sharma A K;Das S;Varadhan R (Ballarpur Industries Limited, Corporate Office, Gurgaon-122 002) : Optimization of ASA emulsion and impact of filler on ASA sizing. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 99-104.

Sizing performance of ASA depends upon the stability of the ASA emulsion also, in addition to other factors. For fine dispersion of ASA oil, cationic starch is used to prepare the ASA emulsion at the paper machine site. The pH of cooked cationic starch is generally reduced to below 4.0 with the help of citric acid or adipic acid before emulsification to reduce the chances of hydrolysis of ASA during emulsification and to some extent on storage for few minutes. As the cationic starch and these acids are quite expensive, attempts have been made to reduce the starch consumption and substitute the expensive acids by low-cost chemicals. It has been possible to reduce the starch to ASA ratio in the emulsion from 3 to 2, resulting in cost saving. It is also possible to use PAC alone or alum alone in place of citric acid to reduce the pH of starch slurry. The optimum dosing of different chemicals has also been determined for preparation of ASA emulsion. In India, talc is extensively used as filler in the production of writing & printing papers due to its availability at low cost. Few mills, after switching over to neutral or alkaline sizing, have started using ground calcium carbonate (GCC) also to get better optical properties. Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) has been reported to have even better bulk and optical properties and it is being used in several modern mills abroad. The fillers are expected to affect the sizing performance to a varying degree, depending upon their nature. These three fillers have been studied to observe their effect on performance of ASA alkaline sizing and also on optical and strength properties. Sizing performance decreases on loading the paper with GCC or PCC but it slightly improves with talc due to its non-wetting nature. Optical properties of PCC are better than those of GCC and talc, which is also reflected in the paper sheets with these fillers. Paper containing PCC exhibited superior bulk, smoothness and stiffness. Due to fine particles of PCC the strength properties were inferior when PCC was loaded to the paper as compared to those with talc and GCC.

5 illus, 9 tables, 10 ref

003932   Arufuzzaman Khan G M;Saheruzzaman M;Abdur Razzaque S M;Sakinul Islam M;Shamsul Alam M;Mainul Islam M (Polymer Research Lab, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Dep, F, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh) : Grafting of acrylonitrile monomer onto bleached okra bast fibre and its textile properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 321-7.

Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile monomer onto okra bast fibre has been carried out using potassium persulphate as an initiator in the presence of ferrous sulphate. The graft yield is evaluated on varying the concentration of monomer from 1.0x10^{-2 to 7.0x10-2 mol L-1 and concentration of potassium persulphate from 1.0x10-3 to 7.0x10-3 mol L-1 at ferrous sulphate concentration varying from 1.0x10-3 to 7.0x10-3 mol L-1 in the reaction mixture. The graft yield and other grafting parameters have been optimized at 3.0x10-2 mol L-1 monomer, 4.0x10-3 mol L-1 potassium persulphate, 5.0x10-3 mol L-1 ferrous sulfate, 120 min treatment time and 70°C temperature. The composition of grafted chain is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopic studies. Dyeing and tensile properties of grafted okra bast fibre have also been studied. The grafted fibre shows better properties in all cases in comparison to bleached okra bast fibre.}

003931   Amalraj V A;Rakkiyappan P;Neelamathi D; Chinnaraj S;Subramanian S (NO, Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR), Coimbatore-641 007, Email: vaamlraj@yahoo.co.in) : Wild cane as a renewable source for fuel and fibre in the paper industry. Curr Sci 2008, 95(11), 1599-1602.

The Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited (a bagasse-based paper mill), is exploring the utilization of wild cane in energy generation and as an alternate source of raw material for the paper industry. The germplasm collection of the wild cane species, Erianthus arundinaceus, was evaluated for its performance under cultivation, biomass production, stalk yield, fibre content and juice quality. Out of 88 clones evaluated, 23 with high fibre-pith ratio were selected. Based on proximate analysis, six clones were selected for further tests and trials. This species has the potential to yield high biomass for the production of energy through cogeneration, alcohol through bio-fermentation of its juice and bagasse (stalks after extraction of juice) as raw material for paper manufacture. Energy content of biomass was assessed by estimation of the calorific value. Studies on fibre content, bagasse yield, biomass yield and pulping showed that this species is superior to sugarcane as a source of energy and fibre. So far no systematic evaluation of this naturally growing species has been done for its biomass production, energy content, fibre yield and juice quality, and no commercial cultivation for its co-products has been attempted.

4 illus, 6 tables

003930   Ali S;Saleem S;Umbreen S;Hussain T (Chemistry and Biochemistry Dep, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan) : Cationizing efficiency and performance of antimicrobial agent on cotton fabric dyed with vinyl sulfone based reactive blue dye. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 274-8.

Capacity of cotton treated with antimicrobial agent (Reputex-20) to uptake reactive blue dye has been determined and compared with that of untreated and dyed cotton. The cationizing efficiency and antimicrobial effect of antimicrobial agent applied on cotton fabric dyed with reactive dye are found to be better as compared to conventional method of reactive dyeing on untreated cotton fabric. Moreover, the fabric pre-treated with antimicrobial agent shows less antimicrobial activity as compared to post-treated fabric. The samples pre-treated with antimicrobial agent give better K/S values than the normal reactive dyed sample. Fastness to light, washing and rubbing of treated and dyed fabric is also found to be comparable with that of the conventional dyed fabric.

003929   Agarwal G;Koehl L;Zeng X;Kothari V K (NO, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Industries Textiles, 9 rue de l'Ermitage, 59070, Roubaix, France) : Intelligent system for supporting design of fashion oriented personalized fabric products. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 258-66.

Intelligent system for supporting the design of fashion oriented personalized fabric samples has been proposed. Based on fuzzy logic and semantic network, it permits to model the relationship between fabric parameters and fashion design elements via fashion images. This system can effectively help textile producers and designers to determine parameters of new fabrics to be produced according to fashion requirements of garments and predict garment fashion styles for given fabrics. A sensory evaluation on fabric hand has been used to determine fabric parameters of a collection of samples. Principal component analysis has been used to reduce the complexity of the model. A set of fashion images has been selected in order to extract abstract fashion design elements and identify relationship between fabric samples and fashion design elements. This system is helpful for textile companies to realize mass customization, i.e. design and production of personalized products with very low costs.

002975   Yadav S;Rose N M;Jeet Singh S S (Dep of Clothing and Textiles, college of Home Science, CCSHAU, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of Bhringraj leaves dye on physical properties of silk. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(10), 356-8.

Study was conducted to investigate the effect of dye obtained from Bhringraj leaves on physical properties of silk fabric. The fabric was dyed and post mordanted with copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, pomegranate and mango. From the experiment, it was found that general appearance; lusture and texture of dyed fabric was good. In case of fabric thickness, weight, count and flexural rigidity the dyed and mordanted samples showed increase in the properties. Minute increase or no change was observed in crease recovery angle and drope coefficient. Breaking strength and elongation of all the samples except ferrous sulphate mordanted increased in both warp and weft directions.

3 table, 6 ref

002974   Tarafder N (Textiles Dep, S S M College of Engineering, S S M Nagar, Komarapalayam-638 183) : Denim fabrics. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(11), 387-95.

11 ref

002973   Srivastava M;Rajvanshi R (Textile & Apparel Designing Dep, Home Science College, MPUAT, Udaipur, ) : Simulation of textile designs from phad paintings for fashion apparels in different color ways textile design sofware. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(9), 309-12.

The investigation was undertaken to simulate textile designs from Phad Paintings for fashion apparels in different color ways using textile designs software. Developed designs were printed on fashion apparels using screen printing and evaluated by panel of thirty judges. the findings of study revealed the designs were very innovative, creative and as per the current market need and were highly appreciated by the judges.

1 illus, 2 table, 4 ref

002972   Singh S;Gahlot M (Clothing & Textile Dep, Home Science College, G B P U A & T, Pantnagar) : Process development for printing on silk fabric (Mulberry) with dye extracted from wax mellow (Malvaviscus arboreus) flowers. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(9), 304-8.

Studies were conducted to extract natural dyes from biomass product namely wax mellow. The study was done on the process development for printing on mulberry silk fabrics with Wax mallow (Malvaviscus arboreus) flowers. Extracted natural dye was used for printing with different mordants (alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, stannous chloride, dried pomegranate rind and harda). In all 6 different shades were developed. The printing parameters viz; amount of dye material concentrate and concentration of mordants for printing on mulberry and tasar silk fabric were optimized. Fastness properties (light, washing, perspiration and crocking) were also studied on these samples. There is a need to carry out further research in this field and explore the possible way for its use in other natural fiber viz., cotton, wool and jute etc. Natural fabric printed with natural dyes in soft and subdued shades creates a fashion statement. Thus it can be exploited commercially to create opportunities for rural employment.

7 table, 9 ref

002971   Singh R P (Synthetic & Art Silk Mills, Research Association, , Sasmira Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Characterization techniques for morphological studies of polymer/nanoclay nanocomposites. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(12), 416-20.

Polymer/clay nanocomposites have attracted great interest in recently. These materials often exhibit remarkable improvement in perform properties when compared with virgin polymer or conventional compo These improvements can include high moduli, increased strength, resistance, decreased gas permeability and reduction of flammability. I order to get better properties nanomaterials should be dispersed properly homogeneously inside the polymer matrix. Generally different characterization techniques like X-ray, TEM etc. are being used to asses the extent of dispersion' of nanomaterials and it's distribution inside the polymer matrix. Present describes about the X-ray and TEM techniques used for characterization nanocomposites.

10 ukkysm 14 ref

002970   Shivaprakash A V;Ambika B;Nagaraj R;Rajitha N V (Govt S K S J T Institute, , K R Circle, Bangalore-560 001) : Fabrication of bamboo and coir composite laminates. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(10), 347-50.

Composites made up of natural fibres are found to be advantageous in many applications when compared to the traditional materials that are been used even today. these materials are advantageous in that they are eco-friendly, cost effective, reliable and are mechanically superior to the constituent materials. All these composites are fabricated out of the naturally available fibres which are bi-products of agriculture. So much so natural fibre composites of various types are to be designed and developed in order to replace the cost ineffective traditional materials which are not easily available. In the work Bamboo and coir composites are developed, tested for the mechanical properties as per ASTM standards and a product is developed out of the bamboo laminate for industrial applications.

2 illus, 2 table

002969   Sheshachala D;Sandeep D N;Santosh S;Hosur C (NO, Govt S K S J T Institute, K R Circle, Bangalore-560 001) : Comparative study of bamboo and cotton knitted fabric. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(9), 300-3.

Bamboo and Cotton materials are compared on techno-economic basis and knitted materials are developed. End products are tested for the functional and aesthetic properties. T-shirts are also developed out of 100% Bamboo and 10% Cotton material.

10 table

002968   Sharma K D;Ranjit Kumar K (NO, , ITC Ltd., PSPD, Unit : Bhadrachalam, Vill. Sarapaka-507 128, Dist. Khammam, Andhra Pradesh) : Optimising process control for higher productivity in fiberline operations at ITC PSPD., Unit : Bhadrachalam.. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 113-16.

Increasing competition and tougher economic conditions are the challenges for the paper industry in the post globalization era. Increasing operational efficiency is the call of the day for sustaining profitability and survival. Operations have to run at best of their capacities to achieve higher productivity, more availability and best quality. Novel technologies have to be adapted in achieving these objectives. Advanced Process Control is one such tool which will reduce standard deviation of the process variables and shifts the mean closer to hardware constraints. Application of Multi Variable Process Control (MVPC) tool which has the built in intelligence to look simultaneously at two or more process variables and to choose, in a given situation is advisable. The advance control techniques push the processes to their constraints and extract the maximum from the process unit without compromising on product quality and safety. The advanced control algorithm balances performance and robustness objectives against process economics to minimize costly process movement. The implementation of advanced process control in a plant reduces process variability and allows plant to run closer to their operating constraints which in turn reduces energy use, as well as raw material and waste processing costs. It also improves product yield and quality, safety and productivity while lowering emission levels. In this direction ITC PSPD, Unit: Bhadrachalam has gone for APC and reaping the benefits.

4 tables

002967   Shamim A;Jain R;Mediratta R;Prasad K D;Ashok Kumar (NO, , Ballarpur Industries Ltd., Unit: Shree Gopal, Yamunanagar-135 001) : Centralized refining system: a step towards the energy conservation. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 117-22.

Study was carried out on the operating parameters of existing refiners and its impact on pulp and final paper properties. Three refiners (DDR for PM-1 and DDR & TDR for PM-2) were in use for two paper machines having pulp draw of 3.0-4.0 MT/hr while maintaining the desired pulp freeness of 28°SR. with the existing refiners, the specific edge loads was 1.14 Ws/m in case of DDRs and 1.17 Ws/m in case of TDR with the total power consumption of 138 kWh/MT of paper. A new TDR of 24 inches with different refiner plate pattern yielding specific edge load of about 0.79 Ws/m was installed in place of three refiners for both the machines. The power consumption reduced by about 14-31 kWh/MT of paper while maintaining same degree of freeness. This also resulted in ash increase of about 1.5% without any affect on paper quality. There was consistency in wax pick value, which helped lower rejection of paper due to consistent operation in respect of refining operation.

6 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

002966   Senthilkumar M;Jambagi B B (Textile Technology Dep, PSG Polytechnic College, Coimbatore-641 004) : Knitting of filament silk yarn. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2008, 89(Aug), 11-15.

This Discusses on technical feasibility of knitting of filament silk yarn. Silk filament yarn was knitted into three different stitch length of single jersey knit structure. The knitted samples were dyed with acid dye. The filament silk knitted fabrics were tested for mechanical, comfort and hand properties to compare with relevant cotton knitted fabric. Most of the test results show that silk knitted fabrics give good performance in knitting.

6 tables, 2 ref

002965   Sengupta S;Majumdar P K;Ray P (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Physical properties of jute needle-punched non-woven fabrics using central composite rotatable design. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2008, 89(Aug), 16-24.

The effect of punch density; depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area on the tenacity, elongation-at-break. energy-to-break. bursting strength, air permeability and bursting strength of jute needle punched nonwoven fabric have been studied with the help of contour diagrams by central composite surface design. Second order polynomials have been proposed with a good correlation for different properties. It is observed that tenacity, energy-to-break and bursting strength initially increase with the increase of mass per unit area and depth of needle penetration, while after reaching to the optimum value, value of those parameters increase further with decrease of the properties. The optimum values are achieved around 130 punches/ cm^{2 to 140 punches/cm2!, 13 mm to 14 mm depth of' needle penetration and 650 g/m2 - 700 g/m2 mass per unit area. With the increase of punch density tenacity, extension-of-break, energy-to-break and bursting strength decrease where air permeability increases. The values, where thermal insulation is minimum. are 400 g/m2 area density, 165 punches/cm2 punch density and 14 mm - 5 mm depth of needle penetration.}

6 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

002964   Saravanan D;Sathis Kumar S (Textile Technology Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam-638 401) : Novel attempt to produce three ply yarns from the short staple ring frame using long staple core. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2008, 89(Aug), 30-4.

An attempt has been made to produce three ply yarns directly from the short staple ring frame using long staple fibres as core and cotton fibres as sheath. The samples produced in this process were evaluated for the physical properties like, appearance, unevenness hairiness, moisture tll1d tensile properties. Majority of the properties were appeared to be influenced by the cotton fibres due to higher proportion in the final yarn structure.

6 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

002963   Saravanan D;Ramachandran T;Rajendran S; Raajesh E M (Textile Technology Dep, Bannari Ammon Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam) : Influence of mechanical agitations in enzyme assisted processing. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(9), 313-16.

An attempt has been made to quantify the amount of improvements that can be reaslised due to mechanical agitations in various enzyme assisted processing like desizing, scouring using proteases, pectinases and biopolishing using cellulases and the study reveals the ability of additional mechanical actions employed in these processes to improve efficiency to different extents.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

002962   Roy A K;Chattopadhyay S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology (ICAR, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : High permanence paper from jute. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 137-41.

Consumption of paper is an indicator of the development of the country. India being a high growth rate country requirement of paper is increasing day by day necessitating a large amount of cellulosic raw materials. To meet this challenge several alternative ligno-cellulosic raw materials can be adopted in addition to the traditional raw materials like wood and bamboo. Jute deserves a place in the list of alternative raw material for paper manufacture specially in the handmade sector. Handmade papers have high demand in value added products like greetings cards, archival documents, certificate papers, chart papers and packaging papers. More over it serves the social objective of creating gainful employment to the rural poor, since 70 % of our population live in the villages and nearly half of them are below the poverty level. Alkaline sulphite pulp of jute was bleached by four different multistage pulping methods and finally the bleached pulps were treated with anti-ageing chemicals and standard hand sheets were made. The bleached paper samples were subjected to accelerated ageing tests for 1,3 and 5 days following the method adopted by Preservation Research and Testing Division, Library of Congress, USA. All the paper samples were evaluated for their optical and physical properties before and after ageing. The study showed that among the treated samples the borohydride-hydrogen peroxide bleached jute paper was resistant up to 3 days of exposure to accelerated ageing, whereas, the control sample was resistant up to 1 day of exposure. The study is based upon the values of the whiteness index, 457 nm brightness, yellowness index, tensile index, burst index and fold number. The results are corroborated by the high pH value of the treated paper samples compared to the untreated samples, indicating the absence of aliphatic acids as a result of accelerated ageing. Thus high permanence paper can be obtained from the alkaline sulphite jute pulp bleached by borohydride-hydrogen peroxide process followed by anti-ageing chemical treatment.

14 illus, 8 ref

002961   Reddy A;Mahesh K N;Venu S T (NO, CSTRI, Bangalore) : Distribution of reeling process parameters and performance in different silk reeling systems. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(6), 203-6.

In the survey all the parameters of the reeling process and performance indicators were recorded covering different reeling systems such as Cottage basin, Domestic basin and Multiend reelin in important reeling clusters of Karnataka. The data is c1assified under different categories by way of frequency distribution. The actual strength of the reeling industry and technological levels can be assessed by examining these distributions. Also the data serves as a base point for suitable technological interventions.

17 illus, 1 tab

002960   Ramachandran T;Karthick T;Saravanan D (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Novel trends in textile wet processing. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2008, 89(Aug), 3-10.

Developments in the wet processing of textile materials introduce new techniques and methods to reduce the energy, chemicals, time involved during various operations to obtain novel finishes. Unable to withstand the pressure generated on account of the pollution levels, eco-friend1y alternatives are also being developed continuously besides novel technologies. Summarises the recent developments in the field of wet processing of textile ma teria1s.

1 illus, 4 tables, 86 ref

002959   Puro M;Kirjavainen A R (NO, , Paper and Board Business Line, Metso Paper, P.O. Box 125, 37601 Valkeakoski, Finland) : Energy efficient recycled fiber screening. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 75-8.

In today's papermaking process energy consumption plays a key role in the total manufacturing costs. Recycled paper collection increases continuously and the recycled paper also includes bigger variety of contaminants in both quality and quantity. The overall portion of the recycled fiber in the end product is also increasing due to raw material costs and availability. Efficient screening is a must to reach the desired pulp quality. In recycled fiber preparation line the screening will be usually done in various sub-processes. Each screening process is designed to remove different types of contaminants. Coarse screening removes large and heavy impurities whereas fine screening concentrates to remove sticky and dirt specs. In all screening processes the importance is to reach maximum contaminant reduction with gentle screening action so that the contaminant particle size is not reduced. Energy efficiency in screening can be achieved by optimizing the screen operation or sizing of the equipment. Optimizing the shape of the rotor can lead to higher slot velocities and thus to higher production without the problems of screening surface blockage. With higher capacities per screening area we can reach smaller equipment sizes thus reducing the energy consumption. The co-rotational effect of the stock with the rotor uses significantly high share of energy and the co-rotation of the stock itself doesn't affect the screening efficiency. Optimized flow properties inside the screen can reduce the co-rotation and flow resistance affecting to the rotor and therefore reducing the energy consumption. New innovations in recycled fiber screening will be reviewed. Metso Paper has renewed the design of the screening equipment to reach needed production level with smaller equipment sizing and with lower energy consumption per produced ton of pulp. New innovations in screen basket technology are also introduced highlighting the screening efficiency improvement and longer lifetime of baskets.

10 illus, 2 ref

002958   Pirinen T (NO, , Metso Paper INC., P.O. Box 587, 40101 Jyvakyla, Finland) : Cost-efficient center roll-based press section to boost efficiency. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 69-73.

Machine manufacturers need to provide solutions that meet the specific requirements of the Indian pulp and paper industry. Volume grades are the largest market but an attractive market is offered by high-quality printing and writing paper production. New machinery and well-engineered rebuilds are providing the Indian paper and producers with better opportunities to succeed in the growing domestic market and to get payback from the investment. Additionally, it gives the opportunity to participate in the global market. The key variables of an efficient rebuild are investment costs, operating costs, pioduction tonnage and production efficiency. These are also the main arguments for considering a press section rebuild by replacing a conventional roll press with a shoe press. A new center roll-based press concept has been developed with no cantilevering. This press concept is equipped with a shoe press for good runnability and high dry content. A shoe press will increase dryness after the press section by 5 to 8 % compared to a conventional roll_press. The design of the new press concept is cost-efficient and robust, without compromising safety aspects. In addition to the lower investment costs involved, the robust design of the new center roll-based press section also produces remarkable construction cost savings thanks to the reduced need for foundation work. Presents the new press design, which is applicable to paper and containerboard grades. An overview of closed draw press concept is also given.

9 illus, 4 ref

002957   Patra A K;Dahiya S (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021) : Microencapsulation - technique and applications. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(7), 224-32.

The concept of microencapsulation, developed decades ago, has materialized as a major application technique in various industrial sectors. The advantages are many, ranging from protection and handling to controlled release. The encapsulation is possible in different forms, sizes and combinations. Based on the requirement and feasibility, the thickness of the outer layer and the content of the material inside the capsule can vary. There are also a wide ranging polymeric materials, natural and man-made, available for forming them. In textiles, encapsulation of dyes particularly in disperse and acid class have been done to ensure even dyeing while in printing, good multicolored effects have been achieved by dye capsule . In chemical finishing, the concept has worked both for traditional as well as novelty finishes. The major techniques of microencapsulation and their applications in coloration as well as functional finishes are discussed.

5 illus, 30 ref

002956   Paras M K;Varshneya G (M F Tech (Apparel Production), National Institute of Fashion Technology, Bangalore) : Conductive polymers for smart textiles. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(11), 376-8.

The current generation of smart garments get their brains from conductive polymers, a special of organic polymers capable of conducting electricity - that have conductivity levels between those of semiconductors and metals (up to 10^{2 - 103 S/cm) The combination of metallic and polymeric properties opens completely new opportunities in numerous applications, particularly in the electronics industry, which were previously not possible. The conductive polymers like polyacetylene or polypyrrole were suitable for practical applications due to low long term stability of the conductivity and/or high processability.}

7 ref

002955   Nayak S (Chemistry Dep, Purushottam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mandiakudar, Rourkela-770 034) : Environmental health perspectives: plastic management. J Instn Engrs-Pt EN 2008, 89(Sept), 17-21.

Plastic is a mounting world wide concern over the environmental consequences when they enter the waste stream after their intended uses. Plastics are not only eco-friendly but also an eco-savior. One does not burn a building to kilt the rats inside. Similarly banning usage of plastics is not going to solve the . environmental problem but on the contrary it wilt lead to ecological imbalance due to increased usage of its natural substitutes like wood and paper. What one needs to do is to create social awareness to change the littering habit. Structured collection, sorting, recycling and social code of conduct are the true answers towards efficient usage of a wonderful material like plastics. The plastic waste management strategy can be five-fold involving source reduction, reuse, repair, recycling and education. Plastic recycling can be categorized in four steps such as, primary recycling, where waste, free of impurities are used in the same manner as virgin material, secondary recycling in which the thermoplastic contains small amount of impurities and are used to produce goods which have less demanding performance characteristics, tertiary recycling, where the waste is converted to chemicals including monomers and fuels, quaternary recycling techniques, which involve the direct conversion of waste to energy The infectious medical plastic waste can be disposed by chemical inactivation, autoclaving, exposing to microwave, incineration and dumping in a waste pit. This global ississue for the plastic waste management can be resolved by proper combination of all the techniques to obtain the best environmental results. Plastics protect the environment by conserving precious natural resources and energy Hence the role of government and non-government organizations should be to conduct educational and awareness programmes on various environmental conservation, methods in schools/colleges and slums with the help of audio-visual aids.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

002954   Nayak R;Gon D P;Khandual A (NO, Technological Institute Textile & Science, Bhiwani) : Application of laser in apparel industry. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(10), 341-6.

Lasers are being used in apparel industry from 19^{th century. Recently the use of laser in apparel industry is increasing in cutting garmet patterns, patterning designer neckties, cutting and engraving leather etc. Reasons for the increasing use of lasers in the apparel industry range from lowering cost to process flexibility and even anti-counterfeiting. For example high-end necktie manufacturers often store their artwork digitally rather than as physical patterns in order to minimize theft risk. These digita; patterns are then turned into physical patterns in order to minimize theft risk. These digital patterns are then turned into physical patterns in order to minimizd theft risk. These digital patterns are then turned into physical print tools when needed using lasers. Now the new and fast-growing application of denim engraving has emerged where the use of lasers replaces earlier denim-distressing technologies and is taking the value added results to a level of sophistication unattainable by non-laser methods. The main application center for this industry is in china. The unique structure of the industry requires laser tooling that combines performance with low cost, specifically, by eliminating the high end handling systems often found on laser workstations.}

5 illus, 14 ref

002953   Nandhini B;Jayalakshmi I (Dep of Costume Design & Fashion, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore) : Soya protein fabric with cotton fabric and making it suitable for apparel wear. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(6), 192-8.

10 illus

002952   Mukherjee A;Mitra S;Konar P;Mukherjee A (Dep of Silpa-Sadana, , Visva-Bharati) : Modification of natural yellow dyes for improvement of washing and light fastness. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(12), 429-33.

Most of the natural yellow dyes namely Tumeric (Curcuma longa); Palas (Butea monosperma), Ganda (Tagetes Erecta) & shiuli (Nyctanthes Arbortristis) are having poor to moderate washing fastness and very poor light fastness [1] owing to their inbuilt dye structure. They contain -OH groups along with -OMe which intensify [2] the depth of shade according to their increased numbers in one dye molecule. These -OH groups are prone to metallic mordants to produce shades of different tones. On the other hand, these groups are the common path way [3] to UV rays of sunlight and therefore, color is faded quickly due to a photo chemical reaction. Research work, attemps have been taken to block the -OH groups of the dye for improvement of light fastness along with intensity of color and washing fastness.

6 illus, 7 table, 11 ref

002951   Lal P S;Bist V;Godiyal R;Roy T K (NO, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh) : Modified oxygen pretreatment of unbleached pulp of inigenous raw material for better bleachability. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 93-7.

In the study, the work is carried out on oxygen treatment and modified oxygen treatment (treatment along with peroxide) of pulp of Indian raw materials as bagasse, wheat straw, eucalyptus and bamboo. A comparison of characteristics of unbleached pulp, oxygen treated pulp and modified oxygen treated pulp followed by DEpD bleaching was carried out. The study results in substantial drop in unbleached pulp kappa number after modified oxygen treatment, viz. 80, 76,62,63% compared to oxygen treatment viz.53,62,47 and 55% respectively for bagasse, wheat straw, eucalyptus and bamboo. There was not any appreciable difference in pulp intrinsic strength after modified oxygen treatment and it has been preserved during the treatment (962, 823, 569 and 734 cc/g) compared to oxygen treated pulp (816, 863,544 and 750 cc/g) respectively for bagasse, wheat straw, eucalyptus and bamboo pulp. There is significant gain in brightness after modified oxygen treatment viz. 54, 66, 51 and 46 % ISO compared to oxygen treatment viz.38, 48, 41. 37 % ISO respectively for bagasse, wheat straw, eucalyptus and bamboo. The impact of better delignification and better initial brightness is also observed in DEpD bleached pulp brightness. There is 1-4 point gain in DEpD bleached pulp brightness for modified oxygen treated pulp as 88,87,85 and 86.5 % ISO compared to oxygen treated pulp 85,85.4,83 and 83.5 % ISO respectively for bagasse, wheat straw, eucalyptus and bamboo.

8 illus, 7 ref

002950   Lakshmana Reddy B H;Nayak R G;Vasanthakumar Pai K (NO, , The Mysore Paper Mills Ltd, P.O. Papertown, Bhadravati-577 302) : Neutral flotation De-inking - a new opportunity for Indian paper industries. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 143-5.

The Global debate on providing carbon credits for the process inventing conservation of carbon resources as well as the rapid forest depletion promoted us to explore the possibility of recycling news print paper by employing an efficient method of de-inking. For selective and easy ink removal better physical and surface property of the pulp formed, and to keep the method environmental friendly and cost effective. It was imperative to identify a de-inking aid running under near neutral condition. Casuruf-108 a biodegradable sulfonated derivative of card phenol was found to do the specific job in this regard. This paper deals with the utilization of casuruf-108 as de-inking aid in ONP (Old news paper) and the study of optical and physical strength properties of the de-inked news print pulp. Cost and environmental advantages of the neutral de-inking over conventional alkaline de-inking using casuruf-108 are also discussed.

4 tables, 10 ref

002949   Kakkanavar P R (NO, CSTRI/Central Silk Board, Bangalore) : Variaties of traditional sarees in Betgeri (Karnataka) cluster. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(9), 317-19.

Reports on varieties of traditional sarees production at Gadag-Betgeri cluster, which has developed good market in India. Gadag-Betgeri weaving industry has the successful history of two centuries. This cluster is famous for its weaving and fabric producing activities. this region of North Karnataka has lot of weaving activities to the exten of 20 thousand people are engaged in this profession. the silk cotton blended sarees and pure cotton sarees are having different designs and colours to attract customer and to meet their individual taste. the different sarees produced are- Gadi-Dhadi, Chikki-Paras, Skirt-Border, todi-Paras, Kare-Chandrakali, Chadarang-Chikki, Star saree and Gomi-Cotton. Taken up the detailed study on Technical parameters, possibilities of value addition, production details of sarees, labour wages, facilities to the power loom units and marketing along with annual transaction of the cluster. The study explains about the exisisting picture of saree production. with the guidance of Power loom service center, Betgeri, Powerloom entrepreneurs may think of modernizing their industries, by which they can even diversify their products with the exisisting products.

002948   Jayalakshmi;Amsamani S (Costume Design and Fashion Dep, P S G College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore) : Natural dyeing of wool using bio-fixing agents. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(12), 396-401.

The method of dyeing woollen am with Annato, Catechu and French Marigold was standardized by determining the optimum dyeing conditions, namely dye material concentration, dye material extraction time, dyeing time, mordant concentration and mordanting method. The washing, rubbing, light and perspiration fastness of the dyed samples was also evaluated, giving fair to excellent fastness grades.

1 illus, 6 table, 3 ref

002947   Jain J K;Murali Mohan N (NO, , Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd. Rajahmundry-533 105) : Promoting raw material upgradation techniques-APPM experience. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 99-101.

Technological advancements are the need of the hour in Indian Pulp and Paper Industry. Modernization and up-gradation activities in process areas are doing away with obsolete technologies. The prelude for this is demand for high quality cellulosic raw material_for meeting end uses. Availability of adequate raw material in order to meet increased production capacities isU major challenge for the industrial segment. On the other hand, quality raw material is a pre- requisite for higher-grade pulp and finished product. For wood based industries, industrial plantations are the only answer to overcome constraints. In order to address these needs APPM has adopted Farm Forestry activities since 1989. The scheme ensures development and distribution of quality seedlings to farmers thereby increasing raw material availability and sustained supply of fibrous raw material to mills. In tune with the ongoing APPM Mill Development Plan and in order to meet the projected demand of hardwoods, structured Farm Forestry activities have been put into practice. A step ahead the mill has introduced techniques for raw material up-gradation by introducing high yielding, genetically superior site specific clones with short rotation cycle. Clonal field trials with species of Casuarina hybrid showed uniform growth, higher yield per unit area and the pulpwood was found to be better during pulping trials.

1 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

002946   Guruprasad R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Surgical gowns & drapes-product view and performance testing. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(10), 336-40.

Surgical gowns are used as protection from surgical microorganisms. The present paper envisages the product classification and the various test methods used for erformance study.

4 illus, 3 table, 13 ref

002945   Gupta A (NO, , Metso Automation (USA) Inc, 2900 Courtyards, Drive Norcross, GA 30071) : Innovation & technology is the key for profitable growth. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(1), 103-5.

Describes how the new Steam box technology is helping mills around the world in their efforts to make the best quality products at the lowest possible cost. The lower cost of ownership and improved performance results, compared to the older technology steam box, gives a return on investment of only 39 months. Over last few years, India has been one of the fastest growing regions in pulp and paper sector. In order to sustain this momentum going forward and to better position the industry within the fast paced global market place, industry participants need to ensure that any increase in topline growth is accompanied by a commensurate increase in both productivity and profitability. This entails pursuing a twopronged strategy of maintaining/improving product quality while at the same time ensuring that the total cost of production is low. Both these objectives can be achieved by using latest and most innovative technologies such as the new Steambox technology within Indian pulp and paper machines. New steambox technology offers both profiling and higher heat transfer efficiency, at the same time, with the lowest steam consumption as compared to conventional steamboxes.

3 illus, 2 ref

002944   Gogoi Mehra;Niyogi;Khandal (NO, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, University Road, Delhi-110 007) : Fabric softeners. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(7), 241-51.

This article reviews the evolutionary process of different classes of softeners, suitable surfactant systems for their preparation, physicochemical properties that make them useful for fabric care, their evaluation for desirable fabric properties and their pros and cons. The application methodologies, recent trends in fabric softeners and future prospects of various types of new generation softeners are also discussed .

1 illus, 2 table, 48 ref

002943   Gnanavel P;Ananthakrishnan T;Sukumar N (KSR College of Technology, , Tiruchengode-637 215) : Effect of seams on drape of fabrics. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(12), 411-15.

Presents a fundamental drape analysis of seamed fabrics using drape meter. Drape behavior is determined in terms of drape coefficient. Investigating drape on seamed fabrics can improve fabric end use application. Clothing is an integral part of human civilization. Clothings are assemblage of fabrics, which are assembled by sewing and then draped on body. Aesthetics and comfort are directly influenced by the drape ability of fabrics. In this project drape of ten fabrics are analyzed with 3 types of seams and three stitch densities. Sample without seam is a control sample & drape of seamed samples are compared with control sample to analyse the drape behavior of seamed fabric.

6 ref

002942   Gautam S;Goel A;Mishra A (Textile and Apparel Designing Deo, College of Home Science CSKHPKV, Palampur-176 062) : Roll of ecofriendly geotextiles in controlling soil erosion. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(11), 372-5.

9 ref

002941   Gahlot M;Khushboo Singh;Bajpai S (Clothing & Textiles Dep, Home Science College, G B Pant Univesity of Agri & Tech, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand-263 145) : Mordant printing of silk with walnut dye. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(6), 199-202.

Research attempts to study effect of mordant printing on silk. Different metallic mordants such as alum, copper sulphate ferrous sulphate and stannous chloride were used for mordant printing. Natural dye source namely walnut bark (Juglan regia) was used for dyeing. Printed samples were evaluated objectively and subjectively and K/S values was also determined.

2 illus, 4 table, 2 ref

002940   Dorugada Vishnu A;Satyapriya D (Fibres and Textile Processing Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Organic Cotton. Man Made Text India 2009, 52(6), 185-91.

Cotton is the most important fibre crop of India and plays most impotant role in industrial economy. The modern cotton production technology relies heavely on use of fertilisers and on chemical to control insects, pest, diseases etc. Cotton cultivated on 5% cultivable land consumes 54% of total pesticides used in Indian agriculture. In some pockets the rate are higher than this, leaving immense ecological and human hazards as reported by world health organization. Use of chemical at such scale causes environmental pollution. This has basically prompted the demand of organic cotton. Here.we focus"on the easons for organic cotton production, the difference between organic and conventional cotton organic cotton production and its market.

15 ref

002939   Dhurai B;Kanjana S (Textile Technology Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 006) : Measurement of hydrophilicity of fibres. Man Made Text India 2008, 51(10), 351-5.

Reviews methods for measurement of hydrophilicity of textile fibres in terms of measurement of contact angle and surface energy. Wettability, wicking and moisture content measurements in fibres and various fibrous assemblies are also discussed.

22 ref