005020   Velavan R;Rudramoorthy R;Balachandran S (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Energy efficient and environmentally sound technologies for small and medium scale textile cluster. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(12), 1058-62.

Continuous and sustained growth of small and medium scale units in Indian textile garment sector has resulted in increased CO₂ emission and effluent discharge. Analysis of processing units in Tirupur, India, has helped to identify some energy efficient and environmentally sound technology (E3ST) measures. This paper identifies potential for pollution reduction with selected E3STs.

005019   Rai A K;Nived C;Sakhare P Z;Suresh P V; Bhaskar N;Mahendrakar N S (Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020) : Optimization of acid hydrolysis conditions of delimed tannery fleshings by response surface method. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(11), 967-74.

Ecofriendly method, involving mild organic acids to hydrolyse delimed tannery fleshings (TF), has been developed. Combination of formic acid and propionic acid (1:1) was employed to obtain hydrolysates with higher degree of hydrolysis (DH). Better antioxidant properties were obtained by response surface method (RSM) using a factorial design. Effect of pretreatment involving steam cooking (80°C for 15 min) indicated that cooked delimed TF on acid treatment had significantly (P<0.5) higher protein extractability than uncooked delimed TF. Optimized levels of factors for obtaining highest DH (>51%) at room temperature for cooked delimed TF were acid mixture (20%) and incubation time (9 days). Liquid hydrolysate from TFs exhibited antioxidant activity (125.56 mg ascorbic acid equivalents /ml extract) and diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavanging activity (46.42%). Chemical score of hydrolysate revealed an excess amount of essential amino acids (arginine, leucine and lysine) as compared to reference protein. This indicates its potential for use in livestock/aquaculture feeds.

005018   Mishra D;Khan M A;Mudgal M;Padmakaran P (NO, Advanced Materials amd Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Council o, Hoshangabad Road, Near Habibganj Naka, Bhopal-462 026, Email: aditi_mishra@sify.com) : Natural fibers: recent developments and emerging applications. J rur Technol 2007, 3(3), 135-40.

India enjoys a niche for natural fiber products as the country is endowed with large varieties of natural fibers such as jute, coir, sisal, banana etc. There has been an increasing interest in finding new applications of natural fibers that are traditionally used for making ropes, mats, carpets, handicrafts, textiles, fishing nets etc., in rural and urban areas. The use of natural fibers in the automotive and construction sectors, is increasing as natural fiber based composites are mostly economical and recyclable. Among the various natural fibers, sisal is of particular interest as its composites have high impact strength besides having good tensile and flexural properties compared to other lignocellulosic fibers. New technologies are emerging fast towards the effective use of sisal fiber composites in boat making which is cost effective, eco friendly and will provide employment opportunities for fishermen society. Further, the usage of sisal fiber composite boat in post-disaster management of rehabilitation in the event of unforeseen calamities like tsunami would be cost competitive as compared to fiber reinforced plastic and wooden boats. Such environment friendly products would help in sustainable management of precious natural reserves.

1 table, 23 ref

005017   Amudeswari A;Chatrapathy M;Das B N;Ramasami T (NO, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, Email: vbmclri@hotmail.com) : Blending tradition with technology: an enriching experience. J rur Technol 2007, 3(5), 192-4.

Kolhapuri is an ethnic product manufactured by the footwear artisans in a remote village in Karnataka. This product enjoyed an export market during the 60's but due to non-standardization of products, quality short falls and technological gaps, market for this ethnic product diminished and artisans were marginalized economically. Quality standardization and market accessibility were needed for the product to regain a foothold both in the domestic and export market. An S&T innovation was initiated by the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai for improving the product "Kolhapuri"through technological interventions. Technology intervention needed was to develop suitable tools, techniques to standardize the quality of product in an artisanal production environment as well as build new design range to create new market for the ethinic product. The standardization of product needed also selection of right leather based materials and development of vendors as well as vendor selection skills. Benefits of use of better quality leather in footwear production were demonstrated to the artisans. Spread over a time frame of four years, technology inputs have included standardization of the footwear design, product innovations, capacity building for production of wide range of products and quality enhancement. The social intervention aimed at developing self reliance amongst the artisan groups. An NGO has been linked for ensuring direct links with artisan groups. Self Help Groups have been formed. Artisans have been trained in credit and savings, costing and pricing of pro ducts, quality as an important parameter in sale of pro ducts, awareness on market and customer needs. A new brand "Toehold" has emerged. A new social order has been observed in the artisanal cluster on account of the techno-social intervention. The highlights of the intervention include enrollment of artisans in selection of technology interventions, development of right sized technology changes, new finance backed delivery mechanisms for changed technologies, formation of women centered social groups and market tie-up through NGO.

003987   Yadav S K;Singh S P;Prasad K D (NO, Ballarpur Industries Ltd., Yamunanagar-013 001) : Effect of increased proportion of ultra fine ground calcium carbonate in coating pigments on surface, optical and printing properties. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 95-9.

The effect of blending two grades of ground calcium carbonate pigments, namely, GCC-90 and GCC-95, with no. 1 Brazilian clay on surface, optical and printing properties of coated paper was studied. The coating mixtures were prepared with five combinations of clay and GCC keeping the proportions of binder and other additives constant. Different coat weights (1 l-40 g/m^{2) on a 121-g/m2 base paper were applied by means of laboratory K-Coater. The coated sheets were calendered on a laboratory supercalender. It was observed that the addition of GCC to the clay pigment reduced the viscosity of the coating mixture and increased the brightness, whiteness, and surface strength of the coated sheets. On the other hand, coating formulation having higher proportion of clay gave reduced oil penetration and increased gloss of unprinted and printed sheets.}

7 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

003986   Tyagi G K;Kumar R (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021) : Influence of spinning variables on migration parameters of compact and ring-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 333-7.

Influence of spinning variables on the migration parameters in compact and ring-spun cotton yarns has been studied. Spinning variables include twist factor, twisting speed and spinning draft. Spinning mode is found to be the key factor in determining yarn structural responses. When compared with conventional ring-spun yarns, compact yarns have significantly smaller mean fibre position, helix angle and helix diameter, but display higher values of mean migration intensity, equivalent migration frequency and migration factor. Of the various spinning variables, twist factor and spindle speed significantly affect mean migration intensity, migration frequency and migration factor, whereas spinning draft affects each of these parameters in non-distinguishable manner.

003985   Tyagi G K (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021) : Influence of add-on spin finish and some process parameters on elastic recovery properties of polyester OE rotor-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 219-24.

Influence of add-on spin finish and opening roller speed on the recovery properties of polyester OE rotor yarns spun from polyester fibres of different cross-sectional shapes and linear densities has been studied. The level of add-on finish appears to have highest influence on the recovery characteristics followed by the fibre linear density and opening roller speed. Higher level of add-on finish offers significant advantages in respect of immediate elastic recovery and delayed elastic recovery but adversely affects the permanent set. Reduced fibre linear density also has a potential for an appreciable increase in immediate elastic recovery and delayed elastic recovery. Lower opening roller speed is important for lower permanent set as well as higher immediately elastic recovery and delayed elastic recovery. Neither there are appreciable changes in immediate elastic recovery, nor are there significant differences in permanent set with the change in fibre profile. Change in amplitude and rate of extension also provides noticeable variations in the elastic recovery properties; the magnitude depends mainly on the processing parameters.

003984   Tripathi S;Sharma N;Mishra O P;Bajpai P; Bajpai P K (NO, Thapar Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Bhadon Road, Patiala) : Enzymatic refining of chemical pulp. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 129-32.

Laboratory scale studies were performed on mill bleached mixed hardwood pulp containing Acacia and MTH (mixed tropical hardwood) with different commercial imported and indigenous enzymes. The pulp was treated with enzymes at the same dose level before refining and impact on energy savings and physical strength properties were studied. The energy saving was highest, 30%, in case of Enzyme 5,14-15% in case of Enzyme 3 and Enzyme 4 and 6-9% in case of Enzyme 1 and Enzyme 2 at 495 ml CSF. However, in case of Enzyme 5, all the strength properties of refined pulps were lower. To avoid the drop in strength properties, study with lower doses (below 175 g/T) of Enzyme 5 was conducted. Even at a lower dose of 75 g/T, the energy saving was significant (16-17% at 433-535 ml CSF). All the strength properties were better than control at 550 and 500 ml CSF. At 500 ml CSF, tensile index, burst index, tear index and double fold improved by 5%, 11.5%, 3.2%, 15.8% respectively. At enzyme dose level of 100 g/T, 125 g/T. 150 g/T, 175 g/T, the energy savings ranged from 19-21 %, 22-26%, 24-28% and 31 -32% respectively. However, there was drop in strength properties at lower CSF (550 to 425 ml). Addition of Enzyme 5 to the unrefined and refined stock (prerefining and postrefining treatments) at dose level of 75 g/T and 75 g/T respectively showed 17% reduction in refining energy, 20.0% improvement in drainage and improvement in strength properties (at 500 ml CSF). Reduction in refining energy was 12% and improvement in drainage was 14.5% when Enzyme 5 was added to the unrefined and refined stock at dose level of 50g /T and 50g/T respectively. The strength properties were better in this case also. Two-stage enzyme treatment appears effective in providing energy savings, drainage and strength benefits.

9 tables, 15 ref

003983   Tokarska M;Gniotek K (Automation of Textile Processes Dep, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland) : Determination of woven fabric impact permeability index. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 239-44.

Uncertainty in measuring a feature of technical fabrics called 'impact permeability' has been assessed in the form of impact permeability index. Impact permeability describes the difference in the behaviour of a fabric in dynamic airflow conditions in relation to its behaviour in static conditions. A mathematical model of pressure drop in woven fabric, which is formed as a result of impact airflow through the product, has been presented. For the assessment of inaccuracy in impact permeability index determination, the procedures described in 'guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement' are used. An example of calculating uncertainty budgets of the parameters analysed has also been reported. It is observed that the method of determination of impact permeability index is useful. The index is a good measure of impact permeability for the technical fabrics with respect to their flow properties.

003982   Thilagavathi G;Udayakumar D;Sasikala L; Kannaian T (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Yarn hairiness controlled by various left diagonal yarn path offsets by modified bottom roller flute blocks in ring spinning. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 328-32.

Influence of modified yarn path on spinning triangle and, in turn, on yarn hairiness has been studied using 100% cotton yarns of the counts 25s, 40s, 60s, 70s & 100s, and polyester/cotton blended (70/30) yarns of the counts 30s, 45s & 64s with various left diagonal path offsets in ring spinning. The study has been carried out using DJ5 ring frame model by modifying the bottom roller flute blocks, pressure bar and pneumafil hole accordingly. The yarns have been tested for hairiness, strength, unevenness and breakage and the test results are compared with the various yarns produced by different left diagonal path offsets and normal straight path. It is observed that there is upto 40% reduction in hairiness at 60 mm offset left diagonal path with slight increase in the strength for all the counts produced except 100s.

003981   Sundvall O (NO, , Eurocon Analyzer AB, Box 279, 891 26, Ornskoldsvik, Sweden) : Fiber propertis-paper quality multidimensional fibre characterization. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 169-72.

Deals with the methods of characterizing fibre properties in order to get defined paper properties. The reasons for on-line real time measurement will be discussed as well as the advantage of pulp characterizing methods based on single fibre properties compared with traditional laboratory measurement on a hand sheet. Discussions of some applications involving on-line fibre analysis. A completely new on-line measuring system based on the state-of-the-art today will be presented. By combining knowledge from next generation analyzers and use of new tools for control applications a supervisory control system for optimization of fibre quality will be presented. This contributes to an added value from both lower production cost and more stable quality.

14 illus, 6 ref

003980   Subramanian S;Baskaran N;Rajan Babu K; Karuppannan A;Mahesh B;Sridharan G;Ponnusamy R;Manikam R N (Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, , Kagithapuram-639 136) : Recovery of caustic, after boil out in paper machine. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 137-41.

The paper machine uses caustic (NaOH) for system cleaning, once in 45 days. Slime and impurities taken wash from the machine is drained to the effluent. A method was devised to generally utilize the spent caustic wash in the Soda Recovery causticiser plant. The implementation process, recovery and reuse in SRP are discussed. This reduces pollution load and chemical wastage.

3 ref

003979   Sinha A S K (Chemical Technology Dep, S.L.E.T., Kongowal, Punjab-148 106) : Effects of process variables of rice straw delignification in catalyzed acetic acid medium at atmospheric pressure. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 107-11.

Scarcity of conventional wood based fibrous raw materials for pulp and paper industry is one of the most challenging tasks. On the other side Rice straw burning in agricultural fields is a serious environment pollution problem in India & other countries due to not finding proper utilization. Rice straw is available in abundant quantity in India and other Asian countries, so a suitable technology is required to convert rice straw from a biomass waste to a useful fibrous resource. Acetic acid pulping in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst has been studied at different pulping conditions. This pulping method is able to deal with high silica present in rice straw. The pulp obtained retains the 75% 80 % of silica originally present in rice straw. The effects of change of catalyst, acetic acid concentration, liquor to straw weight ratio, temperature and time of reaction were studied. Experiment with one percent catalyst concentration and liquor to straw ratio equal to ten shows the maximum delignification with good quality pulp for paper making. Higher concentration of acetic acid favors the puling process. Effect on holo-cellulose percentage in pulp was also studied for different process parameters. The laboratory hand sheets made from the pulp have very high opacity and average mechanical strength properties.

20 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

003978   Singh D K;Agarwal S (NO, , Chandpur Enterprises Ltd., Chandpur-246 725) : Basis weight unstability evaluation & stabilization using process upgradation. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 149-52.

In many of the cases, the basis weight keeps on changing frequently almost randomly, and even after a lot of efforts, papermakers do not get satisfactory results. Indicates how an insight into process and profile unstability can be used to minimize basis weight variations. In study, the case of a kraft paper mill has been considered, and indicated how the basis weight variations have reduced.

2 illus, 3 tables

003977   Shamim A;Jain R;Mediratta R;Prasad K D;Ashok Kumar (NO, , Ballarpur Industries Ltd., Unit Shree Gopal, Yamunanagar, Haryana) : Polymeric sizing to reduce wet end sizing chemicals and to improve printability of paper. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 163-8.

Surface sizing allows reduction or removal of chemicals from the white water which helps in improving environmental performance. Synthetic surface sizing agent (Polymeric sizing) was introduced to reduce the sizing chemicals and chemical load at wet end. In this regard, a laboratory study on polymeric sizing was carried out. Two polymers from different suppliers were evaluated to select the most effective polymer. Raw maize starch was enzymatically converted into starch solution. Polymeric sizing agent was added in starch solution at different dosage levels to keep it at 1.0kg/T, 1.5kg/T & 2.0kg/T on paper basis. Handsheets at three different Cobb values (50g/m^{2, 40g/m2 & 30g/m2) were made by varying the dosage of dispersed rosin. These handsheets were coated. Uncoated and coated handsheets were tested for Cobb (60 sec). Based upon laboratory studies, the most effective polymeric sizing agent was selected for the plant trial. A full scale plant trial was conducted on the Fourdrinier paper machine running at 340 m/min speed manufacturing superior grade of writing / printing paper. At a dosage of 1.0kg/T of paper polymeric sizing agent, dispersed rosin and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) were reduced by 33% and 14% respectively. Total sizing cost was reduced by Rs. 50/T of paper. This has also reduced variation in wax pick of paper i.e. from 12-14 to 13-14.}

6 illus, 8 tables, 9 ref

003976   Sengupta S (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Water absorbency of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 345-51.

Water absorbency of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric has been studied. Statistical models using central composite rotatable experimental design are developed for density of fabric, extrinsic sorptive capacity and extrinsic rate of sorption, depending on the three important parameters, i.e. needling density, depth of needle penetration and per cent oil applied. From this model and its contour diagrams, the effects of different parameters can be understood and prediction of sorptive capacity and rate of sorption can be made, knowing the values of independent parameters. The correlation coefficients between observed and predicted values are found to be significant in all the cases. An optimum extrinsic sorptive capacity has been achieved at around 160 punches/cm2, 14 mm depth of needle penetration and 2-3% oil. The extrinsic sorptive capacity of fabric is highly correlated with bulk density, but there is poor relationship between extrinsic sorptive capacity and extrinsic rate of sorption as well as bulk density and extrinsic rate of sorption.

003975   Semnani D;Gholami A (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran) : Sharp technique for identification of defective points in false twist textured yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 380-3.

Fast Fourier Transformation technique has been used to classify the defective points in the yarn surface into three classes, namely less important defective points of textured yarn containing surface fibres and broken filaments; medium defective points; and large and unusual defective points. The results obtained from textured yarn with 300 Nm show that this method can be considered for commonly used yarns in acceptable accuracy. This method can detect the defects in a fraction of seconds and can be installed on machines.

003974   Saroha A K;Kumar Parmod;Kansal P;Sinha S (Chemical Engineering Dep, I.I.T. Delhi, Hauz Khas, N Delhi) : Effect of cationic starch and long fibered bamboo pulp on the double fold of recycled bagasse paper. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 179-84.

Studies various qualities of the papers possess the different types of strength properties as per their end use. The double fold is an important property of the paper, which is very important for currency, bond and legal document papers. The bleached bagasse pulp was used by adding strength improving chemicals to develop the surface as well as the other strength properties of the paper sheet on the basis of blending of long fibered pulp into the furnish. Attains the optimized strength properties of the paper produced for the specific use, the blending of long fibered pulp and the addition of strength improving chemicals was carried out on the stoichiometric basis in the furnish for paper making. The bleached bagasse pulp was used for study. Bagasse is abundantly available in northern India as the waste product from the sugar mills. In this work the improvement in double folds of the recycled bagasse based paper was studied at various beating degree of the pulp samples by the addition of strength improving chemicals like cationic starch, retention aids along with the blending of long fibered bleached bamboo pulp, to produce paper of different strengths for the desired quality. So that a paper maker can select the various parameters of paper making of his own choice to make paper of desired quality on economic basis by adjusting breaking even point of process so that the process may consume minimum time, energy and other inputs. The work is based on multiple studies on different parameters, as no such data was available in this field till date.

8 illus, 8 ref

003973   Saravana Ganthi A;Yogaraj M;Padma Sorna Subramanian M (NO, Rani Anna Govt. College for Women, Tirunelveli-627 008, Email: saran_gan@rediffmail.com) : Indigenous knowledge on natural dyeing of Korai grass mat in Pattamadai, Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu. Nat Prod Radiance 2009, 8(5), 542-5.

Mat weaving is an important traditional handicraft of Tamil Nadu which is famous for its korai dry-grass mats. Mat weavers from here not only create intricate patterns and designs, but mats are multicolored and often represent the ornate pallav of traditional silk sari from Tamil Nadu. Mats made with korai /sedge grass are extremely delicate and highly valued. Korai grass (Cyperus corymbosus Rottb.) is found in abundance along the banks of the rivers and in marshy areas in Tamil Nadu. Pattamadai village in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu is famous for its fine quality mats. Here the local reed is split into nearly hundred pieces and are woven on a loom with a cotton warp. The mats are so fine that they can be rolled and placed into a small box. The weaving also takes enormous time and patience on the part of the weaver. Men and women of the Lebbai Muslim community weave these famous mats only in this village. The mat weaving industry of Pattamadai, which hitherto used synthetic dyes for colouring its internationally acclaimed rugs, is all set to use an eco-friendly colorant, extracted from a plant. The study involved field works and interviews. The work was undertaken to collect the information about the mat weaving art, and also study the natural dye yielding plants and their extraction methodology as well as dyeing properties in mat weaving.

003972   Samanta A K;Agarwal P (NO, Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019) : Application of natural dyes on textiles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 384-99.

Reports the studies available on the characterization and chemical/biochemical analysis of natural dyes; extraction of colorants from different natural sources; effects of different mordants and mordanting methods; conventional and non-conventional methods of natural dyeing; physico-chemical studies on dyeing process variables and dyeing kinetics; development of newer shades and analysis of colour parameters for textiles dyed with natural dyes; and test of compatibility for application of binary mixture of natural dyes. The chemical modification of textile substrate for improving dyeability, attempts for improvement in overall colour fastness properties and survey of some traditional processes of natural dyeing in different parts of India have also been discussed.

003971   Sahu S K;Pradhan S K;Panigrahi J C;Deb U K (NO, Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Jaykaypur-765 017) : Additives for increased lignin removal efficiency in oxygen delignification. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 71-6.

Investigates the use of hydrogen peroxide as an additive in oxygen delignification together with some other chemicals (magnesium sulphate and an organophosphonate) to improve the kappa reduction as well as selectivity. Effects on bleaching chemicals consumption and pulp strength have also been covered. The organophosphonate used was found to be particularly useful as it provided the best selectivity together with removal of transition metals from the pulp.

3 tables, 8 ref

003970   Roy A K;Chattopadhyay S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied, Fibre Technology (ICAR) 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Effect of accelerated ageing on paper from cold soda pulp of jute. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 123-6.

The study was carried out to study the effect of accelerated ageing by the method developed by Preservation Research & Testing Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA on three different types of paper made from cold soda pulp of jute i.e., bleached paper, unbleached paper and dyed paper. The samples were evaluated for their optical and physical properties. It was observed that the bleached cold soda jute paper is highly susceptible to accelerated ageing, whereas, unbleached cold soda jute paper was less susceptible and dyed paper of bleached cold sodajute pulp was the least susceptible to accelerated ageing.

7 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

003969   Roy A K;Chattopadhyay S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology (ICAR, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Effect of accelerated aging on ambient temperature bleached & dyed paper from cold soda pulp of jute. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 81-3.

The increasing demand of handmade paper has left a big gap between the projected demand of 28000 tons in 2010 and the present production of 15000 tons. This gap can be reduced by introducing alternative ligno-cellulosic raw materials like jute and its byproducts. The small scale handmade paper units use cheap and user friendly technology and generally avoid heating system. With this in view NIRJAFT has developed a simple method of ambient temperature bleaching by hydrogen peroxide and dyeing by cold brand reactive dye of cold sodajute pulp for making white and coloured paper. These papers were subjected to accelerated ageing, which showed that ambient temperature bleached paper is more resistant to ageing than paper made from conventional method of bleaching. The fold number of ambient temperature bleached jute paper is much higher than the conventional bleached jute paper. The same trend was observed in case of the pulp bleached by ambient temperature process and dyed with cold brand reactive dye Procion Yellow M4G.

6 tables, 5 ref

003968   Rao Srinivas T;Shibhare P;Das A (NO, , ) : Alkaline sizing ASA with PCC : our experience. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 85-8.

Alkaline sizing has tremendous potential in the process of papermaking to compete and sustain the market growth. In this alkaline conversion ASA has been chosen as internal sizing along with PCC as filler. Deals with the problem experienced during the process stabilisation along with product and process improvement.

1 table, 5 ref

003967   Rantala T;Kumpulainen H;Uniyal R;Tripathi P (NO, , Metso Automation, P.O. Box 177, 87101 Kajaani, Finland) : Modern solutions to improve paper making efficiency. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 143-7.

Papermakers have three prevailing objectives: quality, runnability and overall performance. Today the overall performance means aiming to the best possible efficiency of the whole production line and maintaining stable quality of the produced paper at target level. To meet this, it is vital to stabilize consistency, ash content, charge and chemistry at start-ups, in normal run and after grade changes. It's best done by measuring and controlling the wet end as comprehensively as possible. This papsr introduces two lately launched tools for wet end management: modular analyser to wet end chemistry and consistency sensor for wet end applications. The new analyser is first in the world that provides papermakers all the relevant wet end chemistry measurements. The consistency sensor is stand-alone device that performs continuous measurements from one sample point. It is ideal for applications that require continuous consistency measurement from the wet end and for automatic retention control. Retention is controlled by stabilizing white water consistency by changing retention polymer flow. This is the cornerstone for stabilising wet end. Efficiency of this control is shown by real mill examples. The performance of retention control can be improved by sustaining optimum chemical environment for retention polymers. This optimum chemical environment can be created by measuring and controlling charge in different parts of the process.

9 illus, 2 tables

003966   Ramachandran T;Gobi N;Rajendran V; Lakshmikantha V B (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Optimization of process parameters for crease resistant finishing of cotton fabric using citric acid. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 359-67.

Citric acid has been identified as a successful non-formaldehyde-based crosslinking agent and the process parameters used for citric acid finishing treatment on cotton fabric optimized. An experiment has been designed using Box and Behnken method with three levels and their three variables, such as citric acid as a crosslinking agent, trisodiumcitrate as catalyst and curing temperature. Regression equations have been obtained to analyse fabric properties of 27 combinations and the optimum process parameters identified. The optimum process parameters are found to be 20% citric acid, 6% trisodiumcitrate and 180°C curing temperature. It is observed that the high conc. of citric acid increases the crease recovery angle and reduces the tensile strength of cotton fabric. Trisodiumcitrate acts as very good catalyst at all curing temperatures.

003965   Radhalakshmi Y C;Somashekar T H;Subramanium V (NO, Central Silk Technological Research Institute, B T M Layout, Bangalore-560 068) : Suitability of modified method for evaluating low-stress mechanical properties of silk fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 283-6.

Modifications have been made to the simple conventional method of determining low- stress mechanical properties of fabrics to make it applicable for finished silk fabrics. The bending rigidity of the fabrics has been obtained from the tensile stress-strain curves and shear rigidity by bias extension. The correlation between the parameters obtained by the modified method and that obtained by the Kawabata evaluation test method is found to be good for a series of finished silk fabrics.

003964   Panwar M P;Upadhyay A K;Sharma P N;Marwal H (NO, , Naini Tissues Limited, 7th Km. Stone, Moradabad Road, ashipur, Dist. U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand) : Raw material preparation & cooking for agro-based paper manufacturing. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 173-7.

Raw materials used for paper products vary widely, covering the entire spectrum from synthetic to natural fibers. The limitation of use for industrial applications of agro-based fibers has long been surpassed. Even though underrated as a potential fiber source, bagasse now draws more and more attention of the paper industry for making good quality of paper. Industries are using raw material as per their geographical location. As the climate conditions are different and the raw material is stored in open environment, it needs due care from the point source of storage. Raw material storage is an important issue for making good quality of paper as number of factors affects the quality of stored raw material. Special attention should be focused on the raw material storage & preparation. Dry de-pithing/ dedusting, storage and wet cleaning are the main factors for quality angle for bagasse, wheat straw, sarkanda and grasses. The treatment of these raw materials affects the consumption of chemicals in bleaching and parameters of final bleached pulp.

2 illus

003963   Naithani A K;Chhetri R B;Mishra S;Kathirvelu T (NO, , ABC Paper Ltd, P.O. Saila Kurd, Dist. Hoshiarpur, Punjab) : Efficient use of performance enhancing chemicals in present scenario. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 153-61.

Twenty years ago almost every fine paper maker believed paper had to be made in an acid environment. Only a few specialty products, most tissue, some food board, and corrugating medium were made under alkaline conditions.During past decade many improved chemical formulations were introduced in the market by various chemical manufacturers with better understanding of problems being faced by paper makers globally. This technology advancement not only helped to reduce the sizing cost but improved the total wet end chemistry. Many polymers, Additives, Enzymes, Biocides and Deposit control programmes were tried alone or in combination as per the requirement, which resulted in improved paper quality and smooth run ability of the paper machine. Sizing cost reduced substantially when system switched over from acidic to neutral and finally to alkaline condition.

25 ref

003962   Nair A U;Nachane R P;Patwardhan B A (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Comparative study of different test methods used for the measurement of physical properties of cotton. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 352-8.

Ten cotton varieties/hybrids with varying properties, such as 2.5% span length measured by HVI, AFIS & Baer Sorter; bundle strength at 3.2mm measured by HVI and Stellometer; and linear density measured by AFIS, HVI and Gravimetric method, have been studied. Maturities are also compared between AFIS and caustic soda methods. In addition, short fibre content measured by HVI, Baer Sorter and AFIS are also compared. Results show that AFIS values may be considered more realistic for length parameters, viz. 2.5% span length and short fibre content, as compared to HVI values. However, the linear density as measured by AFIS is not correct. Micronaire value (micrograms/inch) from HVI agrees quite well with the gravimetric linear density. Maturity value as measured by AFIS does not agree with the percentage maturity determined using caustic soda method.

003961   Mishra R P;Khare A;Maheshwari G D;Bhargava G G;Thusu N K (NO, , Orient Paper Mills, Amlai-484 117) : Reduction in pollution load and pulp quality improvement with enzyme alkali-oxygen delignification prior to mill pulp bleaching. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 85-9.

Oxygen delignification renders pulp readily accessible to xylanase enzyme and increases the bleaching benefits of enzyme treatment. Unbleached pulp was treated with different dosages of VLBL enzyme and reaction temperature was maintained at 40°, 50°and 60°c for 60 minutes to get higher pulp kappa reduction. Resultant pulps consume less in bleach chemicals to achieve desired brightness while pulp quality is observed to be superior to enzyme untreated bleached pulp. In other set of experiment pulp of Kappa 19.0 was bleached under C-Ep-H-D, O-C-Ep-H-D, O-Enz-C-Ep-H-D and Enz-O-C-Ep-H-D bleaching sequences by incorporating enzyme stage before and after Alkali-Oxygen delignification. By application of Alkali-Oxygen delignification, pulp Kappa was reduced by 38.0 %, which has helped in considerable reduction of total bleach consumption under O-C-Ep-H-D sequence, compared to C-Ep-H-D sequence. By addition of enzyme prior and after Alkali-Oxygen delignification stage the total chlorine consumption could be reduced by more than 50% under Enz-O-C-Ep-H-D and O-Enz-C-Ep-H-D sequence respectively compared to blank experiment. Physical strength properties of the bleached pulp under Enz-O-C-Ep-H-D sequence were observed to be inferior both to O-C-Ep-H-D or O-Enz-c-Ep-H-D bleaching sequences. Physical strength properties of the bleached pulp in O-Enz-C-Ep-H-D sequence were better than other bleaching sequences. The pollution load in terms of COD, dissolved solids and chloride content was found to be on higher side in Enz-O-C-Ep-H-D sequence compared to O-Enz-C-Ep-H-D sequence but lower than O-C-Ep-H-D and C-Ep-H-D bleaching sequences.

12 illus, 20 ref

003960   Mahangade R R;Varadarajan P V;Verma J K;Bosco H (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : New dyeing technique for enhancing colour strength and fastness properties of cotton fabric dyed with natural dyes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 279-82.

Dyeing behaviour of four different natural dyes extracted from the leaves collected in a sustainable manner from respective dye containing plants has been studied on cotton fabric. A novel and ecofriendly mordanting technique has been devised for creating aluminium-tannate complex on cotton matrix. The new mordanting technique not only involves application of a modified sequence of mordanting chemicals but also employs addition of specific salts in water used in the dyeing process. The dyeing of the mordanted fabric has been carried out under acidic and alkaline conditions at different temperatures. The modified dyeing technique shows an overall improvement of 140-300% in colour strength along with the excellent fastness properties, such as washing, rubbing, perspiration and light. The overall results indicate that all the four natural dyes can be effectively and economically used for dyeing on cotton fabric. The entire chain of collection, extraction and dyeing methodology is environmentally and ecologically compatible.

003959   Loganathan R;Lakshmikantha C B;Ramachandran T (Textile Technology Dep, K S R College of Technology, Tiruchengode-637 215) : Mechanical properties and fault analysis of D-slot carded compact yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 225-30.

Attempt has been made to analyze the imperfections, hairiness, tensile properties and classimat faults of D-slot carded compact yarn (DCY) of the Shankar 6 cotton variety. Three different twist factors have been selected and the results are compared with regular carded compact yarn (RCY) and regular carded ring yarn (RRY). The results show that the mechanical properties of D-slot carded compact yarn are far better than those of the regular carded compact and ring yarns. Thin places and hairiness of the D-slot carded compact yarn are found to be lower than those of other two yarns. The elongation percentage and tenacity of DCY are higher than those of RRY and RCY at all the twist levels. Short thick faults of DCY are lower than those of RRY and RCY at all twist levels. However, there is no significant difference in long thick faults and long thin faults at all twist levels.

003958   Kumae P;Gautam S K;Singh S P;Singh I J (Paper Technology Dep, I.I.T., Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur) : Experience with adaption of laboratory results to optimize AKD sizing parameters on a paper machine. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 93-7.

Presents the results of a plant study undertaken to convert a rosin-PAC alkaline sizing system to alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing system on a paper machine producing a high-quality offset printing paper. The doses of AKD and other chemicals were first optimized experimentally in the laboratory and later fine-tuned on the paper machine. The results show that at the current prices of various sizing chemicals, the AKD sizing appears to be more economical than the rosin based neutral/alkaline sizing.

4 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

003957   Kathirvelu S;D'Souza L;Dhurai B (Textile Technology Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 006) : UV protection finishing of textiles using ZnO nanoparticles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 267-73.

Synthesis and characterization of nanosized zinc oxide particles and their application on cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics have been studied for the protection against UV radiation. The nanoparticles are produced in different conditions of temperature (90° or 150°C) and reaction medium (water or 1,2-ethanediol). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry have been used to characterize the nanoparticles composition as well as their shape, size and crystallinity. The effectiveness of the treatment is assessed using the standardized tests, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the calculation of the ultraviolet protection factor both before and after washing of the treated samples. It is found that the performance of ZnO nanoparticles as UV-absorbers can be efficiently transferred to fabric materials through the application of ZnO nanoparticles. The UV tests indicate a significant improvement in the UV absorbing activity in the ZnO-treated fabrics.

003956   Joshi M;Wazed Ali S;Purwar R;Rajendran S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Ecofriendly antimicrobial finishing of textiles using bioactive agents based on natural products. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 295-304.

In the present scenario of environmental consciousness, the new quality requirements not only emphasize on the intrinsic functionality and long service life of the product but also a production process that is environment-friendly. Therefore, research on environment-friendly antimicrobial agents based on natural products for textile application is gaining worldwide interest. Reports a comprehensive review on natural product based bioactive agents such as chitosan, natural dyes, neem extract and other herbal products for antimicrobial finishing of textile substrates. Different classes of active ingredients found in extracts of natural products and their mechanism of antimicrobial action have been presented. The major challenges and the future potential of application of natural products on textiles have also been critically reviewed.

003955   Joshi H C;Thareja L K;Sharma P K;Aggarwal S K;Aggarwal D C (NO, , Century Pulp and Paper Ghanshyamdham, P.O. Lalkua-262 402) : Recycling & conservation of water in recycled paper plant: a case study at century pulp and paper. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 139-42.

Water is an essential element for very existence of all living beings and also it is key raw material for paper making without which paper making is just impossible. All out efforts are required to conserve the water to sustain the business and also to meet the stringent statuary requirements bound to come in future.Use of modern technology is not the only answer, aware ness,motivation and positive attitude is must to meet the challenge.

7 illus, 5 tables

003954   Jayasayee V;Nagesh Kumar G V;Vetrivelayutham S;Senthilmurugan G (NO, , Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd, Erode-638 007) : Sizing of yankee posters at seshasayee paper. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 117-21.

Sizing is an extremely important parameter in any paper, while carrying out sizing in Machine Finished (MF) papers is well established and has been found to be relatively easier, sizing of MG as well as Yankee papers has always been a problem and a subject for intense debate and discussions. SPB, have done many experiments for sizing our Yankee machine poster papers and we are sharing our experiences.

2 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

003953   Janne A;Topi H (POM technology Oy Ab, Eskolantie 1, FI-00720, Helsinki, Finland) : Efficiency through compact wet end. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 137-8.

POM System stabilizes wet end operations, and provides close and fast-acting control during grade changes arid start-ups. It employs short flow paths, to ensure the rapid return of material flows back to the process, and degasification, to assure system stability and cleanliness. The POM System is stable and clean process with fast response. The heart of the system is the POMp Degasser which constitutes a simple and compact package for removing air entrained in the white water. The POM System has been adapted to various paper grades and paper machine types and sizes. Several POM installations have been successfully implemented also in specialty papers decor paper and coloured specialty paped with multiple grade changes. The POM System results in lower investment and operational costs. The time efficiency of the paper machine improves remarkably same time as 25 to 30% energy demand and ~ 50% wet end chemical demand decreases. Further cost reductions have been possible through fresh water and material savings, thanks to hierarchical water distribution and clean system.

003952   Ishtiaque S M;Subramani P;Kumar A;Das B R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Structural and tensile properties of ring and compact plied yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 213-8.

Effect of doubling on physical properties of regular ring-spun and compact yarns has been studied in terms of structural parameters, like fibre extent, spinning-in coefficient, fibre pair overlap length, packing coefficient and migration of fibres. The structural parameters, like fibre extent, spinning-in coefficient, fibre pair overlap length and packing density increase and migration parameters decrease after doubling for both the ring-spun and compact yarns. The percentage increase in tensile strength and percentage decrease in breaking elongation are found to be higher and lower respectively in ring-spun yarn than in compact spun yarn on doubling. Doubling process also reduces the hairiness of both ring-spun and compact yarns; the extent of hairiness reduction on doubling is higher for ring-spun yarn.

003951   Ishtiaque S M;Mukhopadhyay A;Kumar A (Textile Technology Dep, GZS College of Engineering and Technology, Bathinda-151 001) : Impact of carding parameters and draw frame speed on fibre axial distribution in ring - spun yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 231-8.

Fibre axial distribution of cotton ring - spun yarn using three process variables, viz. card draft, coiler diameter of card and delivery speed of draw frame, has been studied. It is observed that the percentage of trailing, leading and total hooks and their extents on ring-spun yarn decrease with the increase in draw frame delivery speed and coiler diameter at carding machine. The above parameters also decrease as the card draft increases. Since the fibre extent and spinning - in coefficient are related to the efficacy of hook removal, these parameters improve as the delivery speed and coiler diameter increase and deteriorate as the card draft increases. It is also observed that the fibre overlap index decreases as the delivery speed and coiler diameter increase; the parameters however increase with the increase in card draft. It is interesting to note that the spinning-in coefficient and fibre overlap index do not show positive relationship.

003950   Hasani H (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran) : Determination of handle of knitted fabrics using an objective measuring technique. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(3), 245-52.

Objective approach to assess the handle of various knitted fabrics has been made by analyzing the force-displacement curves. In comparison to the conventional pulling-through method, a rounded sample is pulled through a hole and from the space between two horizontal plates and the required pulling force is measured with respect to the displacement of specimen, recorded as a force-displacement curve. The results of the correlation test show that the features of the pulling-through curves associate with all mechanical and surface properties, except fabric thickness and compression energy. For this reason, a combination of the features selected from pulling-through curve and the parameters, which reflect the compression properties and thickness of all kinds of fabrics, is recommended.

003949   Garg M;Gautam A K;Singh S P (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Wheat straw pulp as reinforcing aid for recycled softwood pulp. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 113-17.

Repeated papermaking reduces the bonding potential of pulp fibers. For efficient utilization of secondary fibers, it is important to find ways to recover this lost potential. Various methods are in practice; mechanical refining, chemical additives, enzyme treatment, physical fractionation, and blending. Blending of a virgin pulp with recycled fibers helps in upgrading the recycled pulps. Generally, the pulps used for blending are stronger than the recycled pulps; mostly virgin softwood pulps are used. In the work, an attempt is made to study the usefulness of blending wheat straw pulp for upgrading recycled softwood pulps. Wheat straw fibers are remarkably good in fiber bonding potential, which they retain even on repeated papermaking. Blends of wheat straw pulps and recycled softwood pulps can combine the benefits of high bonding potential of wheat straw fibers and high inherent strength of softwood fibers to result in a more economical and environmentally benign papermaking furnish. Experimental observations on the effect of blending wheat straw pulp in different proportions on the physical "properties of recycled softwood pulps have been discussed. The results show that wheat straw pulps enhance strength of recycled pulps and the blends containing about 40 to 60% wheat straw pulp offer the best combination of tensile and tear strengths.

7 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

003948   Fangueiro R;Goncalves P;Soutinho F;Freitas C (School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal) : Moisture management performance of functional yarns based on wool fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 315-20.

Blends of wool and moisture management fibres such as Coolmax and Finecool have been prepared to produce innovative yarns with specific functionalities. These yarns have been used to produce knitted fabrics and their performance is evaluated, including vertical and horizontal wicking. The drying capability of the fabrics has been assessed by drying rate testing under two different conditions, namely standard conditions (20±2°C and 65±3 % RH) and, in an oven at 33±2°C to simulate the body skin temperature. The influence of wool fibre proportion on the performance of each blend is analyzed. It is observed that the Coolmax based fabrics show the best capillarity performance, and the wool based fabrics show low water absorption performance but good drying rate.

003947   Ezwar R (NO, , Amazon Papyrus Chemicals, 74-B/1, Anrich Indl. Estate, Bollaram, Medak Dist., Andhra Pradesh) : Improving machine runnability with an advanced deposit control program. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 115-16.

During the Alkaline fine Paper making process, the major problem of inorganic & organic deposition observed in almost all the mills. Amazon Papyrus Chemicals Ltd. Invented a new technology called AMOX to solve this deposition problem for better machine runnability. In addition, Amazon also implemented an advanced deposits control strategy by establishing a regular documentation of system contamination, biocide activity, machine production, sheet breaks, and additives usage & performance. The regular monitoring carried out by mill showed that this new technology does not interface with the performance of the additives currently used in the machine with much improved machine runnability.

003946   Erasmus E;Barkhuysen F A (NO, Material Science and Manufacturing, Fibres and Textiles Competence Are, P.O. Box 1124, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa) : Superhydrophobic cotton by fluorosilane modification. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 377-9.

Cotton with a superhydrophobic surface and self-cleaning ability has been prepared by the treatment with 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-fluorooctyl triethoxysilane. An increased level of treatment increases the water contact angle, thereby exhibiting a self-cleaning ability.

003945   Dutt D;Tyagi C H;Upadhyaya J S;Swarnima (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Saharanpur Campus, Sharanpur-247 001) : Development of speciality paper is an art: overlay paper from indigenous raw material: Acacia tortalis P.-XVI. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(2), 77-80.

Explores the possibility of, manufacturing of highly specialized paper i.e., overlay paper from locally available Acacia torialis. The top layer of decorative laminates is made up of overlay paper and provides protection to decorative laminates against abrasion layer. The most important properties for overlay paper are water klemn, wet strength, and castor oil penetration. The special requirement for overlay paper is highly uniform porosity, a reasonably good formation, cleanliness, and light resistance. This paper does not require addition of filler because the paper should become transparent after impregnation with melamine formaldehyde and letting the appearance of the decorative laminate paper come through. However, it requires particularly high resistance to abrasion; hence an extremely hard crystallized alumna is added.

5 tables, 4 ref

003944   Desarada Shekhar C (Parason Machinery (I) Pvt. Ltd, Parason House, 28 Venkatesh Nagar, Aur, , ) : Fine bar technology in refining system for pulp & paper industries. IPPTA Jl 2008, 20(3), 133-6.

Refining plays an important role in stock preparation as well as throughout - the complete paper making process. Next to raw material selection, it has the greatest influence on final product quality. The new finer bar width and narrower grooves, resulting in increased cutting edge length (CEL). The fine bar design secures a reduction in specific edge load (SEL) and no-load power. Obtain optimum strength properties with low intensity refining for mixed hardwood & Recycled fiber.

5 ref

003943   Deepak O S;Jassal M;Agrawal A K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Simple and fast method for purifying single-walled carbon nanotubes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 374-6.

Fast and efficient method for purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes has been reported in this paper. It is observed that the use of an inorganic acid in conjugation with an organic solvent can effectively remove the metal catalyst particles from the single-walled carbon nanotubes. This treatment technique has been compared with the conventional method employing concentrated nitric acid using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray studies.

003942   Das A;Ishtiaque S M;Singh S;Meena H C (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Tensile characteristics of yarns in wet condition. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2009, 34(4), 338-44.

Reports the tensile characteristics of cotton, polyester, viscose and polyester/viscose (P/V) ring and rotor yarns of different linear densities and blend proportions in dry and wet conditions. An experimental set-up has been fabricated, which can be attached with the tensile tester to study the tensile characteristics of yarns under water. The tenacity of yarns is found to be higher in wet condition as compared to that in dry condition for all the yarns, except the viscose yarns where tenacity drops in wet condition. The increase in tenacity in case of cotton is much higher than that in case of polyester and P/V blended yarns. In case of polyester and cotton, the breaking elongation of yarns increases while in viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended yarns, the breaking elongation decreases in wet condition. In viscose and viscose-rich P/V blended ring-spun yarns, the increase in initial modulus is found to be very high, whereas in the case of polyester and cotton, there is moderate increase in initial modulus of yarns in wet condition. In case of cotton ring-spun yarns, there is very high level of increase in work of rupture in wet condition. Yarn fineness significantly affects the tensile characteristics.