011337   Sumant V D (NO, National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, Gujrat) : Quality control of natural dyed and printed products. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 81-6.

National Institute of Design (NID) is a premier Institution of India, having concern over the quality of natural dyed and printed products. The various methods and processes being followed in NID are described. A modified method in which printing is done with a paste containing both mordant and dye is recommended.

011336   Sood A;Sharma A;Rani S;Bansal A (Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Home Science, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krish, Palampur) : Union dyeing of wool with Eupatorium and apricot leaves. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 129-35.

In recent years a growing interest in the revival of natural dyes has been manifested. This interest is a result of world wide movement to protect the environment for discriminate exploration and pollution by industries. The modern society is exposing their daily increasing population to a variety of chemical substances in response to the pressure for high and better living standards in both the developed and developing countries. The consumers who initially considered only the aesthetic aspects of textiles are now looking beyond and considering the harmful effects of the various chemicals that go into the making of textiles. As natural dyes are compatible with nature due to their non-hazardous properties and produce colours that are gentle, soft and subtle, they are recovering their lost importance. Though in natural dyed products colour variety is not much, so the study has been taken up on wool with union dyeing of two dyes viz Eupatorium adenophorum) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca) leaves. Fresh leaves of Eupatorium were taken and the shade dried and ground up to 2.00 mm mesh size, while in case of Apricot dye material shed leaves were collected and dried and used as a second dye source. Dye proportions used wore 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 2:3, 2:1, 3:1, 3:2, 4:1. Among these proportions three were selected on the basis of percent dye absorption. Trials were done using one mordant i.e alum 10 percent. The dyed samples were tested for their colour fastness to various agencies viz. sunlight, washing, perspiration and crocking. Outstanding washing and light fastness was observed, in case of dry and wet crocking excellent to good fastness with slight colour change and colour staining was observed. For alkaline and acidic perspiration sample showed excellent fastness ranging from 5 to 4/5 grades.

5 illus, 2 tables

011335   Shrivastava A;Dedhia E M (Department of Textiles & Fashion Technology, College of Home Science, Nirmala Niketan, 49 New Marine Lines, Mumbai-400 020) : Extraction and dyeing methods for natural dyes. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 67-80.

Commercialization of natural dyes can be done successfully by a systematic and scientific approach to extraction, purification and use. Optimization of extraction condition is a must to minimize the investment cost and to avoid discrepancy in the dye shade quality. Natural dyes occur in many plant parts in small quantities and as complex mixtures with many chemical compounds of similar or different structure. These compounds vary considerably with change in general, same genus but different species and ecological conditions of the plant source. So when natural dyes extracted from these sources are used for dyeing and printing, variation in shade, depth, tone etc. may arise. Further, chemical components of plants change with age and maturity of the parts. Extraction may include drying, pounding, soaking, skimming, crystalizing, condensing, caking, liquidifying etc depending on the quality and species of the dye yielding plant, mineral and insect. Various methods of dye extraction are discussed in brief including traditional fermentation process, solvent separation (in aqueous, alkaline and acidic medium), chemical separation in which methanolic, etheral, alcoholic mediums are discussed.

3 tables, 26 ref

011334   Sharma A;Rani S;Bansal A;Sood A (Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Home Science, Chaudhary Sarawan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Kris, Palampur, HP) : Effect of mordant combination of silk dyeing with apricot dye. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 136-43.

Mordanting of the textile material is to improve the colour yield in the development of the shade and to help fixation of the coloring molecule to the substrate as a link; in fact mordanting should also improve the fastness properties against light, temperature, humidity, atmospheric humidity, atmospheric contaminants and washing fastness during subsequent processing, stages and the product while in use. In the study, shed apricot leaves (Prunus armanica) are used as dye material for dyeing of silk yarns. Metal salts of chrome, copper, iron and aluminum are the common mordants used with their different combinations and different proportions in each combination. Beautiful tints and shades of brown were obtained with different mordant combinations. The dye extraction was best in alkaline medium with one percent alkali. The dyeing was carried at pH 4, the optimum extraction time was 75 minutes and whereas the optimum dyeing time was 60 minutes. The fastness grades were good to excellent for sunlight. Washing fastness ranged from excellent to outstanding. For wet and dry crocking and for alkaline and acidic perspiration the samples showed very good to excellent fastness. Mordanted samples showed improved fastness to all fading agencies as compared to control samples.

6 illus, 2 tables

011333   Saxena S;Varadarajana P V;Shaikh A J (NO, Control Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Dyeing potential of the leaves of Emblica officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus and Tectona grandis on cotton. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 197-200.

Extracts from the leaves of Emblica officinalis (Amla), Eucalyptus globulus and Tectona grandis (Teak) were used to dye cotton. For the first plant dilute sodium carbonate was used to extract dye while on the latter water was used. Tectona produced a reddish color whereas the other two gave shades of yellow on cotton. Wash fastness was very good with teak leaves.

3 ref

011332   Rathi D (Department of Textile and Fashion Technology, college of Nirmala Niketan, Mumbai) : Conservation of dyed historic textiles. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 263-5.

Conservation of historic textiles, dyed with natural dyes and kept in museums, is a serious problem. A number of dyes like Cochinel, Quercitron etc. are found to change the colour or fade on standing. The factors causing such changes and some remedial measures are discussed.

2 ref

011331   Rani S;Sood A;Sharma A;Bansal A (Department of Textiles & Apparel Designing, College of Home Science, CSK HPKV, Palampur) : Application of litchi on silk. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 145-50.

Today natural dyes are used in limited quantities by craftsmen in various parts of the world. Although difficult to obtain commercially, dyes are readily obtained from plant sources viz flowers, leaves, barks, root etc. The dyes from organic sources are becoming natural dyestuffs produce off beat one of its kind of colour. There are no two identical lots, each having a subtle difference due to chemicals peculiar to the particular plant material used. This very characteristic of natural dye appeals to today's craftsmen, searching for the unique dye sources. The study was conducted to apply colour obtained from Litchi leaf extract on silk yarns. Litchi fruits are grown in Nagrota area of the Kangra district. The dye was extracted in alkaline medium. Silken yarns were degummed and dyed. Alum, copper, chrome and ferrous sulphate were used as mordant in different proportions within eco-friendly range. All the three mordanting methods viz. pre, simultaneous and post mordanting were employed. The range of colours obtained were various shades of pinkish brown to dark brown. The colour was subjected to various colour fastness agencies viz. sunlight, washing, perspiration and crocking. The dyed silk samples exhibited very good to excellent colour fastness to washing, crocking, and perspiration and light.

4 illus, 2 tables

011330   Ranganathan R (NO, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Textile Management, Coimbatore, T.N.) : Textile research assessment model for targeted sustained innovation. J Text Ass 2006, 67(2), 71-7.

The market for India's R&D outsourcing is expected to grow from the present $1.3 billion to $8 billion in 2008. At present for textiles, the R&D expenditure as a percentage of net sales is 1.36%. Successful textile companies of the 21st century will be those that manage knowledge to their advantage. The company that can source and apply knowledge to solve problems and develop technological differentiation in an environmentally sustainable manner will put the stress on its competitors. These textile companies will be the innovators who will prosper and expand. The very few knowledge-driven textile companies of the present are facing financial and competitive pressures that make it increasingly difficult to allocate the kinds of financial resources to research as they have done in the past for this reason, corporate scientists, research managers and business managers must understand both the financial and knowledge returns associated with the research they conduct so that they can best direct and allocate resources to research that provides both financial returns and establishes the knowledge basis for future discovery and innovation. Presented a model for assessing research opportunities both from the standpoint of responding to market needs and pushing forward new knowledge development. Argued that both business and research managers in corporations can use this analytical discipline to better join the needs of business and the research divisions that support them.

1 illus, 18 ref

011329   Prasad P (NO, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304 022) : Physico-chemical properties of a non-conventional fibre : AaK (Calotropis procera). J Text Ass 2006, 67(2), 63-6.

Aak fibre is a natural cellulosic bast fibre obtained from the stem of Calotropis procera plant. Milk and flower of Aak plant are used as medicine for treatment of various diseases. Physio-chemical study of the fibre revealed that it is quite comparable with other bast fibres viz. Bhindi and Bhang is terms of length and fineness. The tenacity of Aak fibre is moderate and higher than the wool.

7 tables, 11 ref

011328   Patel K J;Patel B H;Naik J A;Bhavsar A M (Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineerin, M.S. University, Vadodara-390 001) : Eco friendly dyeing with extracts of tulsi leaves. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 185-95.

The dye of Tulsi leaves, extracted in water and methanol, was successfully applied to cotton, wool and nylon by exhaust method and polyester by carrier dyeing method. Green color was produced by methanol extract whereas the water extract gave a brown color. The effect of dyeing procedure on fastness properties was studied and the proposed mechanism for dyeing process was explained.

1 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

011327   Patel B H;Darji A M (Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M.S. University, Vadodara-390 001) : Studies on dyeing cotton with bark of Acacia arabica Willd.. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 175-84.

Dye extracted in water from bark of Acacia arabica Willd. was used to dye cotton fabrics in presence and absence of mordants at various concentration levels. Mixed mordant system of FeSO₄ and CuSO₄ was found to be best in premordanting method which is found to be superior to metamordanting technique. Reuse of dye bath and a new multidip method was attempted successfully.

2 illus, 5 tables

011326   Pandya C M (Mafatlal Industries Ltd, Nadid Unit, , Nadiad-387 101) : Impact on quality of spliced yarn by using different types of splicing chamber's lid. J Text Ass 2006, 67(2), 81-2.

Splicing reduces the strength of the yarn which leads to loss of productivity in weaving. The impact of lid size on the quality of the slice have been studied.

3 illus, 4 ref

011325   Naik S R (Man Made Textile Research Association (Mantra), , Ring Road, Surat-395 002) : Dyeing and printing of natural and synthetic fibre/fabrics by vegetable dyes. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 151-60.

Ecological awareness is now increasing day by day. The water pollution and health hazards caused by synthetic dyes continue to be a serious problem. Environmental regulations are becoming more and more stringent and are forcing the shift of technology towards less polluting or practically non-polluting areas of technological development. Nearly 8000 dyes and chemicals, which are in use in the textile world have been identified and tested and Red and Green lists have been prepared. The interest in natural dyes, in general, and vegetable dyes, in particular, is increasing day by day on the global level due to their more environment friendly nature.

10 tables

011324   Moses J J (Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Peelamedu, Coimbatore-641 004) : Natural colorants applicable for dyeing textiles. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 161-73.

Textile industry is one of the ancient industries in India. Since ages, Indian fabrics are known for their superiority, delicacy and exclusiveness. Indian craftsmen developed their specialized wet processing techniques. They also developed several natural dyestuffs for fabric processing, which were reasonably fast and acceptable to the consumers. Indian techniques were so highly appreciated that all over the world there was a high demand for Indian fabrics. Natural dyes are produced by most of the plant tissues though their quality varies from species to species and locality to locality. Man has known the art of dyeing since the early times, the tombs of ancient Egypt are a record of dyeing in every aspect of human life at that time. The common dyes Indigo and Madder dyes were widely used in the textile industries all over the world till the synthetic dye was discovered in 1856.

11 tables

011323   Kavitha T;Padmashwini R;Giride V R; Neelakandan R;M Senthil Kumar (Department of Textile Technology, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600 025) : Low-stress mechanical properties of chitosan treated wool fabrics. J Text Ass 2006, 67(2), 67-70.

Application of chitosan on wool has proved to impart antimicrobial characteristics to the fabrics in addition to improvement in dye uptake and shrinkage characteristics. To determine the usefulness of the fabric for apparel applications, the effects of chitosan treatments at three different chitosan concentrations on the low stress mechanical characteristics of wool fabrics have been investigated. The KES-F system was used for this purpose and the properties analyzed were Tensile, Bending, Compression, Shear, Surface friction and Roughness. The chitosan treated wool fabrics exhibited higher bending, shear rigidity and compression values compared to the untreated ones. The tensile extensibility and friction decreased with increasing chitosan concentration. The effects of the treatments at various concentrations of chitosan have been discussed.

7 tables, 13 ref

011322   Gulrajani M L;Gupta D;Gupta P (Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Techonology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Application for natural dyes on bleached coir yarn. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 209-17.

Coir yarns have been dyed with purified commercial natural dye powders. Almost all dyes have very good wash fastness ranging from 4-5. Some dyes have light fastness of 3 and above. By dyeing combination shades with dyes having good fastness properties, a large number of shades with reasonably good fastness properties can be obtained.

1 illus, 2 tables

011321   Devi A S;Sumathi B S;Katyayini V K L T (Department of Apparel & Textiles, College of Home Science, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500 004) : Trailing Eclipta - a natural green colour for textiles. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 103-12.

Trailing Eclipta, a very common weed, is found to be a very good source of natural dye for producing fluorescent green shades on silk. Alkaline medium was suitable for extraction of dye from the plant. Alum, chrome, copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate with different concentrations and combinations were used to get different shades of greens. Premordanting method was found to be suitable for alum+ chrome, alum+copper sulphate, alum+ferrous sulphate and chrome+copper sulphate mordant combinations and post mordanting method was suitable for chrome + ferrous sulphate and copper sulphate+ferrous sulphate mordant combinations. Excellent fastness to sunlight was found in all mordant combinations. Colour change was not found in all samples subjected to dry and wet crocking. This dye can be effectively used to dye silk fabrics and the technology was found to be economically viable.

3 illus, 3 tables

011320   Chakraborty A;Chatterjee S M (Post Cocoon Technology Div, Directorate of Sericulture, Government of West Bengal, Panchanantala, Berhampore, Murshidabad-742 101) : Simultaneous dyeing and finishing of polyester silk blend fabric. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2006, 87(Aug), 27-32.

A single step process for disperse-acid catalysed reactive dyeing and easy-care finishing of polyester/silk blend fabric under acid condition has been described. The optimum conditions, including nature and concentration of the catalyst as well as the finishing agent, curing temperature, time and the nature of dyes were also investigated. Evaluation of the dyeings was made with respect to K/S value, dry crease recovery, breaking strength, fastness to washing, light, rubbing and to perspiration. The combination of laboratory prepared mixed metal alkoxide based in-built catalyst (catalyst DN) and N-methylolated cyclic ethylene urea resin as finishing agent (Finish KVS-L) were proved to be an efficient finishing system for imparting single-step dye fixation and easy-care finishing to polyester/silk blended fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. Raising the curing temperature from 140°C up to 160°C enhances the colour strength (K/S value) and dry crease recovery significantly.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

011319   Bhattacharya S D;Daniel M (Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technical & Engineering, University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002) : Dyeing of natural colours- A new horizone. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 91-5.

To avoid undesirable backlash on environment from synthetic dyes, dyes extracted from 10 different plants were analysed for their chemical components. All dyes were quantified for their anti-oxidant contents. Preliminary dyeing experiments were carried out on wollen fabrics using mordanting technique by different chemicals. Various shades were produced. Their colour values as well as fastness properties were measured.

3 tables

011318   Bharathan (Centre for Documentation, Research and Training on Natural Dyes, Gandh, , Dindigul, Tamil Nadu) : Mordants for Natural dyeing: ground rules on applications for better results. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 239-44.

Mordants interfere with the original history and soft feel of fibres like silk. Therefore limiting the use of mordants is advised. Modified methods for mordanting in cotton, wool and silk are prescribed.

011317   Bharathan (Centre for Documentation, Research and Training on Natural Dyes, Gandh, , Dindigul, Tamil Nadu) : Natural dyeing recipes: trusted, traditional Indian recipes for 10 popular shades. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 231-7.

Ten dyeing recipes using annatto, barberry, catechu, henna, indigo, kamala, madder, onion skin, pomegranate and ratanjyoth on silk, wool and cotton are prescribed. Tips to develop various shades and combinations of different dyes by successive dyeing are provided.

011316   Bansal A;Sood A;Sharma A;Rani S (Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, College of Home Science, Chaudhary Sarawan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Kris, Palampur, HP) : Application of combination of litchi and barberry on cotton. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 201-07.

An attempt has been made to dye cotton yarn with a combination of two natural dyes Litchi chinensis leaves and Berberis lycium roots. Various combinations of both dye materials used were 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1. Four mordants viz. alum, copper, ferrous sulphate and chrome in different concentrations with in eco-friendly limits were used in all the three mordanting methods. The dyeing conditions optimized were extraction medium, extraction time, pH for dyeing, concentration of myrobalan and dyeing time. The dyed samples were tested for various colourfastness agencies viz. sunlight, washing, perspiration and crocking. The dyed yarns showed colours in various shades from yellow to brown. With the combination of plant material, new colours were obtained which were not possible with the single plant. The dyed yarns exhibited fair to good colour fastness to washing, perspiration (acidic alkaline), crocking (wet and dry) and light.

5 illus, 2 tables

011315   Ammayappan L;Moses J J;Shunmugam V (Chemistry Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004) : Overview of the production of non-woven fabric from woolen materials. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2006, 87(Aug), 3-7.

Wool the unique textile fiber is known for its warmth, resiliency, handle and good drape. The natural crimp gives bulkiness and warmth, scales help in felting properties thereby developing felted nonwoven products. The indigenous wools are mainly used in manufacturing of carpets, blankets, upholstery and felts. Felts industry is one of the important sources of utilizing the locally available raw wool. Felting is a unique property of animal fiber especially of wool. Felt accounts for about 5% of the total amount of wool production. Recent years the nonwoven market has been one of the fastest growing and most exciting sectors of the textiles market. Hence it is necessary to reveal the development of woolen felts suitable to produce innovative products.

4 tables, 39 ref

011314   Agarwal B J (Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, M S University of Vadodara-390 001, ) : Eco friendly dyeing of natural vegetable dyes on protein substrate. J Econ Taxon Bot 2006, 27, 113-28.

Three natural dyes: Indigo, Turmeric and Kamala representing blue, red and yellow colours, have been used for dyeing wool and silk. The dyed samples were assessed for the their K/S values. The effects of reducing agents like glucose and also of concentration have been studied. Dyeing in presence of lemon juice and edible soda also gave encouraging results. Both Kamala and Indigo gave excellent performance on wool and silk.

8 tables, 6 ref

010358   Sathees Kannan T M;Vetriselvi J (Department of Botany and Microbiology, A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mayiladuthurai-609 305, Email: tms_kannan@yahoo.co.in) : Decolourization of textile dyes by some bacteria. Pl Archs 2006, 6(2), 861-3.

Decolourization of three textile dye viz., scarlet direct red - 23, fast greenish blue 86 and brilliant direct violet-9 by five bacterial - isolates namely Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp. and Sireptomyces sp. were isolated from dye contaminated soils was studied. Decolourization was assayed colorimetrically at 540 nm and percentage of decolourization was calculated. However, among the five species of bacteria Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were more decolourization effect than other three bacterial isolates on three days.

2 tables, 12 ref

009294   Vijayan Iyer G (NO, MNM Jain Engineering College, 23/30, Mariaman Koil Street, Phase-V, II Floor, K.K.Nagar (West), Chennai-600 078) : Process of manufacture of eco lint cotton. J Text Ass 2006, 66(6), 265-8.

In a traditional roller ginning process, chrome composite leather clad (CCLC) rollers emit tremendous chromium in ginning environment due to constant dust-producing, grinding action which contaminate the lint cotton and cotton products. This causes air pollution and contamination problems in the mill environment. The seed-cotton processed in this roller ginning process is non eco-lint cotton as CCLC rollers are used to gin out the lint cotton. Hence, an eco-friendly non-traditional ginning process has been investigated using the eco-friendly chrome less rollers in cotton roller ginning industries to manufacture the eco-lint cotton for the better physical, chemical and dye-catch properties.

5 tables,

009293   Teli M D;Laddha A;Kale R D (Department of Fibres and Textile Processing Technology, Mumbai University, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai) : Standardisation of IR-dyeing M/C VS HT/HP dyeing M/C (Part II). J Text Ass 2006, 66(6), 269-71.

To narrow down the difference in the depth of dyeings of Polyester samples, dyed on IR heated dyeing machine, certain modifications were made to the machine so that the actual temperature inside the dye bath is correctly displayed by the machine. When a comparison was done between IR machine dyed samples and conventional HTHP machine dyed samples the curves of the kinetics of dyeing obtained from both the machines were quite closer, than those obtained in earlier experiments.

10 illus, 1 table, 1 ref

009292   Ranganathan R (NO, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Textile Management, Coimbatore, T.N) : Textile research assessment model for targeted sustained innovation (TRAM). J Text Ass 2006, 66(6), 251-7.

The market for India's R&D outsourcing is expected to grow form the present $1.3 billion to $8 billion in 2008. At present for textiles the R&D expenditure as a percentage of net sales is 1.36%. Successful textile companies of the 21st century will be those that manage knowledge to their advantage. The company that can source and apply knowledge to solve problems and develop technological differentiation in an environmentally sustainable manner will put the stress on its competitors. These textile companies will be the innovators who will prosper and expand. The very few knowledge-driven textile companies of the present are facing financial and competitive pressures that make them increasingly difficult to allocate the kinds of financial resources to research as they have done it in the past. For this reason, corporate scientists, research managers and business managers must understand both the financial and knowledge returns associated with the research they conduct so that they can best direct and allocate resources to research that provides both financial returns and establishes the knowledge basis for future discovery and innovation. Presented a model for assessing research opportunities both from the standpoint of responding to market needs and pushing forward new knowledge development. Argued that both business and research managers in corporations can use this analytical discipline to better join the needs of business and the research divisions that support them.

1 illus, 18 ref

009291   Pathirantha L S S;Perera M K P (NO, Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Dartonfield, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka, Email: dirri@tradenersl.lk) : Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) intercropping system: performance under standard inter row spacings of rubber. Nat Rubb Res 2005, 18(2), 105-12.

Possibility of intercropping cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) with rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) planted with the standard inter row spacing of 8.1 m was examined. Measurements of light availability and root length density of both the crops in the inter row space and the cinnamon bark yield and its components were recorded for eight years. PAR transmission from the rubber canopy into the middle of the inter row was reduced to 20.6 per cent by eighth year. The length density of fine roots (RLD in cm/1000 cm³) of rubber in the inter row increased from 6.4 in the third year to 175.8 in the eighth year in intercropped plots while those of control plots increased from 77.7 to 138.5. RLD of cinnamon in intercropped plots decreased from 51.8 in the third year to 33.5 in the eighth year. Length per stick, weight and bark yield of cinnamon also declined. The reduction in bark yield of cinnamon per bush was 70.5 per cent by the eight year. The dry matter content of bark was highest (9.36%) when the light level was about 60 per cent. Adverse effects of poor light availability and competition from rubber on cinnamon at this spacing by fifth year were evident.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

009290   Pandya A;Bhatia R;Jayadev K (Department of Clothing and Textile, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat) : Experimental study to create handcrafted soft furnishings depicting Indian miniature paintings. J Text Ass 2006, 66(6), 283-7.

India is a land of plenteous traditional crafts and artists with unmatched skills. These in the past centuries were fabled, and widely appreciated. Today, their mere existence carries no worth if they do not seek patrons. Owing to the global customers, whose renewed interest in the incredible wealth and variety of handcrafted textiles of India, has reasserted its demand. They constantly demand new innovations in design, colours, impeccable quality and are willing to pay for the value added product.

5 illus, 7 ref, 6 plates

009289   Okafor P N;Okorie U;Njoku O U (Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agricultural, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267 Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria, Email: pnokafor@yahoo.com) : Effect of drying on the cyanide content and its toxicity in seeds of Hevea brasiliensis. Nat Rubb Res 2005, 18(2), 137-41.

Oven drying of shelled whole seeds of Hevea brasiliensis at 60 _ 180°C over 30 to 180 min resulted in reduction (8.5 to 43.63%) in cyanide content. Drying of chipped seeds was more effective. Rats fed with feed formulation containing such processed rubber seed kernels did not show any toxicity symptoms although there was increase in cyanide and thiocyanate in the blood serum and urine.

4 tables, 15 ref

009288   Marattukalam J G;Premakumari D;George P J; Chandrasekhar T R (NO, , Marattukalam House 225, Aramanapady, Chaganacherry-686 101) : Long-term performance of a few Indian and exotic clones of Hevea brasiliensis in large scale trials in India. Nat Rubb Res 2005, 18(2), 113-9.

Growth and yield of certain Indian and imported clones of Hevea brasiliensis in large scale trials were studies over 15 years of tapping in the traditional rubber growing zone of India. Data on yield and secondary characters like tapping panel dryness and diseases were also collected. In Trial-I, only RRII 105 recorded significantly higher yield (54.5 g/t/t) in BO1 panel while, in panel BO2, RRII 105, RRII 101, RRII 116 and RRII 103 recorded significantly higher yield than the control clone Tjirl. In terms of mean yield over 15 years of tapping, clones RRII 105, RRII 101, RRII 116 and RRII 103 were significantly superior to the control. At the age of 23 years girth of clones RRII 114 (112.5 cm) and RRII 116 (107.9 cm) was significantly higher than that of the control Tjir 1 (95.5cm). In Trial-II, RRIC 100 with the yield of 49.3 g/t/t was significantly superior to the control GT 1 (41.4 g/t/t). At the age of 21 years, clones RRIC 104 (114.0 cm), RRIC 52 (107.8cm) and RRIC 100 (96.5 cm) showed significantly higher girth. In Trial-1 clone RRII 105 and in Trial-II RRIC 100 showed overall superiority.

4 tables, 19 ref

009287   Gireesh T;Thomas K U;Thomas V;Sarawathyamma C K;Pothen J;Vijayakumar K R (NO, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam-686 009, Email: gireesh@rubberboard.org.in) : Response of nine rubber clones to yield stimulation using ethephon. Nat Rubb Res 2005, 18(2), 130-6.

Response to ethephon stimulation in nine selections of RRII 200 series clones of rubber was studied. Three methods of stimulant application (bark, groove and panel) were imposed. Ethephon at 5% (v/v) concentration was applied on the renewed panel of trees tapped under 1/2S d/2 6d/7 system. Monthly yield and dry rubber content (DRC) were recorded for two consecutive years. Results showed considerable clonal variability in yield during the period of study due to stimulation. In general, panel application of the stimulant gave higher yield than the bark and groove methods. DRC was not significantly affected under yield stimulation. Response to stimulation was low in high yielding clones (RRII 208, RRII 203) and high in low yielding clones (RRII 201, RRII 205).

2 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

009286   Elizabeth K I;Alex R;Kuriakose B;Peethambaran N R (NO, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam-686 009) : Dichlorocarbene modified natural rubber. Nat Rubb Res 2005, 18(2), 120-9.

Dichlorocarbene modification of natural rubber (NR) was carried out by alkaline hydrolysis of chloroform in presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as phase transfer catalyst. Modified NR was characterized chemically by chlorine estimation, FTIR, DSC and thermal studies. Extent of modification depended on the time and temperature of reaction. FTIR studies revealed the introduction of chlorine through a cyclopropyl ring to the main chain of NR. Chemical modification considerably increased the Tg of NR as observed from the DSC thermograms. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the degradation temperature shifted towards the higher side with increased level of chlorination. Modification was accompanied by a change in the physical nature of NR from a soft flexible state to a hard non-tacky form. Peroxide vulcanizates of modified NR showed higher tensile strength than that of pure NR. Solvent swelling studies indicated polar nature of the modified NR and it showed lower swelling in ASTM oils. Oil swelling nature of modified NR containing 15% and more chlorine content was closer to that of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR). Due to the polar nature, modified NR mixed well with the polar rubber HNBR and showed improved properties for peroxide vulcanizates.

7 illus, 14 tables, 18 ref

009285   Anokwulu M N;Njoku O U;Ononogbu I C (Department of Biochemistry, Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Unit, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria) : Bleaching of browned water yam (Dioscorea alata) with rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed lipoxygenase. Nat Rubb Res 2005, 18(2), 154-60.

Lipoxygenase was extracted from rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed, purifed and used to bleach the polyphenols in water yam (Dioscorea alata) tubers. There was increase in the percentage bleaching of polyphenol extracts (31.43 ± 0.11 to 89.43 ± 0.58) as the enzyme concentration and time of reaction increased. The polyphenol content in the browned yam cubes were observed to decrease (26.94 ± 0.08 to 19.52 ± 0.04 μg/g) as the enzyme concentration was increased (0.13 to 0.78 unit/ml). The concentration of rubber seed lipoxygenase required for complete bleaching of the browned yam cubes was 3.1 unit/ml.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

008169   Yadav N;Sharma P;Saroj S;Singh J (Dep of Clothing and Text, Coll of Hom Sci CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana) : Acceptability of modern Durrie designing techniques for income generation. J hum Ecol 2006, (NULL), 221-5.

The rural women practicing durrie weaving as income generation are not aware about the latest trends in durrie designing required for increased profitability. Designed durries were prepared using innovative designs, which have multipurpose use, and different designing techniques were applied. These designed durries were having altogether different and beautiful look as per the latest trend. Training was imparted to 15 weavers on all the technical aspects to assess the acceptability of designs and designing techniques. Majority of the respondents (80%) acquired high level of knowledge about new attractive designs having multipurpose use. General knowledge about the trends & export of designer durrie was also acquired by majority of the respondents. As high as 47 percent respondents had high acquisition of knowledge after the training on designing techniques whereas, 40 percent had high level of attitudinal change. More than fifty percent (53.33%) respondents had high skill change and 40 percent had medium skill change. The overall KAS was significantly higher (t=5.58*) after the training. Overall perceived feasibility index (PFI) of designing techniques of durrie weaving was 89.07 percent, and 66.67 percent respondents were placed in the high category while judging overall acceptability of the designing techniques.

4 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

008168   Mostashari S M;Haddadi H;Hashempoor Z (Dep of Chem Fac of Sci, Gilan Univ, Rasht, Iran, Email: Smmostashari@yahoo.com) : Effect of deposited calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate on the flame-retardancy imparted to cotton fabric. Asian J Chem 2006, 18(3), 2388-90.

The influence of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate on the flammability of cotton fabric (serge construction, 220 g/m²) has been investigated. The samples were impregnated with suitable concentrations of aqueous solutions of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate by means of squeeze rolls and dried in an oven at 110°C for 30 min. Then the samples were cooled in a desiccator, weighed and kept under ordinary conditions before the accomplishment of the vertical flame test. The optimum add-on value to impart flame and glow retardancy was about 23.0 g of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate per 100 g fabric. The results obtained comply with chemical theory, coating theory and condensed phase retardation theory.

1 table, 8 ref

008167   Mostashari S M;Amirrahmat R;Farkhondeh A (Dep of Chem Fac of Sci, Gilan Univ, Rasht, Iran, Email: smmostashari@yahoo.com) : Synergistic effect of sodium oxalate urea on the flame retardancy imparted to cotton fabric. Asian J Chem 2006, 18(3), 2391-4.

The synergistic effect between sodium oxalate and urea on the flame-retardancy of cotton fabric (plain construction weighing 168 g/m²) has been of interest in this study. The laundered bone-dried weighed samples were impregnated with appropriate concentrations of individual aqueous sodium oxalate or urea solutions and some bunches were impregnated with suitable admixed solutions of both chemicals. An acceptable synergistic effect was experienced using an admixed bath containing 1.0 M equi-molar solutions of sodium oxalate and urea for impartation of flame-retardancy to cotton fabric. The optimum add-on value of the mixture expressed in gram anhydrous additive per 100 g fabric was about 17%. The results obtained are in favour of gas theory and also in favour of chemical theory and condensed phase retardation.

1 table, 19 ref

008166   Khamra K;Desh D (Dep of Clothing & Text, CCS Haryana Agric Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Effect of enzyme treatment on weight loss of denim. Ann Biol 2006, 22(1), 85-7.

Cellulase enzyme treatment was given to two qualities of denim i.e. 100% cotton denim (light weight denim and heavy weight denim) and blended cotton denim (synthetic denim) and effect on weight loss was observed. It was seen that it was increasing with the increase in concentration and time period. After a certain concentration it was increasing slightly.

2 tables, 10 ref

008165   Desh D;Khamra K (Government Polytechnic, , Hisar-125 001) : Effect of Enzyme treatment on colour fading of Denim. Ann Biol 2006, 22(1), 89-91.

Cellulase enzyme treatment was given to two qualities of denim i.e. 100% cotton denim (light weight denim and heavy weight denim) and blended cotton denim (synthetic denim) and effect on colour fading was observed. It was seen that it was decreasing with the increase in concentration and time period. After a certain concentration it was increasing slightly.

2 tables, 10 ref

007136   Sharma S C;Rajawat P S (Dep of Paper Technol, IITR Saharanpur-Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Field transmission protocols for process industry-An analytical and comparative study. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 65-71.

Owing to the rapid advances in the technology, the process industry is thinking to extend the 4-20mA standard to enhance communication with intelligent measurement and control instrumentation. Keeping this in mind, an analytical and comparative overview of the compatibility of different enhanced field transmission/communication protocols, which are expected to widely use in pulp and paper industry by the year 2010, has been reported. Highlights the important features and architecture of data transfer protocols viz. Fieldbus and Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) based communication networks used in process industries like pulp & paper, chemical, petrochemical etc. The parameter- wise characterization of different Profibus has been complied in the tabular form (Table-3). Further different parameters like, operating voltage, maximum cable length, communication methods, communication speed, maximum data size etc. have been taken into account while giving a comparative analysis of field bus, Profibus and HART (Table-4 & Table-5). The universal adoption of Field bus by the pulp and paper industry would be the most worthwhile milestone in Field bus's evolution. Mills, which have started to work with Fieldbus technology, report significant savings in hardware and installation costs. It is commonly reported in the literature that by the use of above protocols, per instrument cost saving benefits are of US$ 300-500 in initial installation/commissioning and $100-200 per year in ongoing maintenance/operations. Some cases of the use of these field transmission protocols in a typical pulp and paper industry have been quoted in the paper.

4 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

007135   Mishra R P;Maheshwari G D;Bhargava G G;Thusu N K (Orient Paper Mills, , P.O. Amlai Paper Mills-484 117) : Effect of enzyme treatment in Pre-bleaching stage on bleached kraft mill pulp & quality of bleach effluents generated. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 59-64.

Unbleached pulp having kappa 26.0 and pH 10.2 was treated with a specific Endo-Xylanase (enzyme) at various temperatures for 60 minutes which resulted in lowering of the pulp kappa by one degree. Subsequently bleaching was carried out under C-Ep-H-D sequence for attaining 87-88% P. V. brightness of enzymes treated pulp & comparison made with similar pulp obtained without enzyme pre-treatment. It is observed that Endo-xylanese dosage of 2.0 kg/ton of pulp reduced 15.0% chlorine requirement and the brightness gain is 0.5% P.V. against blank experiment. Enzyme treated pulp at temperature 40°, 45° and 50°C is observed to have shrinkage in increasing order for the same final bleached pulp brightness of 87-88% P. V. but less than blank experiment. But reverse trend was observed in case of bleached pulp viscosity. Fines in enzyme treated bleached pulp are lower than non-enzyme bleached pulp while physical strength properties of pre enzyme treated bleached pulps are higher than blank experiment. It is also observed that pollution load in terms of COD, and dissolved solids contents in enzyme treated bleached pulps under C-Ep-H-D sequence increased with increase in temperature at pre-enzyme treatment stage.

7 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

007134   Mishra R P;Khare A;Bhargava G G;Thusu N K (NO, , ) : Reduction in pollution load by Alkali/Oxygen delignification of paper grade mill pulp under C-Ep-H-D and CD-Ep-H-D bleaching sequences. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 79-85.

With the objective of reduction in pollution load generated from, conventionally produced paper grade pulp from Bamboo & Hard Wood (Kappa No 24.4) was alkali/oxygen delignified followed by C-Ep-H-D & CD-Ep-H-D bleaching sequences to achieve 87 ± 1% P.V. pulp brightness. It was observed that alkali/oxygen delignified mill pulp bleached under C-Ep-H-D sequence requires lower chlorine demand under O-C-Ep-H-D and O-CD-Ep-H-D sequences which resulted in improved bleached pulp quality, reduction in pulp shrinkage and pollution load (COD, dissolved solids and chloride) compared to conventional C-Ep-H-D bleaching sequence.

9 illus, 7 tables, 27 ref

007133   Jadhav A A (NO, , ) : Nanotechnology in textiles. J Instn Engrs-Pt TE 2006, 87(June), 1-5.

Recent developments of nanotechnology in textile areas, including textile formation and textile finishing has been discussed. Details on two major technical aspects, using nanosize entities and employing specific techniques to create nanosize structure inside textile materials, have been elucidated. A number of nanosize fillers and their resultant performances have been reviewed. In particular, nanolayer assembly, a new concept of textile surface coating, has been introduced. At the end, perspectives regarding future development of nanotechnology for smart and intelligent textiles have been addressed.

8 illus, 5 ref

007132   Ghosh U K;Singh A M (Dep of Paper Technol, Indian Inst of Technol Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : A Predictive model of ODEpD elemental chlorine free bleaching sequence for wheat straw soda pulp. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 87-91.

Response of wheat straw soda pulp in various bleaching stages depends on the condition of the pulp entering that stage. To achieve target brightness with minimum amount of ClO₂ it is necessary to optimize the chemical dose in different stages. In the investigation wheat straw pulps were produced by soda pulping process at different alkali charges. The resulting pulps after oxygen delignification were bleached through DEpD elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching sequence with various combinations of chemical charge in the two different D stages. Oxidative alkali extraction (E_p) was done at constant conditions. The bleaching process was simulated by a model consisting of simple equations that describe the relationship between brightness development and variation in the chemical doses in different D stages, together with additional equation that relates the D₂ stage response parameter to the outcome of the E₁ stage.

10 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

007131   Day A;Chattopadhyay S N;Ghosh I N (NO, Natn Inst of Res Jute & All Fibre Technol Indian Coun of Agric Res, 12, Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : White and coloured handmade paper from jute waste by ambient temperature process. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 55-8.

Single step pulping-bleaching and sequential two-step pulping-bleaching was carried out following conventional high temperature high-pressure digestion process and developed ambient temperature process. Hydrogen peroxide, an eco-friendly chemical, was used as a bleaching agent. The bleached pulps were dyed by ambient temperature reactive dyeing process. The bleached and dyed pulps were used for making white and coloured papers by handmade process. All these papers were evaluated for its different physical and optical properties. Single step ambient temperature bleached pulps produce papers with sufficiently high tensile index and bursting index. Whiteness index and brightness index of the papers produced is also high to be used as writing grade paper. Colouration of bleached pulp with reactive dye produce handmade paper with bright and pure colour to be used for different attractive packaging purpose. The process is simple, economic and eco-friendly as the different liquor containing different chemicals are reused and the process does not produce any toxic effluents. The process is ideal for small scale and cottage industries.

4 tables, 6 ref

007130   Chaturvedi G;Jain R K;Singh K;Kulkarni A G (Natn Expert Energy and Cleaner Production, , UNIDO) : Indian paper industry-Growth and prospects. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 73-7.

With the emergence of open market, economy leading to reduced tariff barriers and the promulgation of free Trade Agreements with booming neighboring economies, the competitiveness of the Indian paper industry with regard to costs and quality has come into sharp focus. The industry faced turbulence after liberalization of the economy that allowed the import of paper under the Open General License Scheme. The demand for paper, paperboard, and newsprint has been on a steady rise and the domestic market has registered a growth of around 6% against the world average growth of 2.8%. Faced with challenges such as the availability of fibrous raw material, technological obsolescence, cost, quality and environment, the industry has taken steady steps to enhance its competitiveness. Present status of the Indian paper industry with respect to the key market indicators has been highlighted. Discussion has been incorporated on the basic issues and challenges confronting the industry with possible strategies to address the same.

4 illus, 6 ref

007129   Ali B;Naveed M K (Res and Dev Packages Limited, , Shahrah-E-Roomi, P.O. Amer Sidhu, Lahore-54760, Pakistan) : Wheat straw as alternate to hardwood pulp in liquid packaging board. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(2), 93-4.

Wheat straw makes excellent paper and board. Straw fibers are similar to hardwood fibers and straw can be used in most paper and paperboard as a substitute for hardwood pulp. Most of the Asian countries are using straw to manufacture corrugating medium paper and Test liner from unbleached straw pulp, and fine writing and printing paper from bleached straw pulp. As the chemical composition and morphology of straw is very similar to hardwood it can be easily used in place of hardwood pulp. Packages Ltd is a leading pulp and paper industry in South East Asia, by using its unique technology of straw pulping Packages Ltd is using straw as an alternate to hardwood pulp in manufacturing of liquid packaging board. Comparison of straw with hardwood pulp is presented, also properties of liquid packaging board manufactured by Packages Ltd from straw are explained. Specially designed paper machine is used for manufacturing this liquid packaging board using straw. A blend of wood pulp is also used with straw to get better strength properties.

3 tables, 2 ref

006076   Zhang H;Wang S;Xue Y (Coll of Texts, Donghua Univ, Shanghai-200 051, Email: fixzhang@mail.dhu.edu.en) : Characteristics of rotor-spun composite yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2006, 31(3), 460-4.

Various rotor-spun composite yarns have been produced by combining staple fibres with filament yarns under varying filament overfeed ratio on a modified open-end rotor spinning frame. The effects of filament overfeed ratio on the structure and properties of composite yarns have been studied. It is observed that the filament overfeed ratio has great influence on the filament geometric position and helix trajectory in composite yarns. As the filament tension increases with decreasing filament overfeed ratio, the filament moves from the surface into the center of the composite yarn. The tensile properties of composite yarns depend on the filament overfeed ratio, and the filament overfeed ratio alone does not explain the CV% and hairiness of composite yarns. Compared with the normal rotor-spun yarn, the appearance and properties of rotor-spun composite yarns are improved.

^ssc9 tables, 14 ref

006075   Zenat A N;Nagwal A H;Isis B K;Nader S S (Div of Cellulose and Paper, Natn Res Cent, 61Behoos Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt-12622) : Characterization properties of rice straw pulp treated with streptomyces species and titanium dioxide. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(1), 75-8.

Number of possible application of microbial xylanases in the pulp and paper industry is gradually increasing and several are approaching commercial use. This industry needs xylanase, which is free of cellulose. Newly isolated Streptomycetes, which produce cellulase free-xylanase and are easily grown using a low-cost agriculture waste substrate, were investigated Twenty Streptomyces isolate from Egyptian soils were screened for cellulase-free xylanase activity. The most two actives have been identified as Streptomyces albus and Streptomyces chromofuscu. Their maximum activity were 13.25, 19.31 and 32.53, 43.01 on untreated rice straw pulp and treated pulp with TiO₂, on both Streptomyces species respectively.

4 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref