001021   Subramanian M;Kannan S;Geethamalini R (Textiles Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Flame retartant textiles. I. An introduction to flame retardant textiles. Man Made Text India 2005, 48(2), 59-67.

4 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

001020   Shivaprakash A V;Mohankumar M (NO, Govt S.K.S.J.T. Institute, Bangalore-560 001) : Application of nanotechnology for the future. Man Made Text India 2005, 48(2), 75-7.

9 ref

001019   Seshadri D T;Bhat N V (NO, Bombay Text Res Ass L B S Marg, Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai-400 019, Email: bhatnarendra@hotmail.com) : Use of polyaniline an antimicrobial agent in textiles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 204-6.

The conductive cotten-PANi-(polyaniline) fabrics have been prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer and their antimicrobial properties studied. It is observed that the fabrics have good antibacterial and antifungal properties. The antibacterial activity for gram positive bacteria reduces by 95% while for gram negative bacteria it is 85%.

^ssc1 illus, 12 ref

001018   Selvan M T;Raghunathan K (Dep of Text Technol, A C Coll of Technol Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: tamilsudha@yahoo.com) : Effect of picking periods on fibre physical properties and yarn quality of MCU-5 cotton variety grown at four locations. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 174-83.

The picking periods and their combinations on fibre and yarn properties have been studied using MCU-5 variety of Indian cotton which was collected from four different locations at various picking periods. It is observed that the picking periods affect the fibre and yarn qualities. Better fibre and yarn can be achieved by excluding the fibres from the last few picking periods.

4 tables, 4 ref

001017   Sahoo P K;Sahu G C;Mohapatra R (Dep of Chem, Utkal Univ, Bhubaneswar-751 004, Email: psahoochemuu@satyam.net.in) : Biodegradation of [pineapple leaf fibre-g-poly(n-butyl acrylate)]/silicate composite superabsorbents. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 157-65.

Natural fibre composites have been prepared by grafting hydrophobic monomer [n-buty] acryiate (BA)] onto chemically modified pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) using a complex initiating system [Cu (II) SO₄/EDTA/ammonium persulphate (APS)] in an aqueous medium without and with additives [sodium silicate (SS)] and N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent. The polymerization reaction has been studied at varying temperature, duration, and Cu(II), EDTA, APS and BA concentrations. The overall activation energy of grafting is found to be 19.04 kJ mol^-1 and the optimum time period for the reaction is 3h. The chemically modified PALF, crosslinked PALF-g-PBA copolymer and (crosslinked PALF-g-PBA)/SS composites so obtained have been characterized by FT-IR and their morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy.The thermal behaviour and tensile properties of the samples have been studied and compared with their biodegradation and water absorption capacities. It is observed that the composites show more water uptake capacity than the copolymers, making them suitable for use as superabsorbent natural fibre. These composite superabsorbent show lower biodegradability in both sludge water and soil as well as by using cultured microorganisms than the copolymer alone.

8 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

001016   Pal S K;Thakare V B;Kamruddin (Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment, , Agra Cantt-282 001) : High performance braided cordages for parachutes. Man Made Text India 2005, 48(2), 52-8.

Combination of proper design, structure and specific property mix of the particular textile assemblies are of immense importance to the parachute designer. This is applicable to braided cordages also. These cordages in wide range of materials and constructions are being used in parachutes as rigging line, weak tie, lashing cord, stowing and whipping cords. In general, the paper covers the requirement of cordages for parachute applications, various constructions of cordages, research studies carried out on constructional variables and their effect on end properties of cordages. The paper widely covers development of various Para-aramid, Dyneema, Spectra and Vectran Cordages at ADRDE and also comparative studies of these cordages to evaluate their performance for prachute application.

6 illus, 7 tables, 12 ref

001015   Noger D;Zah R;Schmid H R;Ray P;Greather T; Dinke F (NO, Swis Fedl Laboratories for Meterials Testing and Res 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland, Email: dominik.noger@empa.ch.) : Evaluation of traditional jute classification system for composites. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 166-73.

The traditional jute classification system has been evaluated to determine its suitability for the application to composites. Five potentially relevant parameters for composites, namely thermostability, alkali-soluble fraction, degree of fibre damage (degree of polymerization and tensile strength), degree of lignification (acid-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble lignin), and degree of whiteness (CIE y and CIE Y), have been determined by analysing the upper and lower sections of different tossa jute samples. Using discriminant analysis, 100% of the samples are correctly re-assigned to the original groups (TD class, upper and lower sections). For samples arranged in TD classes, primarily the degree of whiteness makes the differentiation possible. For samples grouped in upper and lower sections, primarily the alkali-soluble fraction as well as the degree of lignification and whiteness are found to show a significant relative difference. As regards composite quality, the thermostability, alkali-soluble fraction and degree of lignification are potentially very relevant. With respect to these parameters, the traditional jute classification system does not appear to be suitable as there is no significant difference among TD classes, and the variations between the upper and the lower sections are significantly greater than those among TD classes. The largest relative differences exist for thermostability, but there is no significant difference among the samples analysed. A new fibre classification system is needed for the successful application of jute fibres to composites.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

001014   Nilanjana Bairagi;Gulrajani M L (Dep of Text Technol, Indian Inst of Technol, New Delhi-110 016, Email: mlg54@hotmail.com) : Studies on dyeing with shikonin extracted from Ratanjot by supercritical carbon dioxide. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 196-9.

Shikonin (di-hydroxy 1, 4-napthaquinone), extracted from Ratanjot (Onosma echioides) by supercritical carbon dioxide, has been used to study the kinetics of dyeing on polyester. The main component of this dye has been separated chromatographically, analyzed spectroscopically and then used to study the diffusion coefficient. There is not much difference between the diffusion coefficients of shikonin and main component. On comparing the dyeing results of shikonin with those of other napthaquinone natural dyes (juglone, lawsone and crude Ratanjot), it is found that the diffusion coefficient of shikonin and main component is intermediate between juglone and lawsone. The diffusion coefficient of the dye extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide is found to be higher than the crude atanjot dye.

5 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

001013   Mondal S;Gupta B (NO, Inst of Textiles & Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ Hung Hom,Ko, Hong kong, Email: subrata_iitd@yahoo.com) : Acrylic monomers based emulsion copolymer for coating application. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 184-9.

Methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate copolymers with varying percentage of methacrylic acids and 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate were synthesized using emulsion polymerization technique for coating application. Nonyl phenol ethylene oxide condensate and sodium lauryl sulphate were used as the emulsifiers. Potassium persulphate was used as initiator. The copolymers were characterized by viscosity measurement, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR) and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The viscosity of the copolymer increased with the increase in pH, passed through a maximum at pH8.5 and then decreased with the further increase in pH. ¹HNMR study confirmed all the groups present in the copolymers. The copolymers showed good thermal stability and can be used for textile coating application without any external thickening agent.

2 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

001012   Midha V K;Mukhopadyay A (Dep of Text Technol, Natn Inst of Technol, Jalandhar-144 011, Email: midhav@rediffmail.com) : Bulk and physical properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 218-29.

Bulk and physical properties of needle-punched nonwoven fabric depend on the nature of component fibre, the manner in which the fibres are arranged in the structure and the degree of consolidation. A proper understanding of the role of different parameters on fabric properties is important for designing the fabric suitable for its use. Normally, the longer and finer fibre in the web leads to greater fabric strength, provided the fibre breakage is controlled. The increase in needle density and penetration improves the fibre consolidation, but beyond a certain limit the fibre damage becomes greater, leading to deterioration in fabric characteristics. Higher fabric weight and introduction of scrim generally improve the functional properties of fabric. Finishing operation is opted in the cases where some special requirements are to be fulfilled. Develops some understanding about the bulk and physical properties in relation to raw material, machine parameters and process variables.

^ssc8 illus, 75 ref

001011   Kundu S K;Mojumder P;Bhaduri S K;Das B K (NO, Natn Inst of Res on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology,12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: swapan_bhaduri@rediffmail.com) : Physical characteristics of khimp fibre. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 153-6.

Physical characteristics of khimp (Leptadenia pyrotechnica) fibre have been studied and compared with those of the other natural fibres, such as cotton, jute, sunhemp and pineapple. The khimp fibre is lignocellulosic having high α-cellulose (75.26%), and low lignin (4.93%) and pentosan (5.15%) contents similar to sunnhemp, flax and pineapple leaf fibres. The degree of crystallinity (60.0%) of the fibre measured by X-ray diffractometry technique is lower than that of cotton but higher than that of lignocellulosic fibres like jute or sunnhemp. SEM study of the fibre shows that the fibrils are arranged longitudinally. Cross-sectional features studied by SEM reveal that the fibre is multicellular in nature, consisting of 5-6 cells in a fibre. The infrared spectra of khimp fibre show peaks in the regions as observed for lingocellulosic fibre like jute.

3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

001010   Hu X;Xiao C (Dep of Material Sci, Tianjin Polytechnic Univ 300160, Tianjin, People's of Republic of China, Email: cfxiao@tjpu.edu.cn) : Study on superabsorbent polyacrylonitirle-based fibre. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 207-10.

Superabsorbent polymer fibres with maximum water absorbency were produced using acrylonitrile and methylmethacrylate as monomers, N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide as potential crosslinking agent, dimethyl sulfoxide as solution and azo-bisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The copolymer solution was then spun using dry-wet spinning method with water as coagulation bath. The fibres thus produced were heated to get crosslinking structure and their surfaces were hydrolyzed by alkaline solution. The influence of hydrolyzing conditions, such as temperature and concentrations of alkaline solution and N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide, on the fibre structure and properties was also studied using FTIR, DSC, DMA and SEM techniques. The changes in storage modulus, T_g and surface structures of fibres were also studied. The Superabsorbent polymer of about 40g/g water absorbency was obtained using N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide concentration of equal to about 10wt%monomer, alkali concentration of about 15wt% and hydrolyzing time of about 5 min.

^ssc10 illus, 11 ref

001009   Gupta K K;Yadav A K (DMSRDE, , G.T. Road, Kanpur-208 013) : Development of electrical conductive fabrics. Man Made Text India 2005, 48(2), 44-51.

Development of electrical conducting fabric is a novel technique. These fabrics have special features of conducting electricity and reducing static charge build-up. These fabrics have versatile applications. The major application is electromagnetic interference shielding and have properties to dissipate microwaves energy or to act as a screen to prevent detection by the radars. The electrical conducting fabrics can be developed either by coating of conducting polymers on fabric surface or using conducting fibres/yarns as a blend component of yarn. Both the methods are nowadays well known.

2 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

001008   Gupta D;Jain A;Panwar S (Dep Text Technol, Indian institute of Technol, New Delhi-100 016, Email: deepti@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Anti-UV and anti-microbial properties of some natural dyes on cotton. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 190-5.

Various natural dye powders have been evaluated for protection against UV radiation and microbial growth on cotton. All the dyes show high absorption in the UV region. When mordants are used, the UV screening effect is enhanced. Most of the dyes also show good bactericidal activity against selected microbes. The activity increases with the increase in concentration of dye. Tannin-based dye Q.infectoria shows good protection against both UV radiation as well as common microbes. Results show that it is possible to develop cotton fabrics having anti-microbial and anti-UV properties using selected natural dyes.

1 illus, 6 tables, 10 ref

001007   Eren R;Alpay H R (Dep of Text Engng Fac of Engng & Architecture, Univ of Uludag Gorukle Campous 16059, Gorukle-Bursa, Turkey, Email: erecep@uludag.edu.tr) : Analytical design method for cam shedding motions in weaving. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 125-35.

An analytical design method for cam shedding motions has been developed using mathematical method to derive the follower displacement diagrams for a given weave and the mathematical equations for pressure angle, cam radius of curvature and matched (or conjugate) cam profile coordinates. The effect of maximum pick number in the weave repeat, shedding cam mechanism dimensions, swing angle of the follower and four different motion curves on the maximum pressure angle and minimum cam radius of curvature has also been studied. The cam shedding mechanism dimensions are determined according to the critical values of maximum pressure angle and the minimum cam radius of curvature. It is observed that the cam shedding mechanism dimensions must be determined with maximum pick number in the weave repeat by considering the effects of motion curves and follower swing angle. Finally, four picks plain weave and twill 3/1 +1/1 shedding cam plots are presented.

9 illus, 10 tables, 10 ref

001006   Daukantiene V;Zmailaite E;Gutauskas M (Dep of Apparel and Polym Products Technol, Kaunas Univ of Technol, Kaunas-3031, Lithuania) : Influence of concentrated liquid softeners on textile hand. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 200-3.

The influence of four concentrated liquid softener, viz. Lenor, Silan, Soupline and Dosia, on the properties of different knitted fabric has been studied on the basis of textile hand parameters using KTU-Griff Tester. The results show that the rinsing of textile materials with liquid softeners changes the properties of fabrics more significantly as compared to the changes in case of rinsing with pure water. The five parameters, namely pulling force, tangent of the slope angle of curve, pulling work, difference of fabric thickness measured at two different pressure levels and fabric deformation, and a complex parameter determined as the area of pentagonal chart, the axles of which are these five separate parameters, have been used for the evaluation of changes in fabric mechanical properties. Silan is found to be the most efficient softener followed by Lenor, Dosia and Soupline.

3 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

001005   Chattopadhyay S K;Bhaskar P;Ahmed M (NO, Cent Inst for Res on Cott Technol Adenwala Rd, Mumbai-400 019, Email: circot@vsnl.com) : Properties of indigenous angora rabbit hair and cotton blended yarns spun using short-staple cotton spinning system. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 215-7.

The possibilities of producing cotton and indigenous angora rabbit hair blended yarns by adopting commercial cotton spinning system working on economical production speeds have been explored. It is observed that as the proportion of hair fibre in the blend increases, the yarn properties of both the single and double yarns deteriorate, mainly due to the lower fibre strength and inter-fibre cohesion of hair fibres.

^ssc2 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

001004   Bhattacharyya S;Majumdar P K;Chakraborty S (NO, Govt. Coll of Engng & Text Technol, Serampore-712 201, Email: dr_satyaki@rediffmail.com) : Analysis of tensile properties of dref-III blended yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 142-7.

Efforts have been made to use same blended stock of materials in both core and sheath of dref-III yarn to make the bled percentage independent of core-sheath ratio and to have proper blend homogeneity. Polyester and viscose fibres have been used to prepare their blends at different blend ratios and their tensile characteristics thoroughly studied. It is observed that the Hamburger's model based on stress-strain curves of 100% polyester and 100% viscose yarns can be successfully used to predict the tensile strength of blended yarns. A generalised regression equation has been derived from the Hamburger's model which can predict the tensile strength of blended yarn with high level of accuracy.

9 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

001003   Basu A;Gotipamul R (NO, The South India Text Res Ass, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: sitra@vsnl.com) : Effect of some ring spinning and winding parameters on extra sensitive yarn imperfections. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 211-4.

The effect of various ring spinning parameters and winding machine parameters on the yarn quality has been studied at higher sensitivity levels using the capacitance type tester. The relationship between extra sensitive imperfections and infrequent yarn faults has also been studied. It is observed that the spacer size, break draft and spindle speed of ring frame influence the imperfections and classimat faults. With the increase in twist multiplier the yarn quality improves initially and after a certain stage there is an increase in imperfections with increased twist multiplier. Within the chosen limit the effect of winding speed and tension weight of high speed autoconer on imperfections is minimal.

^ssc3 tables, 5 ref

001002   Banerjee P K;Bhat P (Dep of Text Technol, Indian Inst of Technol, New Delhi-110 016, Email: pkbt60@Yahoo.com) : Torsional rigidity of cotton hosiery yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 136-41.

Torsional properties of eighteen different commercial cotton hosiery yarns in the count range of 16s -40s Ne have been studied on a Torsiometer. The mean torsional rigidity, derived from the slopes of loop, relates very well with relevant fibre and yarn variables. It is observed that the increase in fibre span length and maturity leads to rise in mean torsional rigidity of cotton hosiery yarns while the finer fibres yield lower yarn rigidity. Moreover, the coarser yarns exhibit greater mean torsional rigidity while the yarns of higher tensile modulus show lower values.

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

001001   Ajay Kumar;Nishkam A (NO, Govt. Cent Text Inst, Kanpur-208 001, Email: ajay_scientist@yahoo.com) : Effect of inter-fibre friction on yarn quality. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2005, 30(2), 148-52.

The effect of inter-fibre friction and tuft behaviour during yarn preparation on yarn quality has been studied. The higher level of inter-fibre friction is observed on application of spin finish (polyethylene glycol) which improves the inter-fibre cohesion and positively influences the yarn evenness, breaking strength, elongation-at-break and hairiness. The tuft behaviour at different friction levels improves but mixed trend is observed for the yarn quality parameters, perhaps due to the uneven fibre slippage.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

023976   Vijaya Kumar K;Kavitha A;Hayavadana J (College of Technology, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007) : Comparative study of the single and two bath methods of dyeing of polyester and viscose blends. Man Made Text India 2006, 49(12), 469-73.

7 illus, 12 tables

023975   Vala A K;Vaidya S Y;Dave B P;Dube H C (Bioinformatics Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: bharti_dave@hotmail.com) : Distribution patterns and diversity of epiphytic fungi on Avicennia marina at Bhavnagar coast, gulf of Cambay. Natn Acad Sci Lett 2006, 29(3-4), 89-93.

Epiphytic fungal distribution on different plant parts (leaf, stem and pneumatophore) of Avicennia marina at Bhavnagar coast was studied over a period of two years. Many fungal isolates exhibited habitat preference. Diversity was measured and assessed using Frequency index and Shannon index. This work can provide baseline information for further research on epiphytic fungal diversity associated with mangrove systems along Gulf of Cambay, west coast of India.

3 tables, 14 ref

023974   Shivaprakash A V;Prakashbabu S (NO, Govt. S.K.S.J.T. Institute, Bangalore-01) : Sisal fiber composites development. Man Made Text India 2006, 49(12), 464-8.

4 tables, 3 illus, 8 ref

023973   Rekha R (The Synthetic and Art Silk Mills Research Association, , Sasmira Marg, Worli, Mumbai-400 030) : Silicones and their versatile applications. Man Made Text India 2006, 49(12), 474-80.

Silicones are a modern class of synthetic materials. They have literally thousands of applications that collectively bring safety, comfort and enjoyment to life. These benefits depend ultimately on science: on the silicones' fundamental chemical structure and the producers' skill in modifying it. The present paper takes a look at the versatility of silicones, a wonder molecule, in various fields of applications. It highlights the usage in newer areas and even explores the synergies in existing applications.

2 illus, 8 ref

023972   Mashaly H M (NO, National Research Centre, Textile Div, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt) : Ultrasonic assisted dyeing V. dyeing of nylon with lac as a natural dye. Man Made Text India 2006, 49(12), 448-55.

Dyeing of nylon fabrics using lac as a natural dye has been studied in both conventional and ultrasonic techniques. The extractability of lac dye from natural origin using power ultrasonic was also evaluated in comparison with conventional heating. The results of dye extraction indicate that power ultrasonic is rather effective than conventional heating at low temperature and short time. The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, ultrasonic power, dyeing time and temperature were studied and the resulting shades obtained by dyeing with ultrasonic and conventional techniques were compared. Colour strength values obtained were found to be higher with ultrasonic than with conventional heating. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were good to very good. Dyeing kinetics of nylon fibre with lac dye using conventional and ultrasonic conditions were compared. The time/dye-uptake isotherms are revealing the enhanced dye-uptake in the second phase of dyeing (diffusion phase). The values of dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and standard affinity and ultrasonic efficiency have been calculated and discussed.

3 tables, 13 illus, 27 ref

023971   Dess Basu G;Chattopadhyay S N;Day A;Goswami K (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Assessment of fibre quality and physical properties of sunnhemp fibres for its suitable applications in textiles. Man Made Text India 2006, 49(12), 456-63.

Sunnhemp fibre (Crotalaria juncea L.) was subjected to evaluation of different fibre quality parameters and important physico-mechanical properties to assess the textile value of the fibre. Instrumental methods were employed to quantify the quality parameters of the fibre viz. bundle strength, fineness, bulk density, reed length and diameter (at base), root content, defects, foreign matter etc. Basic physical properties viz. strength and extension, gravimetric fineness, true and apparent density, porosity, flexural rigidity, torsional rigidity, moisture absorption, co-efficient of friction, surface appearance properties like whiteness, brightness and yellowness indices were evaluated. Some microscopic properties viz. structural dimensions of ultimates, longitudinal and cross-sectional view were also examined. Most of the physico-mechanical properties, except rigidity of sunnhemp fibre, are found to be comparable to those of the jute. It was suggested that improved agricultural practice and proper retting might give superior quality of fibre that can effectively be used in different textile processing for making products of improved properties.

2 tables, 2 illus, 38 ref

022977   Sadhu S K; (Anand Tissues Ltd, , Meerut, Uttar Pradesh) : Improving energy efficiency in the paper industry. Energy Fuel Users J 2006, 56(3), 10-20.

16 illus, 20 tables

021988   Vassiliadis S G;Kallivretaki A E;Provatidis C G (Electronics Dep, TEI Piraeus, P. Ralli & Thivon 250, Egaleo, GR-12244 Athens, Greece, Email: svas@teipir.gr) : Geometrical modelling of plain weft knitted fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 62-71.

Accuracy of the prevailing geometrical models of the plain weft knitted fabrics is estimated and a more precise model for the use in computational modelling produced. The new proposed model is based on the assumptions of the ideal elastic yarn and the elastic energy minimization of the yarns composing the relaxed fabrics. Thus, a repeated calculation process is used for the selection of the loop shape corresponding to the minimum loop length. The accuracy of the models is evaluated using the loop length as criterion. Based on the structural data of an extended set of samples, the loop length for every model is calculated. These values are compared to the respective experimentally measured ones. The accuracy of the new proposed model guarantees the success of the mechanical simulation of the knitted fabrics.

4 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

021987   Tyagi G K;Kaushal Raj;Singh J (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Structural and mechanical characteristics of polyester dref-3 yarns in relation to fibre profile and annealing treatment. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 27-32.

Influence of process parameters and annealing treatment on structural parameters, tensile properties, flexural rigidity and abrasion resistance of polyester dref-3 yarns has been studied. Annealing leads to a marked increase in helix angle and helix diameter, and a decrease in mean fibre extent. The results show significant improvement in breaking extension, work of rupture and abrasion resistance, and an appreciable decrease in tenacity, hairiness and flexural rigidity on annealing. The degree of change in these characteristics is more marked in the yarns made from a circular polyester fibre and the coarse fibre denier, thicker core and higher production speed facilitate it. Compared to the yarns made from a trilobal fibre, the yarns spun from a circular fibre exhibit higher thermal shrinkage which further increases with the increase in spinning speed.

1 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

021986   Subramanian S N;Venkatachalam A;Subramaniam V (Textile Technology Dep, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 035) : Effect of some nozzle parameters on the characteristics of jet ring-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 47-52.

Effect of single, double and triple air-jet nozzles of different materials, such as brass, aluminium and teflon, on the characteristics of jet ring - spun yarns has been studied. Regular and jet ring-spun yarns of 19.68 tex, 14.76 tex and 11.81 tex have been produced and then tested for hairiness, tensile and evenness properties. Surface features of all these yarns are compared by scanning electron microscopic studies. It is observed that the jet ring-spun yarns display lower hairiness and higher tenacity. The study further suggests that for achieving a reduction in hairiness and good strength with better evenness properties, the use of single brass nozzle will suffice which would lead to considerable reduction in quantity of air used and enable the piecing to be done more easily in ring frame.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

021985   Senthilkumar M;Selvakumar N (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: msksenthilkumar@yahoo.com) : Parameters involved in assessment of dry state colour of fabrics from their wet state colour. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 126-34.

One of the parameters that affects the colour appearance of a given material is the moisture content. The wet to dry colour change slows down the process of colour matching because, in present practice, a sample from a dyebath must be dried before it can be assessed. The process would be much more efficient if the colour of the sample when dry could be accurately predicted from the colour of wet sample taken fresh from the dyebath. The dry colour of fabric is affected by parameters such as refractive index of medium and moisture. Studies have been carried out to examine the effect of moisture content on the colour appearance of the dyed textile materials and proposed a geometric model to predict the dry reflectance value from wet materials. The use of refractive index of the embedding medium and the modified Kubelka-Munk equation to predict the dry reflectance value from wet materials have also been studied. In this paper, various parameters that affect the dry colour of fabric, their measurement and various approaches used for the assessment of dry state colour of the fabric from its wet state colour have been reviewed.

3 illus, 75 ref

021984   Petrulyte S (Textile Technology Dep, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania) : Analysis of structural effects formation in fancy yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 21-6.

Fancy effects formation using one process and hollow spindles has been studied. A composite design has been formulated and three variables, namely delivery speed of fancy yarn, rotational speed of hollow spindle and supply speed of effect component, considered to understand how technological parameters influence the formation of fancy effects, like closed loop, opened loop, loop-knot, plain knot and knot made from various loops, and their combinations. Procedure of counting the effects per unit length using twist tester and stereomicroscope for precise establishment of fancy effect is also accomplished. It is observed that the technological parameters contribute significantly to structural effects formation. On the basis of graphical pictures of the mathematical model that express the relationship between the number of effects of plain knot-knot made of various loops per unit length of fancy yarn and all the parameters of technological process of production, the particular interrelations have been investigated and the received model could be used to predict the number of fancy effects of certain nature, to control the effect formation process, and to enlarge the base of information needful for yarn design.

4 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

021983   Pal S K;Vikas Thakare B;Singh G (Aerial Delivery Research and Devlopment Establishment, Defense Researc, , Agra-282 001, Email: adrde@sancharnet.in) : Creep behaviour of braided cordages made of high perfomance fibres for aerospace applications. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 13-20.

Creep behaviour of braided cordages made of different high performance fibres, such as ultra high molecular weight extended chain polyethylene (Spectra® and Dyneema®), liquid crystalline polymer (Vectran®) and high tenacity nylon has been studied and then compared both during loading and relaxation phases. Nylon and Vectran® appear to have superior creep behaviour to that of Dyneema® and Spectra®. The heat setting has been found to improve the creep behaviour of nylon cordages.

1 illus, 8 tables, 3 ref

021982   Orhan M;Kut D;Gunesoglu C (Textile Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Uludag Univ, 16059 Bursa, Turkey, Email: morhan@uludag.edu.tr) : Use of triclosan as antibacterial agent in textiles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 114-8.

Triclosan has been applied on cotton fabrics as an antibacterial agent and its durability to repeated home laundering studied. To evaluate the effects of environmental conditions on activity of triclosan, the samples were exposed to acidic, basic and synthetic urine solutions as simulated wearing conditions. The antibacterial activity of fabrics was evaluated against S. aureus and E. coli. The results show that the raw fabrics have the lowest activity and the bleaching pretreatment causes the increase in antibacterial activity and significant reduction in bacteria growth. However, the fabrics show the best activity after finishing with triclosan, especially against 5. aureus. It is also observed that the repeated home laundering, and acidic, basic and urine conditions cause the decrease in the activity.

6 illus, 20 ref

021981   Murugesan M;Nayar R C (Textile Technology Dep, A C College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: mmurugesan@annauniv.edu) : Fibre migration at different yarn layers. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 33-9.

Magnitude of deviations (root mean square deviation) from the mean radial position of the fibre has been studied in various yarns by using tracer fibre technique. Three sets of yarns with tracer fibre have been prepared, considering different break drafts, yarn twists and traveller weights. The effect of yarn tension and twist due to position of ring rail (balloon height) and yarn package diameter has been nullified by taking samples from the various cops at the same height and yarn package diameter. The results of root mean square deviation of tracer fibres have been categorized with respect to the span length and their mean radial position and then analysed. It is observed that the increase in traveller weight causes an appreciable decrease in root mean square deviation and has no significant effect on the mean radial position of the fibre. Similarly, the increase in yarn twist causes ah increase in root mean square deviation and decrease in mean radial position. The increase in break draft enhances the root mean square deviation initially and then causes it to decrease while the mean radial position increases steadily with the increase in break draft. Migration study has also been carried out in the yarn present at the bare of the cop and surface of the cop. Root mean square deviation of yarn measured at bare of the cop is less as compared to that of the yarn present at the surface of cop.

5 tables, 12 ref

021980   Mazloompour M;Ansari N;Hemmatinejad N (Textile Technology Dep, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran) : Wetting behaviour of raw and water-repllent cotton fabrics using wetting kinetic measurements. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 93-8.

Electrical resistance technique has been developed to study the rate of horizontal wicking of different liquids into untreated and finish treated cotton fabrics by estimating the critical surface tension of both the fabrics and equivalent capillary spaces of fabric samples from the experimental work based on Washburn derivation. The finishing agents, namely Perlit based on modified fatty acid derivatives and Baygard 430 AFF with a fluorochemical base, have been used. It is observed that the penetration rate and wicking distance of finish treated samples reduce as compared to those of untreated samples. The results confirm different solid-vapor surface tension of the two types of samples due to the changes in surface characteristics of fabrics after finishing treatment. The radii of open channels which act as capillary tubes tend to decrease, leading to blockage of the tube during water-repellent finishing treatments.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

021979   Kavitha T;Padmashwini R;Swarna A;Giri Dev V R;Neelakandan R;Senthil Kumar M (Textile Technology Dep, AC College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: vrgiridev@yahoo.com) : Effect of chitosan treatment on the properties of turmeric dyed cotton yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 53-6.

Cotton yarn has been coated with different concentrations of chitosan solution and then dyed with turmeric to study their effects on yarn properties. It is observed that the tensile strength, flexural rigidity and shear strength increase with the increase in chitosan concentration. However, the coefficient of friction decreases with the increase in chitosan concentration. Cotton yarn coated with chitosan is found to be darker compared to uncoated yarn while dyeing for the same shade percentage. The dyed yarn coated with chitosan exhibits excellent activity against bacteria, such as E.coli and S.aureus.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

021978   Karolia A;Mendapara S (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Home Science, The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara-309 002, Email: anjalikarolia@hotmail.com) : Imparting antimicrobial and fragrance finish on cotton using chitosan with silicon softener. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 99-107.

Chitosan has been used in combination with citric acid and silicon softener to impart antimicrobial and fragrance finish with two different application techniques. It is observed that the finish provides better functionality to the fabric as it shows ^ good performance and improvement in physical properties. The finish shows good fastness to washing as well as perspiration. The use of carboxylic acid also improves the affinity of chitosan for cellulose.

7 tables, 6 ref

021977   Imayathamizhan N M;Raghunathan K;Srikrishnan M R (Textile Technology Dep, AC College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: imayathamizhan@annauniv.edu) : Effect of mass of seed cotton and its lint quality on yarn properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 57-61.

Reduction in variation of fibre properties within particular fibre groups to get excellent fibre and yarn qualities from the available raw material and categorization of seed cotton prior to ginning with respect to their mass has been explored. For appropriate utilization of raw material to produce yarn of a particular quality, the manually picked seed cottons were grouped with respect to their mass measured with an accuracy of 0.00lg. The grouped seed cottons were then ginned on roller gin with four different roller and beater speed combinations and fibres of each group were tested using AFIS and HVI as per the standard procedure. The yarn samples were produced as per the sequence of process used for carded cotton yarn. The separation of the seed cottons with respect to their mass results in the categorization of fibres with respect to their physical properties. The higher mass of seed cotton results in superior fibre properties and vice versa. Similar to fibre properties, a significant enhancement in yarn quality is also observed, particularly in the samples 101-150mg' and '151-200mg' for both 50s and 60s Ne count yarns.

3 illus, 6 tables, ref

021976   Gupta D;Laha A (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric treated with Quercus infectoria extract. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 88-92.

Cotton fabric has been treated with the tannin-rich extract of Quercus infectoria (QI) plant in combination with alum, copper and ferrous mordants and then tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram- positive and Gram-negative bacteria. QI extract shows good activity at 12% concentration (owf), inhibiting the microbial growth by 45-60%. The microbial growth inhibition increases to 70-90% when alum and copper sulphate are used for mordanting. However, the antimicrobial activity is completely lost when ferrous sulphate is used. The activity of samples treated with QI alone is lost completely after 5 launderings while the mordanted samples retain nearly 100% activity up to 5 launderings, indicating that the mordants help to make the effect durable. The study also shows that the cotton textiles can be successfully treated with QI to produce bioactive textiles from natural ecofriendly materials. QI is a viable alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents for use in hospital textiles and an effective antiodour agent for use in sports and household textiles.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021975   Ghosh S;Krishnan S (NO, Eastern Michigan Univ, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, USA, Email: sghosh@emich.edu) : Application of poly (lactic acid) fibres in automotive interior. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 119-21.

Application of poly (lactic acid) [PLA] based fabric for automotive interior application has been studied. It is observed that the PLA fabric meets almost all performance specifications formulated by an original equipment manufacturer, except for flammability and abrasion resistance. The performance of PLA fabric has also been compared with a polyester (PET) automotive fabric and it is found that the PLA fabric often perform equally or better in some properties than PET fabric in all performance parameters, except for abrasion resistance and flammability.

2 tables, 4 ref

021974   El-Molla M M (Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: melmolla@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and characterization of aqueous UV- curable binder for ink preparation in ink-jet printing and pigment of fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 105-13.

Aqueous UV-curable binder of polyurethane acrylate based on glycerol ethoxylate-co-propoxylate triol has been prepared for ink preparation in ink-jet printing and pigment dyeing of cotton, viscose, wool, polyester and nylon 66 fabrics. Polyurethane acrylate oligomers have been prepared from isophorone diisocyanate, glycerol ethoxylate-co-propoxylate triol and hydroxy ethyl acrylate using dibutyl tin dilaurate as a catalyst. The results show that the binder can be used safely in preparing ink for ink-jet printing and/or for dyeing by padding technique for all types of fabrics with pigment dyes.

3 illus, 8 tables, 27 ref

021973   Das A;Ishtiaque S M (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: apurba_das@hotmail.com) : Static and kinetic frictional characteristics of staple fibres and woven fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 80-7.

Instrumental has been developed for measuring static and kinetic frictional characteristics of staple fibres and fabrics. The influence of fibre length and fineness on static and kinetic frictional characteristics of polyester and viscose staple fibres has also been studied. A comparative study has been carried out to ascertain the difference in frictional forces measured by an attachment fitted with Instron tensile tester. The developed instrument is also used to study the frictional characteristics of acrylic staple fibres at different levels of finish application. A wide variation in frictional characteristics is observed among different varieties of cotton, even within same variety from different place of origin. It is also observed that warp density and fabric thickness have good correlation with static and kinetic frictional properties of both warp-on-warp and weft-on-weft motions.

4 illus, 8 tables, 14 ref

021972   Chen C;Chang W Y (Fashion Design Dep, Shu-Te University, No.59, Hun Shan Road, Yen Chau, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, Republic of China, Email: chonyu@mail.stu.edu.tw) : Antimicrobial activity of cotton fabric pretreated by microwave plasma and dyed with onion skin and onion pulp extractions. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 122-5.

Onion has been extracted to obtain colour compound for dyeing cotton fabric and the antimicrobial property of dyed fabric . studied. The fabric is first desiccated with ethanol and then pretreated with low-temperature microwave plasma for 4 s with oxygen pressure of 0.2 Torr and power of 800 W. Thereafter, the plasma-treated samples are grafted for 10, 30, 60 min at 70 °C with onion skin and onion pulp extractions. The best inhibition zone of anti Staphylococcus aureus is found to be 1.1-0.8 cm by 10 min grafting time of onion skin extraction and 0.7-0.5 cm by 30 min grafting time of onion pulp extraction. The samples with 10 and 30 min grafting of both onion skin and onion pulp show anti S. aureus ability even after 5 times test washing, but both the samples lost their anti S. aureus property with 60 min grafting. The FTIR-ATR spectrum of dyed cotton fabric shows flavonoids' functional peak at 1624 cm'1 of onion skin that provides cotton fabric brown colour with wash fastness rating of 4.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

021971   Behera B K;Mishra R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016) : Comfort properties of non-conventional light weight worsted suiting fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 72-9.

Mechanical and thermal comfort aspects of fabrics produced from some non-conventional blends and light weight constructions have been examined. Single yarn woven worsted suiting fabrics show better physical as well as physiological comfort-related properties. Among various natural fibre based worsted suiting fabrics, the linen blend proves to be most suitable with respect to mechanical comfort. Wool and wool:silk blends provide very good transmission properties. Fabrics produced from single worsted yarns are found to be superior to those of the equivalent 2-ply yarns as regards to both mechanical and thermal comforts.

10 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

021970   Behera B K;Joshi V K (Textile Technology Dep, SGGS College of Engineering & Technology, Nanded-431 606, Email: behera@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Weability of core-spun dref yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2007, 32(1), 40-6.

New method for evaluating weavability of heterogeneous core-spun dref yarns has been suggested. Among core-spun dref yarns, the weaving performance of cotton core dref yarn is found to be superior followed by that of dref yarns with textured core, Z-twist core and S-twist core. Under identical conditions, sizing causes deterioration in weaving performance of dref yarns, except in case of 10037 cotton dref yarn.

5 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref

020996   Thapliyal B P;Mathur R M;Goel A K;Kulkarni A G (NO, Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute, P.O. Box-174, Saharanpur) : Heat integration of multiple effect evaporator by pinch analysis. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(3), 113-17.

Heat integration by using pinch analysis is a very effective tool for optimization of the heat exchange from processes. Pinch analysis, based on simple thermodynamic principles and systematic process integration & optimization approach, helps to achieve financial saving by maximizing the process-to-process heat recovery and minimizing the utility loads. It is emerging as one of the effective energy conservation tool and has been extensively used in Chemical and Petrochemical sector. In Pulp & Paper industry, pinch analysis can be very effectively used for heat integration of digester house, multiple effect evaporators, paper machines and power network optimization. A large number of mills in developed countries are using this approach to minimize their energy demands. In India, this concept is new and gaining acceptance. The paper presents two case studies conducted by CPPRI to understand the heat duty analysis of evaporators and to explore the possibilities of heat integration in multiple effect evaporators used in Indian mills by using pinch analysis as an energy conservation tool.

8 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

020995   Sundara Raman T G (NO, Seshasayee Paper & Boards Ltd., Erode-638 007) : Operational experience with high pressure captive cogeneration plant in paper mill. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(3), 119-26.

The State-of-art High Pressure Captive Cogeneration Plant in operation since March 2005 in Seshasayee Paper & Boards Limited is meeting bulk of the steam and power requirements with high degree of efficacy. High pressure steam (105 bar, 51 °C) generated in the Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion boiler supplied by M/s Enmass Andritz is integrated to the highly efficient double extraction condensing steam turbine of BHEL for the combined heat and power requirements of the paper mill. The boiler is firing Enviro-friendly imported coal with thermal efficiency of 85 % on GCV of the fuel. With high combustion efficiency and advanced ESP in place at the back-end of the boiler, the paniculate emission through the stack is well under 50 mg/Nm3 - which is on par with International Standards. Extraction steam from the turbine at 10 bar & 4bar are being used in the process apart from meeting Deaerator steam requirements. Specific steam consumption is around 5TPH/MWh in the cogeneration mode of operation. Innovative features viz., Process Condensate polishing scheme related to high purity feed water requirements of the boiler, low stack gas temperature, VFD for Fans and advanced chemical dosing scheme have contributed towards energy conservation. Direct Energy Balance algorithm developed in-house integrating Power and steam energies had been the hall-mark in Control' Automation and had resulted in reduction in auxiliary power consumption. The operational experiences from the Coal fired high pressure boiler and the Double extraction Condensing steam turbine and the integrated auxiliaries are being discussed in the paper. As a matter of fact, the operational success of the CCP had paved the way for a host of other paper mills to put up high pressure cogeneration plants to meet their internal steam and power requirements.

5 illus, 12 tables, ref

020994   Soldwedel C (Consulting Engineers, , Schoettlestrasse 34 A, D 70597 Stuttgart, Germany) : Energy saving potentials in pulp and paper mills-experiences in Germany. IPPTA Jl 2006, 18(3), 55-9.

Energy consumption and energy costs are still among the most important factors for a profitable and cost effective paper production in Germany as well as in India and other countries. In Germany the specific energy consumption in pulp and paper mills has been reduced significantly in the last 50 years (average heat -70 %, electricity -20 %). The reasons are improved paper production technologies and more efficient production and use of steam and electricity. In the last couple of years prices for fuels (e.g. gas and oil) and electricity have been rised considerably in Germany. Also legal taxes on fuels and electricity and the EU carbon emission trading system caused further financial burdenings for pulp and paper industry in Germany. In addition costs for disposal of waste from paper production rised. German pulp and paper mills are more than ever forced to realise all profitable energy saving potentials and continuously optimise their energy efficiency to be successful on their business. Against this background the important factors of influence on the energy concept in pulp and paper mills are outlined. Suitable and profitable strategies to produce heat and electricity in pulp and paper mills e. g. with combined heat and power systems (CHP), different fuels, use of waste are demonstrated. Energy saving potentials in steam and power generation, production and auxiliary equipment within existing paper mills are discussed by examples. Furthermore experiences in elaboration and realisation of energy strategy and energy saving concepts in German pulp paper mills are outlined. Some of the experiences in German paper mills might be directly transferred to Indian mills.

9 illus, ref