021028   Kothari V K;Singh G;Roy K;Varshney R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: kalyankalyan1@yahoo.co.in) : Spirality of cotton plain knitted fabrics with respect to variation in yarn and machine parameters. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 227-33.

A study on the effects of various yarn and machine parameters on spirality of cotton tubular plain fabrics has been conducted and the results are statistically analyzed. The observations are taken both in finished as well as in reference states. The study reveals that relaxation process through washing and tumble drying causes the spirality of wale lines to develop. The extent of spirality is decided by the ease of freedom with which the unbalanced torque due to yarn twist gets relaxed. Tightness of fabric which is decided by yarn count and stitch length in addition to machine gauge controls the distortion of loops, resulting in increasing the spirality with the enlargement of stitch length, lowering the machine gauge and/or raising the yarn fineness.

3 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

021027   Koranne M (Textile Engineering Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao Baroda U, Vadodara-390 001, Email: milvako@yahoo.co.uk) : Novel method of yarn traversing suitable even for longer traverse lengths. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 285-8.

Attempt has been made to develop a novel prototype yarn traversing mechanism for a filter winder to eliminate the use of grooved cam; especially to wind cylindrical packages of longer lengths such as PP/ glass wound filter cartridges. The novel yarn traversing mechanism is found to wind 762 mm (30 inch) long filter cartridges. The traversing mechanism mainly includes three yarn guides mounted on an endless chain passing over six sprockets with an arrangement of relieving yarn from one guide to the other at traverse extremes. Filter cartridges with various traverse ratios are precision wound on this winder with 0.4 hank and 0.6 hank polypropylene yarn. The new traversing mechanism is simple, cost effective and can be adopted to develop a filter winder of any length.

^ssc5 illus, 9 ref

021026   Kale K H;Desai A N (NO, The Bombay Textile Research Association, LBS Marg, Ghatkopar, Mumbai-400 086, Email: btra@vsnl.com) : Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of textiles using non-polymerising gases. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 289-99.

Surface modification of textiles by plasma treatment for imparting certain desired properties in terms of wettability, adhesion promotion, surface energy improvement and host of other characteristics has been the subjects of interest to researchers in the last few years. The plasma technology for textiles has emerged from conceptual embryonic stage to growth stage, where considerable research is yet to be carried out to translate the potential into industrial reality. This review aims at reporting the current status of the atmospheric pressure plasma technology in surface treatment of textiles, its effect on certain properties and the techniques used for characterisation of plasma-treated textile materials. The review paper also covers the studies carried out so far on the effect of atmospheric pressure plasma generated from non-polymerising gases like helium, argon, air, oxygen and nitrogen on the surface properties of both natural as well as synthetic textiles along with the changes in chemical and morphological characteristics of plasma-treated textile material using different qualitative and quantitative characterisation techniques, such as measurement of wicking height, contact angle, surface energy, SEM, AFM, FTIR and XPS.

^iia6 illus, 64 ref

021025   Jordanov I;Mangovska B (faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Ss. Cyril & Methodius Univ, R. Boskovic 16, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia, Email: jordanov@tmf.ukim.edu.mk) : Accessibility of mercerized, biscoured and dried cotton yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 259-65.

The structure of cotton yarns mercerized, bioscoured using acid and alkaline pectinases and dried at different temperatures has been studied using X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. The accessibility is investigated in terms of monolayer capacity, moisture regain, water retention values, and diffusion coefficient of the Congo Red dye. It is observed that the drying at 80°C does not change the crystallinity, but type of scouring changes the cotton accessibility towards water and dyes. The temperature of the drying and type of scouring show significant influence on the monolayer capacity, moisture regain and water retention values.

2 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

021024   Jena K K;Narayan R;Raju K V S N (Organic Coatings and POlymers Div, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Novel waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane-ureasilica hybrid crosslinked coating films. Paintindia 2011, 61(12), 56-62.

Novel waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane-urea (HWBPU)-silica hybrid coatings were prepared by using 3-t, aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APJES) as a coupling agent with SiO₂ as a crosslinker. The extent of hydrogen bonding was investigated to show a dependence on SiO₂ concentration, which increased the Tg of the polymers with increasing of SiO₂ concentration. Gel content, solvent resistivity, tensile strength, hydrophobic character and abrasion resistance were improved by increasing SiO₂ content. The coating films have shown good mechanical, viscoelastic and crosslink density. Thermal decomposition profiles and the corresponding stability data suggests a two-step decomposition for the hybrids; further their stability increased with an increasing the concentration of SiO₂.

5 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

021023   Ishtiaque S M;Das A;Mallik P K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: apurba65@gmail.com) : Structural changes in yarns during extension and their relationship with subsequent processes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 221-6.

This paper reports the study on structural changes in the ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns of different linear densities during elongation. It is important to understand the structural changes of a yarn during extension to predict its behaviour during process subsequent to spinning. An experimental setup has been designed and fabricated for this purpose. The tracer fibre technique has been adopted to study the internal structure of the yarns. The yarns are subjected to different levels of extensions and the changes in yarn structure in terms of yarn diameter, mean fibre extent, helix angle and mean fibre position have been studied for both ring-spun and rotor-spun yarns of two different linear densities. The yarn diameter, helix angle and mean fibre position decrease with the increase in yarn extension, but the mean fibre extent increases as the yarns get extended. The extents of change in structural parameters depend on the linear density and type of yarns.

6 illus, 13 ref

021022   Hes L;Ursache M (Faculty of Textile, Technical Liberec Univ, Studentska 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic, Email: lubos.hes@gmail.com) : Effect of composition of knitted fabrics on their cooling efficiency at stimulated sweating. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 281-4.

Cooling efficiency of selected underwear knits in the simulated condition of fabric wetting by means of single sweating pulse has been experimentally investigated. The method is based on non-traditional use of the small skin model Permetest with a very short time of measurement. Cooling efficiency has been calculated as the product of cooling heat flow and wet area after application of 0.5 mL of water on the fabric surface to simulate the sweating impulse. It is found that the highest cooling level is exhibited by the knitted fabrics containing polyester filaments with grooved surface, which conducts the liquid moisture along the fabric plane.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

021021   Gupta B;Saxena S;Arora A;Alam M S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: bgupta@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Chitosan-polyethylene glycol coated cotton membranes for wound dressings. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 272-80.

Membranes have been developed by coating a blend of chitosan (CS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights (4000, 10,000 and 20,000) on cotton fabric followed by freeze drying. The influence of PEG molecular weight on the physical characteristics of the membranes has been investigated. The scanning electron microscopy of the coated fabric reveals porous structure. The porosity of the material is found to be 51-70% and the pore size in the range of 75-120 microns. The increase in the PEG content in the blend composition causes destabilization of pores, leading to an increase in the pore size with elongated morphology. There seems to be phase separation between the two components, which is an important factor for the observed behaviour of the porous structure. The air and water permeability of the membranes tends to increase with the increase in PEG molecular weight. The PEG addition to membrane leads to the development of a more flexible matrix depending on the amount of PEG.

7 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

021020   Gunasekaran G;Koushik C V;Subramaniam V; Ramachandran T (Fashion Technology Dep, Sona College of Technology, Salem-636 005, Email: gunaaonmail@gmail.com) : Evaluation of a new single parameter for characterising the compressional properties of weft-knitted fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 342-7.

Attempt has been made to formulate a new single parameter of compression (Compression Value) using the least squares method. Computation of the new measure is done by means of an analysis of the Kawabata pressure-thickness curve. A 'C' program has been formulated for the purpose. The new single parameter is validated by correlating it with the percentage compression results to establish that it is a simple, reliable, sensitive and more consistent method for characterization of the compressional properties of weft-knitted fabrics. The compressional properties of weft-knitted fabrics have also been studied.

2 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

021019   Gangwar P (Manager - Business Development Coatings, Adhesives and Specialties Bayer MaterialScience Private Limited, Thane) : Moisture-cured polyurethanes-high performance surface-tolerant economical solution for heavy duty protective coatings. Paintindia 2011, 61(10), 62-6.

The benefits and uses of moisture-cured polyurethane coatings are described in this paper. Special attention is given to 1) the coatings chemistry, 2) the effects of ambient temperature and humidity on dry times, 3) steps needed for manufacturing storage stable moisture curing polyurethanes coatings, and 4) suitable applications for moisture-cured polyurethanes.

4 ref

021018   El-Molla M M;El-Khatib E M;ElGammal M S; Abdel-fattah S H (Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: melmolla@yahoo.com) : Nanotechnology to improve coloration and antimicrobial properties of silk fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 266-71.

An aqueous binder of polyurethane acrylate has been prepared from isophoron diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol 6000 and nydroxy ethyl acrylate using dibutyl tin dilaurate as a catalyst. The results show that the binder can be used safely with TiO₂ nanoparticles in preparing either ink for pigment dyeing or printing pastes for coloration of silk fabrics and that the binder improves the UV-protection, anti-bacterial and wrinkle resistance properties of silk fabrics.

1 illus, 6 tables, 25 ref

021017   Balgude D (NO, ICT, Mumbai, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Coatings for transmission pipelines: an overview. Paintindia 2011, 61(10), 67-76.

Over the past 40 decades, Pipeline industries have evolved with new age of coating technologies which continuously provide better and better protection against corrosion. It has become standard industry practice to apply both internal and external coatings to the line pipes to overcome the problem associated with bare pipes i.e. rough internal surface of steel pipes and the build-up of deposits and formation of corrosion products with the service atmosphere. The concept of internal flow coating for transmission pipelines was first developed in the 1950s to counter the adverse effects on pipeline capacity, operation and pumping costs. This Coating helps to increase the flow rate of transmission fluid because of reduction in friction and therefore increases the output. Similarly to protect the pipes externally, fusion-bond epoxy (FBE) coating systems were introduced in the 1960s which form a barrier between the metal surface of the pipe and the surrounding environment thus providing protection against corrosion.

^ssc11 illus, 31 ref

019868   Mostashari S M;Darsaraei A (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of science, Guilan Univ, Rasht, Iran) : The impartation of flame-retardancy of cotton farbic by the application of "calgon". Int J chem Sci 2005, 3(3), 542-6.

Effect of calgon as a nondurable finish on the flammability of 100% cot

1 table, 16 ref

019867   Gaddamwar A G;Rajput P R;Jirapure S C (Engineering Chemistry Dep, DES's College of Engineering and Technology, SGBAU Amravati University, Amravati, DES's COET Dhamangaon RLY, Email: gamrut_reddy@rediffmail.com) : Manufacture of soft-plywood and hard-plywood from Acacia nilotica plant extract and powder of agricultural waste or wood. Int J appl Engng Res Dindigul 2011, 2(1), 78-84.

Acacia nilotica plants are available in the Asia, Australia, Africa, Egypt, Sudan and some Nile basin countries South of Mozambique and Natal, Pemba and India, Arabia forest in large quantity and each year millions of tone fruit of acacia nilotica is wasted from this acacia nilotica plant fruit we can extract liquid which having binding adhesive property because of its binding adhesive property it can used in the manufacture of plywood from waste wooden powered which is form while cutting wood and from other wooden industries large amount of wooden powder is form which can be used in the manufacture of plywood by using acacia nilotica fruit extract after extracting liquid from fruit of acacia nilotica. Solid waste of acacia nilotica is remains after extracting fruit liquid use for feeding of animal which is useful for goat and other pet animal such as buffaloes, cows, and bullock etc.it is multipurpose and leguminous plant. It is the source of tannins, gums, timber, fuel, fodder and medicines. Acacia nilotica plant fruit extract shows antibacterial activity. Binding adhesive liquid is prepared by using different alcohol such as methanol, ethanol etc. in different composition. By using photochemical reaction we can increase binding adhesive property of plywood which can be used for various purposes because it has high load bearing capacity and high compressive strength, hardness of material which is depend upon the composition of the materials and nature of the photochemical reaction. It is used as traditional medicine Anticancer and antitumours. Antiscorbutic Astringent Diuretic Intestinal pains and diarrhea Nerve stimulant. The plant is also known to be used for colds, congestion, coughs, dysentery, fever, gallbladders, Haemorrhages, leucorrhoea, ophthalmic, Sclerosis, smallpox and tuberculosis. Fruits of this plant contains a high percentage of phenolic constituents consisting of mdigallic acid, Gallic acid, its methyl and ethyl esters, protocatechuic and ellagic acids, leucocyanidin, mdigallic dimer 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavan-3ol, oligomer 3,4,7-trihydroxy flavone 3,4diol and 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavan-3ol and (-) epicatechol. Fruit also contains mucilage and saponins.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

018819   Yugang L;Huanbin L;Jinsong T;Jigeng L (State Key Lab. of Pulp & Paper Engineering, South China Univ of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Province, P.R. China) : Application of pinch technology in heat recovery system optimization of coated paper machine. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 113-6.

Pinch technology, provides a systematic methodology for energy saving in process and total sites. The methodology can be based on thermodynamic principles, and it is a static, optimum method for heat exchanger networks. Pinch analysis is used to identify energy cost of heat exchanger network and recognize the pinch point. The heat recovery system of coated paper machine is actual a heat exchanger network. The main function of the system is recovering the energy of the hot, moist exhaust air from the hood. The supply air that from the hall for hood and pocket ventilation

4 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

018818   Yadav B R;Garg A (Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Baombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076) : Treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent using physico - chemical processes. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 155-60.

Study was aimed to treat wastewater (pH = 7.23, chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 460 mg/l and total organic carbon (TOC) =123 mg/l) from an agri-residue based pulp and paper mill using physico-chemical processes (such as coagulation and adsorption). For coagulation studies, FeCl₃ and alum were used, whereas adsorption was performed with activated carbon and 13 X molecular sieve zeolite. At an optimum FeCl₃ dose (= 200 mg/l) and solution pH of 5.0 (adjusted by CaO), a 65% reductions in COD and TOC were found. An overall color removal of 97% was also achieved under these conditions. These results were marginally better than those obtained when NaOH was used for pH adjustment (<126> 3% more COD and TOC reductions). Addition of alum showed lesser COD and TOC reductions (58% and 51% respectively) and same color removal to that obtained with FeCl₃. Treatment of the wastewater by adsorption using both the adsorbents were almost the same (at adsorbent dose = 500 mg/l and pH = 7.23; COD reduction = 58% and TOC removal = 43%). The detailed results obtained from characterization of sludge and settling are presented in the paper.

8 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

018817   Wang J;Chen J;Zhang M Y (NO, College of Paper-Making Engineering Shaanxi Univ of Science & Technolo, Xi'an 710021, China) : Preparation and application of the new HYP. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 177-80.

The HYP (high yield pulp) has been widely used in paper's production because the paper made by the HYP features higher bulk and lower cost. But the tensile strength of the paper has lower tensile strength compared with that obtained by chemical pulp. In order to make the paper made from HYP to achieve the higher bulk, along with comparable or higher tensile strength, the effect of the fines on the properties of paper was discussed, and the aspen APMP refined with PFI was researched. It was demonstrated that the property of paper is affected markedly by the amount of the fines of HYP, and its effect on tensile strength is much larger than that on the bulk. In comparison with the paper made from the coarse fibers, with the fines returning back the screened coarse fibers from 0% to 100%, the bulk decreased from 3.31 cm³/g to 2.64 cm³/g and the tensile strength increased from 10.41N.m/g to 23.95N.m/g. A new HYP made by mixing the HYPs with different freeness can achieve a high bulk along with constant tensile strength. Compared with the HYP with 366 CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness) made in the mill process, the new HYP made by mixing the HYPs with 583 CSF and 54 CSF shows an increase in the bulk of paper obtained from 2.64 to 3.08 cm²/g.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

018816   Verma K P;Chakrabarti S K;Varadhan R (Thapar Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill Campus, P.O.Yamuna Nagar-135 001) : Impact of water loop closure in deinking/recycling mills. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 109-13.

Papermakers are under increasing pressure to reduce specific water consumption. While reduction in fresh water is a cherished goal, its attainment is linked with consequences on the process. Without a specific work to optimize the water circuit arrangement, the reduction in the fresh water use can lead to many perturbations on the runability of the paper machine. Usually, circuit closure is achieved though recycling of the back water after particle separation. As these waters are highly concentrated in contaminants like dissolved & colloidal solids, salts and surface active species which buildup in the process loops, various disturbances in the deinking process are encountered,, viz., reduced efficiency of wet-end aids, reduced felt efficiency, deposits, odors (through microbial development) and corrosion. A higher water temperature also has an impact on the wet-end chemistry and reduces the efficiency of vacuum pumps. While conceptualization on reducing fresh water consumption and ultimate closing up of water systems; water chemistry, biology and the probable technologies are to be thoroughly studied. The fresh water consumption in a specific mill is strongly dependent on raw material used, paper grade produced, water circuits, machine configuration and speed, treatment facility of waste water. The present paper presents an overview of the different problems/ limitations and case studies associated with water loop closure and possible approaches to ultimately target zero effluent in the deinked paper industry.

2 illus, 16 ref

018815   Velmurugan S;Shanmugam K (NO, Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd, Erode-638 007) : Latest technological advancement in plantation including clonal technology. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 165-70.

Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd is one of the largest integrated pulp and paper mills in Tamil Nadu. The mill is using about 3 00 000 MT of wood as raw material (Eucalyptus and Casuarina) for its manufacturing process. The above quantity of raw material is being sourced from TAFCORN and from the "Farmer's Plantation". To augment the wood based raw material on sustainable basis for the industry, the company has initiated large scale Tree Plantation programme through Farm Forestry Scheme since 2005 and has covered 24 000 acres so far. With unique scientific management and advanced technical know how, greater emphasis is being given for Genetic quality of the planting material combined with improved packaging practices. Significant gains in productivity of Eucalyptus have been achieved through clonal planting material raised from apical shoot cutting, adopting optimum spacing for planting, application of organic and inorganic fertilizers and ploughing the field twice in a year. Nearly 20 lakhs site specific clones are produced and supplied to the farming community at subsidized rate. Productivity of Farm Forestry eucalyptus plantation varies between 45 MT 50 MT per acre on 5 years rotation. Further R&D will focus on increased productivity of land, improved pulping yield in pulp production. In the area of Casuarina, seedlings are raised from seedling seed orchards and clonal material is being produced and supplied to farming community to a level of 2.5 crores per annum. The productivity of Casuarina is enhanced from 25-40 MT per acre in the seed route to about 60 MT per acre in clonal plantation on 3-4 years rotation.

10 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

018814   Vadivel M;Uma R C;Rajesh K S (NO, SPB Ltd, Erode-638 007) : Recycling of coloured broke for manufacturing high bright paper. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 137-43.

With the expected growth in per capita consumption of paper 20 Kg by 2020 paper making raw material has become more of a concern to all pulp Paper and board mills. The current ratio of raw material for paper making is 40: 30:20, wood: Agri-waste: waste paper respectively. Though recycled paper usage maximization is the order of the day, recycling of mill broke/outside broke either white or coloured will be very much helpful not only for environmental aspect but also economic aspect. This paper discusses options for treating four types of coloured broke individually and also after blending. Treatment with C1O₂, Hypo, Sodium Hydrosulfite, H₂₂ have been discussed and the best suitable approach for handling colored broke for high bright paper manufacture has been suggested.

3 illus, 20 tables, 15 ref

018813   Tripathi S;Mishra O P;Gangwar A;Chakrabarti S K;Varadhan R (NO, Thapar Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Yamuna Nagar-135 001) : Impact of wood storage on pulp and paper making properties. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 161-4.

Significant changes take place in cellulosic raw materials during storage over a period of time. Study was conducted to quantify the impact of wood storage on wood decay, loss of moisture, chemical composition and paper making properties. Debarked eucalyptus wood was stacked for a period of one year in open atmosphere to simulate mill condition and wood samples were collected at two months interval. There was 5.3% loss in cellulosic biomass after one year storage of the wood due to different chemical and biological factors. Hemicelluloses and total extractives in wood decreased by 6.1 and 20.9% respectively; one percent sodium hydroxide solubility increased by 17.4% indicating modification in hemicelluloses and lignin chemistry. Unbleached pulp yield reduced by 1.5% due to decay in cellulose and hemicelluloses. Coarseness of the wood fibers reduced gradually from 57.7 to 42.9 g/m with the storage of wood for 12 months. Fiber with lower cellulosic mass required lower refining energy. Tensile index, tear index, burst index and double fold reduced substantially with the storage, from 54.7 to 48.1 Nm/g, 8.7 to 7.5 mNmVg, 4.2 to 3.7 kNm²/g and 80 to 45 respectively. Keywords: Debarked wood, storage, hemicelluloses, extractives, pulp yield, coarseness.

8 illus, 6 tables, 8 ref

018812   Singh R;Bhardwaj N K (Paper Technology Dep, IITR, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Enzymatic treatment of secondary fibres for improving drainage. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 121-5.

With the depletion of natural fibre resources, mainly forests and ability of fibre to use again, recycling of fibres is widely accepted to produce various grades of paper. It is also found that on recycling, the quality of pulp deteriorates as the recycled fibers have lower strength and higher drainage resistance than virgin fibers due to its exposures to repeated pulping and drying processes. The extent of deterioration depends on the original pulp type and the papermaking process. To solve out the drainage problem, drainage aids mainly chemicals or polymers are used, various studies on enzymatic treatment have also performed which have proved to be a better remedy for treating secondary fibres and thereby improving drainage. This review highlights the progress of application of enzymes in improving the drainage of secondary fibres including various types of enzymes, mechanism of action and their effects.

3 tables, 31 ref

018811   Shukla B (NO, Pall India Pvt. Ltd., 6th Floor, Summer Plaza, Marol Maroshi Road, Mumbai) : Benefits of paper mill white water recovery using backwash filtration system. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 167-9.

While large quantities of white water are commonly reused in the pulping process, a significant portion of the white water (the clear/super-clear effluent from the save-all filter) is taken out of process circulation because it is not clean enough for reuse in the process. Clear/super-clear white water can still contain significant quantities of suspended material, such as pulp fibers, fillers and other suspended solids. Portions of this stream are typically discharged to a water processing plant, and replaced with fresh make-up water, which must be heated to process temperature for use in various applications. This practice comes at a price, namely the cost associated with fresh water usage and treatment, as well as the energy cost for heating the water. The use of backwash filtration system for recovery of clear/super-clear white water coming from the save-all is a novel approach using existing, proven backwash technology. It allows the recovery of a larger portion of white water for use as warm process water, and thus provides measurable environmental benefits: reduction of fresh water usage and treatment costs, reduction of steam usage, and reduction of waste water treatment costs. The reduction of steam usage can be significant and translates into a reduction of fuel required for steam generation. In this work, the author discusses how clear white water recovery through backwash filtration system contributes to environmental protection, including reduction in industrial water use and heating requirement, wastewater treatment costs, steam & coal/crude oil reduction.

2 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

018810   Shukla B (NO, Pall India Pvt. Ltd., 6th Floor, Sumer Plaza CTS 419, Marol-Maroshi Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai-400 059) : Purfication and reuse of pulp & paper industrial effluent by using pall aria<. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 141-3.

Significant environmental impacts of the manufacture of pulp and paper result from the pulping and bleaching processes. In some processes, sulfur compounds and nitrogen oxides are emitted to the air, and chlorinated and organic compounds, nutrients, and metals are discharged to the wastewaters. Paper industrial wastewaters are high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and chlorinated organic compounds, which may include dioxins, furans, and other adsorbable organic halides, AOX. Membrane filtration is a pressure driven process that uses a semi-permeable (porous) membrane to separate particulate matter from soluble components in the carrier fluid, such as water. In Pall Aria systems, micro filtration or ultrafiltration membranes act much like a very fine sieve to retain particulate matter, while water and its soluble components pass through the membrane as filtrate, or filtered water. The retained solids are concentrated in a waste stream that is discharged from the membrane system. The pore size of the membrane and the integrity of the sealing mechanism control the fraction of the particulate matter that is removed. Microza membranes, with their fine pore size and absolute seal, remove virtually all of the fine matter, such as silica, bacteria, and parasite cysts. By using best-in-class treatment chemicals with a combination of hollow-fiber microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO), one can get the solution with a highly efficient system for reclaiming effluent water. Not only can the Pall Aria MF/RO system reduce the cost for purchased water, it can provide water that consistently meets critical water quality requirements while effectively protecting the environment. Pall Aria Integrated MF/RO system assures consistent production of high quality water from a reclaimed source. It provides an integrity testable, positive barrier to TSS and microbial contaminants.

3 illus, 5 ref

018809   Sharma S S;Shirhatti P V;Nair A;Pai V K (NO, Bangur Nagar Degree College, Dandeli-(Karnataka)) : Study of antimicrobial properties of sodium salt of sulfonated cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) for slime control in paper mill. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 193-96.

The major in-mill microbiological problem of the paper industry is "Slime". Slime is the accumulation of microbiological growth, composed heterogeneously of microorganisms, by-products of microbiological growth, fiber and various organic and inorganic components. Microbial control has become a necessary part of continuous paper and board production to ensure trouble free running of the paper machine without slime induced paper breaks and the resultant loss in production. The commonly used effective slimicides are chlorophenols and mercury based compounds. These compounds possess a negative environmental threat to their effluent streams, contain particularly persistent toxic compounds. Consequently there became public awareness of the long term effect of organochlorine compounds and the need to look for alternatives. This leads to the development of alternative source of protectants from natural materials, which involves finding more environmentally acceptable substances like wattle tannis and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). These are less toxic than the conventional compounds. Sodium salt of CNSL is obtained from CNSL by sulfonation. The compound is less toxic and biodegradable. It is a surface acting agent, found to have good penetrating, dispersing and insecticidal properties. The compound was used to study the killing efficiency on microorganisms present in white waters of hard wood based paper mill. The study included dose fixation of the compound as a slimicide, comparison with other slimicides and killing efficiencies in different white waters of paper machines. The killing efficiencies are found to be in the range of 70-90% in different paper machine white waters. This will provide an eco-friendly slimicide to paper mills.

4 tables, 18 ref

018808   Sharma S S;Nair A;Pai K V (NO, Bangur Nagar Degree College, Dandeli-581 325) : Modified rosin sizing using sulfonated cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL) as an additive. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 109-12.

New materials are continually being suggested or patented for sizing of paper. Most of them never reach commercial production, but some have found a place in special applications. The paper maker wishes to manufacture the grades under neutral or alkaline conditions, thereby ruling out the effective use of alum, which is necessary in sizing with rosin. To find these needs a group of chemical compounds, best described as reactive sizes, have displaced a significant fraction of the rosin size used in the paper industry. Reactive sizes are often called synthetic sizes in contrast to rosin sizes considered to be natural products. This study is based on the fact that cellulose fibers in water behave as polyanions and bear a negative electrical charge. As a result, the fibers have the ability to bind cations. Studies of ion-exchange properties of pulp suggest that acidic groups such as sulphonic, phenolic and carboxylic are responsible for cation exchange. Secondly, most of the synthetic size molecules consist of a long, usually straight, hydrocarbon chain (hydrophobic portion) in contrast to the fused ring character of rosin acids. These important points in chemistry led us to use sulfonated CNSL along with rosin as modified rosin size and study the effects on sizing of paper. The sulfonated CNSL molecule contains both phenolic as well as sulphonic groups plus a hydrophobic hydrocarbon [-C₁₅H₂₉] side chain. The molecule has surface acting properties and most importantly, it is obtained from natural resources.

5 tables, 8 ref

018807   Sharma R;Satish K;Sharma C (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Tertiary treatment option for pulp and paper mill wastewater to achieve effluent recycling. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 155-9.

Pulp and paper industry has traditionally been a heavy water consumer and one of the polluting industries in Indiar Growing scarcity of freshwater resources and stringent regulatory standards are obligating these units to explore appropriate water management options. The present work is an attempt to achieve water quality suitable for in house re-use by treating the combined wastewater after the biological treatment. The electrochemical oxidation was investigated as a tertiary treatment option, using a batch mode laboratory scale setup. A significant amount of COD (84%) and color (96%) removal is achieved using the above treatment process. Thus, the results presented in this paper support the use of electrochemical process to obtain water of suitable quality which can be recycled in pulp and paper mill at required sections.

5 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

018806   Sethi G;Dharmender K;Sarna J;Maurya L;Ram R B (NO, Century Pulp and Paper Mill, P.O. Lalkuan, Distt. Nainital) : Future of water treatment: membrane bioreactor technology. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 145-9.

India an average of 70 - 75 m³ of high quality ground water and around 22 - 25 GJ of energy is needed for the production of one ton of paper. As economic circumstances are changing and environmental legislation stiffens, paper mills are forced to minimize their energy- and water consumption. Due to increasing local taxes and regulations on energy and water consumption there is a need for further water system closure in paper industry. Purifying and recycling process water is a way to minimize the use of potable water and the production of wastewater in the industry. The use of well water as fresh water is attracting more and more attention because of environmental reasons like dry up in certain water sensitive areas. The degree of pollution of industrial effluent emissions on surface water areas is also becoming more important. These aspects make reduction of water consumption a major issue. The most important aspects for further water reuse for the paper production process are: a more stable process and product quality, a higher runnability, better energy efficiency, reduction in water demand and decrease of environmental pollution. This paper focuses on the upcoming membrane bioreactor technology and the applications in the paper industry for treatment and reuse of wastewater. An application in the paper industry is discussed: Pilot trial with a closed loop system at the paper mill.

10 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

018805   Roy A K;Chattopadhyay S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, (ICAR) 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Environment friendly pulping of jute. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 197-9.

Jute is an annually renewable lignocellulosic fibre. During the processing of this fibre in jute mills, a large amount of fibre wastes are produced. These waste jute fibres together with old gunny bag fibres and low quality jute fibre can be used as an alternative raw material for small scale pulp and paper mills, which are dependent on scarce raw materials like hosiery cutting and cotton rag. In order to find an environment friendly pulping process which gives pulp having strength as high as kraft pulp and can be bleached easily, permitting the application of TCF sequences, pulping of jute fibre was carried out by ASAM process (Alkaline sulphite anthraquinone methanol cooking) and compared with alkaline sulphite and kraft pulping of jute fibre. The pulps obtained were bleached with hydrogen peroxide and standard handsheets were made and strength and optical properties were evaluated. The sheets were then subjected to accelerated ageing tests for four days and post color factors were determined to evaluate the colour reversion. It was observed that compared to kraft pulp ASAM pulp of jute fibre gave pulp of higher yield, better strength and better optical properties.

2 tables, 6 ref

018804   Rajasankar R (NO, Tamil Nadu Newsprint & Papers Ltd., P.O. Kagithapuram-639 136) : Saveall closing of water loop in paper machine. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 151-3.

Performance of the save-all depends on many parameters such as size and dropleg design, operating conditions such as feed properties and shower efficiencies, and maintenance conditions of sector covers and seals which have to be optimized during the start-up of the paper machine. Super clear filtrate which plays a major role in substituting the fresh water used in paper machine one such concept discussed in this paper. Energy efficiency of Save-alls which do not have super clear filtrate, and using back wash filtration system for producing super clear filtrate.

2 illus, 6 tables, ref

018803   Raj Sameer;Vivek V (NO, Thermax Ltd. 97-E, General block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411 026) : De-inking of waste paper - novel techniques and methodologies. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 149-52.

This paper has tried to review the scientific literature as well as some practical case studies which have been done relating to the de-inking processes to develop novel methods for effective de-inking. A special focus has been given to the role of enzymes and surfactants on the de-inking process. The paper also gives an insight into how an enzymatic process and surfactant process of de-inking have developed in the modern paper making industry. At the end of the paper, it is aimed that the reader would be able to identify a suitable chemistry for his de-inking process.

10 illus, 8 ref

018802   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Ltd.-PSPD Unit: Bhadrachalam Vill., Sarapaka-507 128) : Judicious water utilisation at an Integrated Pulp & Paperboard Mill. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 125-7.

Water use and its reduction has become a major focal point for pulp and paper mills around the world. Concern for water conservation, adoption of environmental laws and forced environmental conditions have driven many pulp and paper mills in the country to reduce plant water usage. Adoption of Best Available Technology and Best Management Practices with more environment friendly process, viz. oxygen delignification and elemental chlorine free (ECF)/Ozone bleaching coupled with complete recycling of white waters in paper machines and adoption of energy efficient process, plant, and machinery resulted in water conservation at ITC-PSPD. Unit: Bhadrachalam to 44 m³ / T. of production. Still efforts are on to reduce water consumption further to below 30m³ /T. Growth and development in harmony with environment has always been its approach. With this concept only, water conservation efforts are getting its boost.

2 tables, ref

018801   Priti S L;Vimlesh B;Arvind S;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur-247 001) : Storage losses and a new method of raw material preservation for some common hardwoods used by indian paper industry. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 153-59.

In order to keep the Indian Paper Industry rolling, the foremost thing which must be kept in mind is the availability of the raw materials. The use of wood based raw material fulfills <126>40% of total raw material demand. Indian wood based pulp mills are using MHW (mix hardwoods) along with bamboo. The most common hardwoods used by these mills are eucalyptus, acacia, casuarinas, subabul etc. For a consistent supply of raw material, mill store the wood logs for different periods ranging from 3-12 months or even more. Storage of freshly cut wood for short term (3-4 months) is good for processing during pulp and paper making. Considering the biodegradable nature of the fibrous raw materials and its high vulnerability to such degradation during storage, conservation of pulpwood is of utmost importance. The impact of wood degradation during storage not only confines to pulp yield but also affect the pulp strength. On account of difficult condition of harvesting, bottlenecks in transportation and inadequate protection at depots/yards coupled with tropical climate of the country, as much as 10% of the material is estimated to be lost. Such losses may be as high as 30-40% in more degradable material like bamboos and agrobasedraw materials. In order to prevent the raw material degradation, mills apply organophosphates and organochlorine pesticides like biltox, pyrophos etc.. It helps in minimizing the deterioration of wood to some extant. The toxic nature of pesticides is potential health hazard and their use in paper mill is a question. In the present communication a detailed study on effect of storage of subabul, casuarina and eucalyptus, has been carried out. The first part of paper has covered the impact of storage on chemical composition, pulp quality and physical strength properties of these three raw materials. While the second part has detailed laboratory study on an environment friendly product as fungicide for preservation of wood.

6 illus, 8 tables, 12 ref

018800   Patil J V;Appaji C;Rao S V;Mathur R M;Bist V; Lal P S (NO, Directorate of Sorghum Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad) : High bio-mass sorghum (sorghum bicolor) - an alternate raw material for pulp and paper making in India. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 161-5.

Shortage of conventional raw material for the pulp and paper products together with the increasing world demand Tor paper has renewed interest in non-wood fibres. It is estimated that commercial production from non wood pulp is about 8%. The main sources of this depends upon the availability of the non wood material and crop residue such as wheat straw etc. with in the vicinity of the paper producing area. Each year it is estimated that about 11.2 million hectares of forest disappear. A convergence of environmental concerns and wood fibre shortage constraints has led to an increase in non-wood fibre production even in seemingly forest rich regions. As such, efforts are being made to search for the crop, which not only can produce food but also energy, feed and fiber. The practices indicate that the high-bio mass sorghum meets partly the challenge. High bio mass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Monech), as other types of sorghum is a C 4 crop. Having high photosynthetic efficiency it grows quickly. The essence of high biomass sorghum is not from its seed, but from its stalk, which grows tall above 14 feet. The bio mass production ranges between 215-418q/ha, in duration of about 3.5 months. The stem of high bio mass sorghum contains 14-18% of cellulose. High bio mass sorghum contains high density of fiber structure (ranging between 0.8-1.6 microns in length and diameter between 30-60 microns), the stalk is very suitable to be used as a raw material for papermaking industry. High bio mass sorghum has a wide adaptability. It can be grown in different types of soils with pH = 5-8.5. High bio mass can be grown in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones where so long as the temperature are above 10°C. In fact it can be grown in most of the areas of India if the appropriate cultivars are chosen carefully. The studies conducted on high bio mass sorghum indicated that it could be pulped easily with the conventional soda pulping process. Pulping yields averaged 45%, and kappa numbers averaged 14-18, using 16-20% soda (NaOH) and 1.5 h cooking at 160°C. The pulp from high bio mass sorghum is characterized by short fibers and high proportions of fines. It can be used to produce low luminosity printing and kraft paper. The production of high bio mass sorghum stalk pulp only needs fewer chemicals than producing woody pulp, so it is quite suitable to be used for making quality paper. Development of high biomass sorghum will play an important role in promoting the development of agricultural production paper making etc. Thus high biomass sorghum can be an alternate material source for the paper industry. If substituted for hardwoods or recycled paper these pulps could impart good printability properties to paper. The present paper deals with the management practices for production of high bio-mass sorghum and preliminary laboratory results on pulp and paper making parameters.

8 tables, 8 ref

018799   Nitin Kumar;Chakrabati S K;Bhardwaj N K (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Rheology - an important issue for paper coating industry. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 139-44.

Mechanism of rheology control during coating application is well linked with the advancement in paper coating technology. The speed of paper coating machine has been increased to a great extent and the trend seems endless, which creates runnability issues because of inefficient knowledge of rheology. The applied shear, the interaction of the ingredients and composition are mainly responsible for the change in rheology as well as coated paper quality. The present article is the review of the work and experience carried out earlier in the field of rheology of coating color, which directly affects the runnability of machine and end paper properties.

^iia3 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

018798   Nair M B S;Mohan V;Sahu A K (NO, Emami Paper Mills Ltd, Balgopalpur P.O. Rasulpur, Dist. Balasore-756 020) : Efforts on reducing fresh water consumption and closing of water loop at EPML. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 121-4.

Paper manufacturing is a highly capital, energy and water intensive industry. Water is imperative in all major stages of paper production, including pulp making, pulp processing, and paper manufacturing. Freshwater conservation is one of the major stewardship issues for the pulp and paper industry is trying to address. For sustainable management water conservation, recycling and reusing are the key principle to encounter the issues like cost, availability, environmental issues and productivity. Emami Paper Mills Ltd., Balasore, Orissa has taken various initiatives on fresh water minimization by identifying and segregating different waste water throughout the plant and further reused without any adverse impact. It is conducting a detailed study of water & waste water management practices in different processes and determining the opportunities for water savings by performance enhancement of existing and future facilities.

6 illus, 4 tables, 4 ref

018797   Mathur P (NO, Elof Hansson (India) Pvt. Ltd., Old No. 69C, New No. 149 Chamriers Road, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai-600 028) : Reduce energy & water consumption by using polyamines amines based all organic, phosphate free treatment, for boiler feed water. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 200-1.

All organic, phosphate free treatment of boiler water, result in reduction of blow down from boilers thereby saving 'precious fuel & water. In addition this type of treatment offers several other benefits over traditional treatment. The film forming polyamines create a protective barrier film on all divalent metal surfaces in the pre boiler, boiler and condensate system thus giving a far superior protection against corrosion and scaling. Further the polyamine film is also formed on the internal surfaces of Paper machine dryers which cause drop wise condensation of steam and increases heat transfer rate. This paper presents the salient features of Polyamine/amine technology and its many benefits, including savings of fuel & water, over traditional treatment using phosphates.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

018796   Marimuthu P;Mohrotra A K (NO, Sheshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd, Erode-638 007) : Minimum impact manufacturing (MIM) at M/s Seshasayee Paper and Boards Limited. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 103-7.

Global renewed interests on improved environmental protection have constrained the-industry to re-think its prevalent practices in terms of environmental impacts and adherence to the principles of sustainable development. Pulp and paper industries in this context confront an augmented challenge because of its profound reliance on energy consumption to optimize the pulp and paper manufacturing process, it becomes highly pertinent. This paper describes the cleaner technology adopted in that would go a long way to conserve and preserve natural sources. The approach of pulp and paper industry has changed by adopting the cleaner production techniques and by making changes in the production process, focus on to reduce the pollution levels at the source. Cleaner technology improvement means the elimination of the polluting and emission creating installations and substituting them with better and proven modern equipments, supplied by technology leaders in the globe. While the pollutants cannot be totally avoided, the fluids are treated with better facilities. Also the pollutants are utilized in a productive manner, benefiting out of a problem. This paper expounds the methods adopted to save the natural resources and avoiding the emissions in an exemplary manner. This paper highlights the achievements made by SPB Tamilnadu by adopting cleaner technology towards Minimum Impact manufacture.

3 illus, 2 tables, ref

018795   Kumar S;Kumar S;Sharma C;Kumar P (Paper Technology Dep, IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Reduction in chlorine dioxide consumption by xylanase during ECF bleaching of mixed hardwood kraft pulp. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 117-9.

Potential of commercial xylanase was evaluated in bleaching of mixed hardwood kraft pulp. Xylanase acts on hemicelluloses, releases chromophores and reduces sugars from the pulp. Non oxygen and oxygen delignified mixed hardwood kraft pulps, pre-treated with enzymes, gave chlorine dioxide savings of up to 10% at target brightness 85% ISO.

6 tables, 16 ref

018794   Kumar R;Juneja P;Ray A K (Instrumentation & Control Engineering Dep, Graphic Era Univ, Dehradun) : Development of strategy of wet end retention conrol through simulation of classical PID and artificial neural network models. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 179-86.

The paper arises from an investigation into the use of an artificial neural network for modeling and control of the retention process in the wet end of paper machine. The neural network model is used for those parts of the system where no physical model is readily available due to complexity of the process. For the purpose of neural control structures, a direct and inverse neural model of retention process using three layer perceptron network was created. The classical controller strategy has also been developed and analyzed. The performance tests for both the controllers (PID and ANN) were realized in the simulation environment with Matlab/Simulink tool. As encouraging results were found from simulation, the proposed ANN control strategy can be successfully applied to mill retention control.

11 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

018793   Karthik M;Nandy T (Wastewater Technology Div, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru marg, Nagpur-440 020) : Ultra filtration aids closing water loop in paper mill. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 135-39.

Integrated paper mill adopting Kraft Sulphate process in Central India proposed water foot print reduction. The milrconsumed freshwater from the nearby river to the tune of 180 - 225 cubic meters per ton of paper. Demand from other users such as agriculture, domestic consumption and lean flow resulted in the local regulatory body insisting on reduction of water use and wastewater discharge. Various wastewater streams from the mill were identified for recycling. Paper machine section effluent was selected for recycle and reuse. Complete pollutant reductions were achieved on COD and suspended solids and upto 99.3% on turbidity and other parameters meeting the desired mill water quality. Operational and capital cost was delineated for implementation and was found close to conventional chemical aided clarification due to large volume for wastewater treatment. Micro-ultrafiltration combination reduced freshwater consumption by about 30% which was available for reuse. The water loop in the paper machine section was closed increasing water use efficiency.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

018792   Kalita D;Dutta D;Goswami T (NO, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785 006) : Paper grade pulp from certain wild plant species. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(3), 125-8.

The paper highlights the laboratory scale investigation on utilization of certain potential wild plant species viz. Musa velutina, Clynogynae dichotoma and Cannabis sativa for making paper grade pulp. The morphological properties and proximate chemical analysis of the plants were studied in the field as well as in the laboratory. M. velutina grows wild in the hilly areas while C. dichotoma grows in the low-lying areas in the forest. C. sativa, although a wild plant, is also cultivated in rural areas of Assam and other N E states. Under the climatic condition of N E region, M velutina grows up to a height of 3.50 m while the height recorded for C. sativa and C. dichotoma were 1.35 and 2.80 m respectively. The stem diameter was recorded for M. velutina, C. dichotoma and C. sativa were 25, 3.0 and 3.20 cm respectively. The numbers of sheath in the stem of M velutina were 10-12 while barks present in the stem of C. dichotoma and C. sativa were 20 and 22% respectively. The results of the proximate chemical analysis of the plant showed cellulose content 60.2% in M. velutina while 37.5 and 50.8% in C. dichotoma and C. sativa, so also, lignin content recorded 4.8 16.2% and pentosan from 8.7-20.2%. The fibre yield in the outer sheath / bark was recorded 52.2%, 48.5% and 54.4% while pulp yield recorded 45%, 42% and 48.5% respectively for M. velutina, C. dichotoma and C. sativa. The Kappa number of the pulps were varied from 27-32. The physical strength properties of laboratory hand paper sheet were found satisfactory with the tensile index 58.65, 60.82 and 62.67 Nmg^-1 for M. velutina, C. dichotoma and C. sativa unbleached pulp. The burst index values varied from 4.7 - 5.8 kPam²g^-1. The other physical strength properties of paper sheets viz. tear index, folding endurance, double fold etc. were also found satisfactory and lies within the acceptable range, comparable to other conventional cellulosic raw material. The physical strength properties of the paper sheets may further be enhanced by 20-30% if the pulp fibres of outer sheaths / barks prepared separately and blended with the pulps obtained from remaining portion of the plants.

4 illus, 6 tables, 5 ref

018791   Juneja P K;Ray A K;Mitra R (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Advanced prediction based control strategy application on a paper machine headbox. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 149-53.

Head box is the part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a uniform dispersion of fibers in water at the proper speed through the slice opening to the paper machine wire. The modern headbox has many attributes which are highly significant for all papermakers. Uniformity of flow, absence of streaks and large eddies, head box stability and ease of operation are features which are requirements for all paper grades. Consistency in a headbox is a very important parameter in paper mills in its various stages of operations. Without the knowledge of consistency it is not possible to optimize productivity with optimal quality. One of the most important aspects in the design of consistency controller is to make sure that the dilution water added is well mixed with the stock before reaching the consistency sensor. It is possible to control consistency on the basis of either a sample taken from the main stream or by making the appropriate measurement directly in the main channel of flow. In the present paper, a multivariable, linearized, state space model of a paper machine headbox is selected for control of consistency and liquid level in headbox of a paper machine using the advanced control strategy called Model Predictive Control. Model Predictive Control (MPC) does an explicit use of a model to predict the process output along a future time horizon. It performs the calculation of a control sequence to optimize a performance index. It is based on receding horizon strategy, so that at each instant the horizon is moved towards the future involves the application of the first control signal of the sequence calculated at each step.

13 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

018790   Juneja J K;Ray A K;Mitra R (Paper Technology Dep, IIT, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Various PID controller algorithms for closed loop performance of consistency parameter of paper machine headbox in a paper mill. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 127-33.

Different forms of PID controller reflect the development of the PID algorithm in different technologies and its use in diverse control systems. Besides, some PID forms ensure better performance and behavior of the control system than others. For most control applications, a well designed and properly tuned PID controller is all that is needed to achieve the control objectives. In the present paper, different algorithms of PID controllers viz series, parallel, series with derivative filter, parallel with derivative filter and cascade form are implemented to compare the closed loop response of an important parameter in a process industry called consistency, which has a first order plus dead time (FOPDT) dynamics. Also the comparison is made between the closed loop responses achieved from different values of constant alpha for non ideal situations. The steady state and dynamic characteristics are analyzed and compared and important inferences are derived.

12 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

018789   Jha P;Sinha A S K (Chem. Tech. Dep, Sliet. Longowal, Sangroor-148 106) : Application of rice - straw as raw material for production of handmade paper. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 145-8.

Rice Straw burning in agricultural fields is a serious environment pollution creator all over India. Rice-Straw is available abundantly after harvest and as a consequence creates disposal problem. According to available sources Paper Industry these days is facing problem of non availability of good quality raw materials. One can identify a suitable technology to convert this Raw-Straw (an agro-residue) into pulp to be used for production of Handmade Paper [1]. This move is not only going to solve environmental problem after the harvest but also going to provide a unique type of raw-material for paper manufacture. Acetic acid pulping in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst has been studied at different pulping conditions. The effects of change of Catalyst Concentration, Acetic Acid Concentration, Liquor to Straw(dried) Weight Ratio, Temperature and Time of Reactions on the quality of pulp yield were studied. Experiment with 85 percent Acetic Acid Concentration, one percent Catalyst Concentration, Liquor to Straw Ratio equal to ten with Reaction Temperature as 90°C and Time of Reaction as 180 minutes show the maximum delignification with good quality of Pulp for Paper making. The Handmade Papers prepared from this pulp have very high opacity, good brightness and average mechanical properties. The Paper thus produced can be used to make strong carry bags so as to substitute the polythene bags due to environmental reasons.

3 tables, 9 ref

018788   Garhy E A H E;Gama R F;Abdelhady H M;Nageib Z A;Ahmed Y M (Cellulose and Paper Dep, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo Egypt) : Biochemical pulping of sugarcane bagasse using ceriporiopsis subver-mispora SS-33 fungal influenced by physical and biological pretreatments. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 171-7.

Physical and biological factors as well as propylene glycol (PG) were used in this work to evaluate the chemical composition of bagasse biopulping with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. The best favorable conditions for bagasse pulping with PG at atmospheric pressure and on autoclave were 90% PG concentration for two and one hours at 150°C, respectively, which gave higher pulp yield, no rejects, and lower kappa number. The extractive removal of bagasse 10-mesh size by steam extraction gave higher weight loss, APPL production and lowest kappa no. The unbleached paper sheets made from the former treatment recorded highest brightness, breaking length, and tear factor. Whereas the highest extractives loss percent was attained by biological treatment of bagasse treated by Ophiostoma piliferum for four weeks at 27°C on MY medium. This increased the brightness, breaking length, and tear factor of unbleached bagasse paper sheets than that obtained from steam treatment. Using both fungal (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Ophiostoma piliferum) strains for extractive removal and bagasse biodegradation in mixed culture as one or two stage cultivation led to improvement in the chemical pulp composition and the properties of unbleached paper sheets. Mixed fungal culture at one stage cultivation increased the unbleached paper sheets properties as brightness, breaking length and tear factor about 5.6%, 0.08%, and 3.78 and about 3.08%, 21.41%, and 3.69 respectively, as compared to that obtained by mixed culture at two-stage and steam extraction method respectively. Moreover, the biological fibers of hand sheets exhibit a cleaner surface, high flexibility and conformability, which would contribute to good bonding.

2 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

018787   Endlay N;Mishra S;Gupta M K;Mohd Farid;Jain K;Panwar S;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Saharanpur-247 001) : Reduction of water footprint in agro & RCF based pulp and paper mill scope, possibilities and available options. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 129-33.

In context, of increasing emphasis on restoring the water quality/health of major rivers / tributaries and very low flows in the rivers during the lean period (most of the year) as well as depleting ground water level, imposition of stringent standards are under consideration by regulatory authorities and are likely to be imposed in coming future. It is to be noted that the existing standards for various pollutional parameters were framed on the assumption that at least 10 times dilution is always available in the river to mitigate the impact of effluent discharge which unfortunately is not the case in reality as in India rainfall is highly uneven and that too takes place mostly for maximum 3 months during monsoon. The situation is going to be tough for pulp & paper industry as it is water intensive and now not only handling of effluent but also disposal of effluent is a major issue before it. The present paper discuss the scope possibilities and available options to reduce the water footprint in pulp & paper industry, specially agro & RCF based pulp & paper mills.

5 illus, 8 tables, 7 ref

018786   Dutt D;Panwar S;Vidyaarthi A K;Tyagi C H; Naithani C H S;Singh S P (Paper Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Approach towards minimum fresh water consumption in paper industries. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(4), 161-7.

Paper making process involves huge water consumption and the water requirement depends mainly on raw material usage, process and technology employed and the quality of end product. In recent past, considerable efforts have been made by the mills to reduce water consumption through process optimization for efficient water usage, better housekeeping and increased reuse of back water. In present communication, the effect of contaminants on quality of papers and possible suggestion technologies for minimizing fresh water consumption are discussed Further, reduction in water consumption involves the use of advance technologies.

3 illus, 6 tables, 3 ref

018785   Dhakhwa S;Bandyopadhyay S;Garg A (Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, INDIA-400 076) : Removal of color and COD from synthetic paper mill effluent using coagulation/Acid precipitation process. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 187-91.

Synthetic wastewater (chemical oxygen demand (COD) = 4800 mg/l, pH = 8.2 8.6) representing pulp and paper mill effluent has been treated using coagulation and acid precipitation processes. The synthetic wastewater comprised of alkali lignin (3000 mg/l), phenols (150 mg/l) and sulphides (10 mg/l). To perform coagulation studies, FeCl₃, FeSO₄ and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) have been used as coagulants. Use of PAC exhibits the highest color removal from the wastewater (97.22%) whereas FeCl₃ addition into the wastewater shows 81% color removal with the same amount of coagulant dose (i.e., 1.2 g/l). However, no significant difference in COD removal (<126>86%) has been noted with both coagulants. On the contrary, FeSO₄ reduces only 23% COD from the wastewater (final COD = 2880 mg/l) and no color removal has been observed. This may possibly be due to poor floc formation (not easily settleable) and color imparted by ferrous ions. In acid precipitation study, the addition of H₂SO₄ keeps increasing the COD reduction due to lignin precipitation at pH in acidic range. The detailed experimental results are presented in the paper. Applicability of pinch analysis to maximize water reuse/recycle of the treated water is also discussed.

3 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

018784   Das A;Raju N N (NO, ITC Limited-Paper Boards & Specialty Papers Division, Unit Bhadrachalam, Vill. Sarapaka-507 128) : Activated sludge process with MBBR technology At ETP. IPPTA Jl 2011, 23(2), 135-7.

Upgradation of Effluent treatment plant with new technology of Moving Bed Bio-Film Reactor with diffused aeration System has shown great potential in reducing the pollution load of final treated effluent discharge by 50% over surface aeration system. Of the many processes available for Biological Waste Treatment, the Activated Sludge process has been by far the most popular. ITC Ltd - Paper Boards & Specialty Papers division, Unit : Bhadrachalam took up ETP upgradation/modernization in the year 2006-07 along with the projects new Fiber line with Ozone bleaching, Paper Machine -6, Chemical Recovery plant and Power House, and completed the ETP Upgradation project in the year 2008-09. During the modernization period the utmost importance was given to reduce the pollution at source in various sections of the mills by introducing environment friendly technologies in addition to introduction of new technology for effluent treatment. This paper deals with description of Moving Bed-Bio Film Reactor (MBBR) Technology with Cooling Tower installed for pulpmill effluent stream after primary clarification and our experiences in setting up new effluent treatment plant as a case study.

5 illus, 3 tables, 2 ref