006532   Kaplan S;Okur A (Textile Engineering Dep, Suleyman Demirel Univ, Isparta, Turkey, Email: sibelkaplan@sdu.edu.tr) : Thermal comfort performance of sports garments with objective and subjective measurements. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 46-54.

Subjective wear trials have been carried out to determine thermal comfort performance of knitted sports garments whose objective thermal comfort parameters are determined in a preceding study in fabric form. Physiological measurements (skin and microclimate temperature, microclimate relative humidity, heart rate and sweat amount) and psychological rating results (coolness, dampness and comfort) are recorded during subjective wear trials conducted with five types of sports garments, investigated objectively before. Relationships between objective comfort parameters and physiological-psychological measurement results have been studied to put forward a realistic comfort evaluation method. According to the results, microclimate temperature measured from chest is significantly correlated with the coolness and dampness ratings. Polyester fabrics having interlock jacquard and double face weaves show better thermal comfort performance according to their objective and subjective measurements as a result of their more open structures and higher water vapor transfer capabilities.

6 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

006531   Kantouch A;Allam O;El-Gabry L;El-Sayed H (Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: hosam@trdegypt.com) : Effect of pretreatment of wool fabric with keratin on its dyeability with acid and reactive dyes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 157-61.

Keratin has been extracted from wool using ammonium thioglycolate under nitrogen atmosphere and then used for treating wool fabric in the presence of epichlorohydrin as a cross-linking agent. The treated fabrics are then dyed with acid and reactive dyes at various temperatures. Complete exhaustion of these dyes on the treated fibres takes place at room temperature within 20 min. Higher dyeing temperatures result in complete exhaustion of the dyebath within a short time. The dyeing kinetics of the treated fibres are also evaluated. The half dyeing time of the treated samples decreases to <60>12 s against the 300 s for the untreated ones. The wash and rub fastness of the dyed fabrics have also been assessed. It is found that urea-bisulphite solubility values assure that epichlrohydrin is able to form permanent crosslinks between keratin and wool. Scanning electron micrographs of the treated fabrics disclose formation of very thin keratin layer onto wool surface.

4 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

006530   Das S;Kothari V K (NO, Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore-742 101, Email: kotharivk@gmail.com) : Moisture vapour transmission behaviour of cotton fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 151-6.

The moisture transmission properties of a series of cotton fabrics have been investigated. Water vapour transport increases with wind velocity, irrespective of the weft count and cover factor of the woven fabrics. For the same fabric, effect of time on moisture vapour transmission behaviour is also studied. Swelling phenomena of hygroscopic fibres are found to play significant role in determining the moisture vapour transmission characteristics of cotton fabrics.

5 illus, 6 tables, 9 ref

006529   Das A;Kumar B;Mittal T;Singh M;Prajapati S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: apurha@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Pressure profiling of compression bandages by a computerized instrument. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 114-19.

A novel computerized instrument has been developed to record the applied pressure exerted by medical bandages in real time. The working of novel computerized instrument is based on the pneumatic principle, which is used to obtain pressure profiles of internal pressure exerted by the bandages over a period of time. The basic idea of this work is to design an online measurement system using differential pressure transmitter and digital process controller that provides a very accurate method of measuring pressure applied by compression bandages. This work also aims to identify different parameters affecting applied pressure profile of these bandages. A series of commercially available bandages have been studied and the effects of variables, namely fabric parameters (mass per unit area of bandage, tensile properties and thickness of bandage), number of bandage wraps or folds and extent of initial internal pressure have been studied. Bases on the results, certain characteristics have been recommended for choosing the ideal bandages. The bandages with higher mass per unit area and higher warp-wise extensibility show the faster and higher drop in internal pressure over a period of time. The reduction in internal pressure is minimised by increasing number of bandage wraps or folds.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

006528   Arora A;Rastogi D;Gupta D;Gulrajani M L (Fabric and Apparel Science Dep, Lady Irwin College, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 001) : Dyeing parameters of hydroxynaphthoquinones extracted from Arnebia nobilis Rech.f. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 91-7.

Ratanjot (Arnebia nobilis Rech.f) has been used to extract dye for its application on various textile substrates such as cotton, wool, silk, nylon, polyester and acrylic. The sensitivity of the dye extract to pH and temperature is studied. The dye exhibits acute sensitivity to pH in terms of its solubility and colour. It is found to be thermally stable upto 80°C. The dyed polyester shows pink colour, nylon shows blue and all other substrates acquire a purple hue under similar dyeing conditions. This may be due to the reduction of dye from quinonoid form to benzenoid form in all the substrates except in polyester. The dye shows excellent wash, rub and perspiration fastness, however light fastness is found to be poor.

6 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

006527   Arora A;Gupta D;Rastogi D;Gulrajani M L (Fabric and Apparel Science Dep, Lady Irwin College, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 001, Email: aarora_18@yahoo.com) : Kinetics and thermodynamics of dye extracted from Arnebia nobilis Rech.f. on wool. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 178-82.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies have been conducted with the crude dye extract of A. nobilis on wool fabric. On comparing the dyeing results of this dye with those of other natural dyes (juglone, lawsone and Rheum emodi), it is found that the diffusion coefficient of this dye is slightly lower. The dyeing mechanism corresponds to the partition mechanism, confirming that this naphthoquinonoid based colourant is adsorbed by wool fabric as a disperse dye. The dyeing process is exothermic. The rate of dye uptake; diffusion coefficient, standard affinity, heat of dyeing and entropy have also been calculated and discussed. Heat of dyeing and entropy are found to be negative.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

006526   Arifuzzaman Khan G M;Shamsul Alam M;Terano M (Polymer Research Laboratory, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology Dep, Islamic Univ, Kushtia, Bangladesh, Email: dr.alamiu@yahoo.com) : Thermal characterization of chemically treated coconut husk fibre. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 20-6.

Effect of chemical treatments using sodium chlorite, sodium hydroxide and acrylamide monomer on thermal behavior of coconut husk (coir) fibre has been studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analyses (TG, DTG, DTA). A significant variation in fibre surface occurred by chemical treatments is clearly observed in SEM images. The TG and DTA curves show two-stages of decomposition for all the fibres; first below 100°C indicating the moisture loss and the second between 320°C and 360°C due to major degradation of fibre. Chemical treatment increases the thermal stability of fibre through physical and chemical changes. It is found that the temperature below 180°C marginally affects fibre properties, whereas temperature at 180°C significantly decreases tensile strength and degree of polymerization.

4 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

006525   Abdeel S;Bhatti I A;Kausar A;Osman E (Applied Chemistry Dep, G C Univ, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan, Email: shahidadeelchemist@gmail.com) : Influence of UV radiations on the extraction and dyeing of cotton fabric with Curcuma longa L. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 87-90.

The methanolic extract of irradiated Curcuma longa L powder has been prepared and used to study the dyeing conditions and characteristics of dyed cotton fabrics. The dyeing parameters such as time, material-to-liquid ratio and salt concentration have been optimized. To improve the colour fastness, pre- and post-mordanting has been carried out using copper, iron and alum mordants. The dyed samples are subjected to C1E Lab system using spectraflash SF-650 for the evaluation of colour strength and L*, a* and b* values. Finally, ISO standard methods are employed to study the colour fastness of dyed and mordanted fabrics. It is observed that the UV-radiation not only enhances the colour strength of dye on cotton fabric but also improves the colour fastness properties of irradiated cotton using methanol solubilized extracts of pre-irradiated Curcuma longa powder.

4 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

005470   Goel A;Maurya P;Goel B (Clothing and Textile Dep, College of Home Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Techn, Pantnagar-263 145) : Ecofriendly blends of tussar and mulberry silk waste with merino wool for fashion apparels. Pantnagar J Res 2011, 9(1), 127-32.

Under the present investigation possibility of utilization of silk waste and wool blended yarns on the basis of their physical parameters were explored The handspun yarns were prepared by blending tussar, mulberry silk waste with one of finest and noble textile wool merino in different proportions. It was concluded from the present research that fibers from tussar, mulberry silk was te can be blended judiously with merino wool fibers to prepare a good quality hand spun yarn. The results obtained for various parameters of yarn i.e., Yarn strength, yarn evenness, yarn elongation was found in favour of its utilization as blend for a variety of textile applications i.e., For making knitted and woven fashion fabrics for various fashion articles. The results of present study show that these fibers have great potential for trade and also contribute to the livelihood security of the wool and silk rearing community living in Uttarakhand anddealing with production and marketing of their products.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

001147   Seal S (Geography Dep, Cacutta Univ, West Bengal) : Brick industry and its socio impact- a case study of sandeshkhali-I block, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(1), 399-402.

Economic activity of a region mainly depends on availability of raw materials from the region itself. Socio-economic activities of thi

2 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

001146   Debnath S (NO, Khajurdaha High School, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Cutlery industry in Kanchannagar. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2012, 35(1), 563-6.

Kanchannagar is situated on the South-West of Burdwan town. Cutlery Industry was one of the famous industry once upon a time in Kanchannagar. Due to the locational importance not only cutlery industry but also other industry like wood, salt, molasses etc. were flourished at that time, present paper highlighted historical importance of Kanchannagar, the emergence and decline of cutlery industry.

6 ref

026602   Patel D G;Prajapati N K;Thakor M K;Patel R T (Chemistry Dep, M.N. Colle, Visnagar-384 315, Email: enkp15875@gmail.com) : Formation of some novel disperse azo dyes: synthesis, character. J Curr chem pharm Sci 2011, 1(1), 86-91.

Formation of some novel disperse azo dyes synthesis by the couplin g component of diazonium salt with 1-(4-Nacetyl amino) 2-methyl phenyl-2-chloro ethanone to give the corresponding various azo disperse dyes (D13-D18). These dy es were applied to polyester and nylon fabric and their fastness properties were evaluated. Dyes were characterized by IR, elemental analysis, UV-Visible spectr al studies.

4 tabales, 14 ref

026601   Mehta P;Mehta R;Surana M;Kabra B V (Chemistry Dep, Institute of Technolgoy and Management, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, Email: prti_mehta@rediffmail.com) : Influence of operational parameters on degradation of commercial textile azo dye acid blue 113 (Cyanine 5 R) by advanced oxidation technoloyg. J Curr chem pharm Sci 2011, 1(1), 28-36.

In this research work, the effect of various parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of commercially available azo dye Acid blue 113 (AB 113) in aqueous heterogeneous suspension has been studied. Parameters such as pH, amount of photocatalyst, dye concentration and nature of photocatalyst as main operational parameters selected and their influence on degradation efficiency have been investigated. The progress of reaction was observed spectrophotometrically. The Kinetic analysis of photocatalytic degradation reveals that the degradation follows pseudo first order kinetics according to the Langmuir- Hinshelwood model. The effect of addition of transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺) on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of TiO₂ have been investigated. It was observed that trace quantities of all the added metal ions increase the reaction rate to some extent. The increase in the photocatalytic activity may be due to introduction of new trapping sites by incorporation of transition metal ions on semiconductor surface. A tentative mechanism has also been proposed.

6 illus, 23 ref

025588   Yenidogan S (Printing Dep, Faculty of Technical Education, Marmara Univ, 34722 Goztepe Istanbul, Turkey, Email: semihayavuz@marmara.edu.tr) : Determination of the colour deviation in the solid colour prints applied to newsprint paper. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(10), 7865-73.

In the front/back solid colour print of newsprint papers that have a porous, unstable structure, the colours deviate from one another. In the study, cyan and yellow colours of inks from the process print colours to newsprint paper and the colour variation that is constituted in the front/ back solid colour print coinciding one after the other was examined by comparing the actual colour C1E L*a*b* values to the NAA (Newspaper Association of America) Standard Gamut CIE L*a*b* values. Keeping the newsprint paper stable, the application of front/ back ground colour test print was performed by the ink in 5 diferent grammages. In order to acquire the L*a*b* values of the ground colour process dyes that are close to standard values with the amount of ink changing, the amount of th

4 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

024415   Saraswathi R;Saseetharan M K (Civil Engineering Dep, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: saraswathi70@rediffmail.com) : Physicochemical parametric analysis of paper mill effluent using mixed cultures of bacteria and fungi. J scient ind Res 2011, 70(12), 1070-8.

This study used shake flask method to examine effects of pH, temperature, and duration of incubation on removal efficiency by studying physicochemical parameters and floc stability in degradation of pulp and paper mill effluent over 24 h using mixed cultures of bacteria and fungi. A 2⁴ full factorial central composite design and response surface methodology were adopted to plan experiments and analyze the data, respectively. Quadratic models were developed based on high coefficient of determination (R²) obtained from analysis of variance (ANOVA) results. Optimal conditions yielded a decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD, 70%) and in total suspended solid (TSS, 53%) levels.

3 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

024414   Radhakrishnan S;Muthukannan R;Kamatchi U;Rao C R K;Vijayan M (Functional Materials Div, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi-630 006, Email: ramchepuri@gmail.com) : Performance of phosphoric acid doped polyaniline as electrode material for aqueous redox supercapacitor. Indian J Chem-Sect A 2011, 50(7), 970-8.

Phosphoric acid doped polyaniline has been synthesized chemically and electrochemically and tested for its specific capacitance properties by constructing a supercapacitor using stainless steel electrodes. Both the samples are characterized by UV-vis, FT1R, XRD and electrochemical methods. The electrochemically grown samples exhibit higher capacitance values in the range of 244-305 F/g. This is due to the higher purity of the electrochemically prepared polymer due to repeated cycling of the potential. Chemically prepared samples show lower capacitance values due to over-oxidation of the polymer and presence of impurities.

7 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

024413   Pharande V A;Asthana S R;Saini D R;Kaul S N (Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ, College of Engineering, Pune, Email: vilaspharande@gmail.com) : Energy optimization in integrated pulp and paper mills with recourse to environmental benefits. J scient ind Res 2011, 70(12), 1061-9.

This study focuses on energy optimization in evaporator and digester of integrated pulp and paper mills in India, and recommends application of 7 effects/plates evaporator in place of 5 effects/plates normally used. Steam economy resulting from this modification is definitely more than 7. Pinch technology is found suitable for optimization of controlled parameters in the digester. Using recommendations, total energy savings was observed in West Coast Paper Mill (11.74%) and Star Paper Mill (12.97%). Environmental benefits that will accrue in terms of reductions in emissions are: SPM, 46464-48664 TPA; SO₂, 1045 kg/annum; H₂S, 55,020 kg/annum; and CO₂,13612 TPA.

10 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

024412   Bains S;Rajdeep Kaur;Singh P (Clothing & Textiles Dep, Punjab Agricultural univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sandeepct@pau.edu) : Comparative study of pesticide removal from pesticide infested cotton and cotton/polyester blended fabric. Envir Ecol 2011, 29(1), 207-10.

The farmers, commercial pesticide applicators and home gardeners who apply common, general-use pestcides to their lawns, flowers and vegetable farms need to protect themselves from ill effects of pesticides on their body. Therefore there is a need to optimize the laundering conditions of the pesticide infested clothing which can be suggested to the pesticide applicators. So a study was conducted in which pesticide infested cotton and cotton / polyester blended fabrics were given different laundering treatments i.e. 5% salt at 50C, 5% salt at 80C, 2% heavy duty detergent at 50C, 2% heavy duty detergent at 80C. The trials were conducted for both unstarched and starched fabric. It was observed that washing cotton fabric with 2% heavy duty detergent solution at 80C was the best condition with both unstarched and starched samples as compared with that of cotton / polyester blended fabric. Further, comparing unstarched and starched samples, it was observed that the starched samples had more per cent transmittance value than the unstarched samples thus reducing penetration of pesticide to some level.

1 illus, 3 tables, 3 ref

008113   Kishore R A;Tiwari R;Singh A P;Inderdeep Singh (Mech. & Indl. Engg. Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee) : Knowledge based tool for damage free drilling of fibre reinforced plastics. Mfg Technol Today 2008, 7(9), 3-10.

Drilling of Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) is important to facilitate the assembly operations for geometrically intricate composite products manufactured in parts. The drilling induced damage often results in high rate of rejection and affects the long-term performance of the product with a drilled hole. The aim of the study is to develop a knowledge based tool that could provide a common platform for information regarding damage free drilling of FRP laminates. The code of the program has been written in Developer C ++. The code developed as a part of this study saves valuable time of the researchers and scientists by providing a common platform for retrieving information regarding the drilling of FRP laminates. The code may further be designed into web-based software that can be used by the engineers and scientists worldwide.

2 illus, 3 tables, 46 ref

023339   Wavhal S D (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, ICAR, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019) : Microbiological treatment of polyester fabrics to increase the moisture regain and improve the dyeing characteristics. J microbial Wld 2011, 13(2), 199-206.

A novel biological treatment to polyester fabrics under anaerobic conditions brings about significant surface etching with improved moisture regain. The moisture regain increased from 0.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

023338   Gencoglu E N;Ozden O;Simseker O (Printing Education Dep, Faculty of Technical Education, Marmara Univ, Goztepe-34722, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: osmansimseker@marmara.edu.tr) : Effects of carboxymethyl cellulose as a surface sizing agent on the printable properties of newspaper. Asian J Chem 2010, 22(7), 5561-6.

The objective of the study is to determine effects of carboxymethyl cellulose as a surface sizing agent on the printable properties of sized newspaper. In this study, the commercial newspapers were sized by K-control coater with using various concentrated carboxymethyl cellulose solutions. Sized newspapers were used for the offset print tests, which were made by IGT Cl test print machine. One property of carboxymethyl cellulose is its ability to improve the surface properties of paper when it is applied to the surface. As a result, it has been found that carboxymethyl cellulose can improve the printable properties of newspaper.

4 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

022171   Zakaria N (Textile Technology Dep, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Malaysia, Email: saadahzakaria@gmail.com) : Sizing system for functional clothing - Uniforms for school children. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 348-57.

In this study, a sizing system is proposed specifically for school-aged children in Malaysia. The sampling frame is based on the female population in the age group 7-17. For this study, l00l girls have been selected randomly from 29 different schools in urban and rural districts of Malaysia. Principal component analysis is used for key dimensions determination. Data mining has been done to develop the sizing system using cluster analysis and classification tree technique. This study has successfully produced four main sizing systems for garments of girls aged 7-12 and 13-17 covering upper and lower body. In total, 93 sizes have been developed for the girls of 7 -17 years age. The sizing system coverage for 7 -12 years old girls is found to be 99.6% for upper body and 99.2% for lower body. The coverage for girls of 13-17 years age is 93.6% for upper body and 98.2% for lower body. This is the first comprehensive anthropometric survey conducted to develop a sizing system in Malaysia in order to design school uniforms locally. The benefit is an enhanced fit of school uniform and a guideline for a proper sizing system and sizing designation.

3 illus, 10 tables, 35 ref

022170   Watkins P (3D Design and Technical Dashion, London College of Fashiuon, 20 John Princes Street, London W1G OBJ, Email: penelopewatkins@aol.com) : Designing with stretch fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 366-79.

Loose fitting garments can accommodate a greater number of different bodyshapes but close fitting garments cannot. The assumption is that stretch garments will automatically stretch in the right places to give an acceptable fit and provide comfort as well as ease of movement. But this is a fundamental misunderstanding of stretch fabric characteristics and garment pattern geometry. To date the garment industry has focused on speeding up, through the use of CAD systems, empirical pattern construction methods which 'developed through custom and practice. This subjective approach has significant limitations, particularly when applied to stretch pattern design it is inappropriate for today's technology. A brief overview of current pattern technology has been presented in this paper. The factors considered in developing stretch pattern technology include digitally quantifying the degree of fabric stretch and an objective approach for assessing stretch fit. The aim of the study is to make the process of stretch pattern construction more transparent in CAD applications for the designer/technician, fabric technologist and global manufacturer, and ultimately to offer better fitting and more comfortable garments for the customer.

12 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

022169   Paquet E;Pena I;Viktor H L (National Research Council Canada, , 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Email: eric.paquet@nrc-cmrc.gc.ca) : From anthropometric measurements to three-dimensional shape. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 336-43.

Functional clothing encompasses a wide range of apparels such ~s protective equipments, functional garments and fireªretardant clothing. Depending on the application, they must adapt to the shape of the human body, should not interfere with the body motion and should isolate the body from a potentially hazardous environment. In order to achieve these objectives, it is imperative to characterize a body or a body part with the most representative measurements and to understand their interrelationships. More recently, it has been possible to acquire the three-dimensional shape of the human body with full body scanners. Such a three-dimensional shape is of course highly desirable for functional clothing, because it contains detailed information about the whole shape; for instance, a protective mask is most likely to be efficient if the shape around the mouth is known precisely. Consequently, it is essential to be able to analyze and compare these shapes and to understand their relations with traditional anthropometric measurements which are still widely used by the apparel industry. This paper describes our results when analyzing an anthropometric database, using both anthropometric measures and 3D data. Our results indicate that these two sets of data offer complimentary perspectives of the human body and it's measurements, in terms of the resultant sets of clusters and associated archetypes. Through combining these complimentary perspectives, the goal of designing well-fitting functional apparel may be realized.

9 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

022168   Mishra B (NO, , Asian PPG Industries Ltd., Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Polyaspartic: a revolutionary coating technology. Paintindia 2011, 61(6), 57-64.

The name polyaspartic is becoming more recognizable among formulators, specifiers, and applicators in the coatings industry to differentiate it from polyurea and polyurethanes. Polyaspartic coating is a recent development in the polyurethane coatings industry. Two main application areas are reaction injection moulding (RIM) and sprayable coatings. Polyaspartic coatings combine extreme application properties such as rapid cure (even at temperatures well below 0°C) and insensitivity to humidity to exceptional physical properties such as high hardness, flexibility, tear and tensile strength, and chemical and water resistance. The result is good weathering and abrasion resistance. The systems are 100%-solids, making them compliant with the strictest VOC regulations. Due to its specific curing profile and exceptional film properties, the polyaspartic coating technique developed into various areas, including corrosion protection, containment, membranes, linings and caulks. Polyaspartic coatings increase the productivity and reduce the overall cost.

6 illus, 11 ref

022167   Meunier L;Kelly F M;Cochrane C;Koncar V (Univ Lille Nord de France, , F-59000 Lille, France, Email: vladan.koncar@numericable.fr) : Flexible displays for smart clothing: Part II - electrochromic displays. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 429-35.

Chromic materials have the ability to change their colour reversibly according to external environmental conditions. They are categorised by the stimulus that triggers the colour change. For example, thermochromic materials can be defined as those in which a colour change is induced by a change in temperature and electrochromic materials are those in which a colour change is induced when an electrical current is applied. Thermochromism is already a well-known application within the textile field, however electrochromism is not as common. In this paper, an overview of the field of electrochromic devices has been presented and the successful development of a first generation flexible textile electrochromic device, achieved by ourselves, is discussed. The flexible electrochromic textile display consists of a novel 4-1ayer sandwich structure containing a thin spacer fabric with electrochromic compound (Prussian blue), a conductive layer and two electrodes; bottom and upper (transparent). If powered with a low voltage battery, this structure is able to generate a reversible colour change. The switching times have been measured at - 5 sand 4.5 V. The colour changes are monitored via CIE L*, a*, b* values.

10 illus, 37 ref

022166   Majumdar A;Singh S P;Ghosh A (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: majumdar@textile.iitd.ac.in) : Modelling, optimization and decision making techniques in designing of functional clothing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 398-409.

Functional clothing are actually engineered textiles as they require to meet the stringent performance characteristics rather than the aesthetic properties. Therefore, the trial and error approach of product design does not seem to be a viable way for functional clothing. It needs more potent approaches of modelling, optimization and decision making so that the design and functional requirements of clothing can be met with acceptable tolerance. This paper provides a brief outline of various techniques of modelling, optimization and decision making intended for designing of functional clothing. In the modelling part, regression and artificial neural network approaches have been discussed with the examples of thermal property and water repellency modelling. Subsequently, linear programming and genetic algorithm techniques have been invoked in the optimization part. Optimization of ultraviolet radiation protective clothing is taken up as a case study. Finally, multi-criteria decision making techniques have been explained with the hypothetical example of selection of best body armour vest for defense applications.

8 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

022165   Kannaian T;Neelaveni R;Thilagavathi G (Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: thilagapsg@yahoo.co.in) : Development and characterisation of elastomeric tape sensor fabrics for elbow angle measurement. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 436-42.

This paper deals with the development of electro-active elastomeric fabric sensor using silver coated polyamide yarn at the centre of the tape along with polyester and rubber yarns and its electrical characterisation for the application towards elbow angle measurement. Box and Behnken 3-variable and 3-level experimental design has been used and 15 different samples are produced. The resistance change in the samples caused by linear extension as well as the angular movement of the elbow is measured. The variables for sensor design have been optimized using gauge factor (Δr/ΔX) values as dependent variable and the results show that the variables such as number of conductive threads, picks per inch and rubber: polyester thread ratio influence the Δr/Δx value negatively. Different sensor characteristics have also been analysed. The sample with 4 conductive threads, 20 picks/inch and 1:8 polyester : rubber ratio shows a higher gauge factor of 0.583 and has proportional resistance change with length; this sample is therefore chosen to be good among all the 15 samples developed. It is also observed that this sample with higher sensitivity value can be used to measure elbow joint up to 90° angle.

7 illus, 4 tables, 7 ref

022164   Jana P (NO, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi-110 016, Email: prabirjana@gmail.com ) : Assembling technologies for functional garments. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 380-7.

Functional garments have higher functional properties and lesser aesthetic properties. They can be workwear, active sportswear, medical wear, personal protective garments, and smart garments. The fibre contents used are mainly polyester, polyethylene, kevlar, and spandex blends which can be woven, knitted and nonwoven, albeit the list is increasing day by day to include speciality fibres like bamboo, banana to name a few. These garments are made up by joining several pattern pieces together and the pieces, in turn, are joined with accessories comprising membranes, linings, buttons, zippers, tapes and waddings to create a composite garment. While fabric can be joined by sewing, seam welding or bonding technique, accessories can be joined by sewing, welding, pasting or using combination method. Some functional garments are made seamless thus requiring little or no assembling technologies. Different new technologies for joining fabric pieces and assembling of accessories have been explored so far. There is a distinct shift towards use of welding and bonding technologies in functional clothing because of the reduced bulk and weight, cleaner appearance and sealing qualities offered by them. Some challenges still continue to exist. This paper reports the distinguished characteristics and developments in assembling technologies, such as sewing, welding and bonding along with the challenges ahead in this area.

12 illus, 15 ref

022163   Gupta D;Chattopadhyay R;Bera M (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: deeptibgupta@gmail.com) : Comfort properties of presure garments in extended state. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 415-21.

Pressure garments are used to exert pressure on human limbs for scar management, venous and lymphatic problems, bone and muscle injury, sportswear, post cosmetic surgery, etc. The amounts of pressure required for each medical condition are different. Pressure garments are produced from knitted elastic fabrics, which on wearing get extended and remain in the extended state, thereby exerting a positive pressure on the body. Since they are worn next to skin and are in intimate contact with the body, their comfort properties are of immense importance. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the air permeability, water vapour transmission rate and thermal behavior of elastic fabrics in extended condition to simulate the conditions during wear. Results show that the comfort properties change significantly when the fabric is held in an extended state.

11 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

022162   Gupta D (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: deeptibgupta@gmail.com ) : Design and engineering of functional clothing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 327-35.

The process of design and engineering of functional clothing design is based on the outcomes of an objective assessment many requirements of the user, and hence tend to be complex and iterative. In this paper, the user requirements (besides the primary requirement of functionality) have been classified under four subtitles, namely physiological, biomechanical, ergonomic and psychological. The correlation between various characteristics of clothing and these requirements has been discussed. Subsequent steps involved in the ergonomic design process such as selection of materials, size and fit determination, pattern making, assembling and finishing have been listed out. Influence of technological advancements in related fields on each of these activities is discussed with a view to emphasise how the' process of functional clothing design is different from design of everyday apparel. The fast developing field of functional clothing represents the future of textile and apparel industry, particularly in growing economies like China and India who will be the largest producers as well as consumers of these high tech products. Challenges being faced by this sector and a road map to meet the same have also been proposed.

5 illus, 27 ref

022161   Gupta D (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: deeptibguta@gmail.com) : Functional clothing - definition and Classification. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 321-6.

Functional clothing represents the evolutionary segment of the technical textiles market, representing an area where clothing crosses the conventional boundaries and integrates with the domains of medicine, biotechnology, nanotechnology, physics and computing among others, to meet the multifaceted and complex requirements of the user. Functional clothing by definition is user-requirement specific and designed or engineered to meet the performance requirements of the user under extreme conditions. A variety of functional clothing products are available in the market as protective clothing, medical clothing or sports clothing, even though little information is available regarding the principles employed in their production. Functional clothing in fact has never really been systematically defined or classified, unlike technical textiles. In this paper, a functionality-based classification has been proposed with six classes, comprehensively covering most logical types of functional clothing that are in use or are under development. Each distinct class would have similar principles governing the design of products covered under it, even though the final products may find application in a variety of fields, e.g. protective functional clothing may find an application as protective military armour, as sports armour or as protective surgical gowns for the doctors. Principles that characterize each class and differentiate it from the others have been highlighted. As newer technologies are being developed, new and innovative products and possibly new classes will keep on emerging in this field to meet the requirements of consumers.

1 table, 26 ref

022160   Gulrajani M L;Gupta D (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: mlg54@hotmail.com) : Emerging techniques for functional finishing of textiles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 388-97.

Miniaturization to the micro and nanometer scale has been one of the most important trends in science and technology over the last several years. This trend also holds immense potential for application in the field of textile finishing. Several techniques have now become available which can be used to produce uniform films of functional materials on textiles which can offer functionalities that are hitherto unknown 'in textile processing. This paper discusses some such cutting edge technologies which have the potential to revolutionalise the field of textile finishing in the years to come. These include immobilization of enzymes on textile substrates, layer by layer assemblies, development of nanocoatings and use of plasma for nano level finish application. These processes add functionality with minimum effect on the strength, feel, handle or breathability of textiles, Some of these technologies have been tested and validated at lab scale, but most are still in research stages. As advances and developments in these areas of finishing continue to unfold, they will increasingly be used to produce smart, intelligent and interactive clothing of the future.

8 illus, 78 ref

022159   Gichuhi T (NO, , HALOX-Hammond, IN) : Corrosion inhibitors for maintenance and light duty applications: waterborne alkyds. Paintindia 2011, 61(6), 69-73,75.

For several years now water-borne coatings have gained acceptance as alternatives to solvent-borne coatings. For light duty and industrial maintenance coatings for metal, water reducible alkyds and water dispersible alkyds are acceptable alternatives to solvent-based alkyds. Water-dispersible alkyds are made dispersible by neutralizing the acid moieties of the alkyd with ammonia or water soluble amines such as triethylamine. Water reducible and dispersible alkyds (to a lesser extent) are susceptible to hydrolysis and furthermore destabilization by basic multivalent cations such as those found in corrosion inhibiting pigments. The hydrolytic instability translates to limited storage time. This paper highlights research to develop corrosion inhibitors for both types of waterborne alkyds and addresses strategies to overcome stability problems inherent in these systems.

6 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

022158   Debnath R (Soujanya Color Pvt. Ltd., C-35/36, TTC Industrial Area, M.I.D.C. Pawane, Navi Mumbai-400 705, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Ecomagination-turns every color ''green''. Paintindia 2011, 61(6), 52-6.

"Green" is the buzzword of the decade. Everything is being named or labeled as 'Eco', 'Enviro' or 'Green' labeled. Most of the manufacturers splash their products or promotions with lush green leaves & tranquil waterfalls cascading in the background. Thus sending the signal for a green concept. The coating industry is witnessing a significant transition across the globe. There is a growing need in the coating industry for what is referred to as "green coatings". What is the impact of coating/ colorant product on our planet? In this scenario what is our contribution as a coating/colorant industry to mother earth to make it safer and healthier place? The impact can come either from manufacturing, application or disposal. The impact comes from following components of coatings/colorant, 1. VOCs, 2. APEs, 3. Formaldehyde, 4. Heavy metals, 5. Toxic solids, 6. Bad odour, 7. Health hazards. The goal of this paper is to review what all these mean to the environment? What are the tolerable limits of all these hazardous materials and what is the effect of each of these on environment? The paper will also address possible solutions to minimize these effects and maintain long term sustainability for our environment. It will also look at global regulations for "green".

3 ref

022157   Das A;Shabaridharan;Biswas B (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: apurba65@gmail.com) : Heat and moisture vapour transmission characteristics through multilayered fabric ensembles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 410-14.

The present paper reports a detailed study on heat and moisture vapour transmission characteristics of different types of multilayered fabric ensembles. Two sets of multilayered fabrics have been prepared. In first set, two types of carded web produced from acrylic and polyester fibres with five different areal densities in each fibre type have been used as middle layer. In second set, different types of fabrics, namely woven, knitted, felt, single-sided fleeced and double-sided fleeced fabrics made from wool fibre, have been used as middle layer. In both the sets, two types of inner and outer layer fabrics have been used. Silk and polyester woven fabrics have been used as inner layer and plain woven nylon coated and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated fabrics have been used as outer layer. In both the sets, silk inner layer fabric ensembles show higher thermal resistance and lesser water vapour permeability than polyester fabric ensembles. Among the first set of multilayered fabrics, the fabric ensembles with acrylic fibre web show slightly higher thermal resistance and lesser moisture vapour permeability than fabric ensembles with polyester fibre web. Of all the fabrics, the type of outer layer used has no significant effect on the thermal transmission properties of multilayered fabrics. In the first set of multilayered fabrics, irrespective of the type of fibres, the increase in areal density of the fabric increases the thermal resistance and reduces moisture vapour transmission of the fabrics. In the second set of multilayered fabrics, woven, felt and knitted fabric ensembles show lesser thermal resistance and moisture vapour transmission than the fleeced fabric ensembles

6 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

022156   Cochrane C;Meunier L;Kelly F M;Koncar V (NO, , F-59000 Lille, France, Email: valdan.koncar@numericable.fr) : Flexible displays for smart clothing: Part I-overview. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 422-8.

This overview describes different technologies and developments over the past few decades that have been used in the production of textile-based flexible displays and screens. The paper covers textile displays based on optical fibres for the use in communicative clothing, fashion or medical applications; large flexible screens based on flexible ribbons and LEDs to make or to create communicative clothing; and low cost, washable 'textronics' produced by combining SMD components with textile materials for the production of light-producing multilayered OLED flexible structures. For each technology covered in the review, the examples from the commercial products or from the products under research have been considered to illustrate the concept and its potential applications.

10 illus, 38 ref

022155   Boorady L M (Technology Dep, Buffalo State College, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA, Email: booradlm@buffalostate.edu) : Functional clothing - principles of fit. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 344-7.

This paper focuses on the aspects of fit in functional apparel. Fit typically refers to the appearance and comfort of a garment but this alone is insufficient for functional garments. Hence, a third requirement 'functional ease' has been introduced which refers to the need of the functional garment to be able to adapt to the movement of the individual while maintaining its purpose. Functional apparel can be as simple as the use of a special fabric in athletic gear to a complicated enclosed environment which must incorporate a life support system. Lab and field analysis of movement is recommended during the design process and once the prototypes are developed. Visual cues to proper fit are discussed. The options of adding flexibility and elasticity to the functional garment are given with suggestions on how to obtain variability in fit and enhance function of the garment. The fit of functional garments is considered successful when the needs of the wearer are balanced with the required functionality of the garment.

10 ref

022154   Anand N (Fashion Technnology (Apparel Production) Dep, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016) : Pattern engineering and functional clothing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(4), 358-65.

Garments conventionally address the protective, social and aesthetic of individuals but they can also be engineered to carry out a range of specific functions. Besides incorporating the features to meet the specific demands of a particular function, the garment must meet the basic requirements of protection and comfort. Pattern engineering for functional clothing involves applying technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge of patterns to modify and develop patterns with the objective of developing a garment which meets the function specific requirements, is comfortable to wear and contributes to maximize the efficiency and performance of the wearer. This paper explores, through examples, use of pattern engineering for functional garments to achieve these stated objectives. It establishes pattern engineering as the first step of planning a purposeful, efficient and aesthetic functional garment. It shows how the techniques of pattern engineering can be used to find solutions to challenges posed by the anthropometry of the human body and how these techniques are used to generate the blueprint of a functional garment incorporating all functional and aesthetic components.

13 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

021039   Vignesh Balaji R S;Giri Dev V R;Peer Mohamed A (Textile Technology Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: vigneshbalajirs@gmail.com) : Acid resistance of flax braided reinforced epoxy composite tubes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 215-20.

Flax braided reinforced epoxy composites have been prepared by vacuum assisted direct resin injection moulding method. The prepared composites are then tested for flexural strength and flexural modulus. The effect of sulphuric acid concentration and immersion time on the diffusion behavior of the composite tubes has been studied. The result indicates that the sulphuric acid has a significant effect on the diffusion coefficient of the composites. With the increase in acid concentration, the diffusion coefficient values decrease initially and later increase at higher concentration. The flexural strength of the composites is found to be lower for water immersed samples as compared to that for the control sam

6 illus, 16 ref

021038   Thimma Reddy G;Kathari V P;Reddy A (NO, Central Silk Technological Research Institute, BTM Layout, Bangalore-560 068, Email: treddy1964@yahoo.co.in) : Stretch and growth properties of mulberry woven silk fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 248-52.

Nineteen fabric samples of three different varieties such as dupion, soft and taffeta silk have been produced and tested for stretch and growth properties in both dry and wet conditions. It is observed that stretch and growth properties of silk fabrics are correlated with cover factor, fabric thickness, fabric warp crimp and twist significantly. The increase in stretch and growth properties of fabric in wet condition may be due to more swelling and relaxation of fibre structure and also attributed to breaking of hydrogen bond chain links in protein fibre.

3 tables, 7 ref

021037   Senthilkumar M;Anbumani N;Hayavadana J (Textile Technology Dep, PSG Polytechnic College, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: cmsenthilkumar@yahoo.com) : Elastane fabrics-a tool for stretch application in sports. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 300-7.

Elastane fibres show rubber like behavior and are highly stretchable. Basically these fibres contain polyurethane bonds. Elastic fabrics are an important route to achieve comfort by freedom of movement for body fitted with sports and outdoor wear. Elastic garments used in athletics and sports may improve the athlete's performance in cycling, swimming and so on. A great deal of research is reported on elastane structure, yarn formation and fabric production. Testing of elastane and its fabric has given new dimensions in terms of results. New attempts are being made to produce the yarn with blends and subsequent conversion into woven and knits, in order to improve garment elastic bahaviour and productivity. This paper reports the elastane fibre characteristics, elastane yarn production method, new attempts in yarn production, commercial ways of fabric manufacturing techniques, fabric properties, new testing methods to test the elastic products and its application.

^iia48 ref

021036   Sathianarayanan M P;Chaudhari B M;Bhat N V (NO, The Bombay Textile Research Association, L B S Marg, Ghatkopar (West), Mumbai-400 086, Email: bhatnarendra@hotmail.com) : Development of durable antibacterial agent from ban-ajwain seed (Thymus serpyllum) for cotton fabric. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 234-41.

Methanolic extract of ajwain seeds (wild celery seed) has been analyzed by GC-MS to establish its chemical constituents. The extract is found to have good antibacterial property to selected micro-organisms and hence has been applied on cotton fabric to impart antimicrobial property and to evaluate its wash durability. It is found that the treated fabric shows good antibacterial property to both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms, but has poor wash durability. Hence, to fix the herbal extract on cotton fabric different techniques, like microencapsulation, cross-linking and a combination of both, have been employed. It is observed that herbal extract encapsulated with acacia gum is durable up to 15 normal wash cycles. Herbal extract cross-linked with a resin is found to be durable up to 10 washes. In both the cases, fabric lost one of the physical properties like crease recovery angle or tensile strength. However, a combined technique shows that treated fabrics are durable up to 15 washes without compromising physical properties.

4 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

021035   Saravanan D;Arul Prakash A;Jagadeeshwaran D; Nalankilli G;Ramachandran T;Prabakaran C (Textile Technology Dep, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam-638 401, Email: dhapathe2001@rediffmail.com) : Optimization of thermophile Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase desizing of cotton fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 253-8.

Desizing of cotton fabrics using thermophile α-amylases has been studied using Taguchi methods in terms of release of reducing sugars from starch, absorbency, flexural rigidity and weight loss of the desized fabrics. The effect of treatment time, pH, enzyme concentration and temperature on desizing efficiency has been investigated to optimize the process parameters. Residual matters after desizing are found to be at lower levels compared to that observed in acid desized samples and this results in significant improvement in the absorbency of the samples. The pH and amylase concentration exhibit the dominant effects followed by the treatment time on the desizing efficiency. 3.0 g/L acidic α-amylase, 6.0 pH, 40 min treatment time and 85° C temperature are found to result in the higher weight loss of the desized fabrics.

2 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

021034   Raut H (NO, Arihant Chemicals & Resins (I) Pvt. Ltd, 11, Peninsula Centre, Parel Mumbai) : SREP - the breathable coatings. Paintindia 2011, 61(10), 98-102.

Silicone resin emulsion paints (SREPs) rank among the most modern coating systems and offer unparalleled advantages when applied to new or during the course of renovation or repair work. Because these paints combine the special properties of mineral and of polymer-bound coatings, they protect facades reliably for a long time. Moreover, their water permeability, low water absorption tendency & good aesthetic look due to silicone resin emulsion, offer compelling advantages for the design of facades in the private, public and industrial sectors or for the conservation and repair of historic buildings under preservation order.

7 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

021033   Praveen Kumar B A;Karthikeyan G (Polymer Engineering Dep, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore-641 105) : Use of hollow glass microspheres in low density NBR insulation system for aerospace applications. Paintindia 2011, 61(12), 53-5.

Solid paniculate fillers usually increase both the Young's modulus and the density of polymers. The incorporation of ho/low glass microspheres into polymers enables a better balance between mechanical properties and density, combined with benefits in terms of processing and surface quality. These hollow microspheres are capable of improving the flow characteristics of a polymer in the mould, and reduce mould shrinkage. These properties of hollow microspheres can be well utilized in NBR based rubber compounds, which are used as thermal insulation systems for protection of solid rocket motor case from high temperature combustion gases. Insulators with low density are of immense use in aerospace applications, since they enhance payload capability and reduce mission cost. Attempts are made to reduce density of elastomer compounds by incorporating these hollow glass microspheres. The effects of process conditions, level of microspheres and treatment with liquid polymer on density have been discussed. Changes in density of the NBR correlated with extent of the break down of hollow microspheres have been brought out. This article also emphasizes the changes in the mechanical properties and thermal properties in NBR insulation system after the incorporation of these microspheres.

1 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

021032   Patil S;Ranade O;Zade G (NO, D.E.Society's Technical Institute, F.C. Campus, BMCC Road, Pune-411 004) : Molecular weight affecting parameters in acrylic acrylic copolymers. Paintindia 2011, 61(12), 63-7.

Numbers of experimental samples of acrylic resin are prepared by solution polymerization by varying "the monomers and reaction parameters. Results of those variants show effect on molecular weight of resin checked in terms of viscosity. There is decrease in molecular weight by increasing the initiator concentration and decreasing the solvent concentration independently. From results obtained the chemistry behind parameter designing is studied.

14 tables, 13 ref

021031   Patel J A;Prajapati N K;Vyas J;Patel A D; Patel A R (Chemistry Dep, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat Univ, Patan-384 265, Email: nkp15875@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of some alkaline earth metal ion complexes with acid yellow-42 and dyeing preformance of wool. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 593-600.

Novel binary complexes of alkaline earth metal ion (Mg⁺², Ca⁺², Ba⁺², Sr⁺²) has been synthesized using acickyellow-42 [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis[(4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-l-phenyl-lH-pyrazol-4-yl) azo]^1-2 ligand capable of forming stable chelate. After syntheses the complexes were characterized by chemical as well as instrumental methods. Like elemental, IR and TGA analyses, UV-visible absorption spectra and magnetic moment. Their dyeing performance as acid dyes has been assessed on wool.

5 tables, 15 ref

021030   Paramjeet Kaur;Gandhi N;Khandelwal R C (Chemistry Dep, B.N.P.G. College, Udaipur-313 001) : Synthesis and characterization of La₂NiO₄ and its use in photocatalytic degradation of yellowish orange dye. Int J chem Sci 2011, 9(2), 941-8.

Ternary oxides have been used as effective photocatalysts in carrying out a number of chemical reactions. Lanthanum nickel oxide catalyst has been prepared using microwave heating. It has been characterized by XRD. Photocatalytic degradation of yellowish orange dye has been observed using this catalyst and progress of reaction has been monitored spectrophotometrically. The effect of variation of different parameters i.e. pH. amount of La₂NiO₄, concentration of yellowish orange and light intensity was studied. A tentative mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of yellowish orange has been proposed.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021029   Murugan R;Vigneswaran C;Ghosh A (NO, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: rmuruganavd@gmail.com) : Novel technique for improving yarn quality and reducing hairiness in conventional ring frame. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2011, 36(3), 211-14.

Attempt has been made to produce condensed yarn using mingling chamber fitted in the front drafting zone in the conventional ring spinning machine. Three combed cotton yarns of 60s, 80s and 100s Ne have been spun on the existing and modified ring spinning systems. A test of significance at 95% level confirms that the condensed yarns produced by the proposed system are much better in strength, elongation, hairiness and imperfections as compared to the yarns produced on existing system. The proposed method of yarn condensing has great potentiality to be used as an alternative method of compact spinning as it is capable of producing optimum quality yarns at lower cost.

4 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref