010710   Steynberg T;Visagie M;Mqoco T;Idicula A; Moolman S;Richter W;Joubert A (Physiology Dep, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa) : Qualitative assessment of smooth muscle cells propagated on 2D-and 3D-polycaprolactone polymers via scnning electron microscope. Biomed Res 2012, 23(2), 191-8.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymers which illustrate both biocompatibility and resorbability for replacement or bulking of damaged or diseased tissue are important in tissue engineering. Cytocompatibilty of these polymers was assessed on two-dimensional PCL disks and three-dimensional PCL solid and PCL hollow microspheres using human uterine mixed leiomyosarcoma (SKUT-l) and hamster ductus deferens leiomyosarcoma (CRL-1701) cell lines. Possible PCL cytotoxicity and morphology were investigated in SKUT- and CRL-1701 cells. SKUT cells cultured in disk and microsphere extracts between 24 hand 5 day time periods displayed statistically increased metabolic activity, though activity decreased significantly on 1 month and 1 year extracts. However, the metabolic activity of CRL-1701 cells was similar to controls. Activity increased signifi

5 illus, 28 ref

010709   Ajay Kumar;Narula H K;Rhachawa T C;Mehrotra V (Arid Region Campus, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: ajayscientist.104@rediffmail.com) : Performance of cut and loop pile carpets from Magra wool. Indian J Small Rumin 2012, 18(2), 235-8.

Magra wool of Rajasthan was used to develop cut and loop pile carpets and their performance was compared. The changes in fibre and yarn properties of carpet pile yarn due to the spinning and dyeing processes were also studied. The fibre composition viz. fibre diameter and proportion of non- medullated and medullated fibres in the pile yarn improved in cut pile carpet. Overall, the performance properties of loop pile carpet were found better than cut pile carpet although both types of carpet had similar constructional characteristics. The abrasion losses were also less for loop pile carpet due to different geometry of loop pile structure compared to cut pile carpet. The wear losses for both cut and loop pile carpets were within acceptable limits.

4 tables, 14 ref

008613   Yaqoob I;Sofi A H;Wani S A;Sheikh F D;Bumla N A (Livestock Products Technology Div, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir Agr, Shuhama, Alastang, Srinagar-190 006, Email: sofihassanasif@yahoo.co.in) : Pashmina shawl- a traditional way of making in Kashmir. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2012, 11(2), 329-33.

Since centuries, the handicraft industry is running successfully in beautiful valley of Kashmir. Among handicrafts, shawl industry has gained popularity all over the world for the way these shawls are being prepared. Shawl making in Kashmir is an age old practice over which the artisans have expertise themselves over generations. The shawls prepared

16 illus, 11 ref

008612   Tutak M;Benli H (Textile Engineering Dep, Erciyes Univ, TR-38039, Kayseri, Turkey, Email: mtutak@erciyes.edu.tr) : Colour and fastness of fabrics dyed with walnut (Juglans regia L.) base natural dyes. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(2), 566-8.

Turkey has a great number of walnut trees which include nutritious components. However, only the inside part of walnut is used as a nutrient while the rest of it is waste. This study suggests that the waste parts of the walnut could be used as a natural dye for dyeing textile fibres. The dyeing properties of leaves, husk and shell of the walnut were examined on various textile fibres (wool, cotton and viscose) by using different metal salts. Mordants used in dyeing process were choosen as potassium dichoromate, copper sulphate, iron sulphate and alumunium sulphate. Colour performance and fastness properties were investigated after dyeing process. The experimental results indicate that walnut based products can be used in textile dyeing as natural dyes.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

008611   Teron R;Borthakur S K (Life Science Dep, Assam Diphu Campus Univ, PO Diphu, Karbi Anglong, Assam-782 462, Email: robinteron.audc2007@gmail.com) : Biological motifs and designs on traditional costumes among Karbis of Assam. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2012, 11(2), 305-8.

Traditional costumes are often adorned with designs depicting indigenous flora and fauna, objects and even some astract figures. Filed study was undertaken with the objective to elucidate the traditional knowledge on weaving and to find out the intrinsic relationships between biological objects and cultural artifacts during 2002-2008 among the Karbis following unstructured interview and through personal observations by the authors. Motifs and designs are weaved or embodied following certain indigenous techniques viz. kerip, ketur, keran, kehom, keroi, kepharlem and kethak. The findings of the study ideate that traditional motifs and designs on textiles are not for mere display but are emotionally associated with their social, cultural and religious life. Further, the similarity in material culture of the Karbis and Tiwas observed in some respects may be attributed to their co-habitation in the same Geographical area and reciprocal influence of their cultures.

8 illus, 7 ref

008610   Tayebi H A;Yazdanshenas M E;Rashidi A S; Khajavi R;Montazer M (Textile Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran) : Effect of delustering agent on physical and mechanical properties of nylon 6. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(1), 398-402.

Titanium dioxide is one of the most important delustering agent additives in synthetic fiber production, as nylon. Different amounts of TiO₂ are used to gain various characteristics on synthetic fibers in industrial applications. In this research two types of nylon granules were processed with different amounts of TiO₂ (0.30 and 0.03%). Then, two types of yarn were created using circular shape spinneret from the mentioned granules. The effects of TiO₂ on physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of granules and prepared yarns were studied. Results showed that by increasing the amount of TiO₂, strength of yarns decreased. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that with enhancement in the amount of TiO₂, degradation temperature was decreased. The reduction in the crystalline part was the reason for this temperature variation, as it was also proved by DSC analysis. Morphology of yarns was further studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which shows an increase in the amount of TiO₂ on the fiber surface, by increasing the overall amount of TiO₂. Results indicate the improvement in dye adsorption by increasing the amount of TiO₂.

6 illus, 10 tables, 20 ref

008609   Shahidi S;Wiener J;Ghoranneviss M;Stepankova M (Textile Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Textile, Technical Univ of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic, Email: shahidish@yahoo.com) : Influence of dielectric barrier discharge treatment on adhesion properties of platinum coated polypropylene foil and polypropylene fabrics. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(2), 863-6.

This work report, the effects of low temperature plasma treatment on physical and chemical properties of polypropylene fabrics and foils. We have used a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), working in an atmospheric pressure air. More polar functional groups were present on the substrate surface after dielectric barrier discharge pretreatment. The effects of plasma treatment on the adhesion properties of polypropylene samples were also studied. It is shown that the adhesion of fabrics and foils of polypropylene to platinum, when deposited on them, have been improved after plasma treatment.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

008608   Sengupta S;Debnath S (National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, , 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: ssg_42@rediffmail.com) : Jute based ternary blended yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 217-23.

Two types of jute based blended yarns have been developed from jute-polypropylene-hollow polyester and jute-shrinkable acrylic-hollow polyester in the conventional jute spinning system. Such ternary blended yarn can be used successfully to produce home textiles. Jute-shrinkable acrylic-hollow polyester have been blended in 50:30:20 proportion to produce bulk yarn for warm garments. Similarly, jute-polypropylene-hollow polyester blended yarn in 50:25:25 proportion can be used in cushion cloth, mattress cloth, table cloth, bed sheet, etc. Such blending not only gives better yarn but also produces more regular yarn. The fabric out of this yarn in weft is cheaper, heavier and more rigid in weft direction compared to commercial sample. The developed fabric is dimensionally and quality wise stable in washing.

4 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

008607   Santhi P;Jeyakodi Moses J (Chemistry Dep, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram, Namakkal-637 408, Email: santhiperiasamy@gmail.com) : Reduction process of vat dye on cotton fabric assisted by ferrous sulphate. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(1), 169-72.

Among all the dyestuff, vat dyes are one of the most popular dyes used on textiles particularly on cotton textile materials. However, vat dye is originally insoluble in water. In conventional vat dyeing process, the vat dye is dissolved using sodium hydrosulphite (hydrose) which is a powerful reducing agent followed by solubilizing with sodium hydroxide. This process creates high pollution problem. Hence, an attempt has been made to see the effect of other reducing agents like ferrous sulphate (2% owm) and combination of ferrous sulphate with hydrose in various proportions as reducing agent. The results of these reducing agents were compared with those of the vat dyeing with hydrose (2% owm), in terms of reduction potential of vat dye bath, depth of shade of the fabric and FTIR analysis of vat dye and vat dyed cotton fabric.

2 tables, 26 ref

008606   Samanta A K;Bagchi A;Biswas S K (NO, Institute of Jute Technology, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijtaksamanta@hotmail.com) : Fire retardant finishing of jute fabric and its thermal behaviour using phosphorous and nitrogen based compound. J Polym Mater 2011, 28(2), 149-69.

Bleached jute fabrics have been subjected to treatment with different fire retardant formulations based on binary mixtures of Phosphorous - Nitrogen compound by pad-dry cure process. Phosphorous containing compound e.g., Ortho Phosphoric Acid/DAP and Nitrogenous compound e.g. Urea/ThioUrea/Dicyan-diamide as well as a commercial fire retardant finishing agent, Pyrovatex CP (N-methylol di methyl phosphonopropionamide) are also standardized and studied for jute fabric. The fire retardant performance of each formulation is investigated at different concentration in terms of LOl value, flame spread time, afterglow time, char length. The effect of fire retardant treatments on the various physical properties were also measured. Most of the fire retardant formulations showed high fire retardant performance showing LOI value in the range of 27 to 38. Ortho Phosphoric Acid in combination with Urea imparts highest fire retardancy though it is also associated with higher strength loss. However, all the above fire retardant finished fabric samples showed loss of nearly 20- 30% of LOI value on soap washing. Loss of tenacity on such fire retardant treatment was around 15-50% in different cases. Thermal studies showed that on fire retardant treatment formation of volatile products are reduced.

5 illus, 8 tables, 22 ref

008605   Parthiban M;Thilagavathi G (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: parthi_mtech@yahoo.com) : Optimisation of process parameters for coloration and antibacterial finishing of wool fabric using natural fungal extract. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 257-64.

The present study aims at evaluating and optimizing the dyeing potential of fungal pigments for wool fabric specimen. The fungal pigments are extracted from the species of Thermomyces, purified and characterized using UV-Vis and FTIR spectra and then used for dyeing. An experiment has been designed using Box- Behnken with three levels and three variables using pH, temperature and time as independent variables and K/S, wash, rub & light fastness and bacterial reduction (%) as dependent variables and the process conditions are optimized. Regression equations have been obtained to analyse color intensity, fastness properties and bacterial reduction and the optimum process parameters are identified. The results show that the optimum concentration of the pigment is 2% on weight of the fabric and the optimum conditions for dyeing are 60° C, 30 min at 3 pH.

6 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

008604   Mirjalili M;Hedayat L (Textile Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran) : Nano silicagel supported by phosphoric acid for synthesis of azoic dyes based on naphthol. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(2), 717-19.

Synthesis of some azoic dyes based on α-naphthol requires special conditions such as low temperature, use of dense acids and high pressure. Aside from great expenses and difficulties in preparing conditions of solution, depreciation of dye-making devices due to the application of dense acids is regarded as another problem in this system. This paper tries to use a new method to remove these difficulties. Producing dyes using solid acids appears to be more effective than applying aqueous ones. One of the advantages of this system is the reduction of device corrosion, prevention of any damaging to the environment, an increase in efficiency and simplicity of the method. Applying this method, some azoic dyes based on a-naphthol, in room temperature and atmosphere pressure, were synthesized in high per cent and in a short time. The structure of the synthesized dye was investigated by FTIR. The synthesized dye was then used for dyeing some textile fibers in order to identify the best condition for dye absorbing and for studying the quality of these dyes on fabrics. Consequently, washing fastness test, staining test, light fastness were done. The results show that synthesized dyes are placed in acidic dyes category.

2 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

008603   Merati A A;Agahian F;Bagherzadeh R (Advanced Textile Materials and Technology Research Institute, Amirkabir Technology Univ, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran, Email: merati@aut.ac.ir) : New technique to tint the black dyed fibres in worsted spinning. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 250-6.

A new method has been developed for tinting of black dyed fibres of wool and polyester in worsted spinning system. The results of tinting process are evaluated by both visual and instrumentally. The results show that the best option for tinting of black dyed fibres is the use of pigments in mixture with titanium dioxide, spinning oil and water. The tint solution is prepared by perfectly dissolving the components at the optimum values of 2.7% pigment, 2.4% titanium dioxide powder and 3.4% spinning oil in water at room temperature. It is observed that the proposed mixture can perfectly tint the black dyed fibres of wool and polyester without any permanent effect and stain on them. The black dyed fibres could also be tinted in white colour with a solution of titanium dioxide without pigments. The tinted fibres could be washed with water and detergents in finishing process easily and without any further stage.

4 illus, 7 ref

008602   Mahish S S;Patra A K;Thakur R (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile and Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: smahish@yahoo.com) : Functional properties of bamboo/polyester blended knitted apparel fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 231-7.

The functional properties of bamboo/polyester blended knitted fabrics, intended to be used for summer clothing, have been studied. It is observed that with increasing bamboo content the yarn hairiness and unevenness increase and the tenacity decreases. It is also found that the increase in bamboo content in the blend increases the ultra-violet protection factor, water vapour permeability and wickability. On the other hand, with the increase in bamboo content in the fabric there is a decrease in bursting strength, air permeability and thermal resistance. The fabrics loose their anti-bacterial property when bamboo is gradually replaced by polyester. The findings of the study suggest that polyester/bamboo blends must contain more than 80% bamboo fibres in order to retain sufficient anti-bacterial property of bamboo fibres in the fabrics.

3 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

008601   Karolia A;Ladia B (Clothing and Textiles Dep, Faculty of Family and Community Sciences, The MS Baroda Univ, Vadodara-390 002, Email: anjalikarolia@hotmail.com) : Traditional textiles and costumes of Karbi and Biate tribes of Meghalaya. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2012, 11(2), 309-16.

The present study was an attempt to study the tribal textiles, and costumes of Meghalaya which was almost non-existent and has reached the verge of extinction in the name of change. The objectives of the study were to document the yarns, looms, colors, motifs and costumes worn for different occasions. Data was gathered through personal interviews coupled with observation method from purposive selected samples and photographs were taken to support the study. Weaving of these two tribes was the monopoly of women. They wove their dress by themselves on the loom which they set up in their dwelling house. The study revealed that there have been certain changes in the traditional textiles and costumes in terms of yarns, colours and motifs used.

11 illus, 10 ref

008600   Kale K H;Palaskar S S;Kasliwal P M (NO, The Bombay Textile Research Association, Mumbai-400 086, Email: btra@vsnl.com ) : Novel approach for functionalization of polyester and cotton textiles with continuous online deposition of plasma polymers. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 238-44.

This paper reports a novel approach for surface modification of 100 % cotton and 100 % polyester fabrics with atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (APPECVD) of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). The chemical and structural nature of HMDSO plasma polymers deposited on the fabric surface with respect to discharge power has been studied with FTIR spectroscopy. The functional property such as water repellency imparted to the polyester and cotton fabrics after plasma treatment has been determined by spray test. It is observed that water repellent properties improve after plasma treatment. Moreover, the intrinsic hydrophilic or hydrophobic behaviour of cotton and polyester substrates has been found to have significant effect on the water repellency of the plasma treated samples. Deposition of plasma polymer on the surface of treated samples has been substantiated by scanning electron microscopy. It has been observed that tensile strength of cotton fabric remains unaffected by the given experimental conditions, whereas that of polyester fabric considerably deteriorates at higher discharge powers.

5 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

008599   Gunavathi P;Ramachandran T;Chellamani K P (NO, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: guna_textile@yahoo.co.in) : Characterization of nanomembrane using nylon-6 and nylon-6/poly (e-caprolactine)blend. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 211-16.

This study is mainly focused on characterization of nanomembrane. using nylon-6 and its blend with poly (e- caprolactine) (PCL). Nylon-6 nanomembrane has been developed using formic acid at four different viscosity levels of 158.4, 420.8, 920.8 and 1417 cPs. Another nanomembrane of nylon-6/PCL (80:20) blend has also been developed using nylon-6 polymer solution viscosity of 1417 cPs at three different polymer concentrations (8, 10 and 12%) of PCL. The characterization of nanomebrane is done using scanning electron microscope and Fourier transformed infrared. It is observed that the nanomebrane of 80:20 blend ratio of nylon-6/PCL at 1417 cPs nylon-6 viscosity and 12 % concentration of PCL produces uniform fibre structure.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

008598   Goud V S (Wool Research association, P O Sandoz Baug, Kolshet Road, Thane (W), Mumbai-400 607, Email: varun.goud@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of plasma processing parameters on mechanical properties of wool fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 292-8.

Wool fabric has been treated with low-temperature plasma using a di-electric barrier discharge plasma reactor under atmospheric pressure. Air was used as the non-polymerizing gas for plasma treatment. The effect of plasma process parameters, viz voltage (4.0, 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 kV) and the inter-electrode spacing (2, 3 and 4 mm) on the properties of wool fabric has been studied. Breaking strength, breaking elongation and low-stress mechanical properties of the treated and untreated wool fabrics are evaluated. Surface topographical changes after plasma treatment of wool have been assessed by scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the tensile, bending, compression, shear, and surface properties depend on the applied voltage and the inter-electrode spacing. As the applied voltage across the electrodes is increased and the inter-electrode spacing is decreased, the etching effect of active species in plasma over the wool substrate is increased. This results in improved tensile properties at breaking load, increased bending and shear rigidity, and decreased extension at low loads.

^ssc1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

008597   Ganesan P;Tamil Selvi C;Ramachandran T (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: ganeshg007@gmail.com) : Microencapsulation of copper enriched herbals for curative garments. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2012, 11(3), 532-6.

Curative finish has been imparted to the cotton single jersey knitted fabric using extracts of Aloe barbadensis Mill, bitter gourd, Cuminum cyminum Linn, and ginger by microencapsulation using pad-dry-cure method. Based on the copper content, the above four plants were selected. Microcapsules are produced using herbal extracts as core and gum Acacia Willd. as wall material. The presence and the density of microcapsules are analysed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The antimicrobial efficacy has been evaluated by agar diffusion (SN 195920). It is observed that the microencapsulated herbal extracts possess a very good resistance for microbes. And the garments made from those encapsulated fabric showed better results in curing skin diseases like scabies, inflammatory skin disease, seasonal skin disease, urticaria and ecgema.

4 tables, 7 ref

008596   El-Hennawi H M;Ahmed K A;Abd El-Thalouth I (Dyeing Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Dep, Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, Email: skybird740@yahoo.com) : Novel bio-technique using laccase enzyme in textile printing to fix natural dyes. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 245-9.

Laccase enzyme has been used as a substitute of harmful mordants in fixation of three different types of flavonoids (natural dyes), namely rutin, morin and quercetin, in printing of fabrics and the optimum conditions to achieve the best results are determined. The effects of enzyme concentration, pH of printing paste, treatment time and temperature as well as the nature of the printed substrate on the properties of printed goods expressed as K/S and overall fastness properties have been thoroughly investigated. The results show that the optimum conditions for using rutin in printing cotton fabrics are enzyme concentration 60g/kg printing paste, pH 4.5, treatment time 60 min and temperature 60°C. Laccase undergoes enzymatic oxidative polymerization of flavonoids giving the coloured pigment. It is also observed that with this technique, the above three kinds of flavonoids could be used for printing all kinds of fabrics, as in case of pigments, with very good to excellent colour fastness. However, the colour strength of the printed goods depends on the concentration of enzyme, pH of printing paste, treatment time, temperature of treatment, fixation conditions, nature of flavanoids used, and nature of printed fabric.

4 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

008595   El-Bendary M A;Abo El-Ola S M;Moharam M E (Microbial Chemistry Dep, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, Email: tasnim41@yahoo.com) : Enzymatic surface hydrolysis of polyamide fabric by protease enzyme and its production. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 273-9.

The present study is aimed at finding out the protease enzyme specific for hydrolysis of polyamide fabric surface and Its production in cost effective medium for application in textile industry. Hydrolysis of polyamide fabric by protease enzymes produced by Bacillus isolates 2W, 16P and 36P is confirmed by improved hydrophilic properties, enhanced staining with basic dyes, scanning electron microscope and FTIR. SEM images of protease treated fabric show heterogeneous appearance as cracks, pits and rough surfaces. FTIR measurements prove the increase in free amino groups on the surface of protease treated polyamide. At the same time, treated fabric shows good physical and mechanical properties. It is also observed that the loss of strength of treated fabric is 6%. Air permeability increases and static charges reduce. Bacillus isolate 16P is chosen for economic production of polyamide surface modifying protease enzyme using 14 agro-industrial by-products as growth media. The highest protease production (175 U/mL) is achieved in media containing 6% linen meal at pH 7, after 72 h incubation period. Addition of KC1 to linen meal medium enhances the protease production to about 18%.

2 illus, 6 tables, 36 ref

008594   Bumla N A;Wani S A;Shakyawar D B;Sofi A H; Yaqoob I;Sheikh F D (Livestock Products Technology Div, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir Agr, Shuhama, Alastang, Srinagar-190 006, Email: sofihassanasif@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study on quality of shawls made from hand-and machine-spun pashmina yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 224-30.

An attempt has been made to compare the quality of pashmina shawls developed on traditional and woollen handlooms using both hand-spun and machine-spun yarns for various physico-mechanical parameters. The experimental plan includes preparation of both hand-spun and machine-spun yarns followed by the preparation of pashmina shawls from these yarns on both traditional and woollen handlooms, and their quality evaluation. Number of fibres/cross-section, count, elongation percentage, tenacity and coefficient of friction show significant difference between hand-spun and machine-spun yarns. The quality evaluation tests of fabrics reveal that weight/m², thickness, picks/inch, extension percentage, bending rigidity, frictional properties and total hand value show significant difference, whereas ends/inch, breaking load, tenacity, bending length, abrasion loss and shrinkage loss do not show significant difference. The study reveals that the overall quality of pashmina shawls developed on traditional loom using hand-spun yarn is better than the other types of shawls developed and studied.

1 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

008593   Bo Z (College of Textiles, Zongyuan Technology Univ, Henan, Zhengzhou-450 007, Email: zhaobohenan@sina.com) : Production of polypropylene melt blown nonwoven fabrics: part I- numerical simulation and prediction of fibre diameter. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 280-6.

The air drawing model and the air jet flow field model of dual slot inset sharp die of melt blowing for polypropylene polymer nonwovens have been established. The dual slot inset sharp die is often used to yield polymer fibres in the melt blowing process. The air jet flow field model of melt blowing is solved by using the finite difference method. The numerical computation results of air speed distribution are found to be in accordance with the experimental values. The influence of melt blowing processing parameters on the fibre diameter is also discussed. The predicted fibre diameter agrees with the experimental data. A lower polymer throughput rate, higher initial polymer melt temperature, larger die-to-collector distance, higher air initial temperature, and higher air initial velocity can yield finer fibres. The results show great potential of this research for the computer assisted design of melt blowing technology.

5 illus, 10 ref

008592   Baig G A (Textile Chemistry Dep, College of Textile Engineering & Technology, BZU Multan 68000, Punjab, Pakistan, Email: gabaig@bzu.edu.pk) : Effect of pH on the coloration of synthetic fibres with indigo blue. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 265-72.

Various synthetic fibres, viz. PET (polyethylene terephthalate), nylon 6.6, acrylic and lycra (polyurethane), have been dyed with indigo blue at various pH. The pH values are achieved by controlling the relative amounts of sodium dithionite and sodium hydroxide in the dyebath. PET, nylon 6.6, acrylic and lycra are dyed at 120, 100, 100 and 80 °C respectively for 30 min through an exhaust technique. The results show that leuco vat acid molecules exhaust well on all of these synthetic fibres in the appropriate acidic region (pH being 5.5 - 6). Lycra produces the highest shade depth followed by acrylic, nylon and then PET. On either side of this pH region, substantivity decreases. In the highly acidic region indigo molecules are precipitated while in the alkaline region dye molecules are ionized, and the fibre polymeric material is hydrolyzed. Reflection spectra show that the absorption maxima of indigo molecules are at 610 nm for PET, nylon and lycra while for acrylic it is 560 nm. It is also suggested that dye molecules exist as single molecules in the fibre matrix because when indigo is dissolved in dimethyl formamide it absorbs at 610 nm as well.

5 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

008591   Abdel-Fattah M S;Hudson S M;Ibrahim H M;Waly A I;Abou-Zeid N Y (College of Textiles, NC State Univ, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, Email: aseyam@ncsu.edu) : Healing performance of wound dressing from cyanoethyl chitosan electropsun fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(3), 205-10.

Chitosan-based structures with high surface area have been developed for their application in wound dressings. In such structures, the next to skin layer is chitosan-based nanofibre formed by electrospinning technique. Chitosan derivatives have been synthesized and electrospinning trials of their solutions are conducted using different electrospinning parameters such as polymer concentration in electrospinning solution, solution feed rate and electrical field strength. Contact kill performance of the electrospun structures against a range of microbes is studied using the disc diffusion method. The results indicate that the developed nanofibre webs exhibit an excellent antimicrobial behavior.

5 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

007571   Ghodake G;Jadhav U;Tamboli D;Kagalkar A; Govindwar S (Life Science Dep, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang Univ, Seoul-133 791, South Korea) : Decolorization of textile dyes and degradation of mono-azo dye amaranth by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIM 2890. Indian J Microbiol 2011, 51(4), 501-8.

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus NCIM 2890 (A. caloaceticus) was found to decolorize 20 different textile dyes of various classes. Decolorization of an azo dye amaranth was observed effectively (91%) at static anoxic condition, whereas agitated culture grew well but showed less decolorization (68%) within 48 h of incub

6 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

007570   Bumla N A;Wani S A;Shakyawar D B;Sofi A H; Yaqoob I;Sheikh F D (Livestock Products Technology Div, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir Univ, Shuhama, Alastang, Srinagar-190 006, Email: sofihassanasif@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of machine dehairing on quality of pashmina fibre. Indian J Small Rumin 2012, 18(1), 118-20.

A study was conducted to compare the quality of Pashmina fibre dehaired manually and mechanically. Pashmina was procured from All Changthangi Pashmina Growers Association, Leh, Ladakh. Samples were drawn randomly from different bales. The total Pashmina sample was divided into two parts. Half of the Pashmina was dehaired manually while remaining half was dehaired on machine. Both types of pashmina fibres were evaluated for fineness, length, bundle strength, coefficient of friction and scanning electronic imaging (SEM). Fibre diameter and bundle strength showed non-significant difference whereas fibre length and co-efficient of friction showed significant difference (P<60>0.05) between the dehairing methods. SEM images clearly showed that machine dehairing damages the surface of Pashmina fibre. From the study, it was concluded that the machine dehairing results in reduction of fibre strength by damaging the surface structure thus it may reduce the life of the final product.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

006555   Zhang X H;Li J;Wang Y Y (Fashion & Art Design Institute, Donghua Univ, Shanghai-200 051, P R China, Email: lijun@dhu.edu.cn) : Effects of clothing ventilation openings on thermoregulatory responses during exercise. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 162-71.

The effect of clothing openings on thermoregulatory responses of wearers during a treadmill exercise in controlled laboratory conditions has been studied. Nine short sleeved T-shirts with varying design of clothing openings at neck and hem have been designed, and the test is performed on six males, considering 10min of standing rest, 30min of running at 55% of VO_2max followed by 10min of rest. Heart rate, rectal temperature (T_re, skin temperatures (T_sk), clothing microclimate temperature (T_cl) and relative humidity (RH_cl) have been studied and the subjective ratings on thermal, sweating and comfort sensations are collected. The results show significant differences in mean values of skin T

7 illus, 7 tables, 32 ref

006554   Wavhal S D;Balasubramanya R H (Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, ICAR, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: surabhiwavhal@yahoo.com) : Role of biotechnology in the treatment of polyester fabric. Indian J Microbiol 2011, 51(2), 117-23.

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibre [PET] is the commonly used fibre for majority of end-use applications, however, the desire for improved textile properties such as wettability or hydrophilicity are increasing. Biotechnology can be defined as the application of scientific and engineering to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services. The environmental issues associated with the textile processing are not new. Currently and in the years to come, besides lower cost of operation, improved durability, wear comfort and development of new attributes for textiles, the new criteria for judging the new processes is ecology. This paves the way for biotechnology. This article throws light on the applications of enzymes for the treatment of polyester fabrics.

^iia2 tables, 50 ref

006553   Vigneswaran C;Anbumani N;Ananthasubramanian M;Rajendran R (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: vignes_waran@rediffmail.com) : Prediction and process optimization of pectinolytic reaction on organic cotton fabrics for bioscouring with alkaline pectinase. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 183-90.

An improved enzymatic cotton scouring process has been developed on the basis of a fast enzyme reaction to efficiently remove the pectin and wax compounds from the organic cotton fabrics. An attempt has been made to study the pectinolytic activity of degrading rate of pectin on the organic cotton fabric using alkaline pectinase enzyme with various process parameters such as enzyme concentration, temperature and reaction time. These process variables are selected based on the box-behnken design of experiment and the output of experiment results for weight loss, wax content and pectin degradation on the fabric. All the results are optimized with minimum error. The test results are also analyzed using design-expert software 8.0 to predict the optimum process parameters for achieving the required pectin degrading rate and then compared with actual trial results. The performance of alkaline pectinase enzyme during bioscouring process has also been assessed by Ruthenium Red dye test and FTIR results confirm the degradation of pectin on the bioscouring of organic cotton fabrics.

6 illus, 6 tables, 40 ref

006552   Uchoyuk C;Karakisla M;Sacak M (Chmeistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Ankara Univ, 06100 Ankara, Turkey, Email: meral.karakisla@gmail.com) : Preparation of poly(o-toluidine)/polyacrylonitrile composite fibres using CrO₃. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 120-6.

Poly(o-toluidine) (POT) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres have been used to prepare conducting composite fibres by in situ chemical polymerization using CrO₃ as oxidant. The POT content and surface resistivity of POT/PAN composite fibres have been systematically evaluated as a function of the polymerization temperature and time, types of oxidant and dopant, and concentrations of monomer, oxidant and dopant. At the polymerization carried out at 30 °C for 4 h by 0.125 M o-toluidine, 0.08 M CrO₃ and 1.2 M HC1, the composite fibres having the highest POT content (about 2.3%) and the lowest surface resistivity (about 0.12 Mohm/cm²) are obtained. Surface resistivity measurements together with FTIR, TGA and SEM techniques have been used for the characterization of composite fibres prepared. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of composite such as tensile strength and elongation-at-break are also measured. SEM images show that the surface of fibre is coated by POT with a flaky shape and there are accumulation of large and small POT particles at some regions.

8 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

006551   Tyagi G K;Shaw S (NO, The Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani-127 021, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Structural and characteristic variations in viscose ring- and air-jet spun yarns as a consequence of draw frame speed and its preparatory process. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 27-33.

The influence of high draw frame speed and its preparatory on the structure and properties of viscose ring- and air-jet spun yarns has been studied. The data indicate insignificant differences in the tensile and regularity characteristics of the yarns produced with different card drafts and the yarns made with high draw frame speed display higher strength, higher breaking extension and better regularity than the yarns made with lower draw frame speed. Furthermore, a lower second nozzle pressure is needed to reduce rigidity of air-jet yarns to acceptable limits. When compared with ring-spun yarns, air-jet yarns have significantly smaller helix angle, but display higher packing density. Of the various process variables, card draft and second nozzle pressure markedly affect mean fibre extent, helix angle and packing density, whereas draw frame speed affects each of the parameters studied in a non-distinguishable manner.

5 tables, 13 ref

006550   Tarun K;Gobi N (Textile Technology Dep, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: gobsnn@gmail.com) : Calcium alginate/PVA blended nano fibre matrix for wound dressing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 127-32.

The nanocomposite web of calcium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol with varying proportion has been prepared by electrospinning and its application for wound healing is examined. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize the morphology and molecular fingerprint. The water vapour transmission rate of the blended nanofibre composite web having maximum calcium alginate content is found to be 2725.8 g/m²/2h, which helps in maintaining a moist environment over the wound surface. The wound healing capacity of the nanofibre has been evaluated using a rat model. When the wound is covered with nanofibre, it forms gel due to the presence of calcium alginate and filled with new epithelium without any harmful reactions.

6 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

006549   Sundaramoorthy P;GiriDev V R;Renuka Devi M (Textile Technology Dep, Anna Chennai Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: sundar2026@gmail.com) : Physical and thermal properties of nano lead oxide loaded electrospun PAN nanofibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 16-19.

Electrospun nanofibres of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and PAN mixed nano lead oxide (n-PbO) matrices have been produced. With the increase in concentration of nano lead oxide in the electrospinning matrices, the diameter of fibres is found to increase. The tensile strength of electrospun matrices increases up to 0.8 wt% incorporation of nano lead oxide but with further increase in nano lead oxide the tensile strength of the web decreases. The conductivity of the parent sample is found to be better compared to that of sample mixed with n-PbO.

7 illus, 16 ref

006548   Srikrishnan M R;Parthiban M;Dhinakaran M (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: mrsrikrishnan@yahoo.co.in) : Innovative approach for energy conservation in ring spinning. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 191-3.

An attempt has been made to modify the spindle system -drive for minimizing the energy consumption to a maximum extent without compromising on the yarn quality, production and machine performance. It is found that the novel modification reduces the pulling load imposed on a prime- mover and leads to 10.8% power saving.

^ssc4 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

006547   Sharma D;Gupta C;Aggarwal S;Nagpal N (Fabric and Apparel Science Dep, Institute of Home Economics, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 016, Email: deepshikhasharma10@yahoo.co.in) : Pigment extraction from fungus for textile dyeing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 68-73.

The present study is an attempt to isolate and optimize the fermentation conditions of three fungus, namely Trichoderma virens, Alternaria ahernata and Curvularia lunata to get pigments for the purpose of textile dyeing. Highest optical density has been achieved in potato dextrose broth at 28°C in 25 days under static conditions. Wool and silk are dyed unmordanted with very good wash and rub fastness. Trichoderma virens has demonstrated antifungal property. There is no adverse effect on the tensile strength of the fabric and on the human skin. Paper and thin layer chromatography has revealed that the pigments are multi-component in nature.

3 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

006546   Sharma B;Jassal M;Aggarwal A K;Goyal N; Rastogi D (SMITA Research Labs, Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: ashwini@smita-iitd.com ) : Development of a quantitative assessment method for self cleaning by photocatalytic degradation of stains on cotton. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 74-82.

Reports a standardised method termed as Stain Degradation Assessment (SDA) method, developed for the quantitative evaluation of self-cleaning efficiency of the finished fabric. The method involves (i) a standardized staining procedure to apply a uniform stain on the fabric, (ii) instrumental evaluation of photodegradation of stain in terms of K/S using a template to reduce error, and (iii) analysis of K/S values to evaluate stain degradation in percentage and its comparison with visual assessment. This method has been found to give a reproducible and comparable assessment of stain degradation on the textile material with respect to UV exposure.

2 illus, 8 tables, 24 ref

006545   Shanmugasundaram O L (Textile Technology Dep, KSR College of Technology, Tiruchengode-637 215, Email: mailols@yahoo.com) : Development and characterization of cotton and organic cotton gauze fabric coated with biopolymers and antibiotic drugs for wound healing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 146-50.

The present work deals with the development and characterisation of cotton and organic cotton based bandage using 40^s Ne yarn. The physical properties such as areal density, air permeability and stiffness of fabrics have been measured. Chitosan-sodium, alginate polymer, calcium-sodium alginate polymer and their mixture have been coated separately on the gauze structure to improve its antibacterial and wound healing property. The drugs such as tetracycline hydrochloride (250 mg), chloramphenicol (250 nig) and rifampin (250 mg) have been immobilized on the polymer coated fabrics to increase the rate of wound healing and antibacterial activity. Further, the antibacterial activity of the drug loaded and polymer coated samples has been evaluated against S.aureus and Proteus bacteria. The results show excellent antibacterial activity.

4 tables, 16 ref

006544   Sengupta S;Sengupta A (National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, , 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: ssg_42@rediffmail.com) : Electrical resistance of jute fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 55-9.

Electrical resistance of jute canvas, hessian and cross-laid needle-punched nonwoven fabrics has been measured in a laboratory made set-up. Effect of gauge length, voltage, moisture, fibre orientation, temperature, area density has been studied and analysed. It is observed that electrical resistance increases with the increase in gauge length and decreases with the increase in input voltage, moisture, temperature and area density. Jute hessian, canvas and nonwoven fabrics show the resistance value in descending order. Length-wise electrical resistance is higher than width-wise resistance of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric, whereas in case of canvas and hessian the effect is reversed.

6 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

006543   Samanta A K;Konar A;Datta S (Jute and Fibre Technology Dep, Institute of Jute Technology, Calcutta Univ, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019, Email: ijtaksamanta@hotmail.com ) : Dyeing of jute fabric with tesu extract: part II-thermodynamic parameters and kinetics of dyeing. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 172-7.

Thermodynamic parameters and dyeing kinetics for colouration of bleached and selectively double pre-mordanted jute fabric dyed with purified natural dye powder obtained from aqueous extract of tesu under optimized dyeing conditions have been studied to understand the physico-chemical interaction amongst dye, fibre and mordant. It is observed that this dyeing process is endothermic. Dye absorption isotherm of this particular fibre-mordant-dye system is found to be linear, following Nernst absorption isotherm. FTIR spectra of bleached, mordanted and purified natural dyed (tesu dyed) jute fabrics have also been compared. It is revealed that dyeing of selectively pre-mordanted bleached jute fabric mostly occurs through H-bond formation along with minor possibility of co-ordinated complex formation for fixation of tesu colourant on the selectively double pre-mordanted jute fibre.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

006542   Ray S C;Banerjee P K (Jute and Fibre Technology Dep, Calcutta Univ, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019) : Mechanics of 1x1 rib loop formation process on a dial and cylinder machine- analysis of modelled system. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 138-45.

Theoretical analysis of the output of the models of the 1x1 rib loop formation process has been performed to get the insight into the mechanics of loop formation system. For the purpose, the important output variables of the models have been generated for 128 sets of combinations of input variable. The range of the values of input variables have been chosen keeping in view, the machine and yarn parameters available for the earlier experimental work as well as relevant information available in published literature. The analyses of the output of the models reveal that the main output variables of the loop formation system, namely loop length and yarn tension (needle force), are influenced by different machine, yarn and process variables as well as timing of knitting. In some cases the response of the system, i.e. the change in output variables due to incremental changes in input variables is large, whereas in some other cases the response is moderate to marginal. In fact, the rate of change in output variables depends on the combination of the input variables as well as the range of values of input variables.

1 table, 15 ref

006541   Ray S C;Banerjee P K (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: sadhan53@yahoo.co.in) : Mechanics of 1x1 rib loop formation process on a dial and cylinder machine under delayed timings. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 39-45.

The models developed for the study on mechanics of 1x1 rib loop formation process under synchronized (SYN) and 2 needle delayed (2 ND) timings have already been validated in terms of loop length and cam force (yarn tension profile) inside knitting zone - the two main output parameters of the model. As a dial and cylinder type knitting machine can be adjusted to different delayed timings, such as 1 ND, 2 ND, 3 ND, 4 ND, 5 ND, etc., an attempt has been made to carry out experimental studies under 1 ND, 3 ND and 5 ND timings. Such studies have mainly been carried out to justify the need of writing computer programmes for 1x1 rib loop formation process under different delayed timings of knitting. The values as well as the trend of the loop length and cam force obtained in this study have been compared with the trend observed under SYN and 2 ND timings. It has been found that excepting a few cases, loop length and cam force values follow a common trend. In general, with the increase in amount of delay the loop length decreases, whereas the cam force increases.

2 illus, 6 tables, 4 ref

006540   Ravichandran P;Hasmath Farzana M;Meenakshi S (Textiles Committee, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Karur-639 002, Email: drs_meena@rediffmail.com) : Sorption equilibrium and kinetic studies of direct yellow 12 using carbon prepared from bagasse, rice husk and textile waste cloth. Indian J chem Technol 2012, 19(2), 103-10.

Reports the sorption study of Direct Yellowl2 (DY) to describe the suitability of low cost adsorbents prepared from sugar mill waste bagasse, rice mill waste rice husk and textile industry waste cloths for its effective removal. The adsorption studies have been performed by varying parameters such as adsorbent dosage, pH of the dye solution, contact time and temperature. A significant increase in percentage removal of DY with increase in dosage of all the carbons is observed. The maximum removal of dye is obtained under acidic conditions, in particular, at pH 4. The equilibrium adsorption data obtained are used to calculate Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms and thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°, E_a and S* are calculated in order to understand the nature of sorption process. The sorption process is found to be controlled by pseudo-second-order and pore diffusion models.

4 illus, 4 tables, 46 ref

006539   Rajendra Kumar K;Thilagavathi G (Textile Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: rakumarmt@yahoo.co.in) : Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of copper/PET composite yarn fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 133-7.

Woven fabric samples have been developed using composite yarn consisting of copper mono filament and PET filaments for evaluating electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) against radiating electromagnetic wave spectrum over a frequency range 2.25 - 2.65 GHz. Coaxial transverse electromagnetic wave mode transmission method equipment has been used for testing in far field condition. It is observed that the weave and thread spacing of fabric samples significantly influence the shielding effectiveness as interpreted from the two way between subject ANOVA design. It is justified that aperture size and contact resistance of composite yarns in fabrics are the critical parameters in determining the shielding effectiveness of textile fabrics. The mechanism of fabric shielding is also discussed in detail using already established shielding theories which would help design fabrics for electromagnetic shielding.

1 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

006538   Patil A J;Pandey A K (Conductive Textiles Laboratory, The Bombay Textile Research Association, L.B.S. Marg, Ghatkopar (w), Mumbai-40 086) : Novel approach for in situ polymerization of polypyrrole on cotton substrates. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 107-13.

Reports a novel approach for in situ polymerization of polypyrrole on cotton fabric using conventional wet processing method, i.e. jigger machine which is primarily used for textile fabric dyeing. The addition of oxidant in the polymerization bath is controlled to obtain regular and linear polypyrrole polymer. Cotton fabrics (100%, plain weave) have been treated with pyrrole monomer at three concentrations and three durations of polymerization under low temperature conditions. The resultant polypyrrole coated cotton (PPy-CT) fabrics are characterized for electrical conductivity, morphology and fine structure. The surface resistivity in the range 15 - 5000 ohm/square is achieved on cotton fabrics. Naphthalene-2- sulfonic acid (NSA) as dopant is also studied to observe its effect on the reduction in surface resistivity and atmospheric ageing. The polymerization duration of 3 h is found to be optimum. The conductivity as well as atmospheric stability of NSA-doped PPy-CT fabrics is improved as compared to only CF ion dopants.

6 illus, 24 ref

006537   Pal R;Mukhopadhyay S;Das D (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: samrat@textile.iitd.ac.in) : Optimization of micro-injection molding process with respect to tensile properties of polypropylene. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 11-15.

Integrated optimization approach based on Box-Behnken design of experiment and response surface methodology of analysis has been used for optimization of micro-injection molding process with respect to the tensile properties of polypropylene dog-bone-shaped bars. It is found that the response surface models of breaking strain and Young's modulus developed by using this approach can satisfactorily predict the tensile properties of the polypropylene bars as a function of injection molding process parameters. The single and interaction effects of the injection molding process parameters are found to play significant roles in determining the tensile properties of the polypropylene bars.

4 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

006536   Mukherjee S;Ray S C;Punj S K (Fashion & Apparel Dep, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Kolkata-700 098, Email: sandip_m1995@rediffmail.com) : Study on dimensional parameters of 1x1 rib fabric produced on a flat bed double jersey knitting machine using ultrasonic technique. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 60-7.

An attempt has been made to investigate as well as to gain an insight on the non-dimensional parameters such as Uc, Uw, Us and Ur of the knitted fabrics produced on a double jersey flat bed machine using acrylic yarn. Fabric samples have been prepared by varying the stitch cam setting, take down load and yarn count in a 5.5 gauge flat bed knitting machine and then subjected to relaxation treatment by using conventional technique as well as mechanical energy of ultrasonic waves for maximum shrinkage. It is observed that this new relaxation technique produces similar dimensional and non-dimensional parameters of the fabric as obtained with the conventional relaxation treatments. The values of the four non-dimensional parameters such as Uc, Uw, Us and Ur follow a specific trend and these values are found to be comparable with the experimental values obtained by previous workers for fabrics knitted in circular knitting machine. Regression analyses have been made and regression equations are generated to study the effect of loop length on courses and wales (ribs) per cm at different stages of relaxation.

2 illus, 7 tables, 13 ref

006535   Mishra P K;Pratibha Singh;Gupta K K;Tiwari H; Srivastava P (Chemical Engineering and Technology Dep, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005) : Extraction of natural dye from Dahlia variabilis using ultrasound. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 83-6.

Performance of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) technique for the extraction of colourant from Dahlia variabilis has been compared with conventional solvent extraction method. It is observed that UAE is more efficient process as compared to solvent extraction. The extracted dye is also characterized by FTIR and UV spectrophotometer. Change in colour with pH of extracted dye is observed due to bathochromic shift from blue green (pH 8.9) to deep red (pH 2.0). The extracted dye is also used for dyeing of wool yarns, generally used in the carpet industries. Good fastness properties of dyed yarn confirm its utility in the textile industries for eco-dyeing. The extracted dye also shows good potential to replace phenolphthalein as an indicator.

7 illus, 14 ref

006534   Messiry M E;Hosny N;Mohamed A (Textile Dep, Faculty of Engineeeing, Alexandria Univ, Alexandria, Egypt, Email: mmessiry@yahoo.com) : Optimization of specific energy consumption for compact-spun yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(1), 34-8.

A computer program has been designed to compute the value of the specific energy consumption in compact yarn spinning with variable spindle speed profile, considering all the spinning variables. It is proved that the specific energy has a minimum value at a defined spindle speed which depends on the yarn specifications, dimensions of the bobbin used, and speed profile. The program determines the value of spindle speed at which minimum specific energy is obtained. It is also found that the finer yarn count requires higher spindle speed and smaller ring diameter which leads to the minimum specific energy.

7 illus, 11 ref

006533   Kumaresan M;Palanisamy P N;Kumar P E (Chemistry Dep, M P Nachimuthu M Jaganathan Engineering College, Chennimalai, Erode-638 112, Email: mkumsrenu@yahoo.com) : Application of eco-friendly natural dye on cotton using combination of mordants. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2012, 37(2), 194-8.

The colour fastness properties of the colourant extracted from the flower of Spathodea campanulata on cotton have been studied using different combination (1:3,1:1 and 3:1) of various mordants, such as myrobolan-.nickel sulphate, myrobolan: aluminium sulphate, myrobolan: potassium dichromate, myrobolan: ferrous sulphate and myrobolan: stannous chloride. The wash, rub, light and perspiration fastness of the dyed samples have been evaluated. It is found that Spathadia campanulata dye can be successfully used for the dyeing of cotton to obtain a wide range of colours by using various combinations of mordants. With regards to colour fastness, test samples exhibit excellent fastness to washing, and rubbing, except for pre-nordanting using myrobolan: potassium dichromate combination; and good to excellent fastness to perspiration in both acidic and alkaline media.

^ssc5 tables, 8 ref