001034   Butola B S (Textile Dep, Technology at IIT, Delhi) : Advances in textile chemical processing. Asian Dyer 2010, 7(2), 29-34.

16 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

001033   Bhavani K;Sharada Devi A (Home Science Dep, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidar, Karnataka, Email: bhavanikammar@gmail.com) : Carpet weaving industry of Warangal- a field study. Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(2), 293-301.

Attempt has been made to study the present status of Warangal - a carpet weaving centre. Unlike that of many fields progress in this area has not been marked in steady increment. The main aim of the study was to identify the status of carpet weaving, its set up, functioning and the problems faced by the weavers and reasons for decline in demand for carpets. The study results revealed that the condition of the weavers was pathetic; they were handicapped due to illiteracy, inadequate finance, majority worked for master weavers, inadequate infrastructural facilities and marketing bottlenecks.

2 illus, 10 tables, 3 ref

001032   Babel S;Kumawat M (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science Maharana Partap Agriculture and Technology Uni, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Redefining khadi bed linen with cad embroidery. Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(2), 336-8.

Objective of present study was to explore the acceptability and market potentials of value added khadi bed linen developed from less width khadi fabric and by the use computerized embroidery machine. For this purpose a structured interview schedule and rating proforma were developed by researcher. 30 women respondents were selected randomly. The results reveals that developed value added khadi bed linen were found highly acceptable and had very good market potential.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

001031   Babel S;Karan (Textile and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Techn, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Danka work of Mewar. Asian J Home Sci 2010, 5(1), 108-13.

"The jewel in the crown" Rajasthan, brings everything at is most beautiful. Perhaps no other region of India is so thrilling and so colorful or posses more that is traditional and picturesque. From the ranging hot brown sands of the Mewar has the rich heritage of arts and crafts that own exclusive and unique position in the whole world. Danka work is lesser known Zari work, in the present research paper document the the traditional danka work of Mewar along with its motifs and problem faced by the artisans.

6 tables, 5 ref

025155   Sultana S;Islam M R;Haque M E (Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka (Bangladesh), Email: sultanasalma71@yahoo.com) : Hydrogels of carboxymethyl cellulose crosslinked with irradiation at dilute and paste-like condition. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 713-8.

Polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch and their water-soluble polymer derivatives have been known as degradable type polymers under action of ionizing radiation. Recently, we found that watersoluble polysaccharides derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) lead to radiation cross-linking at high concentrated aqueous solution (more than 10%, paste-like state). It was proved that the crosslinking was remarkably affected by their concentration. It was assumed that radiation formation of hydrogels of these polysaccharides derivatives were mainly due to the mobility of side chains. Side chains radicals were formed mostly via indirect effects, by the abstraction of H atoms by the intermediate products of water radiolysis. Some important characteristics of these prepared hydrogels were investigated.

2 illus, 8 ref

025154   Sonmez S;Dolen E;Fleming P D (Printing Education Dep, Faculty of Technical Education, Marmara Univ, Goztepe Campus, Istanbul 34722, Turkey, Email: ssonmez@marmara.edu.tr) : Binder effects on the creaseability of pigment coated paperboard. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(3), 1193-7.

The primary reason to pigment coating on paperboard is to improve the surface appearance and printability of the paperboard. However, printability is not the only property desired in paperboard. Workability is also important because it also affects productivity and efficiency. Creaseability is the most important property that affects workability. Accurate paperboard package dimensions and predictable foldability characteristics are factors affected by creaseability and they will affect product quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the proportion of binder in pigment coating mixtures on the creaseability of coated paperboards. The stiffness and creasing values of coated paperboard were compared.

8 illus, 4 tables, 10 ref

025153   Paul S A;Chavan S K;Khambe S D (PG Dep of Chemistry, D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur-413 002, Email: magar_sheela@rediffmail.com) : Characterization of textile industrial waste water in Solapur city. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(2), 635-42.

Six textile industries have been selected in East region of Solapur city based on field analysis and characterization studies. Textile effluent from these selected industries is collected and characterized for major pollution indicator parameters namely BOD, COD, TDS, sulphide, sulphate, chloride, hardness, alkalinity, calcium and magnesium. The effluent is dark colored with alkaline pH. The values of BOD and COD are found to be higher than Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India and also ratio of BOD : COD lies between 0.2 - 0.35 indicates that effluent contains large proportion of non-biodegradable matter. The concentration of total dissolved solid are observed to be higher than 5000 mg/L. The effluent also contains high concentration of sulphate, sulphide, chloride, calcium and magnesium, which are responsible for higher hardness of waste water. The results showed that, the textile industries under study area emanate effluent containing pollution indicator parameters considerably higher than standards stipulated by Central Pollution Control Board. Based on these characteristics, it is suggested that the effluent is not be suitable for discharge into environment without treatment.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

025152   Mirjalili M;Nazarpoor K;Karimi L (Textile Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran, Email: mir_textile@yahoo.com) : Extraction and identification of dye from walnut green husks for silk dyeing. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(3), 1055-9.

This paper introduces an analytical method for identifying the colour base extracted from the walnut shell (Juglans regia L.) which is based on the extraction of colourant from walnut shell through a solvent using Soxhlet apparatus. Here, the main colour bases of samples were isolated and analyzed by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. The method easily allows the identification of several colour bases by detecting the molecular structure and finally the separation of chemical structures from this plant. The absorbability of the extracted dye using ethanol solvent has been compared to that of the dye from the raw plant in order to determine the dyeing efficiency rate through dyeing silk fibers. The results show that the exhaustion rate for the extracted dye increases by 54% compared to the raw dye. This per self leads to a considerable decrease in the amount of the extracted dye used to reach the same desired results.

6 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

025151   Merdan N (Faculty of Engineering and Design, Istanbul Commerce Univ, 34840 Kucukyali, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: nmerdan@iticu.edu.tr) : Ultrasonic energy utilization in implementation UV absorbers to cotton fabrics. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(3), 1263-8.

Clothing provides protection against the ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. However the protection provided is not sufficient in some cases. UV absorbers are used to reduce the fiber damage and to reduce fading away colours of dyestuffs fixed in the material caused by UV radiation, as well as those can also be applied especially to the textiles for protecting the people who are being or working in outdoor areas against UV radiation. In this study, the ultrasonic energy sources are utilized in the implementation of UV absorbers to cotton fabrics, based on the cavitation effect of ultrasonic energy it creates in liquid environment. In the study, 100% cotton woven fabrics have been dyed with Remazol blue RR (DyStar) having 0.2% colour intensity and after dyeing different concentrations [1, 2, 3 and 4%] UV absorbers were applied to differently liquored fabrics by conventional ultrasonic probe and ultrasonic bath methodologies. The effects of ultrasonic energy, ultraviolet protection factor values, protection against UV radiation categories and ΔE*, ΔL*, ΔC* and ΔH* colour values and fastness properties were compared in terms of methods.

4 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

025150   Khakifirooz A;Kiaei M;Sadegh A N;Samariha A (Agricultural Dep, Zabol Branch Islamic Azad Univ, Zabol, Iran, Email: anaourisadegh@hotmail.com) : Chemical properties and morphological characteristics of Iranian cultivated kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.): a potential source of fibrous raw material for paper industry in Iran. Res Crop 2012, 13(2), 715-20.

In the present work, the chemical component and morphological characteristics of Iranian cultivated kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fibers were investigated. Chemical properties including holocellulose (72.31%), alpha-cellulose (48.2%), lignin (16.27%) and extractives (1% NaOH 17.39%) contents were determined. Fiber length, width, width of lumen and cell wall thickness were 2553, 22.35, 5.23 and 11.90 μm, respectively. The results of a biometrical study showed that kenaf bast contained fibers with similar average biometrical properties to the softwood fibers, except that the cell wall of kenaf bast was thicker. Chemical compositional analysis showed that the lignin content of kenaf bast was lower than other non-wood papermaking fiber resources, while the holocellulose content of kenaf was high. It was found that the kenaf bast contained low amounts of ash.

2 tables, 48 ref

025149   Kasmani J E;Samariha A;Ravanbakhsh F;Shorkaei J S (Wood and Paper Science and Technology Dep, Savadkooh Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Savadkooh, Iran, Email: Jafar_Kasmani@yahoo.com) : Characterization and evaluation of rapeseed as a raw material for paper production. Res Crop 2012, 13(2), 514-6.

Production of neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) pulp from rapeseed was investigated. NSSC pulping experiments showed suitable cooking conditions; liquor to rapeseed ratio of 10 : 1, chemical charge of 20% and a cooking temperature of 170°C. Under these conditions, a total pulp yield of 66% was achieved. Pulp was refined to freeness 350 and 400 ml CSF according to Canadian standards. 127 g/m² handsheets from both pulps were made and strength properties measured. Statistical analysis of results indicated that paper derived from freeness 350 and 400 ml CSF had better strength properties in all indices in comparison with NSSC pulp from hardwoods.

1 table, 16 ref

025148   Bozcan G;Merdan N (Textile Technology Dep, Corlu Vocational School, Namik Kemal Univ, 59860 Corlu/Tekirdag, Turkey, Email: gbozcan@nku.edu.tr) : Dyeing of polyester microfibers in acid and alkaline media. Asian J Chem 2011, 23(3), 1255-9.

The microfiber polyester fabric was dyed in three colour intensities with six commercial disperse dyestuffs under HT conditions, in acid (pH 5.5) and alkaline (pH 9.5) media at rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%. The acid and alkaline methods were compared in terms of colour and fastness. In addition, the strength values of three disperse dyestuff dyeing processes were determined in each of the two methods. In the performed study, it has been observed that the fastness and strength results of acid and alkaline methods were either close or similar to each other, but that the colour measurements differed and that dyeing in alkaline medium provided lighter shades.

1 illus, 9 tables, 19 ref

024101   Goud V S;Udakhe J S (Wool Research Associateon, , P.O. Sandoz Baug, Kolshet Road, Thane (W) 400 607, Email: varun.goud@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of low-temperature plasma treatment on tailorability and thermal properties of wool fabrics. Pramana J Phys 2011, 77(4), 669-7.

Dielectric barrier discharge type of plasma reactor was used for the low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatment of the wool fabrics. Air was used as the non-polymerizing gas for the plasma trelment at different time intervals. Low-stres

14 ref, 1 illus, 5 tables

023037   Wang C;Feng S (School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100 Jinan, P.R. China, Email: shanqing123@126.com) : Synthesis of Fatliquor from Palm Oil and Hydroxyl-Terminated Organosilicon. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 63-7.

Leather making processes usually require the addition of fatliquoring agents to separate the leather fibers from each other for promoting leather hand feeling and softness. The fatliquoring agents are mainly chemically modified products of animal and vegetable oils. In terms of the fatty acid components, palm oil is suitable as a raw material for fatliquoring agent preparation. Organosilicon has been increasingly used in leather making process due to its excellent properties. In this paper, an organosilicon modified palm oil fatliquoring agent was

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

023036   Tayebi H;Rastar A;Hoseinpour A (Textile Dep,Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad Universty, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: tayebi.h@qaemshahriau.ac.ir) : Effect of surfactant concentration on the characteristics of polyaniline nanocomposite. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 395-7.

Polyaniline nanocomposite was prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline using [(NH₄)₂S₂O₈] as an oxidant in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBSNa) as surfactant. The product was characterized in terms of morphology with scanning electron microscopy and chemical structure by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

023035   Tayebi H;Bigdeli A (Textile Dep, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: tayebi.h@qaemshahriau.ac.ir) : Morphology and properties of nanostructured materials based on poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fiber and organoclay. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 403-8.

Nanostructured materials based on organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) and poly (trimethylene terephthalate) fiber were prepared via melt-mixing of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and organically modified nano clay in a twin screw extruder followed by fiber spinning. Rigid inorganic filler has been longtime used as a reinforcement agent for polymer materials. Recently, more work is focused on the possibility that using nano filler like organoclay for improving properties of fibers via melt intercalation. Reported the efforts on the change of morphology and properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/nanoclay nanocomposite fibers. The effects of filler content and post processes on the morphology, crystallization behaviour, thermal stability and mechanical properties were investigated by SEM, DSC, TGA and mechanical test. A correlation was established between the changes in the nanostructure and mechanical properties. Exfoliated clay morphology was realized using a wide angle X-ray diffraction technique when both requirements of selecting an organic modifier that was thermodynamically compatible with polymer matrix and applying sufficient degree of shear stress were fulfilled.

5 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

023034   Li J;Wang S J;Liu H Y;You L;Wano S K (State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, P.R. China, Email: ivytea2008@hotmail.com) : Preparation of poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules containing sulfur by in situ polymerization. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 93-100.

Poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules containing sulfur were prepared by in situ polymerization in a sulfur-in-water suspension. The two preparation steps of sulfur-water dispersion and coating process were investigated. Sedimentation experiments showed that the stability of the suspension decreased with an increase in the weight ratio of water and sulfur and the optimal adding amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfonate and gelatin were 0.7 and 7 wt % for maintaining the stability of the suspension. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the mean diameter and size distribution of microcapsules were narrowed down with increasing the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfonate and the emulsifying speed. The encapsulation test and morphology observation showed that poly(urea-formaldehyde) microcapsules with spherical shape and high encapsulation efficiency were achieved at pH 3, shell-core weight ratio of 2.0-2.5 and sodium dodecyl sulfonate concentration of 0.7 wt %.

14 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

023033   Hamouly S H E;Azab M M;Diab A S M;Hegazy M A (Polymer Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt, Email: prof_sabrnal@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and thermal characteristics of N-(Thiazol-2-yl)methacrylamide-acrylonitrile copolymers. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 176-80.

N-(Thiazol-2-yl)methacrylamide monomer has been prepared by the reaction of 2-aminothiazole either with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine as catalyst or with methacrylic acid in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide as a dehydrating agent. The prepared monomer was copolymerized with acrylonitrile in dimethyl formamide using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The homo-polymer and also the copolymers were characterized by a variety of spectral and thermal methods. The thermal behaviour in nitrogen of the homopolymer as well as the copolymers was investigated using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis techniques. N-(Thiazol-2-yl)methacrylamide was found to initiate the nitrile oligomerization in the copolymers upon heating. A mechanism for the degradation and initiation of the methacryloyloxy units in the nitrile copolymers is proposed. This was confirmed by interpreting the fragmentation patterns of the obtained mass spectra of the monomer, as well as the FT-IR spectra of the copolymers after heating.

5 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

023032   Behrooz R;Kordkheili H Y;Najafi S K (Wood and Paper Science and Technology Dep, Faculty of Natural Resource, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran, Email: rabi.behrooz@modares.ac.ir) : Physical properties of lignin added wood flour-polypropylene composites: a comparison of direct and solvent mixing techniques. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(1), 157-60.

Lignin addition (by two mixing techniques) and its influence on the long-term water absorption and thickness swelling of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) were investigated. Lignin powder extracted from Kraft black liquor mixed with the wood flour with ratios of 0, 2, 5 and 10 % (based on wood dry weight) by direct and solvent techniques. The composites were manufactured by hot press method after mixing of the wood flour, lignin compound with polypropylene including maleated polypropylene (0 and 2 %) in an internal mixer. The results indicated that water absorption and associated thickness swelling were decreased by increasing of lignin content in all of the studied composites. Also the results showed that the composites were produced by solvent mixing exhibit less water absorption and associated thickness swelling rather those were produced by direct mixing method. Application of maleated polypropylene in the composites decreased water absorption and thickness swelling as well as water absorption coefficients. The result also indicated that the lignin can be used as co-compatibilizer of maleated polypropylene in the wood-plastic composites. Water absorption of the studied composites was proved to follow the kinetics of Fickian diffusion process.

5 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

021941   Yusuf M;Shahid M;Khan M I;Khan S A;Mohammad F (Natural Dyes Lab, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central Univ), New Delhi) : Eco-friendly shades developed from henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves extract and. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(7), 229-33.

Study envisages on the development of shades on woollen yarn with henna (Lawsonia inermis) as natural dye using alum and ferrous sulphate as morda nts. Fifty four shades were developed by varying the amounts of mordants and dye s. The colour measurements and colour fastness properties with respect to light exposure, washing and rubbing (dry and wet) have been investigated. The hue of c olour ranges from orange-brown to yellow. Deepest shades have been found with al um mordanted samples followed by ferrous sulphate and un-mordanted woollen yarn samples. The colour strength (K/S) has been found to be very good in dyed woolle n yarn samples mordanted with alum.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

021940   Yilmaz N D (Textile Engineering Dep, Pamukkale Univ, Deni9zli 20020, Turkey, Email: ndyilmaz@pau.edu.tr) : Effect of chemical extraction parameters on corn husk fibres characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 29-34.

Corn husk fibres have been extracted by alkalization process at different alkali concentrations and treatment durations. The effects of extraction process parameters on the physical properties, mechanical properties and thermal durability characteristics of corn husk fibres are investigated. Chemical structures of the fibres are studied by infrared spectroscopy measurements. The average length, linear density and moisture content of extracted fibres decrease with the increase in alkaline concentration and duration. Breaking force decreases with increased alkaline concentrations. Increasing treatment duration for all concentration levels increases the breaking force, tenacity and initial modulus up to a point and then decreases them with further increase in duration. The highest tensile performance could be obtained from 5-10 g/L NaOH treatment for 60 - 90 min. Alkalization under harsher conditions results in higher thermal durability up to 320°C with higher cellulose fraction, but lower durability above this temperature. The FTIR spectrum analysis proves higher cellulose but lower hemicellulose and lignin contents with harsher treatment conditions. The marginal effect of concentration decreases for higher concentrations which suggests that the available sites for chemical reaction are occupied at moderate concentrations.

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

021939   Vigneswaran C;Ananthasubramanian M;Anbumani N (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: vignes_waran@rediffmail.com) : Effect of sonication on bioscouring of organic cotton through mixed enzymatic system- neural network approach. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 44-56.

Attempt has been made to use the enzyme technology for bioscouring of organic cotton textiles using sonication techniques to improve the enzyme activity and scouring performance. The process optimization of bioscouring of 100% organic cotton fabric with ultrasonic treatment have been done with selective specific mixed enzymatic system using the enzymes such as alkaline pectinase, protease, lipase and cellulase. The process variables such as enzyme concentration, temperature and reaction time are optimized to achieve the required water absorbency and pectin removal during bioscouring process by pectinolytic and proteolytic activity on the organic cotton fabrics. These process variables are selected based on the artificial neural network using MATLAB 7.0 software with and without ultrasonic effect and the output results in fabric physical properties such as fabric weight loss, water absorbency, wetting area, whiteness index, yellowness index, and brightness index. The best optimum bioscouring for organic cotton is achieved in terms of water absorbency (0.856s), whiteness index (54.36%), yellowness index (14.02) and brightness index (69.35%) using 8% alkaline pectinase, 3% protease, 0.8% lipase, 0.8% cellulase mixed enzyme, 55°C temperature, 60 min reaction time and 9.5 pH with 1.0% desirability.

7 illus, 7 tables, 40 ref

021938   Vasugi N;Prabha R (Textiles and Clothing Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wom, Coimbatore-641 043) : Green technology in textile dyeing. Res Highlight 2012, 22(4), 282-7.

It may be concluded from the study that the mechanical properties of the dyed samples NAPD, NASD and NMPTD before and after washing were good in most of the parameters. The colour fastness of the dyed samples was highly encouraging because there was an increase in colour strength. The study has resulted in revealing a natural dye, which benefit the designers, traditional dyers and printers.

2 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

021937   Sharma A;Pant S (NO, Govt. Girls College, Ratangarh) : Impact of blending wool fibres with kid camel hair on strength of yarn. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(8), 276-9.

The influence of blending three varieties of wool fibers viz. merino, chokla and New Zealand with camel kid hair on strength of yarn has been reported in this study. Blended yarns in three different ratios i.e. 25:75, 50: 50 and 75: 25 were prepared on khadi hand spinning system. Performance of blends of camel hair and merino wool was found better than other blends in terms of fineness and strength.

3 tables, 11 ref

021936   Saxena N (NO, Halina School of Home Science, Allahabad) : Adaptation of cubism era designs for designing home furnishing items. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(7), 241-3.

Human beings have always had a profound passion for decoration. Throughout history, art has served as both a means of decoration and individual expression and also act as a vehicle for the expression or communication of emotions and ideas. It also encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations and modes of expression, including music, literature, film, sculpture and paintings. The designs of cubism era were used to create distinct combination along with various surface enrichment techniques in home furnishing items aiming towards exclusive look for interiors. Cost economics was also studied.

4 tables, 4 ref

021935   Saravanan K;Dhurai B (Textile Technology Dep, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 049, Email: ksmetchmba@gmail.com) : Effect of process parameters on impact strength of short jute fibre reinforced polypropylene composite board. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 92-5.

Effect of temperature, pressure and treatment time on impact strength property of short jute fibre reinforced polypropylene composite board has been studied. Composite boards have been prepared from the web by using compression moulding technique. The best impact strength properties are observed if the composite board is manufactured by using low temperature (165°C), pressure (8.13 bar) and treatment time (3 min). The R² is found to be 0.89.

2 illus, 14 ref

021934   Roy G;Saha S C;Satapathy K K (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, Email: gautamroy1234@yahoo.com) : Electronic fineness tester of jute and allied fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 106-8.

New electronic jute fibre fineriess meter has been developed with the aim to replace the manual air-flow fineness meter in order to eliminate the possible human error. This instrument is based on a microprocessor, pump motor and pressure sensors. It provides automatic results in 'tex' for the fibre under test. This handy instrument can also be used for other fibres by changing system parameters.

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

021933   Palit S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Rural Engineering College, Bhalki-585 328, Email: sukanchan68@gmail.com) : Overview of ozonation associated with nanofiltration as an effective procedure in treating dye effluents from textile industries with the help of a bubble column reactor. Int J chem Sci 2012, 10(1), 27-35.

Recalcitrant chemicals in wastewater cannot be degraded by primary and secondary treatments. So the need of tertiary treatment processes such as ozonation. Primary treatment comprises flocculation and coagulation while secondary treatment comprises activated sludge process or filtration through trickling filters. Tertiary treatment process comprises ozonation, membrane filtration, adsorption and other advanced oxidation processes. The importance of ozonation as an advanced oxidation process is due to the fact that ozonation process is environmental friendly and sound. Our review will delineate the research work done in the area of ozonation and nanofiltration, primarily the ozonation of dye effluent in wastewater from textile industries. The ozone method is known to be effective for decomposing organic chemicals containing carbon-carbon double bonds, olefenic double bonds, acetylenic triple bonds, aromatic compounds, phenols, polycyclic aromatics, heterocyclics, carbon-nitrogen double bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, silicon-hydrogen and carbon-metal bonds. Some visionary work has been done in the ozonation of reactive dyes in the wastewater effluent of textile industries. Synthetic dyes and pigments released to the environment in the form of effluents by textile, leather and printing industries cause severe ecological damages. These dyes include several structural varieties of dyes such as acidic, reactive, basic, azo, diazo, anthraquinone based and metal complex dyes. Neither simple chemical nor biological treatment alone has proved adequate in decolorization and sufficient depletion of inorganic matter. Due to the inhibitory nature of many compounds for biological oxidation, the need for pretreatment by advanced oxidation process (AOP) has become essential. One of the AOP processes is ozonation, which is versatile and environmentally powerful. Ozonation of water is a well known technology and the strong oxidative properties of O₃ and its ability to effectively oxidise many organic compounds in aqueous solution have been well documented. Ozone treatment of several types of wastewater has resulted in considerable COD reduction and has been used for treatment of dyes, phenols, pesticides etc. In recent years, ozonation is emerging as a potential process for color removal of dyes, since the chromophore groups with conjugated double bonds, which are responsible for colour can be broken down by ozone either directly or indirectly forming smaller molecules, thereby decreasing the colour of effluents. Due to its high electrochemical potential (2.08 V), O₃ is the strongest oxidant available and applicable as compared to H₂O₂(1.78 V) and can react with several classes of compounds through direct or indirect reaction. Unlike other oxidising agents such as Cl2, oxidation with O₃ leaves no toxic residues that have to be removed or disposed. Studies carried out by several scientists show that ozone generally produces non-toxic end products which are converted to CO₂ and H₂O depending on the conditions.Nanofiltration is very effective and the next generation science and technology. Our aim, objective and vision is to delineate the major research work done in the field of ozonation in order to project it as a powerful advanced oxidation process and also describe significant work done in the field of nanofiltration of dyes.

20 ref

021932   Mukhopadhyay S;Pal R;Narula V;Mayank M (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi-110 016, Email: samrat@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Interface behavior in sisal fibre composites- single fibre pull out test. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 87-91.

Single fibre pull out behavior of composites with sisal fibres as reinforcement and polypropylene as the matrix has been studied. The natural fibres are treated by plasma and alkali, and then coated with a compatibiliser before subjected to the test. The single fibre pull out test represents the behavior of the composites in terms of the mechanical properties. Scanning electron micrographs have been obtained and used to validate the change in fibre surface morphology as a result of the treatment. Treatment time of 1 min shows optimum adhesion and a maximum average pull out load. The maximum load approaches 2kg for 1 min treated and 1.4 kg for 2 min plasma-treated samples. For same sample dimensions, the single fibre pull out values for maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAHPP) samples are found to be around 1 kg.

5 illus, 13 ref

021931   Moqeet A;Jabbar A;Hussain T;Ali Z; Zahoor-Ul-Haq (Faculty of Engineering & Technology, National Textile Univ, Faisalabad-37610, Pakistan, Email: zulfiqar7o@hotmail.com) : Influence of splicing parameters on retained splice strength, elongation and appearance of spliced cotton/flax blended yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 74-83.

The study aims at investigating the effect of different yarn splicing parameters on the strength, elongation and appearance of the spliced cotton/flax yarn of 74 tex linear density. Splice length, twisting time, yarn holding lever type, front plate type, untwisting pipe type and splicing nozzle profile have been taken as independent variables. A 1/2 fractional factorial experimental design is employed using two levels of each variable. The design and analysis of experiments are accomplished using MINITAB® software. The results indicate that the retained splice strength of yarn is mainly affected by the splicing nozzle profile. Retained splice elongation is mainly affected by the type of untwisting pipe while the appearance of the spliced yarn is mainly affected by the splicer lever type. Furthermore, due to significant interactions, an optimal combination of splicing variables is necessary for best retained spliced yarn strength, elongation and appearance.

7 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

021930   Montazer M;Golshani P;Bameni Moghadam M (Textile Dep, Centre of Excellence in Textile, Amirkanir Technology Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: tex5mm@autr.ac.ir) : Hydrophobic, cross-linked and photoactive cotton fabric using nano TiO₂ and BTCA- statistically optimized by RSM. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 35-43.

This study explores a new method to produce a cotton fabric with hydrophobicity, cross-linking, and photoactivity properties. Cotton fabric has been treated with nano titanium dioxide as a photo-catalyst and 1,2,3,4 butane tetra carboxylic acid as a friendly cross-linking agent in an ultrasonic bath. The photoactivity is tested by discoloration of the stained fabric with Direct Sky Blue 5B under UV-C (254 nm) irradiation. The treated fabric indicates a reasonable hydrophobicity along with photoactivity and cross-linking. The results indicate that the color variation under UV irradiation is higher for the cotton fabric treated with TiO₂. However, the photoactivity of the treated fabric decreases after repeated laundering. Moreover, the creasing properties of the nano TiO₂ treated cotton fabrics decrease considerably. The SEM images show a TiO₂ layer on the cotton fibres. The experimental data processing has been carried out by response surface methodology based on central composite design introducing three optimized models.

5 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

021929   Messiry M E;Abd-Ellatif S A M (Textile Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria Univ, Egypt, Email: mmessiry@yahoo.com) : Characterization of Egyptian cotton fibres. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 109-14.

In this work, the quality of Egyptian cotton varieties has been studied in terms of a morphological investigation, single fibres tensile properties and other tuft properties determined by HVI. Finally, a new 'modified fibre quality index (MFQI)' for the characterization of the quality is presented and compared with the spinning consistency index. This index in most cases gives the real potential of the cotton variety according to its physical properties.

5 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

021928   Mehtab S;Goel A;Sharma R (College of Home Science, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar) : High performance polyolefin fibre. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(7), 244-7.

Textile is one of the sector which are now the days being engineered to meet ever growing fashion and technical demand. Fibre made from different polymers or copolymers of olefin hydrocarbons such as ethylene, propylene etc. are called polyolefin. Their fiber-forming properties are based on the paraffinic backbone common to all these polymers; the derivatives can have an infinite variety of structures, and this has an extremely pronounced influence upon the fiber properties. New techniques of polymerization allow the close control of the structures and in turn the control of the fibres processed there from. The olefin fibre not typically acted as a synthetic fibre, because of the intricate and surprising relationship between molecular structure and fiber properties, so there is a lot of future development which can be seen. The use of polyolefin fibres has attracted increasing worldwide attention as it is highly favored due to its easy, inexpensive manufacturing process. Mainly olefin fiber is used as a artificial turf for athletic fields, disposable diapers, housing insulation, protective garments, road-paving fabrics, and tear- and puncture-resistant envelopes. It is also the fiber of choice for extreme-cold underwear. A high-strength, high-density olefin fiber has been developed that is ten times stronger than steel. It is also used to reinforce hoses and power belts, and in athletic and automotive equipment. Lightweight olefin has largely replaced jute as backing for carpets. Olefin has extensively found scope in geotextiles. Sandbags made up of olefin are used on highways as crash barriers and on levees to prevent flooding. Nonwoven olefin and polyester fabrics control erosion on steep slopes, line roadside ditches, and re-enforce streambeds and shorelines. The environmental pollution problem of synthetic waste has becomes a great concern. Olefin is relatively "eco-friendly" due to the few byproducts produced during manufacturing.

9 ref

021927   Makkar P;Jeet Singh S S;Rose N M (Clothing and Textiles Dep, College of Home Sciences, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar) : Ecofriendly dye extraction technique for silk with Manjeestha roots. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(8), 209-11.

The new sources for dye production and new techniques of dye extraction increase the colour palette of natural dyes. A study was conducted to develop an ecofriendly novel technology for dye extraction from manjeestha roots through traditional art of fermentation and apply on silk.

2 illus, 4 tables, 3 ref

021926   Mahato D N;Mathur B K;Bhattacharjee S (Physics Dep, Tata College Chaibasa, Kolhan Univ, Chaibasa-833 201, Email: dn.mahata08@yahoo.com) : DSC and IR methods for determination of accessibility of cellulosic coir fibre and thermal degradation under mercerization. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 96-100.

The accessibility of alkali treated coir fibre has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The lattice transformation in ligno-cellulosic coir fibre is restricted. The crystallinity of the fibre decreases with the increase in NaOH concentration. These studies appear to support the three phase model.

4 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

021925   Goel B;Singh R;Pant G B (Clothing and Textile Dep, Agriculture and Technology Univ, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Digital inkjet printing of textiles- an ecofriendly solution to textile designing. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(8), 205-8.

Digital textile printing, designs can directly be made on computer screen and can be selected according to the consumer demands. Ink jet printing is as a critical technology for mass-customization manufacturing of textile products. Digital printing is a nonrcontact method to print colors on various materials of substrate decoration.

9 ref

021924   Fashola K O;Onemano G O (Textile Science and Technology Dep, Ahmadu Bello Univ, Zaria) : Physico-mechanical properties of some locally manufactured polyester textured yarns. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(8), 272-5.

Physical and mechanical properties of some locally manufactured polyester textured yarns (with different linear densities) have been investigated. Properties studied include: linear density, moisture regain, bulk ratio, crimp contraction, stretch and recovery potential. Tensile properties such as tenacity, breaking extension, specific work of rupture and initial Young's modulus were also investigated at five different gauge lengths using the Instron tensile tester. The results obtained show that tenacity, breaking extension and work of rupture decrease with increasing gauge length. This is attributable to the 'weak-link1 effect. The tensile properties with the exception of breaking extension also increased with increasing linear density. The breaking extension decreased with increasing linear density.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021923   El-Molla M M;Haggag K;El-Shall F N;Shaker N OP;Alian N A (Textile Research Div, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, Email: melmolla@yahoo.com) : Use of novel synthesized aqueous binders for pigment printing of polyester fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 57-65.

Variety of new synthesized polyurethane acrylate polymers has been used as textile binder in the pigment printing for screen printing of polyester fabrics and for pigment fixation through polymerization process for binders by using thermo fixation as well as radiation curing (UV and microwave) fixation modes. The effects of change in temperature of thermo fixation and the time of curing in both UV and microwave with the concentration of prepared binders in printing paste on the color strength, and prints fastness properties are studied. The newly synthesized polyurethane acrylate binders could be successfully used for pigment printing of polyester fabrics using three fixation modes and, in general, their pints possess color strength value comparable or even higher to those obtained upon using selected commercial binder.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

021922   Dadlani N K (NO, National Seed Association of India, New Delhi) : Seed scenario in India. Indian J Fertil 2012, 8(11), 14-21.

Seed is the base of agricultural production. Seed industry has travelled a long way to reach the present level to rank 5th position in the world. This paper deals with the changing scenario of Indian seed industry, seed production, seed production infrastructure, seed quality assurance, seed research & development, seed regulations, public private partnership and human resource development. Public private partnership supported by conducive government policy is likely to take the seed industry to a new high.

7 tables, 8 ref

021921   Choudhuri P K;Majumdar P K;Sarkar B (NO, Visva-Bharati Univ, Silpa Sadana, Sriniketan-731 236, Email: pkc1@rediffmail.com) : Tensile property of eri/acrylic blended yarn. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 66-73.

Eri/acrylic blended yarn has been prepared at different blend ratio in ring spinning system following draw-frame blending technique. The Box and Behnken design for three variables and three levels has been used to study the influence of count of the yarn spun (Ne), twist multiplier and proportion of eri fibre in the blends on some important tensile properties of the yarns produced. The chosen level of variables remaining within the industrially acceptable limits shows that fibre parameters and yarn parameters are the determining factors to influence yarn tensile properties.

5 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

021920   Chattopadhyay D;Inamdar M S (Textile Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M S Baroda Univ, Vadodara-390 001, Email: dpchat6@gmail.com) : Improvement in properties of cotton fabric through synthesized nano-chitosan application. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 14-21.

In this paper, the study on synthesis, characterization and application of nano-chitosan on cotton fabric has been reported. The nano-chitosan treated fabrics are then tested for appearance, tensile, absorbency, stiffness, dyeing behaviour, wrinkle recovery and antibacterial properties. Low molecular weight chitosans are prepared by nitrous acid hydrolysis method; the molecular weights are determined viscometrically. Nano-chitosans are synthesized by ionic gelation of pentasodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan, and then characterized by particle size determination. The fabric samples are pretreated with normal and nano-chitosan solutions by pad-dry-cure technique. The surface morphology of treated cotton fabric has been studied by SEM analysis. The treated fabrics have also been dyed and their whiteness, yellowness and brightness indices are evaluated. It is found that the particle size and polydispersity of chitosan in solution are affected by the variation in molecular weight. The dye uptake and wash fastness of nano-chitosan treated fabrics are found to be improved. An enhanced antibacterial property is observed with the reduction of nano-chitosan particles and when coupled with nano silver colloid.

3 illus, 7 tables, 30 ref

021919   Bhargava A;Gangwar A K S (NO, Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute (Formerly Known as G.C.T.I., Sauterganj, Kanpur) : Textile mercerization. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(7), 238-40.

Chemical treatment applied to cotton fibres or fabrics to make them permanently able to accept dyes and various chemical finishes more easily. This treatment gives cotton cloth increased tensile strength and greater absorptive properties. Higher-quality cotton goods are usually mercerized. The treatment consists of dipping the yarn or fibre in a solution of sodium hydroxide and then treating the material with water or acid to neutralize the sodium hydroxide.

12 ref

021918   Baig G A (NO, College of Textile Engineering Univ, B.Z.U. 60800 Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, Email: gabaig@bzu.edu.pk) : Reduction clearing of simulated disperse dyed PLA fabrics and their tensile properties. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 22-8.

Polylactic acid (PLA) knitted fabric has been subjected to various textile wet processes, viz. scouring, bleaching and simulated disperse dyeing. Reduction clearing (RC) has been performed at various process conditions such as concentrations of sodium dithionite and sodium carbonate, bath temperature and process time and a full factorial experiment is designed. The results show that the pretreatment processes and RC parameters have pronounced effects on tensile properties of PLA yarns. Statistical analysis of variance is performed which show significant differences at a confidence interval of 99%. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy of the PLA fabric is carried out to investigate chemical changes on fibre surface. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the bleaching causes the formation of slits in the fibres. Since bleached fibres are already porous, the strength of PLA yarns is further decreased during simulated disperse dyeing and reduction clearing processes.

2 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

021917   Aparna P;Devi A S (NO, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural Univ, Hyderabad) : Mechanical and comfort properties of banana blended textiles. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(7), 234-7.

Natural fibres belonging to bast and leaf fibre category are now receiving greater importance in the context of biodegradability and eco-friendly nature. The fibre from Banana pseudo stem is one such eco-friendly fiber which is believed to be one of the potential textile natural fibres for future. Among popular varieties of banana in Andhra Pradesh, Pusavalli variety was found to have better physical characteristics before and after pretreatment with eco-friendly enzymes at 1.5% level. Accordingly, the fibre was treated with eco-friendly enzymes and then blended with jute in two ratios. Six types of fabrics were developed and the fabric properties were assessed. The objective evaluation on the aesthetic qualities of fabrics reveled that pretreated fabrics received high ranking than the control fabrics. Banana- Jute (60:40) was found to be better in all its characteristics than other two blended samples. The cost of the finishing was economically viable for adoption at both cottage and industrial level on commercial basis.

2 illus, 7 tables, 8 ref

021916   Adivarekar R V;Dasarwar S D;Khurana N S (Fibres & Textile Processing Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, NP Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: rv.adivarekar@ictmumbai.edu.in) : Synthesis of halogen free flame retardant and its application on polypropylene. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(1), 9-13.

Work is aimed at synthesizing halogen free, ecofriendly phosphorous based flame retardant (FR) for polypropylene (PP). Polypropylene is highly flammable at room temperature and leaves almost no char. The synthesised FR enhances the LOI values of polypropylene and also arrests the antidripping properties of the polymer. However, the breaking strength of flame retardant polypropylene filaments is found to be decreasing with increasing concentration of FR compound. Thermal stability of the PP increases with the increase in degradation temperature.

3 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020931   Tripathi K;Singh A;Goel B (NO, G.B.P.U. Agricultural and Technology, Pantnagar) : Evaluation of quality parameters of ring spun polyester and wool blended yarns for sports wear fabric. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(5), 170-3.

Fiber blends are one which is made up of two or more different types of fibers twisted or spun together. Blending exploits the outstanding positive attribute of each fiber and at the same time offers an effective means of minimizing the negative characteristics present in the fiber. Hence it is very clear that ultimately blending oriented on getting higher quality of fabric. Therefore keeping the above advantage of blending in mind an attempt has been made in present study to prepare a blended yarn of polyester and wool for apparel purpose. Fibers were blended in certain proportions so the fabric will retain the best characteristics of each fiber. These pure and blended yarns were tested for various physical properties by using standard test procedures. It was concluded from the results obtained from the study that important functional properties i.e. strength and abrasion can be modified by the addition of small percentage of polyester to wool. Yarn evenness also improved by addition of polyester to wool, in turns wool provides good elongation and crease recovery to blended yarns. Hence these yarns were recommended for making apparels especially sportswear fabric where strength, good elongation and crease recovery is most desirable properties of fabrics.

4 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

020930   Srivastava M;Vaishnav S (Textiles and Apparel Designing Dep, College of Home Science, MPUAT, Udaipur) : Effect of butea monosperma dye on various physical parameters of woolen fabric. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(5), 153-6.

Natural dyes appear to be the ideal choice. This is because natural dyes have better biodegradability and higher compatibility with environment. The present paper reports the results of optimizing the effect of kesula flower on physical parameters of woolen fabric.

6 tables, 5 ref

020929   Sehgal B;Kunde G B (Applied Chemistry Dep, Maharaja Sayajirao Baroda Univ, Vadodara-390 001, Email: kundebg@yahoo.com ) : Modified rubber via grafting of polymer on olefinic site. Int J pure appl Chem 2011, 6(3), 265-8.

Natural rubber (NR) is a very reactive rubber because of its structure. The modification of NR with other functional groups can be achieved by incorporation of monomer carrying the desired functional group in the polymerization process using ene reaction. Grafting of a second polymer on to the natural rubber backbone leading to the chemical modification of the polyisoprene occurs at allylic double bond system. This route following grafting gave good control over the extent of reaction as the reaction limits itself on individual olefinic sites present on rubber and does not employ a catalyst that gets poisoned by non rubbers. With the help of ene reaction not only the molecular wt of the polymer that underwent grafting can be accurately determined but the no of grafting sites can also be controlled. Azo compounds have been used as effective modifiers of NR as they have long-term stability and have fewer tendencies to decompose to free radicals.

4 illus, 22 ref

020928   Salunkhe P R;Nayak S S (NO, SASMIRA, Mumbai) : Microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications in medical textiles. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(5), 161-4.

The synthesis of nanoparticles has been entirely a chemical process since decades. Owing to environmental concerns the development of eco-friendly processes for synthesis of nanomaterials is the need of the day. One approach that shows great potential is synthesis of nanoparticles using micro-organisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi. In this article, isolation of a silver resistant Pseudomonas species from atmospheric air is reported. The product was isolated and tested for silver nanoparticle synthesis by exposing it to various concentrations of silver nitrate in liquid media. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis was confirmed by various analytical techniques. The application of the product developed to impart antibacterial properties to textiles gave encouraging results.

5 illus, 5 ref

020927   Sakthivel M S;Ramachandran T;Chandhanu R; Gowthami R;Padmapriya J;Vadivel P (NO, Angel College of Engineering and Technology, Tirupur) : Development of technical textiles for automotive applications using reclaimed fibers. Man Made Text India 2012, 55(6), 210-13.

Increased demand for automobiles and a pressure to address the issue of sustainabiiity creates the need for the incorporation of reclaimed fiber based materials in automotives. In this work, it was attempted to implement a technique for enhancing the automobile interior products through used fabric. The paper describes the path right from opening and segregating the reclaimed fibers to transformed non-woven fabric, which encompass passing it through a sequence of operations, like the mechanical web laying technique, the aerodynamic principle and chemical bonding. The research is focused to produce compostable reclaimed fibre based Product. These Products disposed of after their intended use in an eco-friendly way. Implementing this innovative method reduces the production cost of automobile interior products.

3 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref