018975   Raja A S M;Shakyawar D B;Kumar A;Pareek P K; Temani P (Textile Manufacture and Textile Chemistry Div, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: asmraja16475@gmail.com) : Feltability of coarse wool and its application as technical felt. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 395-9.

In this study, attempts have been made to utilize the coarse wool for the production of felt for technical textile applications. The feltability of coarse wool is found to be very low due to larger fibre diameter, less number of scales per cross-section as compared to fine wools. Hence, it is blended with different proportion of fine wool for preparing the felt with acceptable norms. Effort has also been made to partially remove the kemp fibre by passing the coarse wool through a woolen breaker card. The blend level of such processed coarse wool and fine wool is optimized in terms of feltability behavior. Technical felts of three different qualities have been prepared using optimized blend of coarse and fine wools and their performance properties like thermal insulation, resilience and abrasion resistance are evaluated. The results show that coarse wool in blends with medium fine wool in the ratio of 60:40 can be utilized for the preparation of technical felts. The developed felts can be used as thermal insulation and sound absorption panels, and for oil and chemical absorption applications.

3 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

018974   Nair A U;Patwardhan B A;Nachane R P (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: drrpnachane@hotmail.com) : Friction in cotton textiles: part II-A study on the relationship between physical properties and frictional characteristics of chemically treated cotton fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 366-74.

Study aims at investigating the role of various fabric attributes on fabric friction and the effect of chemical modifications/treatments given to the fabric on the frictional behaviour of fabrics. Results indicate that the relative movement of one fabric over the other results in varied frictional behaviour depending upon their dimensional direction. Chemical modifications done on the fabric alter the surface characteristics of the fabric and accordingly influence the fabric's frictional behaviour.

3 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

018973   Mishra S;Butola B S (NO, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar-143 005, Email: bsbutola@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Dyeing of polyester and wool with solvent-assisted color extract from ratanjot. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 400-4.

Series of homologous alcoholic solvents and their mixtures has been used for the extraction of coloring matter from ratanjot (Onosma echoides) powder. The extracted coloring matter is then used for dyeing of wool and polyester fabrics. The dyebaths are prepared based on aqueous, solvent and solvent assisted dyeing mediums. It is found that as compared to a single solvent, a mixture of solvents results in higher extraction of colorants from ratanjot. Also, the depth of shade reduces with increasing hydrophobicity of the dyeing medium using the same extraction medium. While the fastness to washing (change in color) is found to be good to excellent (3-5) on polyester, it is rather low (1-3) on wool. This can be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of colorants extracted from ratanjot, which resemble disperse dyes and have poor wash fastness on wool but show good wash fastness on polyester.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

018972   Meenambika P;Sunitha R (Textiles and Clothing Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wom, Coimbatore-641 043) : Preparation and evaluation of the physical possessions of the prepared needle punched samples. Res Highlight 2013, 23(2), 96-104.

Natural fibres are abundantly available in India. The products made from natural fibres are eco-friendly due to their biodegradable nature. Biodegradable polyesters also generally work well in blends with PLA, starch, organic wastes and natural fibre reinforcements like flax. Technical textiles are the fastest growing area of textile consumption in the world. Natural fibres are generally weak prone to rotting and non uniform in their properties. Blending of two or more fibres offers an effective means of projecting the positive attitude and overcoming negative ones. Due to the biodegradable property of the research findings, it could be suggested that the fabric may be highly potential in the field of agrotech. Composites could be prepared from the developed fabrics.

3 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

018971   Mane D V;Patil M U;Sawale G K (Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, , University Campus, Aurangabad-431 004, Email: gk_swale@yahoo.com) : Identification of Escheichala Coli by Congo-Red Binding (In-vitro) Assay. Indian vet J 2011, 88(10), 160-2.

1 table, 6 ref

018970   Kadam V V;Goud V;Shakyawar D B (Textile Manufacture & Textile Chemistry Div, Central Sheep and Wood Research Institute, Avikanagar-304 501, Email: vinod.vjti@gmail.com) : Ultrasound scouring of wool and its effects on fibre quality. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 410-14.

Wool scoured using ultrasound irradiation at intermediate stages has been analysed and compared with the wool scoured without ultrasonic energy. The conventional recipe is modified with 25% reduction in chemical concentration, time and temperature. The scouring efficiency is measured in terms of residual grease content. Ultrasound energy effectively removes grease with lower concentration of chemicals, temperature and time. Ultrasound subjected to all bath scouring has lowest residual grease content. However, the highest improvement in whiteness is observed during ultrasound irradiation on rinsing baths. It is also observed that the combination of ultrasound and alkali adversely affects whiteness and yellowness. Scanning electron microscope analysis shows no cuticle damage after ultrasound exposure on wool fibre. In addition, the chemical properties of wool are not changed due to ultrasound treatment. The mean fibre diameter, single fibre strength and moisture content do not show significant change after ultrasound irradiation.

2 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

018969   Hasani H;Ajeli S;Nouri N (Textile Engineering Dep, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran, Email: h_hasani@cc.iut.ac.ir) : Modeling of heat transfer for interlock knitted fabric using finite element method. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 415-19.

This study focuses on the applicability of finite element method (FEM) to analyze the heat transfer behavior of plain interlock weft knitted fabrics. An interlock weft knitted fabric model is developed and analyzed using FEM software. A comparison of the experimental measurements with the numerical solutions shows that the FEM model developed for the heat transfer measurement including interlock knitted fabric produces promising results.

^ssc7 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

018968   Hamdaoui M;Turki S;Romdhani Z;Halaoua S (Laboratoire d'Etudes des Systemes Thermiques et Energetiques, Monastir Univ, Tunisia, Email: hamdaouimohamed@yahoo.fr) : Effect of reactive dye mixtures on exhaustion values. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 405-9.

Effect of dyes mixtures for the dyeing of textile fabrics on an exhaustion rate has been studied. The exhaustion rate of 3 reactive dyes (Yellow Bezactiv S3R, Red Bezactiv S3B and Blue Bezactiv SGLD), their binary and tertiary mixtures on pre-wetted cotton fabrics has been investigated. The dyeing is carried out at the liquor ratio of 1:40 in a sealed stainless steel dyebath housed on the Ahiba Nuance Speed. The results show that the exhaustion rate of every dye in monochromatic dyeing is different from the exhaustion value of the same dye in presence of another dye. A quantitative measurement technique for identifying each individual dye concentration in the mixtures solution and determining the exhaustion rate is also proposed.

2 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

018967   Gupta K K;Abbas S M;Srivastava A;Nasim M; Saxena A K;Abhyankar A (NO, Defence Materials and Stores Research & Development Establishment, Kanpur-208 013, Email: krishna26@rediffmail.com ) : Microwave interactive properties of cotton fabrics coated with carbon nanotubes/polyurethane composite. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 357-65.

In the present study, the inherent characteristic of carbon nanotubes to absorb/attenuate the energy of electromagnetic waves has been exploited. The results indicate that the incorporation of CNTs in the polyurethane matrix has significant effect on the microwave interaction properties. Fabrics are developed through coating process using formulations based on different concentrations of multi -walled carbon nanotubes in polyurethane matrix on two different types of fabrics, i.e. plain weave fabric & mesh fabric (netting). The coated fabrics have been evaluated for microwave interaction properties in X and Ku -band in terms of four parameters, viz. reflection, transmission, absorption, reflection loss, permittivity and surface resistivity of materials. The absorption of upto 40%, permittivity value of 25.0 in frequency range 8.2-12.4 GHz (X- Band) and reflection loss of 5-10 dB in frequency range of 2-18 GHz (X and Ku band) have been observed.

6 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

018966   Gupta D;Srivastava A;Kale S (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110 016, Email: deepti@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Thermal properties of single and double layer fabric assemblies. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 387-94.

This study has been undertaken to generate objective data regarding the thermo physiological comfort characteristics of fabrics used in the manufacturing of inner and outer layer fabrics worn by uniformed personnel in North India. Effect of layering fabrics with and without air gaps between them has been assessed to simulate the effect of a multilayered garment assembly. Results show that thermal insulation increases markedly when an inner layer is paired with an outer layer of fabric, although breathability is not affected much. Proposed equations can be used to accurately predict the comfort properties of layers, if the comfort properties of individual fabrics are known. Thermal resistance of a garment assembly can be controlled by regulating the air gap between fabric layers. This data can be used to engineer uniform fabrics, so as to maximize the thermal comfort of wearers during hot weather conditions.

4 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

018965   Ghosh A;Das S;Banerjee D (NO, Government College of Enginering & Textile Technology, Berhampore-742 101, Email: anindya.textile@gmail.com) : Simulation of yarn stress relaxation and creep behaviors using genetic algorithm. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 375-9.

Eyring's non-linear visco-elastic model has been used to describe two important time dependent mechanical behaviors for textile materials such as stress relaxation and creep. Three yarns suitable for the production of stretch fabrics, viz. 100% wool, wool-lycra and polyester-wool-lycra spun from siro spinning technology are considered in this study. The complex mathematical equations of Eyring's model are handled by a nontraditional evolutionary algorithm such as genetic algorithm. The findings show that Eyring's model not only simulates both stress relaxation as well as creep behaviors of the experimental yarns with reasonable degree of accuracy, but also deciphers the underlying molecular mechanism of the two behaviors for these yarns.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

018964   Dehnavi M H;Jeddi A A A;Gharehaghaji A A; Yazdanshenas M E;Zarchi S R (Technical and Engineering Dep, Islamic Azad Univ (Science & Research Branch), Hesarak, Tehran, Iran, Email: m.hassanpour.dehnavi@gmail.com) : Thermal properties of conductive nanocomposite core-shell filament yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 180-6.

Thermal properties of conductive nanocomposite core-shell filament yarns have been investigated as a structure of a textile for the purpose of generating heat from an electrical power source. A fine copper monofilament is coated with a composite of polypropylene and various filler content of copper nanoparticles by an injection molding process to study the thermal properties of yarn as a function of filler shell content. Electrical analogy of Fourier's law in thermal circuit has been used for development of a theory for thermal parameters. Then theoretical approaches are compared with modeling results obtained by ANSYS software and experimental results. Results reveal that although increase in filler content causes an increase in electrical and thermal conductivity of composite shell of yarn, heat generation in shell is negligible compared to that in core. Furthermore, results reveal that optimum value of filler fraction for desirable heat transfer is achieved at ϕ = 0.065.

5 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

018963   Das A;Chakraborty R (Textile Technology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016, Email: apurba@textile.iitd.ernet.in) : Elastane-cotton core-spun stretch yarns and fabrics: Part II - fabric low-stress mechanical characteristics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 340-8.

Reports study on the interaction effect of elastane stretch, proportion of elastane core and twist multiplier on tensile and low-stress mechanical properties of woven fabrics made from stretchable elastane-cotton core-spun yarns. A three-variable factorial design technique, proposed by Box & Behnken, has been used to investigate the combined interaction effect of the above variables on various tensile (breaking load and elongation) and low-stress mechanical characteristics (shear rigidity, shear hysteresis, bending rigidity, bending hysteresis, linearity of compression thickness curve, compressional energy, compressional resilience) of fabrics. It has been observed that the tensile and low-stress mechanical characteristics of woven fabrics made from elastane core-spun yarns are significantly influenced by the process parameters. But, no specific trend is observed in breaking elongation of fabrics for any of the process variables.

8 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

018962   Banerjee D;Chattopadhyay S K;Tuli S (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: debs.banerjee@gmail.com) : Infrared thermography in material research-A review of textile applications. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(4), 427-37.

With the development of high resolution infrared cameras, thermography is gaining increased attention of the researcher not merely as a non-contact tool to measure surface temperature of the objects, but also as a tool in fine physical experiments to analyze thermo-physical phenomena. Apart from their regular application in condition monitoring and preventive maintenance, the infrared cameras are slowly finding application in research and development. In the field of textile research, the application of thermal imaging is still at its infancy. Most of the present applications are for qualitative observations of surface temperature profile of the object. In the present paper, various applications of thermography in textiles and allied fields have been reported with a projection of potential future research where thermography may play crucial roles.

^iia92 ref

017930   Mistik S I (Textile Dep, Marmara Univ, Technical Education Faculty, Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: imistik@marmara.edu.tr) : Effect of ultrasonic energy on reductive cleaning of dyed polyester fabrics. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3724-8.

After dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes, reductive cleaning processes were applied by using sodium ditionite, sodium hydroxide and thiourea dioxide. In this study effects of ultrasonic and conventional methods on reductive cleaning processes were investigated in terms of ΔE*, ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔDC* and ΔH* colour values, K/S values and fastness

7 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

017929   Induja S;Raghavan P S (Chemistry Dep, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Padur, Kelambakam, Chennai-603 103, Email: indujasomasundaram@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization of phosphate glass containing silver and antibacterial studies of textile coated with above glass using simple techniques. Asian J Chem 2012, 24(8), 3759-63.

Silver is known to kill more than 650 types of microorganisms. In order to lead a hygiene lifestyle, several attempts were made for incorporating nano particles of silver on various substrates, especially on fabric by different research groups. Nano silver with particle size less than 5 nm, invariably exist in dark yellow colour. Coating of this nano silver on fabric, impart a dirty yellow colour, which is difficult to remove, even after rigorous washing. Silver incorporated in water degradable phosphate glass matrix can be the best solution for the above said problem. In this study, the phosphate glass with varying composition with general formula (CaO)_x(P₂O₅)_y(Ag₂O)_z; SiO₂, B₂O₃ were prepared, by mixing corresponding raw materials and melting between 900 °C and 1000 °C. The glass samples were characterized using XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. The influence of silica and borate contents on solubility of the glass is studied in detail. Different coating techniques were adopted for coating silver on the textile and antibacterial activity studies were carried out for gram positive and gram negative bacteria, using ASTM-E-2149 procedure. Unlike nano colloidal silver, the silver-coated textile using present glass sample retained its original colour.

8 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

016874   Bora L;Paul V;Bam J;Saikia A;Hazarika D (NRC on Yak (ICAR), , Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh-790 101, Email: leemabora@gmail.com) : Handicraft skills of Yak Pastoralists in Arunachal Pradesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2013, 12(4), 718-24.

The Yak Pastoralists, known as the Brokpas, of Arunachal Pradesh are expert craftsmen making all the items of their daily utility for processing and storing yak products by themselves. The wood and bamboo proces

19 illus, 1table, 6 ref

015817   Tyagi S;Maheswari H K;Roy K C (NO, Emami Paper Mills Ltd., Balgopalpur, P.O. Rasulpur, Dist. Balasore-756 020) : Waste paper quality and seasonal impact on deinking process & remedial measures- a case study at Emami. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 73-9.

Quality news prin

1 illus, 10 tables, 17 ref

015816   Sundara Kumar D;Marimuthu P (NO, Seshasayee Paper and Boards Ltd., Erode-638 007) : Sweet sorghum stalks- an alternate agro based raw material for paper making. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 47-50.

As the demand for paper products, had increased with economic development of the country, the industries expanded its capacity from time to time. Of late, the paper industry is faced with serious problems due to shortage of raw materials. The problem of finding enough quantities of suitable raw material to meet the increasing demand for paper industry is a continuing one. The main source for the larger mills was forests. Ecological and environmental imperatives dictate that pulp and paper industry should look for alternative raw materials, particularly agricultural wastes which are annual and replenish-able. Indian Paper Industry is primarily dependent on three major raw material sources viz. wood from forests, agricultural residues and secondary fibers. Bagasse and straw were the major non-wood fiber used in most of the mills. Sweet Sorghum stalks found to be available abundantly. This move is not only going to solve environmental problem but also provide unique type of raw material for paper manufacturers. Sorghum has wide adaptability it can be grown in different type of soils. Development of Sweet Sorghum will play an important role in promoting the development of agricultural production and its related products, paper making etc. This paper deals with the use of Sweet Sorghum as an alternate raw material for papermaking. Pulping and bleaching studies were carried out and results were compared with Bagasse. The experiment results prove that the sweet sorghum stalks are found to be better raw material source for papermaking.

1 illus, 6 tables, 7 ref

015815   Subramanian S;Rakkiyappan P;Chinnaraj S; Subrahmanyam S V (NO, Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd., P.O. Kagithapuram-639 136) : Evaluation of Erianthus arundinaceus as a source of non-conventinal raw material for pulping and papermaking. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 41-6.

Tamilnadu Newsprint and Papers Limited (TNPL) is India's largest bagasse based Integrated Pulp and Paper mill, having an installed capacity of 4,00,000 TPY Printing & Writing paper. TNPL is procuring one million tons of wet whole bagasse per annum from sugar mills. Till now bagasse is being used for papermaking. With the development of co-generation technology and increasing power demand, sugar industry would prefer to use bagasse for power generation with assured high returns. In future bagasse based pulp and paper industry may face shortage of fibrous raw material. The present paper highlights the results of evaluation of Erianthus arundinaceus as an alternate captive fiber source of non-conventional raw material for pulping and papermaking. The following systematic studies were carried out. Field evaluation of clone SES 159 in farmer's field was studied and compared with conventional sugar cane Co 86032. Mill scale trials were conducted in sugar mill for bagasse yield determination, juice quality estimation along with conventional sugarcane Co 86032. Mill end wet whole bagasse of clone SES 159 and conventional sugarcane bagasse were depithed for pith removal and taken for storage studies. Kraft pulping and ECF bleaching of (Do EOF D₁ study was done for SES 159 clone depithed bagasse along with conventional sugarcane bagasse. Per hectare pulp production of clone SES 159 and Eucalyptus wood are compared. Economics of Erianthus arundinaceus clone SES 159 cultivation and bagasse production data was Tabulated.

12 tables, 9 ref

015814   Sinha A S K (Chemical Technology Dep, SLIET, Longowal, Sangrur-148 106) : Environment friendly removal of silica from wheat styraw and Saccharum munja using urea. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 165-8.

This novel study is based on finding environment friendly economical process for treatment of agro residue based and grass raw materials for paper industries. The paper industries are facing pressure for reducing the consumption of forest based wood raw materials in paper making. Wheat straw and Saccharum Munja (Sarkanda) are two important established fibrous raw materials for paper industries. But higher percentage of ash and silica which is the main constituent of ash causes problems for chemical recovery and other process. The wheat straw and Saccharum Munja contains nearly 5-6<37> and 4-5<37> ash respectively. Nearly 75<37> portion of ash is silica, which causes problem due to getting deposited on evaporator tubes in chemical recovery plant. The urea treatment (2<37> on OD raw material basis) for 30 minutes of time at 50 C temperature provides 55<37> reduction of silica in Saccharum Munja. Whereas urea treatment (3.5<37> on OD raw material basis) for 60 minutes of time at 50 <144>C temperature provides 60<37> reduction of silica in wheat straw. This result is compared with NaOH treatment. The urea water can be easily used as fertilizer since it does not have any harmful chemical. This study will provide an innovative process for raw material treatment for silica removal from high silica containing raw materials at better economy.

4 illus, 2 tabls, 11 ref

015813   Sharma S S;Nair A;Pai V K (NO, Bangur Nagar Degree College, Dandeli, Kuvempu Univ, Shimoga, Karnataka) : Evaluation of sodium salt of sulfonated cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) as an effective biocide in paper mill. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 175-9.

Sodium salt of sulfonated cashew nut shell liquid (SCNSL) has antimicrobial activity and dispersant property; it can be used for slime control in paper mill. This study is already done and published in IPPTA J. (2011) April June issue. The present study has been done to evaluate the potential of SCNSL as a biocide and to provide a complete solution to overcome the acute microbial problems that occur in a paper mill. Problems caused by uncontrolled growth of microorganisms in paper mill are mainly biological slime (bio film or biomass), plugging and fouling, biodeterioration and microbially induced corrosion. The antibacterial and anti oxidant properties of SCNSL synthesised from commercial CNSL (cardanol) by sulfonation, were tested in the laboratory. The antibacterial properties were studied against six types of bacteria responsible for slime production in paper mill. It exhibited minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Flavobacterium antarcticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumulis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Actinomyces howellii. Antioxidant studies for ferric reducing antioxidant power and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were done. The results confirmed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of SCNSL and thus confirmed its application in paper mill as a effective biocide.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

015812   Sharma A;Sudhir Kumar;Chauhan V S;Chakrabarti S K;Varadhan R (NO, Thapar Centre for Industrial Research & Development, Yamuna Nagar-135 001) : Role of strength aids in increasing ash in paper prepared from bleached wheat straw pulp. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 87-91.

Indian papermakers are straggling to increase filler content in paper so as to reduce cost and to achieve desirable properties of paper. The increasing cost of virgin pulp and the energy associated with its transformation to paper are familiar problems to the paper industry. Moreover, shortage of hardwood fiber has forced the paper industries to think for agro-residue based pulps. A major constraint in increasing ash in paper beyond a limit is the impairment of inter-fiber bonding on filler loading, and the resulting decrease in paper strength. The morphology and ionic behavior of fillers are important parameters in papermaking. The present communication is related to increasing ash in paper made from bleached wheat straw pulp using talc and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) as fillers. The fillers were loaded in paper at 21% and 24% ash level using appropriate retention aid. Two cationic and amphoteric dry strength additives were used to compensate the strength loss in paper to some extent on increasing filler content in paper. The ash can be increased by increasing the filler content along with increased dose of dry strength additives without compromising the strength properties. However, this trend was different for different fillers.

5 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

015811   Sharma A;Kakkar S;Chauhan V S;Chakrabarti S K;Varadhan R (NO, Thapar Centre for Reseach & Development, Yamuna Nagar-135 001) : Efficacy of ASA sizing with agro-residue and recycled pulps using different fillers. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 93-8.

Paper industries are shifting from neutral to alkaline sizing process. Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) are two main sizing agents used in alkaline sizing; the latter is the dominating one. Due to the shortage of wood fiber, the demand of agro-residue based and recycled fiber is increasing with time. The dosage of sizing agent depends upon various parameters related to the raw material, filler and wet-end chemistry of papermaking process. The higher dosage of sizing chemicals creates problems in machine runnability through the formation of sticky materials. It is important to optimize the dosage of the sizing agent for the respective pulp furnish for cost saving and cleaner system. In the present work, two agro-residue based pulps; bleached wheat straw and bleached bagasse along with recycled pulp were used. The ASA emulsion prepared in the lab was added in all the pulps at different dosage and with three commercially available fillers; talc, ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). The Cobb₆₀ and contact angle of the sheets were compared for all the pulps and fillers. The bleached recycled pulp was having better Cobb₆₀ value. contact angle relationship as compared to both agro-residue based pulps. The analysis of hydrophobicity of paper through the contact angle test showed that there is no need to add higher dosage of ASA emulsion in pulp. The contact angles were quite stable even up to the Cobb₆₀ value of 40g/m².

12 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

015810   Roy A K;Chattopadhyay S N (NO, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fiber Technology, (ICA, 12 Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040) : Jute an alternative raw material for packaging paper. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 121-4.

Search for non-wood linocellulosic fibres began in early seventy as a result of sudden surge in the demand of paper and in subsequent years need for capacity expansion necessitated the search for alternative fibrous raw materials. Extensive research work undertaken by CPPRI(central Pulp and Paper Research Institute) & UNDP reported that for jute and other plants belonging to the jute family kenaf, mesta etc. both the fibre alone and the whole plant produced good quality pulp and paper. Since January 2001, the former IJO, presently the International Jute study Group (IJSG) had implemented a project on utilization of whole jute/kenaf as raw material for pulp and paper, involving five nations namely, Netherlands, France, China, Bangladesh and India. It recommended that jute and kenaf are good alternative raw material for paper and pulp. Quality of paper from jute and kenaf is similar to that of bamboo and other soft wood pulp. The pulping process studied were soda AQ and Kraft process. NIRJAFT has been working independently on utilization of jute as an alternative raw material since last three decades. It has been observed that jute pulp produced by modified sodaAQ process (ASAM Process) is superior to the kraft pulp. To make jute acceptable as a raw material for pulp and paper, we have to adopt a pulping process which does not have the drawbacks of kraft process but gives paper of better strength, easy bleachability and without the environmental drawbacks i.e., obnoxious smell of mercaptan gas. Today we find that jute is not used as a raw material for paper and pulp in small scale paper mills and handmade paper units. It is because jute requires chopping which is laborious and pulping by a method which should be user and environment friendly. NIRJAFT has now developed a pulping method which can be used for both unbleached and bleached paper. The process is not only user friendly but is also eco-friendly, as no obnoxious gas is released or emitted after pulping. Similarly the effluent released can be used for isolating high-dry ligno-sulphonates which has a number of industrial applications. The average productivity of jute is 1.6-1.9 tons/hectare and India produces 1.5 million tons of jute annually along with 3 million tons of jute stick and 6.2 million ton of whole jute plant on dry weight basis. India's food production has increased from 8 million tons in 1950-51 to 238 million tons presently. Although NIRJAFT has no role in the food production of the country, it owes a huge responsibility for transportation and packaging of food grains. There was a time when the bulk of the food grain was transported by gunny bags. Now as a result of competition from synthetics bags, jute is loosing its pristine glory. Unbleached paper produced from jute can be used as a packaging material in the form of multilayered paper bags for cement, laminated paper bags for food grains and fertilizer. Corrugated boards obtained from unbleached paper can be used for packaging and transportation of consumer durables, home appliances, and electronic products, fruits, fast food (viz. pizza) and a large number of items. Similarly tetra packs for beverages. The high burst index for jute and whole jute pulp makes jute a preferred raw material for corrugated boards.

5 tables, 5 ref

015809   Rai T K;Vyas B S;Kanungo S;Jose R (NO, Arjun Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Robert V Chandran Tower, 2nd Floor, 149, Velachery Tambaram High Road, Pallikarani, Chennai-600 100) : Dissolve & colloidal substances in agro & recycled furnish-optimization by bio engineering. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 125-9.

Profitability is the key for survival in today's Techno economic era of cut throat competition that make the utilization all the resources in its best optimize way imminent. That will not reduce application cost but also prevent the side effect of additional doses. Variation in waste paper quality & source has become the integral part, and left Paper maker with no choice but to accept whatever has been offered. Agro Furnish reflux which used to be tool earlier days while shortage in one component getting tougher & tougher due to demand of consistency. Also shall cover on the detrimental interfering Dissolve and colloidal substance those who are not only detrimental to the process but also effects the paper properties and process. We shall take the sources of these substance, ways to prevent and if cannot then measures to minimize their impact. They also choke the process in several ways and reduces the efficiency of other additives. In fact all the additive need an environment of work be it Retention & drainage, OBAs, Dyes, Sizing Chemicals must be used in efficient way, so that has been covered under the discussion in next few slides.

5 illus, 3 tables, ref

015808   Raghuveer S (NO, ITC Limited-PSPD, Unit: Bhadrachalam, P.O. Sarapaka-507 128) : Collection of domestic secondary fiber" an initiative as corporate social responsibility. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 51-5.

Increased use of recycled fiber is the current trend in the paper industry globally as it is one of the survival routes for the paper industry against dwindling fiber resources and environment related issues. Waste paper collection system in India is unorganised and unplanned. As a result, large quantities of waste paper get diverted for cheaper packaging and other uses or get destroyed as rubbish. Bulk of waste paper collected by street collectors in metropolitan cities goes to household paper bag manufacturers. ITC, as a part of its Corporate Social Responsibility, has taken up" WEALTH OUT OF WASTE " (WOW), as a green initiative to increase the awareness among the Schools, Corporates, Residential localities and Public at large, about the necessity of recycling paper and board, and reducing the land fill. This revolutionary initiative is meant to protect the Environment, Public Health and Hygiene. This type of activity helps in proper collection and availability of sustainable better fibrous material for Indian Paper Industry at a competitive price and also generates employment to the masses. This initiative has helped ITC-PSPD in meeting its secondary fiber requirement.

3 illus, 6 tables, 3 ref

015807   Patel B H;Desai K U (Textile Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M.S. Baroda Univ, Vadodara) : Single bath application of natural dye on cotton/polyurethane blends. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(1), 18-22.

In the present investigation methanolic extract of Tulsi leaves was applied to cotton/polyurethane blends by cold-pad-batch technique. Effect of metal salt on the colour strength and colour co-ordinates were also investigated using spectrophotometer. It has been found that the colour strength values of samples dyed in presence of copper sulphate and ferrous chloride as metal salt improves the depth of shade, whereas the use of stannous chloride decreases the colour strength value. The antimicrobial activity of dyed samples has been evaluated using Bromophenol Blue (BPB) test. The sample show very encouraging results in terms of antimicrobial resistivity.

3 illus, 7 tables, 9 ref

015806   Nagieb Z A;El-Meligy M G;Sohair;Ali H (Cellulose and Paper Dep, Microbial Chemistry, National Research Center, E1- Behoose Street, Cairo, Dokki, Giza, Egypt) : Improved bleachability of bagasses and cotton stalk pulp by xylanase enzyme. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 169-74.

Among ten fungal strains; Aspergillus, Oryzae was the most effective strain for the production of Xylanase. The proper incubation period for the maximal production of xylanase, by Aspergillus and Oryzae were recorded after 5 days at 45°C. The activity of xylanase being 2.45 μm and biomass production were reached 5.88g/L under the same condition. Alternatively, Xylanase treatment improves accessibility of bleaching chemical to the pulps, decreasing diffusion resistance of the degraded lignin As a result, pulps treated with xylanase show lower kappa number and higher brightness than the pulps, not treated with the enzyme Also, strength properties of paper increased clearly after treatment by enzyme) breaking length raised from 1511,6 to 2325.1m for bagasse and from 1000.5 to 1690.9m for cotton stalk. Infra red spectra & electron microscope were also studied.

5 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

015805   Milind M;Pant S (Clothing and Textile (Home Science) Dep, Banasthali Univ, Rajasthan) : Effect of resin finishes on pilling and dimensional stability of knitted fabrics. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(1), 9-12.

Problems of dimensional instability and pilling in knitted fabrics can influence garment quality. The main aim of this work was to investigate effect of resin finishing on these properties. Nine knitted fabrics varying in constructional parameters were treated with three finishes, silicone, acrylic and DMDHEU. Result showed that all the finishes improved dimensional stability and reduced pilling tendency in most of the fabrics. DMDHEU gave better result than silicone and acrylic emulsion.

3 tables, 7 ref

015804   Magda G E;Samar H M;Khadiga M A (NO, National Research Centre, E1-Behoose Street, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt) : Preparation of safety paper using fluorescent thienopyrimidinone hydrazone compound and other additives. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 181-4.

Forensic safety paper from wood pulp blended with 5% polyester fiber, have been prepared embedding fluorescent thienopyrimidinone hydrazone compound (2-ethylacetoacetatehydrazon-3H-cyclohexano[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin -4(4H)-one), titanium dioxide and ferric chloride. The papers produced were characterized with UV light, special tests (for detection of FeCl₃), and scanning electron microscopy. The changes occurring in visual observation as well as optical and strength properties have been explained.

5 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

015803   Lal P S;Bist V;Sharma A;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Paper Mill Road, Near Himmat Nagar, Saharanpur-247 001) : Issues related to bleaching of wheat straw pulp. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 99-103.

The use of wheat straw as potential fiber source for making pulp and paper is well established. India, and China are main countries where wheat straw fiber add substantial part of production of pulp. The nature of wheat straw fiber support its use as paper making fiber. In India, there are vast varieties of raw materials which are utilized for making pulp and paper. Still the sustainable supply of raw material always remains a matter of cocern along with the other problems of pulp and paper production. This segment also share the major cost of whole process. Agroresidues as wheat straw, rice straw and bagasse are the annually renewable fibers which has consistent supply. Bagasse being better fiber source than straw for pulp and paper was always a good alternative during the past years, but its use as fuel in power generation by sugar manufacturers has created problem in its consistent supply. The straw, a renewable fiber, available in abundance and has no threat as such for its supply being the major food crop to feed large population in northern India. Its use as paper making raw material is well established. Due to its open structure the handling is difficult but cooking to low kappa number is less energy and chemical incentive than wood or bamboo. The bleaching of straw remains concern in terms of achieving high brightness. In the present communication the issues related to bleaching of wheat straw, problems in ODL efficiency, presence of dirt content, brightness ceiling, are discussed along with a new pretreatment option for unbleached pulp kappa number reduction.

3 illus, 9 tables, 7 ref

015802   Kulkarni S;Chauhan N;Vivek Kumar;Bansal M C (Paper Technology Dep, IIT-Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001) : Characterization of deinking sludge from combined deinking technology. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 81-6.

The world consumption of recovered paper is estimated at more than 165 million tons, which accounts for more than 40% of the raw material used in papermaking. It is estimated that by 2010, about half of the fibers used in papermaking worldwide will be recycled fibers. Sludge production from the pulp and paper industries has been increasing due to the growth of such facilities. Deinking sludge disposal is one of the most important tasks for environmental protection. Disposal through land filling is expected to decrease due to the limits of existing filling capacities. Alternatives to landfills include the use recycling, composting and incineration, Pyrolysis. Each deinking operation produces sludge with somewhat unique characteristics, depending on the type of waste paper processed. In the present paper, studies have been carried out on characterization of sludge from old newsprint and Laser printed paper respectively. Sludge of old news print paper recycling is obtained from a mill while sludge from laser printed paper is obtained in the laboratory. Deinking of laser printed paper in laboratory is done by standard chemical deinking process. Detailed characterisation was carried out to find out moisture content, pH, ultimate and proximate analysis, ash content, inorganic/organic matter, electrical conductivity, and heavy metal. Thermogravimeteric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) has been carried out to determine the thermal stability. From TGA the reaction kinetics of drying, Pyrolysis and combustion of deinking sludge were also studied. The detail characterization of deinking sludge provides important information for the proper treatment of sludge disposal.

5 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

015801   Jindal S;Karir R;Singh K;Johari R C (NO, Trident Limited, Barnala-148 107) : Experience of chemical recovery operations with wheat straw as main raw material. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 153-60.

Study describes the recovery of caustic from black liquor generated out of wheat straw cooking and the challenges/problems associated with the use of wheat straw WBL as raw material for the Chemical recovery plant. The practical difficulties faced on account of high silica along with a host of non process elements(NPEs) & low GCV of straw WBL as compared to the wood WBL in the entire recovery cycle (Starting from WBL storage to Causticizing) are covered herein. The paper chronicles all the significant events and decisions taken by Trident which went into setting up the first conventional Agro based Soda recovery plant. The learnings from the operation of the old Recovery plant and how they paved way for the system modifications in the new plant is covered in the paper. There were some firsts which are to the credit of Trident viz the first Agro based falling film evaporator generating 65% solids leading to the elimination of cascade evaporator in the boiler resulting in overall steam generation efficiency. Another significant step was the setting up of a state of the art Causticizing plant coupled with the first lime kiln operating at high silica. Paper describes the counter measures taken to efficiently run the recovery plant to meet the Pulp Mill requirement with minimum make up & conversion cost & unique practices being followed in the Recovery Operations. This covers the process modifications and best practices adopted. Be it utilization of boiler flash steam recovery or supplying evaporator lime steam condensate directly to boiler deaerator, process modifications and reengineering are described. Best Practices involve the counter measures for the initial quality control which are needed due to constraints in the raw material or the upstream process. Some of these are dosing of white liquor in the WBL feed and the adherence to time bound hydro jetting cleaning schedules in Evaporator. The concluding part includes the future plans that the organization has envisaged viz capacity augmentation of both the Evaporators and boilers, ESP modifications for a greener environment.

10 illus, 1 table, ref

015800   Halsall S (NO, Walmsleys Limited, Withnell Mill, Railway Road, Withnell, Cjorley, Lancashire, PR6 8UA, England) : Shoe press-design and applcations. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 131-5.

Shoe press technology improves dewatering of paper sheet in wet pressing section and works better than Roll press technology. Due to higher dewatering it reduces the consumption of steam at dryer section. The major argument to incorporate shoe press was to increase the machine capacity of existing machine and to reduce the capital intensity of new machine. Shoe press technology is also an energy-efficient technology. The dewatering capacity of a press is a function of both the time spent in nip zone and the load applied. The long nip of the shoe press allows for much greater time in the nip zone. It allows for a much higher linear load to be applied without creating too high peak pressure. The addition of a Shoe press to an existing press arrangement has improved paper dryness after press by 4% - 5% "This facilitates higher machine speeds and improved efficiency because of better internal bonding of the sheet". Agro residue fiber has weak strength properties which constraints the load at press section. Agro residue fiber can withstand a maximum linear load of 500 KN/m. Therefore, SIL has opted for Mini Shoe Press which is an ideal option for furnish of 95% agro based residue and 5% soft wood pulp.

6 illus, 1 table, ref

015799   Gupta M (NO, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana) : Auxetic: a wonderful textile. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(1), 5-8.

Auxetic materials present unique property that they expand in all directions when they are stretched and contract when compressed. Most auxetic foams expand by a factor of about 30% or so before shredding due to the stretching force. Advanced auxetics, structured on the molecular level, more impressive expansion may be possible. Auxetic materials are interesting both because of their novel behavior and because of enhancements in other material properties that are related to Poisson's ratio. This paper deals with about the auxetic and their applications in textile fields.

8 illus, 4 ref

015798   Dixit A K;Jain R K;Mathur R M (NO, Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute, Paper Mill Road, Near Himmat Nagar, Saharanpur-247 001) : Incineration of black liquor mixed with waste biomass- an option to achieve zero black liquor discharge in small agro based paper mills. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 161-4.

Agro based palp & paper mills producing unbleached variety of paper normally use less chemical charge comparative to the mills producing bleached variety of paper. Due to lower chemical charge in pulping it ends up with black liquor containing lower Residual Active Alkali (RAA) & pH making it unsuitable to process in the chemical recovery system. Further, scale of operations also does not allow these mills to install the capital intensive chemical recovery system thereby causing concern for environment, Looking into the above problem being faced by this segment of paper industry below 50 tpd, Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute carried out exhaustive research and development work and could find out a process based on incineration of black liquor after mixing with waste biomass (bagasse pith or any agro forestry waste) as one of the potential option to address the above said problem which could help in achieving zero black liquor discharge, The present paper highlights the results obtained on bench/pilot scale studies conducted in an identified agro based mill on proposed process of incineration of black liquor mixed with lingo-cellulosic biomass.

2 illus, 7 tables, 1 ref

015797   Chinta S K;Mhetre S B;Daberao A M (Textile Dep, Shivaji Univ, D.K.T.E, Ichalkaranji, Maharashtra) : Superabsorbent fibers and antimicrobial activity: a textile review. Man Made Text India 2014, 42(1), 13-17.

Superabsorbent polymers are hydrophilic networks that can absorb and retain huge amount of water. SAF (superabsorbent fibers) polymers are extruded into filament, dried, cured and precision cut into a range of staple length, producing a white fibrous super absorbent material with the appearance and handling characteristic of a textile fiber. It can be converted via the traditional non woven textiles and yarn manufacturing process. They are currently used in many areas including hygienic and bio related uses (particularly in disposable diapers) agricultural uses (e.g., water reserving in soil, soil conditioning and controlled released of agro chemicals) Pharmaceuticals dosage from separation to sludge coal dewatering, fire extinguishing gel, etc. New superabsorbent hydrogels are cheaper in price and possess superior mechanical properties than non composites counter parts.

^iia14 ref

015796   Bhaskar S;Yadav R;Prasad J;Johari R C (NO, Trident Limited, Barnala-148 107) : Importance of raw material preparation in wheat straw based ECF pulp plant- an experience. IPPTA Jl 2012, 24(3), 37-40.

Paper consists of a web of pulp fibres derived from wood or other plants from which lignin and other non-cellulose components are separated by cooking them with chemicals at high temperature. The fibre properties of raw material affect the quality and use of paper. The present study describes the use of wheat straw as raw material for making pulp of 83%ISO Brightness using ECF technology from Metso, Sweden. The aim was to determine the factors hampering efficiency of plant in terms of capacity utilization and consumption norms. The experimental part of study consisted of silica removal from wheat straw, impact of season on cooking conditions, raw material storage and handling, screening and washing efficiency. The outcome was to produce bleached pulp of best quality using ODOEopDl sequence in bleaching. This paper also provides solutions to operational problems and advises towards stable runnability of pulping plant in coordination with recovery to improve overall product quality, reduce costs and enhance customer satisfaction.

1 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

014775   Vijayalakshmi D;Ramachandran T (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: viji0003@rediffmail.com) : Application of natural oil on light weight denim garment and analysis of its multi-functional performances. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 309-12.

This study is aimed at imparting functional finishes to denim garments using natural oils in order to enhanc

ssc3 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

014774   Tyagi G K;Goyal A;Chattopadhyay R (MLV Textile & Engineering College, , Bhilwara-311 001, Email: drgktyagi@rediffmail.com) : Physical characteristics of tencel-polyester and tencel-cotton yarns produced on ring, rotor and air-jet spinning machines. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 230-6.

The physical characteristics of tencel-polyester and tencel-cotton yarns spun on ring, rotor and air-jet spinning machines in relation to blend ratio and twist factor have been studied. It is observed that amongst ring, rotor and MJS yarns, the ring yarns are stronger, less rigid and possess higher work of rupture, whereas rotor yarns are more even, have fewer imperfections and less hairy regardless of fibre-mix. Also, rotor- spun yarns have higher extensibility than ring and MJS yarns for tencel-cotton mix. Further, tencel-polyester yarns yield more satisfactory results than the tencel-cotton yarns in terms of strength, breaking extension, evenness, imperfections and work of rupture. Increasing tencel content both in tencel-polyester and tencel-cotton fibre mix makes the yarn rigid and more hairy.

1 illus, 7 tables, 16 ref

014773   Turan R B;Okur A (Textile Engineering Dep, Engineering Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, Email: befru.turan@deu.edu.tr) : A 3-D model study for 2/1 twill and 3/1 twill weaves. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 251-8.

The 3-D geometry of 2/1 twill and 3/1 twill weaves have been studied in order to obtain realistic twill weave models by using certain structural parameters of the fabric such as settings and yarn linear density. The inherent skewness of twill fabrics in the floating region has been taken into consideration for modeling. The path of the floating and intersecting regions of the yarn center axis within fabric is first modeled as linear inside a rectangular prism while forming the 3-D geometry of twill weaves. Then B-spline method is used to define the 3-D path of the yarn with a smooth curve. The theoretical crimp factor and mass per unit area of the 2/1 twill and 3/1 twill fabrics have calculated from the obtained B-spline curves of 3-D fabric and they are compared with the experiment results. Besides, the visual 3-D simulations of twill weaves are also formed. The experimental results verify the results obtained from the 3-D model. Depending on structural parameters and inherent skewness property, reliable twill weave models are achieved which would be helpful in computer applications.

7 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

014772   Sivakumar A;Murugan R;Sundaresan K;Periyasamy S (Textile Technology Dep, PSG Polytechnic College, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: sivakumarpsg76@gmail.com) : UV protection and self-cleaning finish for cotton fabric using metal oxide nanoparticles. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 285-92.

Ultra-violet protection and self-cleaning action of nano zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium di-oxide (TiO₂) with acrylic binder has been assessed on the cotton fabric using pad-dry-cure method. Different precursors, such as zinc acetate and titanium tetrachloride have been used to synthesize nanoparticles. Zinc acetate is synthesized into nanoparticle by wet chemical technique and titanium tetrachloride is synthesized into nanoparticle by sol-gel technique. The synthesized nanoparticles are then characterized by using particle size analyzer, X-ray diffractometery, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The nano ZnO and TiO₂ finished cotton fabrics are tested for ultraviolet protection factor, self-cleaning action and physical properties. The wash fastness of zinc oxide and titanium di-oxide nano finished cotton fabrics for 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th washes is assessed. The self-cleaning activity is assessed for 12, 24 and 48 h duration by exposing 6% of coffee stain on the specimen fabrics to sunlight. The ZnO nanoparticle is found to be 9 nm using zinc acetate as precursor and TiO₂ nanoparticle is found to be 35 nm by titanium tetra chloride as precursor. In the case of ultraviolet protection function it is found that the fabrics treated with 35 nm nanoparticles exhibit better ultraviolet protection factor values than the fabrics treated with 9 nm nanoparticles. The smaller nanoparticles (9 nm) show better results with regard to self-cleaning. The washing durability of the imparted function is found to be in between 28 washes and 48 washes for ultraviolet protection.

3 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

014771   Sharma A (Govt. Girls College, , Ratangarh-331 022, Email: anjalisharma3305@gmail.com) : Studies on camel hair - merino wool blended knitted fabrics. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 317-19.

Effect of blending camel kid hair with merino wool on performance of resultant yarn and fabric has been studied. Camel hair (CH) has been blended with merino wool (M) in three different ratios, viz. 25:75, 75:25 and 50:50 on khadi hand spinning system. Knitted fabric samples are then prepared on circular hand knitting machine. Properties of yarn and knitted fabric are also evaluated. It is found that the blending of merino wool with camel hair improves fineness and strength of yarn. Performance of CH75:M25 knitted fabric is found better in terms of strength and warmth, whereas CH25:M75 fabric shows higher abrasion resistance and better knitting performance and hand.

^ssc3 tables, 4 ref

014770   Roopesh Kumar K R;Lokesh G;Nadiger G S; Ananthanarayana S R (Studies in Sericulture Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bangalore-560 056) : Degumming characteristics of silk filaments spun under varied climatic conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Int J Sci Nat 2012, 3(1), 60-8.

Silk is composed of two proteins viz., sericin and fibroin. In-vitro studies confirmed that structure formation of fibroin varied with the speed of casting. On the other hand, structural deformations and advancement in the structure of sericin was observed with the variation in the time required for settling. Prolonged duration in settling will result in the formation of compact structures. Sericin being hydrophilic, the settling duration increased with an increase in the moisture content. Silkworms being poikilothermic exhibit greater fluctuation in their physiological activities in response to the variations in the environmental conditions. During cocoon spinning, the speed increases with increase in the temperature resulting in shorter spinning durations. On the contrary, though relative humidity has no significant effect on the physiological behaviour of silkworms, cocoons spun under higher humidities are characterized by low reelability and lower silk recovery percentages. The present study correlates the implications of physiological behaviour of silkworm as a consequence of variation in the environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity on the structure formation of fibroin and sericin, In turn, on the degumming behavior of silk filaments. Significant variation in the trend for degumming weight loss percentages was observed among different categories of filament produced. It is inferred that the in-vitro behavioural characteristics of silk proteins, more or less remain applicable to in-vivo conditions also.

27 ref

014769   Rinsey Johnny V A;Karpagam Chinnammal S (Costume Design and Fashion, Chikkanna Govt Arts College, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu) : Degumming of silk using protease enzyme from Bacillus species. Int J Sci Nat 2012, 3(1), 51-9.

Attempt has been made to synthesize protease enzyme from bacillus species from the slaughter house waste and evaluate their suitability for degumming of silk yarn as against the commercial enzymes. The performance of enzyme treated yarn has also been compared with the yarns degummed by the conventional method ie with soap and soda. The degummed yarns were further dyed using natural dye turmeric in the presence and absence of mordants. The degummed samples were subjected to subjective evaluation like colour, luster and hand, dyed yarns for general appearance, depth of colour, evenness in dyeing and luster. Objective evaluation like Weight loss, Tensile strength, Elongation, Degumming efficiency, Colour fastness to washing, rubbing and to light were also carried out. The microscopic view of the degummed samples was obtained by SEM results.

10 ref

014768   Rathinamoorthy R;Thilagavathi G (Fashion Technology Dep, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 004, Email: r.rathinamoorthy@gmail.com) : Optimisation of process conditions of cotton fabric treatment with Terminalia chebula extract for antibacterial application. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 293-303.

The methanol extracts of Terminalia chebula fruits as antibacterial agent and citric acid as a crosslinking agent have been applied on cotton plain woven fabric and the treated fabrics are then tested for antibacterial activity against bacterial strains like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, under agar diffusion test and quantitative assessment. The results indicate that the treated cotton fabric shows a clear antibacterial activity with 27-38 mm zone of inhibition in the agar diffusion test against the above-mentioned strains. The treated samples show 93.33% of reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and 82.14 % reduction against Escherichia coli as per quantitative assessment. the antibacterial finished textile samples have also been evaluated for the physical properties like tensile strength, tearing strength, water absorbency and air permeability. process parameters are optimized for better performance of antibacterial treated material by the response surface methodology adopted using Box - behnken design and the regression equations have been obtained for fabric properties. The optimized process parameters for higher antibacterial ability of the treated textile material with optimum physical properties are extract concentration of 25%, crosslinking agent of 7.5% and the curing temperature of 94.16°C.

8 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

014767   Poorniammal R;Parthiban M;Gunasekaran S; Murugesan R;Thilagavathi, G (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: oiinuu@gmail.com ) : Natural dye production from Thermomyces sp fungi for textile application. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 276-9.

The present study is aimed at evaluating and optimizing the dyeing potential of fungal pigment for different fabrics. The yellow pigment produced from Thermomyces sp. has been purified and used for dyeing processes. The effect of process parameters of dyeing, such as pH, temperature, time duration, mordants, colour intensity and fastness properties, has been studied and the conditions are optimized. The dyeing capacity of Thermomyces sp pigments is studied in cotton, silk and wool fabrics. The pigment shows high affinity with silk fabrics and is found to give good light fastness (rating 4), colour fastness to washing (rating 4-5) and colour fastness to rubbing (rating 3-4). The optimum conditions for dyeing are found to be 30 °C, 3 pH, Myrobalan mordant and 20 min duration. The pigment shows a maximum bacteria reduction in the silk dyed sample against Salmonella typhi (51.05 %).

4 tables, 13 ref

014766   Nair A U;Sheela R;Vivekanandan M V;Patwardhan B A;Nachane R P (NO, Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Adenwala Road, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: drrpnachane@hotmail.com) : friction in cotton textiles: Part I-A study on the relationship between physical properties and frictional characteristics of cotton fibres and yarns. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 244-50.

Reports a study on the relationship between physical properties of cotton and the frictional characteristics at the fibre and yarn stages. It is observed that coarser fibres show higher coefficient of friction. With regard to yarns, coarser and more compressible yarns show higher coefficient of friction values.

4 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

014765   Liu Lu;Oxenham W;Seyam A F M (College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, , Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, Email: aseyam@ncsu.edu) : Contact electrification of polymeric surfaces. Indian J Fibre Text Res 2013, 38(3), 265-9.

Contact electrification between nylon and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) flat surfaces conducted under controlled environment of different temperature and relative humidity reveals that charge generated on PTFE increases as the contact force increases from 11 N to 17 N. This can be explained by the fact that the contact area increases as the contact force increases. Contact electrification is also studied for four different materials against each other. It is found that the tribo-electric series for those four materials are nylon (+), stainless steel, polypropylene (PP), and PTFE (-). The absolute value of charge generated on nylon is found to be much lower than that on PP or PTFE. In addition, it is also found that the charge generated on one surface cannot represent the charge generated on the other surface which is contacted.

6 illus, 19 ref