027388   SALAZAR-LOPEZ N J, GONZALEZ-AGUILAZ G A, ROUZAUD-SANDEZ O, ROBLES-SANCHEZ M (de Investigacio´n y Posgrado en Alimentos Dep, De Sonora Univ, Sonora, Mexico, Email: rsanchez@guayacan.uson.mx) : Bioaccessibility of hydroxycinnamic acids and antioxidant capacity from sorghum bran thermally processed during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2021-30.

Sorghum is a source of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), which have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative capacities. However, a high proportion of them have low bioaccessibility due the complex structural disposition of the plant’s cell wall. The effects of boiling and extrusion processes on sorghum bran and their effects on the antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility of HCA during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were investigated. The bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds was significantly higher in extruded sorghum bran (38.4 %) than that obtained by boiling (29.5 %). This is consistent with the increase of the antioxidant capacity after in vitro digestion. In contrast, a low bioaccessibility of pure monomeric HCA was observed when they were exposed to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. There were significant bioaccessibility reductions of 36.8, 19.5, 13.5, 62.1 % for caffeic, $\rho$-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acids, respectively, when unproccessed sorghum bran was added. Although the bioaccessibility of monomeric HCA was low, the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity increased during the digestion simulation due to the thermal processes of extrusion and boiling. Extrusion and boiling could be utilized to produce food based on sorghum bran with biological potential.

3 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

027387   YANG X, ZHANG X, FU M, CHEN Q, MUZAMMIL J M (Qilu Univ of Technology, Jinan, People’s Republic of China, Email: skyfmr@163.com) : Chlorine dioxide fumigation generated by a solid releasing agent enhanced the efficiency of 1-MCP treatment on the storage quality of strawberry. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2003-10.

The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) on fruit quality during storage was investigated. Strawberries were treated with 1-MCP alone or in combination with ClO₂ gas generated by a releasing agent, and the quality, fruit decay, microbial inhibition, and enzyme activities [polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL)] at 4 $°$C were measured for 16 days. 1-MCP alone could maintain the fruit quality during storage but had little effect on microbial growth, resulting in quick decay during storage. ClO₂ treatment effectively inhibited microbial growth during storage and improved shelf life with no visual damage. Moreover, 1-MCP in combination with ClO₂ was superior in maintaining quality attributes as compared with 1-MCP alone, as significant differences were found in some indices. Furthermore, 1-MCP in combination with ClO₂ maintained higher SOD, APX, and PAL activities and lower PPO activity as compared with the control and 1-MCP alone. Overall, ClO₂ enhanced the effect of 1-MCP on strawberries during storage and shelf life, possibly through the inhibition of microbial growth and regulation of enzyme activity. The combination of 1-MCP and ClO₂ may serve as a potential strategy with dual physiological and antimicrobial effects for the preservation of perishable products.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

027386   WAGHMARE R B, ANNAPURE U S (Food Engineering Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology (Formerly UDCT), Mumbai - 400 019, Email: udayannapure@gmail.com) : Integrated effect of radiation processing and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on shelf life of fresh fig. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 1993-2002.

Fresh figs have less shelf life due to the growth of yeasts and molds. The study aimed at extending the shelf life of fresh fig with the help of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Effects of irradiation and MAP on the quality and shelf life of fresh fig were evaluated. Combined effect of irradiation and MAP on the quality of fresh fig was also studied. To optimize irradiation dose, 1, 2, 3 and 4 kGy doses were given to fresh fig. Firmness and overall acceptability of fresh fig were minimally affected by 1 kGy irradiation dose. Whereas, 2, 3 and 4 kGy had negative effects on firmness and overall acceptability score. Thus, 0.5 and 1 kGy were selected to evaluate the combined effect of irradiation and MAP. Fresh figs were packed in an atmosphere of 5 % O₂, 10 % CO₂, 85 % N₂ and irradiated at 0.5 and 1 kGy doses. These atmospheric packed irradiated samples were stored at 5$°$C for 15 days. Physico-chemical parameters, microbial quality and overall acceptability were monitored throughout the storage period at the interval of 5 days. Irradiation treatment did not prevent the firmness of fresh fig. Significant dissimilarities were observed between the irradiated and control fresh fig for all the parameters considered. The results indicated that MAP followed by irradiation doses of 0.5 and 1 kGy showed the best results for improving the quality and shelf-life of fresh fig.

2 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

027385   SAURABH C K, GUPTA S, VARIYAR P S (Food Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai - 400 085, Email: prasadpsv@rediffmail.com) : Development of guar gum based active packaging films using grape pomace. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 1982-92.

The objective of this study was to develop biodegradable active film to improve the shelf-life of minimally processed fresh-produce. Guar gum (GG) based films with improved properties were fabricated by employing tween-80 (0.88 %) as emulsifier, nanoclay (13.9 %) as reinforcement, beeswax (1.21 %) for hydrophobicity, glycerol (3.07 %) as plasticizer, and grape pomace extract (5 %) as active ingredient (% w/w of GG). Active films had a tensile strength of 122 MPa and water vapor transmission rate of 69 gm^-2 d^-1 . Films demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella Typhimurium. The 2 kGy irradiated minimally processed pomegranate arils packed in film demonstrated a shelf-life of 12 days as compared to 4 days for unirradiated samples. The observed improvement in shelf-life was due to a radiation-induced release of antimicrobial volatiles from active films as confirmed by headspace analysis using GC–MS. Suitability of active films for food irradiation applications is thus demonstrated.

2 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

027384   LAFARGA T, BOBO G, VINAS F, COLLAZO C, AGUILO-AGUAYO I (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Catalonia, Spain, Email: Ingrid.Aguilo@irta.cat) : Effects of thermal and non-thermal processing of cruciferous vegetables on glucosinolates and its derived forms. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 1973-81.

Brassica vegetables, which include broccoli, kale, cauliflower, and Brussel sprouts, are known for their high glucosinolate content. Glucosinolates and their derived forms namely isothiocyanates are of special interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries due to their antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties. These compounds are water soluble and heat-sensitive and have been proved to be heavily lost during thermal processing. In addition, previous studies suggested that novel non-thermal technologies such as high pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, or ultraviolet irradiation can affect the glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables. The objective of this paper was to review current knowledge about the effects of both thermal and nonthermal processing technologies on the content of glucosinolates and their derived forms in brassica vegetables. This paper also highlights the importance of the incorporation of brassica vegetables into our diet for their healthpromoting properties beyond their anticarcinogenic activities.

1 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

027383   MUANGHORN W, KONSUE N, SHAM H, OTHMAN Z, MOHAMED F, NOOR N M, OTHMAN N, AKMAL N S S M N, FAUZI N A, SOLOMEN M M P D, RAZIS A F A (Putra Malaysia Univ, Serdang- 43400, Malaysia, Email: madfaizal@upm.edu.my) : Effects of gamma irradiation on tropomyosin allergen, proximate composition and mineral elements in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1960-5.

Effects of food irradiation on allergen and nutritional composition of giant freshwater prawn are not well documented. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on tropomyosin allergen, proximate composition, and mineral elements in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In this study, prawn was peeled, cut into small pieces, vacuum packaged and gamma irradiated at 0, 5, 7, 10 and 15 kGy with a dose rate of 0.5 kGy/h using cobalt-60 as the source, subsequently determined the level of tropomyosin, proximate composition and mineral elements respectively. The results showed that band density of tropomyosin irradiated at 10 and 15 kGy is markedly decreased. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture, protein, and carbohydrate content were significantly different as compared with non-irradiated prawn. Meanwhile, gamma irradiated M. rosenbergii at 15 kGy was observed to be significantly higher in nickel and zinc than the non-irradiated prawn. The findings provide a new information that food irradiation may affect the tropomyosin allergen, proximate composition and mineral elements of the prawn.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

027382   IAMAREERAT B, SINGH M, SADIQ M B, ANAL A K (Food Dep, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand, Email: anil.anal@gmail.com) : Reinforced cassava starch based edible film incorporated with essential oil and sodium bentonite nanoclay as food packaging material. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1953-9.

Biodegradable packaging in food materials is a green technology based novel approach to replace the synthetic and conventional packaging systems. This study is aimed to formulate the biodegradable cassava starch based films incorporated with cinnamon essential oil and sodium bentonite clay nanoparticles. The films were characterized for their application as a packaging material for meatballs. The cassava starch films incorporated with sodium bentonite and cinnamon oil showed significant antibacterial potential against all test bacteria; Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial effect of films increased significantly when the concentration of cinnamon oil was increased. The cassava starch film incorporated with 0.75 % (w/w) sodium bentonite, 2 % (w/w) glycerol and 2.5 % (w/w) cinnamon oil was selected based on physical, mechanical and antibacterial potential to evaluate shelf life of meatballs. The meatballs stored at ambient temperature in cassava starch film incorporated with cinnamon oil and nanoclay, significantly inhibited the microbial growth till 96 h below the FDA limits (10⁶ CFU/g) in foods compared to control films that exceeded above the limit within 48 h. Hence cassava starch based film incorporated with essential oils and clay nanoparticles can be an alternate approach as a packaging material for food industries to prolong the shelf life of products.

1 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

027381   NISHANTHAN G, KUMARA P A D A, CROOS M D S T D, PRASADA D V P, DISSANAYAKE D C T (Agricultural Economics and Business Management Dep, Peradeniya Univ, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, Email: chamiD4@gmail.com) : Effects of processing on proximate and fatty acid compositions of six commercial sea cucumber species of Sri Lanka. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1933-41.

Processing and its impacts on proximate composition and fatty acid profile of six sea cucumber species; Bohadschia marmorata, Stichopus chloronotus, Holothuria spinifera, Thelenota anax, Holothuria scabra and Bohadschia sp. 1 collected from the northwest coast of Sri Lanka were analyzed. Sea cucumbers are processed into beˆchede-mer by both domestic and industrial level processors following the similar steps of cleaning, evisceration, first boiling, salting, second boiling and drying. However, domestically processed beche-de-mer always reported a higher percentage of moisture, crude ash, crude fat and lower percentage of crude protein than industrially processed products. Although processing resulted in a significant reduction of total SFA and MUFA in fresh individuals of most of these species, total PUFA increased significantly in processed individuals excluding Bohadschia species. Palmitic acid was found to be the most dominant fatty acid in all these species followed by eicosapentaenoic acid, which showed a significant increase in processed products, except Bohadschia sp. 1. Total MUFA were higher than total SFA in all sea cucumber species having exceptions in Bohadchia sp.1 and fresh S. chloronotus. These findings will make a significant contribution to fill the gaps in existing information as no any previous information is available for species like H. spinifera and S. chloronotus.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

027380   TEIXEIRA B, VIEIRA H, MENDES R (Sea and Marine Resources Dep, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal, Email: barbara.p.b.teixeira@gmail.com) : Polyphosphates changes in dried salted cod (Gadus morhua) during industrial and domestic processing. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1922-32.

Changes in added polyphosphates throughout the processing of dried salted cod in industrial environment were evaluated. As consumers purchase both dried salted cod and desalted cod, domestic and industrial desalting processes were performed. After brining, total phosphates increased to 11.6 and 16.6 g P₂O₅/kg in cod processed with 3 and 6 % of polyphosphates, respectively. During drysalting, total phosphates decreased in both cases to ca. 5 g P₂O₅/kg, suggesting that most polyphosphates were drained with the water released. Cod with polyphosphates needed 85 h extra drying time to achieve regulatory moisture levels. After desalting, total phosphates values in dry weight indicate that phosphates were not removed during this processing step. Free phosphates, and in particular triphosphate contents, were higher in cods desalted following domestic procedures, in comparison with industrial desalting. This study demonstrates that the use of polyphosphates is not recommended for the production of Portuguese dried salted cod. These additives prevent water from being removed during the drying process, increasing the costs. Moreover, in contrast to what was assumed, part of polyphosphates is retained in the final product, even after the desalting process.

4 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

027379   ZHU S, WU H, ZHANG C, JIE J, LIU Z, ZENG M, WANG C (Ocean Univ of China, Shandong Province, China, Email: mingyz@ouc.edu.cn) : Spoilage of refrigerated Litopenaeus vannamei: Eavesdropping on Acinetobacter acyl-homoserine lactones promotes the spoilage potential of Shewanella baltica. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1903-12.

Shewanella baltica and Acinetobacter are among the predominant spoilage bacteria in refrigerated shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). S. baltica are incapable of producing acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing signals, but can respond to environmental AHLs. In this paper, Acinetobacter was found to produce three AHLs, i.e. N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (O-C6-HSL) and N-(3- oxooctanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (O-C8-HSL), according to thin-layer chromatography using the bioreporter Agrobacterium tumefaciens A136. The agar diffusion and b-galactosidase assays revealed that S. baltica could eavesdrop on these three AHLs from Acinetobacter. Eavesdropping on Acinetobacter AHLs especially C4-HSL was found to boost the growth of S. baltica particularly under nutrient limiting conditions (up to 40-fold increase) in the co-culture experiments. The azocasein assay revealed that S. baltica produced fourfold more extracellular proteases in response to Acinetobacter AHLs. As demonstrated by the biofilm crystal violet staining assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy, eavesdropping also decreased the biofilm-forming capacity of Acinetobacter. By inoculation of S. baltica and Acinetobacter onto surface-sterilized shrimp, eavesdropping was found to endow a growth advantage to S. baltica in vivo, resulting in a 0.5 day shortened shelf life of shrimp according to total volatile basic nitrogen levels and sensory analysis. Overall, the AHL-dependent eavesdropping increased the spoilage potential of S. baltica, providing a fresh perspective on the spoilage process of refrigerated L. vannamei, and this may inspire the development of novel preservation techniques in the future to further reduce post-harvest loss of shrimp.

5 illus, 38 ref

027378   ROMERO M C, FOGAR R A, ROLHAISER F, CLAVERO V V, ROMERO A M, JUDIS M A (Nacional del Chaco Austral Univ, Chaco, Argentina, Email: rfogar@uncaus.edu.ar) : Development of gluten-free fish (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) patties by response surface methodology. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1889-1902.

The goal of this study was to develop a fish based product suitable for people with celiac disease. Water and gluten-free flours (rice, corn, amaranth or quinoa) were added to improve cooking yield, texture parameters and as an aid in improving quality attributes such as taste and juiciness. Cooking yields of patties containing gluten-free flours were higher than control and maximum values ranged between 91 and 93 %. Hardness was higher in patties made with amaranth or quinoa flour, whereas cohesiveness and springiness were higher in patties made with corn and rice flour, respectively. Response surface methodology was used to optimize patties formulations. Optimized formulations were prepared and evaluated showing a good agreement between predicted and experimental responses. Also, nutritional value and consumer acceptance of optimized formulations were analysed. Flours addition affected proximate composition increasing carbohydrates, total fat and mineral content compared to control. Sensory evaluation showed that no differences were found in the aroma of products. Addition of rice flour increased juiciness and tenderness whereas taste, overall acceptance and buying intention were higher in control patty, followed by patties made with corn flour. The present investigation shows good possibilities for further product development, including the scale up at an industrial level.

6 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

027377   DESCALZO A M, RIZZO S A, SERVENT A, ROSSETTI L, LEBRUN M, PEREZ C D, BOULANGER R, MESTRES C, PALLET D, MAYER C D (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria INTALABINTEX, 34398 Montpellier, France, Email: descalzo.adriana@inta.gob.ar) : Oxidative status of a yogurt-like fermented maize product containing phytosterols. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1859-69.

This work describes the formulation of a functional yogurt-like product based on fermented maize with added phytosterols and its oxidative stability during cold storage. The technological challenge was to stabilize 3.5 % esterified phytosterols (between 2 and 3 g of free sterols) in a low-fat emulsion and to preserve the obtained product throughout processing and storage. The natural bioactive compounds: lutein, zeaxanthin, ß-cryptoxanthin, ß-carotene and γ-tocopherol were detected in the yogurt, and remained stable during 12 days of refrigeration. Higher content of C18:1 n-9 and C18:3 n-3 (six and nine fold, respectively) were obtained in samples with phytosterols.This was desirable from a nutritional point of view, but at the same time it induced lipid oxidation that was 1.4-fold higher in the product with phytosterols than in the controls.The use of a multivariate approach served to find descriptors which were related to treatments, and to explain their behavior over time.

4 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

027376   PENG Q, ZHANG M, GAO L, EROMOSELE O, QIAO Y, SHI B (Feed Research Institute, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China, Email: shibo@caas.cn) : Effects of alginate oligosaccharides with different molecular weights and guluronic to mannuronic acid ratios on glyceollin induction and accumulation in soybeans. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1850-8.

Alginate oligosaccharides (AOs) are linear oligosaccharides with alternating sequences of mannuronicacid (M) and guluronic acid (G) residues. AOs can be used as a safe elicitor to induce glyceollins, which have many human health benefits, in soybean seeds. In this research, four AO fractions with different chemical structures and molecular weights were separated, purified, and then characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI–MS. With a 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid residue ($∆$) at the non-reducing terminus, the structures of these four AO fractions were $∆$G, $∆$MG, $∆$GMG and $∆$MGGG, which exhibited glyceollin-inducing activities of 1.2339, 0.3472, 0.6494 and 1.0611 (mg/g dry weight) in soybean seeds, respectively. The results demonstrated that a larger molecular weight or a higher G/M ratio might correlate with a higher glyceollin-inducing activity. Moreover, the alginate disaccharide $∆$G could be introduced as relatively safe and efficient elicitor of high glyceollin content in soybeans.

4 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

027375   GUNASINGHE M A, KIM S M (Marine Food Science and Technology Dep, Gangneung-Wonju National Univ, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea, Email: smkim@gwnu.ac.kr) : Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of vanadium binding proteins purified from the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1840-9.

Sea squirts accumulate vanadium compounds with potent antidiabetic activity, which are involved inimmune defense. In this study, vanadium concentrations of fresh blood plasma, intestine, and muscle of the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi were 6.3, 3.7 and 2.1 mg/kg respectively. Two vanadium binding proteins (VBPs) from blood plasma and intestine were purified through (NH₄)₂SO₄  precipitation, and DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange and Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration chromatography, in that order. The purity and yield of the intestine and blood plasma vanadium binding proteins, VBP_intestine and VBP_{blood plasma}, were 13.4 folds and 7.1 %, and 20.9 folds and 6.8 %, respectively. There were two protein bands on the sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with molecular weights of 24.3and 68.8 kDa and one with 96.7 kDa on the native-PAGE of VBP_{blood plasma}, whereas only one protein band of VBP_intestine on the SDS-PAGE with 26.5 kDa. Antioxidantactivities of  VBPs were lower than that of ascorbic acid.Both VBPs exerted strong inhibitory activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mild against Bacillus stearothermophilus and rat intestinal α-glucosidase. IC₅₀ values of VBP_intestine and VBP_{blood plasma} against S.cerevisiae $\alpha$-glucosidase were 28.34 and 12.60 µg/ml,respectively. The K_m, V_max, k_cat, and k_cat/K_m values of VBP_intestine and VBP_{blood plasma} were 4.29, 0.036, 6.58 and 1.53 $\times$ 10³, and 7.63 mM, 0.057 mM/min, 10.41 s^-1 and 1.36 $\times$ 10³ (M sec)^-1, respectively. There was a synergistic interaction between VBP_{blood plasma} and VBP_intestine on rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

3 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

027374   LODH J, KHAMRU K, PRASAD W G (ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana- 132 001, Email: writdhama_3993@rediffmail.com) : Optimization of heat treatment and curcumin level for the preparation of anti-oxidant rich ghee from fermented buffalo cream by central composite rotatable design. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1832-9.

Adverse health effects of synthetic anti-oxidants have necessitated the use of natural anti-oxidants in food products. However, their incorporation may result into undesirable changes in physico-chemical and sensory attributes of the product. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to prepare anti-oxidant rich ghee using curcumin (yellow pigment found in turmeric) as the natural anti-oxidant. Effects of varying curcumin levels (160–350 ppm), heating temperature (110–120$°$C) and duration (16–22 min) on anti-oxidant, chemical and sensory attributes of ghee were studied. Increasing level of curcumin significantly increased the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and decreased the amount of conjugated dienes formation. Increasing heating time and temperature significantly decreased the anti-oxidant activity in ghee, but their combination significantly increased the activity. Increase in curcumin level and heating temperature improved the sensory attributes of ghee, but longer duration of heating decreased the same. Optimization using Central Composite Rotatable Design yielded 350 ppm of curcumin and heat treatment of 115$°$C for 17.89 min for most acceptable, anti-oxidant rich ghee with a desirability value of 0.966. The model developed was found to predict the product characteristics adequately.

2 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

027373   IZQUIERDO-CANAS P M, LOPEZ-MARTIN R, GARCIA-ROMERO E, GONZALEZ-ARENZANA L , MINGUEZ-SANZ S, CHATONNET P, PALACIOS-GARCIA A, PUIG-PUJOL A (Instituto Regional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agroalimentario y For, Ciudad Real, Spain, Email: pmizquierdo@jccm.es) : Effect of kaolin silver complex on the control of populations of Brettanomyces and acetic acid bacteria in wine. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1823-31.

In this work, the effects of kaolin silver complex (KAgC) have been evaluated to replace the use of SO₂ for the control of spoilage microorganisms in the wine making process. The results showed that KAgC at a dose of 1 g/Lprovided effective control against the development of B. bruxellensis and acetic acid bacteria. In wines artificially contaminated with an initial population of B. bruxellensis at 10⁴ CFU/mL, a concentration proven to produce off flavors in wine, only residual populations of the contaminating yeast remained after 24 days of contact with the additive. Populations of acetic bacteria inoculated into wine at concentrations of 10² and 10⁴ CFU/mL were reduced to negligible levels after 72 h of treatment with KAgC. The antimicrobial effect of KAgC against B. bruxellensis and acetic bacteria was also demonstrated in a wine naturally contaminated by these microorganisms, decreasing their population in a similar way to a chitosan treatment. Related to this effect, wines with KAgC showed lower concentrations of acetic acid and 4-ethyl phenol than wines without KAgC. The silver concentration from KAgC that remained in the finished wines was below the legal limits. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of KAgC to reduce spoilage microorganisms in wine making.

3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

027372   JU W T, KWON O C, KIM H B, SUNG G B, KIM H W, KIM Y S (National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wanju-gun 565-851, Republic of Korea, Email: kaiko0214@korea.kr) : Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from 12 species of Korean mulberry leaves. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1789-96.

The total flavonoids in leaves of 12 varieties of Korean mulberry (Morus alba L.) were determined. Seventeen flavonoids were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS). To determine the flavonoid contents, HPLC analysis was performed on these 17 flavonoids. The total flavonoid contents of the 12 varieties of mulberry leaves ranged from 748.5 to 1297.9 mg, with the highest obtained from the Cheong Su variety (1297.9 ± 112.0 mg). Among the 17 flavonoids analyzed, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) had highest contents in the Cheong Su variety. Furthermore, the Dae Dang Sang variety gave the highest quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) content among the mulberry leaves investigated, at 425.5 ± 45.9 mg. Major flavonols from Dae Dang Sang were detected by UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS. A total of 17 flavonoid compound peaks were identified in the analysis time range of 5–40 min, all of which were kaempferol and quercetin glycosides. Seven of the 17 compounds identified in mulberry leaves were unknown.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

027371   WIDJANARKO S B, AMALIA Q, HERMANTO M B, MUBAROK A Z (Agricultural Product Technology Dep, Brawijaya Univ, Malang 65145, Indonesia, Email: simonbw@ub.ac.id) : Evaluation of the effect of yellow konjac flour-j-carrageenan mixed gels and red koji rice extracts on the properties of restructured meat using response surface methodology. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1781-88.

In the present study, the effect of two independent variables, yellow konjac flour-K-carrageenan (KFC) mixed gels and red koji rice (RKR) extracts for the development of restructured meat product, was investigated using central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The assessed physical characteristics were hardness, water holding capacity (WHC), and color ($°$hue) of the restructured meat products. The second order regression models with high R² value were significantly fitted to predict the changes in hardness, WHC and color. The results showed that the predicted optimum formula of restructured meat were the addition of KFC mixed gels at 10.21 % and RKR extracts at 6.11 %. The experiments results validate these optimum formula and found to be not statistically different at 5 % level. Thus, the RSM was successfully employed and can be used to optimize the formulation of restructured meat.

1 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

027370   SARKAR D, ANKOLEKAR C, GREENE D, SHETTY K (Food Sciences Dep, Massachusetts Univ, MA 01003, USA, Email: kalidas.shetty@ndsu.edu) : Natural preservatives for superficial scald reduction and enhancement of protective phenolic-linked antioxidant responses in apple during post-harvest storage. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1767-80.

Superficial scald during post-harvest storage is a serious problem for long-term preservation and shelf-life of some apple and pear cultivars. Development of superficial scald and related physiological disorders such as enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning are associated in part with oxidative breakdown and redox imbalance. Therefore, targeting natural antioxidants from food-grade sources as post-harvest treatment to reduce superficial scald has merit. Such natural antioxidants can potentially counter oxidation-linked damages associated with superficial scald through stimulation of antioxidant enzyme responses and biosynthesis of less-oxidized phenolics involving protective redox-linked pathway such as proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway. Based on this rationale, bioprocessed food-grade oregano extract (OX) and soluble chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) were targeted as postharvest treatment (2 and 4 g L^-1) and were compared with diphenylamine (DPA) (1 and 2 g L^-1) to reduce superficial scald and to improve protective phenolic-linked antioxidant responses in ‘‘Cortland’’ cultivar stored at 4 $°$C for 15 weeks. Overall, significant reduction of superficial scald and conjugated triene was observed with DPA and OX (2 g L^-1) post-harvest treatments. Furthermore, stimulation of antioxidant enzyme responses such as increases in superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activity was also observed, but was more evident with DPA and COS treatment. Overall, results of this study indicated that critical balance of less-oxidized phenolics and antioxidant enzymes and associated anabolic PPP-linked redox regulation is essential for improving post-harvest preservation and reduction of superficial scald in apple.

4 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

027369   RAFIQ A, SHARMA S, SINGH B (Sher-e-kashmir Univ of Agricultural Science and Technology- Kashmir, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: aasima20@gmail.com) : Effect of pregelatination on rheology, cooking and antioxidant activity of pasta. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1756-66.

The present study explores the possibility of using twin screw extruder for preparation of pregelatinized pasta.The effects of extrusion parameters feed moisture (28 and 32 %), barrel temperature (60–105$°$C) and screw speed (100–200 rpm) on pregelatinized pasta were investigated. Prepared pasta was analysed for quality characteristics in terms of cooking quality, degree of gelatinization, color, texture, pasting properties, bioactive composition. Results indicated that higher screw speed improved the cooking quality of pasta and decreased gruel solid loss. Degree of gelatinization revealed positive relation with temperature and feed moisture. Extrusion conditions, altered the color of pasta, a decrease in L*, increase in a* and b* values was observed. Higher peak viscosity was observed at lower barrel temperature and feed moisture. A significant retention in total phenolic content and flavonoid content was observed with higher feed moisture. Extrusion leads to increase in antioxidant activity and firmness upon increasing screw speed and feed moisture.

3 illus, 5 tables, 41 ref

027368   GORAYA R K, BAJWA U (Food Science and Technology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Punjab- 141 004, Email: ushabajwa@rediffmail.com) : Intransience of functional components and distinctive properties of amla (Indian gooseberry) ice cream during short-term storage. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1746-55.

Inclusion of processed amla have been found toenhance the functional properties and nutritional value ofice cream by augmenting the fiber content, total phenols,tannins, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. The present investigation assessed the changes in these constituents, color values (L, a* and b*), melting rate, sensory scoresand microbiological quality of ice cream containing amla shreds, pulp, preserve, candy and powder during 60 days storage at - 18 to - 20 $°$C. The total solids increased slightly whereas the antioxidant activity, total phenols, ascorbic acid and tannins decreased on storage. The L values declined whereas a* and b* values amplified, the rate of change being highest in candy containing sample followed by preserve. The first drip time of all the samples increased whereas melting rate decreased. The overall acceptability scores declined non significantly. Standard plate count of all the ice cream samples decreased significantly whereas yeast and molds were not detected throughout the storage. The psychrophiles were not spotted up to 30 days, thereafter, a small increase was observed.

2 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

027367   GOWDA A , SHARMA V, GOYAL A, SINGH A K, ARORA S (National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana- 132 001, Email: vishk12000@yahoo.com) : Process optimization and oxidative stability of omega-3 ice cream fortified with flaxseed oil microcapsules. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1705-15.

Microencapsulated flaxseed oil powder (MFOP) was supplemented for the fortification of $\mathrm{\alpha }$-linolenic acid(ALA, $\mathrm{\omega }$-3 fatty acid) in ice cream. Processing parameters were optimized in terms of the stage of homogenization of ice-cream mix, level of fortification (3, 4 and 5 %) and flavors (vanilla, butter scotch and strawberry). Data revealed that free fatty acids increased significantly during first 15 days in all the samples and then remained constant. Peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value first increased up to 30 and 45 days, respectively; and then decreased followed by a gradual increase up to 120 days. Fatty acids profile showed 18.74–21.38 % decrease in ALA content infortified ice creams after 120 days. A serving of 100 g offreshly prepared functional ice cream was able to meet$~$ 45 % of the RDA (1.4 g ALA/day), which reduced to 35.37–36.56 % on the end of storage i.e. 120 days. Overall,it can be concluded that MFOP was oxidative stable in icecream throughout the storage, which could be fortified successfully at 4 % (w/w) level.

2 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

027366   MAJDINASAB M, HOSSEINI S M H, SEPIDNAME M, NEGAHDARIFAR M, LI P (Food Science and Technology Dep, Shiraz Univ, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran, Email: majdinasab@shirazu.ac.ir) : Development of a novel colorimetric sensor based on alginate beads for monitoring rainbow trout spoilage. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1695-1704.

Alginate is a non-toxic, renewable, and linearcopolymer obtained from the brown algae Laminaria digitata that can be easily shaped into beads. Its good gelforming properties have made it useful for entrapping food and pharmaceutical ingredients. In this study, alginatebeads were used in a novel application as a colorimetricsensor in food intelligent packaging. Colorimetric sensorwas developed through entrapping red cabbage extract as apH indicator in alginate beads. The pH indicator beadswere used in rainbow trout packaging for monitoring filletsspoilage. Color change of beads during fish storage wasmeasured using the CIELab method. The alginate beadcolorimetric sensor is validated by measuring total volatilebasic nitrogen (TVB-N) levels and microbial populationsin fish samples. Moreover, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated during storage. Results indicated that increasing thebacterial population during storage and production of proteolytic enzymes resulted in protein degradation, accumulation of volatile amine compounds, increase in the pHand finally color change of alginate beads. The values ofTVB-N, pH, PV and TBARS increased with time of storage. The results of TVB-N and microbial growth were inaccordance with color change of beads and CIELab data.Therefore, the proposed system enjoys a high sensitivity topH variations and is capable of monitoring the spoilage offish or other protein-rich products through its wide range ofcolor changes. The alginate beads containing the red cabbage extract can, thus, be used as a low-cost colorimetricsensor for intelligent packaging applications.

4 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

027365   KUMAR B R, ANUPAM A, MANCHIKANTI P, RAMESHBABU A P, DASGUPTA S, DHARA S (Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal- 721 302, Email: padmavati@gmail.com) : Identification and characterization of bioactive phenolic constituents, anti-proliferative, and anti-angiogenic activity of stem extracts of Basella alba and rubra. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1675-84.

Basella is an important green leafy vegetable species of Chenopodiaceae family and is known forits medicinal properties. Hydroxy-benzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavones groups were identified and characterized from the aqueous stem extracts of B. alba and B. rubra species. Higher values of phenolics as well as antioxidant activity were noted from B. alba species extracts. The evaluation of the cytoxicity of these extracts on A431 (epidermoid carcinoma), Hep G2 (hepatocellularcarcinoma) and MG 63 (osteosarcoma) cells indicated antiproliferative activity against all the cell lines. B. alba extract showed higher anti-proliferative activity (37.95–84.86 %). Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane(CAM) assay revealed inhibition of neo-vessels formation. Significant suppression was found with extracts of B. alba at 7 mg/ml compared to that of B. rubra. This is the first study to report the anti-angiogenic activity of Basella species. These studies indicate that Basella sps can be used as a source of natural antioxidants and can be of high significance in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

4 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

027364   SILVA M B, PEREZ V H, PEREIRA N R, SILVEIRA T D C, SILVA N R F D, ANDRADE C M D, SAMPAIO R M (Food Technology Dep, State Univ of the Northern of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro- 28013 602, Email: victorhaberperez@gmail.com) : Drying kinetic of tucum fruits (Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer): Physicochemical and functional properties characterization. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1656-66.

The aim of the present study was to assess the drying kinetic of tucum fruits (epicarp and mesocarp) Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer at three different temperatures (50, 60, and 70 $°$C). The physicochemical characterization, water activity, moisture content, including bcarotene and vitamin C content in-natura and dried fruitswere analyzed. The fruit fractions presented high b-carotene, protein and lipid levels. Fatty acid profile show  edoleic acid as the major fatty acid. Different mathematical models were computed to assess the drying process. The Page model was observed to be the best to describe the drying kinetic with the highest correlation coefficient (R²)0.99 and the least Chi squared ($\mathrm{\chi }$²) close to 105 at the studied temperatures. The drying process reduced water activity to desirable levels in all trials and b-caroteneretentions after drying remained at satisfactory levels, fact that resulted in minimum value of 63 % and approximately 94 % in some cases. Vitamin C retention was comparatively more around 20–40 % compared to control.

2 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

027363   NURILMALA M, USHIO H, WATABE S, OCHIAI Y (Aquatic Product Technology Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: mnurilmala@ipb.ac.id) : A streamlined isolation method and the autoxidation profiles of tuna myoglobin. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(5), 1641-7.

Determination of the redox state of myoglobin (Mb) gives useful information for evaluating the quality of tuna meat. To attain this purpose, a fast streamlined method has been established basically based on preparative native gel electrophoresis to isolate Mb from the dark muscle of Pacific bluefin tuna. Crude Mb fraction was prepared from dark muscle by ammonium sulfate saturation fractionation and subsequently Mb was purified by preparative native gel electrophoresis under the isoelectric pH of the Mb, resulting in absorption (or trapping) of all the contaminating proteins in the gel. Purified Mb was converted to oxy form with a trace amount of sodium hydrosulfite, and subsequently dialyzed against 50 mM sodium citrate (pH 5.6) or 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5). The purified tuna Mb was examined for the temperature and pH dependencies of autoxidation using horse Mb as a reference. Tuna Mb was oxidized 2.5–3 times faster than horse Mb irrespective of the pH conditions examined. The highest autoxidation rates both at 0 and 37 $°$C were observed at pH 5.6. These data were comparable to those obtained for Mbs isolated by conventional chromatographic methods.

5 illus, 30 ref

027362   ARUNMOZHIVARMAN K, ABRAHAM J J, RAO V A, PARTHIBAN M, BABU R N, EZHILVELAN S, VASANTHI C (Livestock Products Technology (Meat Science) Dep, Madras Veterinary Coll, Chennai- 600 007, Email: arunmozhivet@gmail.com) : A preliminary study on developing collagen sheet as biomaterial using acid soluble collagen extracted from chicken skin. J Env Bio-Sci 2018, 32(1), 45-7.

The objective of this research work is to extract collagen from the chicken skin and also make an attempt to develop a collagen based sheet as a biomaterial. Consumption of broiler meat level is always high when compared to beef, mutton and chevon because of low cost and no religious taboo in the society. This has lead to increase in slaughter rate and generation of large amount of by-products. In poultry meat retail shop the by-products wastes produced are mostly disposed of into water bodies, free lands which ultimately leads to environmental pollution. Hence in this study, the chicken skin was utilized to extract collagen using acetic acid solubilisation method. The extracted collagen was lyophilized, evaluated for its characteristic quality parameters and collagen sheet was prepared with addition of chitosanas biomaterial.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

027419   NASROLLAHZADEH M, JAHANSHAHI M, YALDAGARD M, SALEHI M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Urmia Univ, Urmia, Iran, Email: m.yaldagard@urmia.ac.ir) : Synthesis, characterization and comparison of polythiophene-carbon nanocomposite materials as Pt electrocatalyst supports for fuel cell applications. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(3), 85.

A novel polymer–carbon (PTh–C) nanocomposites containing different percentages of polythiophene (10, 20 and 50 % (w/w)) and carbon (Vulcan XC-72) was prepared by a facile solution dispersion method and used to support platinum nanoparticles. The effect of using different percentages of polythiophene in nanocomposites and subsequently prepared electrocatalysts was investigated. The resultant electrocatalysts were extensively characterized by physical (X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry (CV)) techniques. The TEM results showed that the fine Pt nanoparticles prepared by ethylene glycol (EG) method were distributed on the surface of the 50 % PTh–C nanocomposites successfully. From the XRD patterns, the average size of dispersed Pt nanoparticles with the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure on 50 % PTh–C, 20 % PTh–C, 10 % PTh–C and carbon were about 4.9, 5.2, 5.4 and 6.1 nm, respectively. The conductivity of PTh–C with different percentages of pure PTh was compared with the conductivity of the corresponding support of pure PTh. It is observed that the conductivity of 50 % PTh–C nanocomposites is about 600 times higher than that of pure PTh. Finally, CV measurements of hydrogen and methanol oxidations indicated that Pt/50 % PTh–C had a higher electrochemical surface area and higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation reaction compared to other electrocatalysts. These measurements showed that the Pt/50 % PTh–C electrocatalyst by the value of 3.85 had higher I_f /I_b ratio with respect to Pt/10 % PTh–C and Pt/20 % PTh–C by the values of 2.66 and 2.0, respectively.

6 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

027418   JAYMAND M, LOTFI M, BARAR J, ESKANDANI M, MALEKI H (Tabriz Univ of Medical Sciences, PO Box 51656-65811, Tabriz, Iran, Email: m_jaymand@yahoo.com) : Novel dental nanocomposites: Fabrication and investigation of their physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(3), 84.

The aim of this study was to investigate biological, physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of a series of novel dental restorative nanocomposites that comprise dendritic methacrylate end-caped monomers, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA; as diluting monomer) and modified silica nanoparticles (M-SiO₂; as inorganic filler). The cytotoxicity effects of the monomers and fabricated nanocomposites were examined against NIH3T3 cells (the standard fibroblast cell line) through MTT and trypan blue cell viability tests, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the monomers were evaluated against Lactobacillus plantarum by standard agar disk diffusion approach. The mechanical properties (flexural strength (FS) and compressive strength (CS)) as well as some physicochemical characteristics such as water sorption (WS), sol fraction (SF) and double bond conversion (DC) were also investigated, and compared with corresponding characteristics of 3M Filtek Z250 as a reference. Thus, the fabricated nanocomposites have potential as dental restorative materials mainly due to their suitable biological, physicochemical and mechanical properties.

4 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

027417   GOEL A, CHAUDHARY M (Chemistry Dep, Gurukul Kangri Univ, Haridwar - 249 407, Email: manuchaudhary349@gmail.com) : Highly dispersed PVP-supported Ir-Ni bimetallic nanoparticles as high performance catalyst for degradation of metanil yellow. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(3), 81.

Bimetallic nanoparticles, a new class of materials for catalysis, were intensively investigated. Highly dispersed Ir–Ni bimetallic nanoparticles with varying mole fractions were synthesized by modified polyol reduction method from the solution of iridium trichloride and nickel chloride in ethylene glycol, which acts as both solvent and reducing agent. The particles were characterized for their size, morphology and composition using various techniques like UV–Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray photo electron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles were in pseudo-spherical morphology and utilized as catalyst for the degradation of dyes. The feasibility of degradation of an azo dye i.e., metanil yellow (MY) in aqueous alkaline medium by hexacynoferrate (III) ions using Ir–Ni bimetals as catalyst, prepared in different molar ratios, was investigated. Results show that Ir–Ni (2:1) bimetals have good catalytic activity and degradation as compared to Ir–Ni (1:2) due to their small size and high stability for the oxidation of MY.

9 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

027416   DAS R K, SAHA S, CHELLI V R, GOLDER A K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781 039, Email: animes@iitg.ernet.in) : Bio-inspired AgNPs, multilayers-reduced graphene oxide and graphite nanocomposite for electrochemical H₂O₂ sensing. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(3), 86.

A bio-mediated route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is an area of interest in research of many scientists, and this work aims to study the electrocatalytic activity of these particles during electrochemical sensing of H₂O₂ in a phosphate buffer media. The composite electrodes were fabricated using nearly spherical AgNPs and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with the graphite (99.999 % purity) support made of graphite paste. Graphene oxide (GO) was first synthesized using the modified Hummers method followed by rGO synthesis by chemical reduction of GO. rGO is consisting of about nine layers of rGO sheets of a wrinkled surface morphology with an intensity ratio of D to G band (I_D/I_G) of 1.17 and an interplanar d-spacing of 0.36 nm as evidenced by HRTEM micrograph. There was about 10 times increase in the cell current with the AgNPs-impregnated composite–electrode compared to without AgNPs impregnation, and an overpotential of H₂O₂ reduction was found to be −1.373 V with a detection limit of 19.04 μM and 95.3 % electrode stability with the graphite–rGO–AgNPs composite electrode. A nafion membrane cast on the rGO–AgNPs prevented the leakage of this composite from the electrode surface. The interference of various electroactive compounds on the amperometric response of the graphite–rGO–AgNPs electrode was also investigated.

10 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

027415   BUCURICA I A, POPESCU I V, RADULESCU C, CIMPOCA G V, DULAMA I-D, TEODRESCU S, GURU I V, LET D D (Bucharest Univ, Bucharest- 050 107, Romania, Email: bucurica_alin@yahoo.com) : Investigation of metallic nanoparticles adsorbed on the QCM sensor by SEM and AFM techniques. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(3), 71.

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is known as a very sensitive device used for determination of mass quantity adsorbed on sensor surface. Its detection limits are in the range of ng cm⁻². The adsorption mechanism of metallic nanoparticles on QCM sensor was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This study aims to highlight the importance of QCM applications in nanoparticles deposition field. The layers formed through adsorption process, induced by the oscillations of the QCM sensor, were investigated by AFM for surface topography and for particle mean size values. The morphology of layers and nanoparticles dimensions were determined by SEM. For a more complex investigation of the nanoparticles adsorption mechanism, the chemical composition of layers was achieved using SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDS). This preliminary research involved a new approach in characterization of metallic nanoparticles layers to achieve functional assembled monolayers in characterization of metallic nanoparticles layers to achieve functional assembled monolayers.

5 illus, 2 tables, 58 ref

027414   AZIZI S N, GHASEMI S, RANGRIZ-ROSTAMI O (Mazandaran Univ, Babolsar- 47416-95447, Iran, Email: sghasemimir@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of MCM-41 nanoparticles from stem of common reed ash silica and their application as substrate in electrooxidation of methanol. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(3), 88.

In this work, stem of common reed ash (SCRA) is introduced as a new source of silica in the preparation of mesoporous materials. Mesoporous silicate MCM-41 nanoparticles were synthesized hydrothermally using sodium silicate prepared from SCRA as a silica source. The characterization of MCM-41 was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption/desorption (BET) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM shows that MCM-41 nanoparticles are sphere-like with size in the range of 30–50 nm with some degree of agglomeration. TEM image of the synthesized sample shows the open framework structure of MCM-41. A type IV isotherm can be observed from adsorption/desorption curves, which is the characteristic of mesoporous materials. The prepared MCM-41 nanoparticles were used as substrate to facilitate the oxidation of methanol through themodification with an electroactive species. The modification was achieved by impregnation of MCM-41 pores with Ni²⁺ ions (Ni-doped MCM-41). A modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was prepared by mixing Ni-doped MCM-41 with carbon paste (NiMCM-41CPE). Cyclic voltammetry of NiMCM-41CPE shows an increment in current density of methanoloxidation in comparison with CPE in alkaline solution. Moreover, a decrease in the overpotential of methanol oxidation occurred on the surface of modified electrode. The effects of some parameters such as scan rate and methanol concentration are also investigated on the behaviour of NiMCM-41CPE. Also, the heterogeneous electron transfer rate for the catalytic reaction (k) of methanol is calculated.

10 illus, 3 tables, 58 ref

027397   SAGAR S, SRIVANI M, LAVANYA S, NANWADE B K, REDDY S, M (Bojjam Narasimhulu Pharmacy Coll for Women, Hyderabad- 500 059) : Hydrogels as advanced bio-materials for drug delivery system. Asian J Sci Technol 2018, 9(05), 8117-25.

Soft and jelly like structure, physical properties, higher permeability and release of entrapped drug in controlled and lower interfacial tension, manner have made hydrogels to focus on exploration in different biomedical fields in particular hydrogels have been used extensively in the development of drug delivery system.These unique physico-chemical properties of hydrogels have emerged their particular interest in their use in drug delivery system. These are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water or biological fluids.Their affinity to absorb and retain a large amount of water is attributed to the presence of hydrophilic groups such as –OH, CONH–, –CONH₂–, and –SO₃H in polymers forming hydrogel structures. Due to the contribution of these hydrophilic groups in the network make the polymer hydrated to different degrees (sometimes, more than 90 % wt.), their high water content, porosity and soft texture and consistency, they closely resemble to natural living tissues. Hydrogels may be chemically stable or they may degrade and eventually disintegrate and dissolve. The purpose of this present review is to describe some advances in hydrogels, in its preparation methods, their application in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

4 illus, 42 ref

026161   SHARMA S, KAMIL M (Petroleum Studies Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh- 202 002, Email: sm_kamil@rediffmail.com) : Studies on the interaction between polymer and surfactant in aqueous solutions. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(3), 294-9.

The interaction between cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactants with polyethylene oxide (PEO) has been investigated using different techniques such as tensiometry, rheology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The driving force responsible for the interaction is supposed to be the minimization of interfacial force between the non-polar polymer parts and the solvent water by association. It is observed that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) increases with the increase in temperature and the cmc of CTAB is smaller as compared to SDS. Viscosity increases with the increase in polymer concentration and is higher in case of anionics. Dense micellar arrangement is seen for cationics. The result shows that the interaction of cationic surfactant is much higher than the anionic surfactant with PEO.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

026160   PINNA E G, BAROSA L I, SUAREZ D S, RODRIYUEZ M H (FCEN-UNCuyo-CONICET, CP- 5500, Argentina, Email: mrodriguez@uncu.edu.ar) : Kinetic study of the dissolution of metakaolin with hydrofluoric acid. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(3), 287-93.

The kinetics mechanism on the dissolution of metakaolin by hydrofluoric acid has been studied. The effects of temperature, reaction time, and stirring speed have been examined. Experimental results show that reaction rate increases with both temperature and reaction time. The global process of metakaolin dissolution with HF is characterized with an apparent activation energy of 21.096 kcal/mol, which indicates that the reaction rate is mainly controlled by the chemical stage. Experimental data fitted the sequential nucleation and growth model.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

026159   MA Q, YAN J, LIU H, LI D, LIU Y, JIA Q, CHE Y, MENG F (Shandong Univ, Weihai- 264 209, China, Email: mengfj@sdu.edu.cn) : Tetraethylenepentamine-modified cellulose-graft-poly(methyl acrylate) applicable for Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(3), 274-80.

Tetraethylenepentamine-modified cellulose-graft-poly(methyl acrylate) (Cell-g-PMA-TEPA), a polyamino-functionalized adsorbent for Pb(II), has been prepared via graft polymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) from surface of microcrystalline cellulose and subsequent amidation with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). Influence of initial pH and contact time on adsorption has also been investigated. The adsorption kinetic could be best represented by pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir isotherm model, from which maximum adsorption capacity could be derived as 444.4 mg g^-1. Further consecutive experiments indicate less than 10 % loss in equilibrium adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles.

5 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

026158   VIDHYA L, DHANDAPANI M, SHANTHI K, KAMALA-KANNAN S (Chemistry Dep, Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore- 641 020, Tamil Nadu, Email: srmvdhandapani@gmail.com) : Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using coir pith biochar ? An eco- friendly approach. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(3), 266-73.

Coir pith biochar obtained by pyrolysis process is used for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The biochar has 0.27% moisture and 61.0% carbon contents. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the coir pith biochar shows irregular plates with several developed mesopores over the surface. The coirpith sample optimized with different pH conditions, Cr(VI) concentration and adsorbent dosage. Under optimized condition of pH =7, concentration = 100 mgL^-1 and dosage 0.05g, the coir pith biochar removed 99.6% (100 mg L^-1) of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second order rate expression show satisfactory fit to the equilibrium adsorption data of coir pith biochar. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the coir pith biochar confirm the ionic interaction between Cr(VI) and surface functional groups. The results of the study indicate that coir pith biochar is a potential adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution.

5 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

026155   KHAN A M, NAZ S, AHMED M N, YASMEEN K (Chemistry Dep, Federal Urdu Univ of Arts, University Road, Karachi-75300, Pakistan, Email: dr.abdulmajeedkhan@fuuast.edu.pk) : Green and renewable electricity generation from wastewater inoculated with seaweeds extract using novel tool of bioreactors. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 2018, 47(5), 1081-7.

This research article presents the production of biogas and conversion of biohydrogen to the electrical energy through the development of bioreactors using domestic wastewater supplemented with the extracts of seaweeds namely Melanothamnus afaqhusainii, Cystoseira indica and Sargassum tenerrimum as substrates. Biogas so produced by anaerobic digestion also contains biohydrogen which was converted to electricity by using bioreactors. Nickel coated zinc electrode was used to convert bio-H₂ to electricity through redox reactions. Power output was enhanced by the addition of the extracts of seaweeds and by introducing the air in to the cathodic chamber where oxygen reacted with the H⁺ to form H₂O. In addition, the maximum power output generated by series and parallel combinations of four units under the influence of air was found to be 7.70 mW (sufficient to turn on LED) and 3.83 mW respectively. Power output was found to be directly proportional to the total algal content, volume of biogas, COD, BOD and BOD₅.

8 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

026167   MERAJIN M T, NASIRI M, ABEDINI E, SHARIFNIA S (Chemistry Dep, Malek-ashtar Univ of Technology, Iran, Email: nasiri@mut-es.ac.ir) : Performance of WO₃ nanoparticles in photocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gases under visible light irradiation. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(2), 208-15.

The direct photoconversion of carbon dioxide and methane is investigated in an appropriate gas-phase batch reactor under visible light irradiation. WO₃ nanoparticles coated on stainless steel webnet have used as photocatalyst. WO₃ nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized by SEM, XRD, EDX, FTIR and UV- vis spectra analyses. SEM images indicate that WO₃ nanoparticles were well coated on the surface of the webnet. The XRD analysis confirm monoclinic structure and average particle size about 100 nm for the WO₃ nanoparticles. Also, the FTIR analysis exhibit the structure of tungsten oxide. The results of UV–vis show that the visible light absorbance spectrum of WO₃ are more efficient than TiO₂ and ZnO. The conversions of 28 % and 13.3 % for CO₂ and CH₄ has been found by WO₃ under visible light, respectively.

7 illus, 51 ref

026166   DAVE S, KUMBHAT S (Chemistry Dep, J N V Univ, Jodhpur - 342 033, Email: skumbhat@rediffmail.com) : Electrochemical and spectral characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized employing root extract of Curculigo orchioides. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(2), 201-7.

A facile eco-friendly approach is employed to prepare silver nanoparticles, using root extract of Curculigo orchioides (family Hypoxidaceae). The aqueous solution of silver ions in contact with root extract of Curculigo orchioides are reduced to zero valent silver and eventually stabilized as silver nanoparticles. An electrochemical approach has been presented to characterise conversion of silver ions into metallic silver in solution. A significant change in cyclic voltammetric characteristics has been observed to mark the transition of metal ion from higher oxidation state to stabilized silver in zero oxidation state. UV-Vis, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction analyses and atomic force microscopy supports the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles within 40 min of reaction time at room temperature.

6 illus, 2 tables, 52 ref

026165   ARIHARAN A, VISWANATHAN B (Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai - 600 036, Email: bvnathan@iitm.ac.in) : Porous activated carbon material derived from sustainable bio-resource of peanut shell for H₂ and CO₂ storage applications. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(2), 140-9.

Porous activated carbon materials have numerous properties for use in energy storage applications as in adsorbent materials for solid state H₂ and CO₂ storage. In this work, the synthesis of activated porous carbon material derived from the sustainable source of peanut shell (Arachis hypogaea) is described by carbonization and activation processes using KOH as activating agent. The peanut shell derived porous activated carbon material denoted as (PDPAC), shows spherical and sheet like morphology with specific surface area of 1726 m²/g. Interestingly, this peanut derived porous activated carbon material exhibit hydrogen storage capacity of ~1.2 wt % at 298 K and 100 bar pressure. However, the CO₂ storage capacity of 3.5 mmol CO₂ g^-1 at 298 K and 1.0 bar pressure is achieved. Furthermore, this paper presents the state-of-the-art on the synthesis of activated porous carbon materials with maximization of porosity, the use of cheap biomass waste derived precursors and tailoring of their textural properties.

6 illus, 1 table, 53 ref

026164   ACHARI V S, THOMAS M, JAYASREE S, RAJALAKSHMI A S, LOPEZ R M, RAVINDRAN B (Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682 022, Email: vsachari@gmail.com) : John isotherm for the characterisation of microporous carbons: A comparative evaluation of adsorption phenomena. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(2), 123-39.

John (J) isotherm model stated as log log P = C + n logV, for solid-gas equilibrium, is a unique contribution from India for the study of porous materials. These isotherms are generally characterised by different phases of adsorption marked by a sudden change in slope and sharp kinks in isotherm plots of loglog P versus log V. John isotherm is otherwise known as thephase change method. The isotherm model envisages the degree of porosity, by which the categorisation of porous materialscould be done. The volume adsorbed, V(J) corresponding to saturation pressure Ps is taken as the limiting micropore volume (LMV) or John adsorption capacity. The adsorption behaviour of some known microporous carbons has been analysed using John isotherm. John isotherm along with five other isotherm models, Freundlich, Langmuir, D-R, BET and I plot methods are studied, constants and parameters are compared. There are three carbons, namely GC, its hydrogen treated form H2TGC and the nitric acid treated prodigy NITGC, whose isotherm data available is used to plot John isotherms to report the merits of the isotherm method. The results reveal that John isotherm model give excellent fit to the reported experimental data and provide precise information about the funcional mechanism of adsorption. The study aims to establish the application of John isotherm as a simple empirical isotherm model for characterising the microporosity of carbon materials over a wide range of concentration and relative pressure. The main purpose of this research paper is to reaffirm the application of John isotherm for its universal acceptance to study materials of microporous nature.

14 illus, 6 tables, 47 ref

026163   MEENAKSHI K, SALUNKHE P, INDU A G (Life Sciences Dep, Kalina Campus, Mumbai, Email: indu66@yahoo.com) : Effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Amherstia nobilis on marine biofilms. Plant Arch 2018, 18(1), 251-6.

The present study emphasized the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNP) from silver nitrate through bioreduction method using Amherstia nobilis leaf extract and evaluation of anti-marine biofilm activity of the synthesized particles. The phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was demonstrated firstly by visual observation and then by spectral methods : UV Visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Dynamic Light Scattering technique (DLS). The Energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the colloidal solution confirmed the presence of an elemental silver signal. Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis revealed that the nanoparticles were mostly spherical in shape and the particle size ranges from 3.74 nm to 40.43 nm. The stability of the silver nanoparticles was checked by ξ-potential measurements. It is found that silver nanoparticles synthesized by aqueous leaf extract of A. nobilis were effective against biofilm formation of microbes such as marine B. subtilis and marine E. coli.

8 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

026154   GOSWAMI N, GOGOI P K, SAHA U, BHATTACHARYYA M K, CHETIA T R (Chemistry Dep, Sibsagar Coll, Sivasagar-785 640, Email: nandita_10@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis, crystal structure and application of new Cobalt(II) complex [Co(bpy)₂NO₃]?NO₃?5H₂O as sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 679-83.

In this work, the synthesis and X-ray crystallographic study of a new cobalt(II) coordination complex with 2,2'- bipyridine (bpy) and nitrate ions as the ligands are reported. The complex is characterized by single crystal XRD, elemental analyses, FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques and the results shows that it may be used as a potential sensitizer in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Single crystal XRD analysis revealed that crystal structure is stabilized by both intra-molecular and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in the complex involving the coordinated nitrate ion and water molecules. Photovoltaic performance of the complex was also evaluated by fabricating a proto type cell.

10 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

026153   DAS P J, DAS J, DAS D (Chemistry Dep, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati- 781 014, Email: pranabjdas52@gmail.com) : An efficient conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides using pyridinium based ionic liquids: A green alternative to appel reaction. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 651-4.

Pyridinium based ionic liquids namely 4-alkylpyridinium bromides were prepared and used for the conversion of alcohols to alkyl bromides in the presence of p-toluenesulphonic acid in the absence of volatile organic compounds. This solvent free procedure promises to be a much improved and environmentally benign alternative to the Appel reaction.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

026152   REDA S M, AL-GHANNAM S M, EL-RAHMAN S N A (Chemistry Dep, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia, Email: soheirkenawy@yahoo.com) : Effect of source of silica on properties of Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ nanocompsites and their application on hepatic injury in rats as adsorbents for removal of heavy metal from drinking water. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 625-32.

A series of iron oxide silica composites (70/30, 50/50 and 30/70) were prepared using rice hull silica gel as natural silica and TEOS. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectra, BET measurement and SEM. The results show that the particle size is dependent synthesis conditions. BET measurement showed that the values of surface area of the samples are on the range of (320-43 m²/g) and increase with increasing the iron content. The results showed that the surface area of composites prepared from nature silica is lower than that prepared from TEOS. This result was explained on the basis of particle size effect. SEM showed that the size and homogeneity of particles are independent on the Fe₂O₃ content. Additionally, the effect of drinking water heavy metals (DWHM: Pb, Hg, Ni, Fe and Mg) and DWHM purified with nature silica and TEOS (0.05 and 1.0 g/L.W) on liver injury was evaluated in male rats, as manifested by changes in the activities of certain serum enzymes, such as Fasting blood sugar (FBS), TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, ALT and AST were determined as markers of liver disease. In addition, ALP, g-glutamyltransferase (GGT), LDH and CK were also determined in male rats. The results showed significantly (p £ 0.05) deceased in serum TC, TG, LDL, AST, ALT, ALP, FBS and LDH in male rats administration of DWHM purified with nature silica and TEOS (0.05 and 1.0 g/L.W) compared to rats administration of DWHM (PC). On the other hand, HDL and CK were increased significantly (p £ 0.05) compared to PC. All these results were accompanied by histological observations in liver. The results demonstrate that nature silica has a beneficial effect in DWHM purification than TEOS.

7 illus, 4 tables, 64 ref

026151   MURUGAIYAN V, SEHAR T, SELVARAJ S, SELVARAJ P K (Chemistry Dep, Government Arts Coll for Men (Autonomous), Chennai- 600 035, Email: pethkams64@gmail.com) : Complete reduction of hazardous Cr(VI) in chromium ore processing residue dump site. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 620-4.

This paper discusses the remediation of hexavalent chromium in the contaminated groundwater at laboratory scale. For simulated chromium water, different concentrations of sodium dithionite have been used to optimize the pH, dosage and time. Trials have been extended to chromium contaminated groundwater. The results are compared. An optimum condition for removal of hexavalent chromium is proposed. The treated groundwater is examined for various discharge standards of regulatory level. Reduction in concentration of hexavalent chromium, total chromium, chloride, sulphate, BOD, COD load and metals have been taken as the benchmark for efficacy of the process adopted. Direct application of sodium dithionite in this treatment indicates that the concentration of Cr(VI) can be successfully reduced to zero level concentration within 30 min, at pH 2.5 and its reduced form Cr(III) can be precipitated at pH 9. It is suggested to adopt, pump and treat method for restoration of groundwater.

3 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

026150   BIYOUKI A Y, NOROOZIFAR M, FARAZMAND A, ASSADI M M (Chemistry Dep, Sistan and Baluchestan Univ, P.O. Box 98135-674, Zahedan, Iran, Email: yazdani@pgs.usb.ac.ir) : Biodegradation of coloured textile industrial wastewater using Chlorella vulgaris. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 575-8.

The main objective of this study is to reduce the pollutants by cultivating Chlorella vulgaris microalga in textile industrial wastewater that leads to remove up more than 80 % colour. This microorganism has the ability to reduce COD, total solids as pollutants to 55 % and remove TOC (61.98 %), NO₂-N (76.47 %), NO₃-N (92.59 %), NH₄-N (63.88 %) and PO₄-P (58.69 %). The present study showed the acceptable combination of biomass productivity content in indoor conditions by biodegradation of textile industrial wastewater as a culture medium.

2 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

026149   MUHAMMAD A, ABBAS S, SHAFEEQ A, AL-TURAIF H, TAIMOOR A A, ALI A M, DESHANNAVAR U B (Chemical Engineering Dep, KLE Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri Coll of Engineering and Technology, Belgaum-590 008, Email: deshannavar@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of pentaerythritol phthalic anhydride resin from soybean oil. Asian J Chem 2018, 30(3), 572-4.

Alkyd resins, a type of polyesters obtained through esterification of a polybasic acid and polyhydric alcohol (e.g., pthalic anhydride and pentaerythritol). This study aimed to synthesize and characterize pentaerythritol phthalic anhydride resin by using soybean oil, pentaery-thritol, phthalic anhydride and litharge (PbO) catalyst through alcoholysis method. FTIR and DS/TGA were used to characterize the freshly obtained pentaerythritol phthalic anhydride resin. Based on results, acid value 7.9 mgKOH/g is beneficial for the quality synthesis of pentaerythritol phthalic anhydride resin having high thermal stability even upto T_max = 670 º C.

3 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref