024860   WAHAB A W, KARIM A, ASMAWATI, SUTAPA I W (Chemistry Dep, Hasanuddin Jl.Univ, Perintis Kemerdekaan- 90245, Makassar-Indonesia, Email: wahidwhb@yahoo.com) : Bio-synthesis of gold nanoparticles through bioreduction using the aqueous extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 401-9.

One of the plants with many functions as tradisional drug is Muntingia calabura L. leaves. It caused the leaves has high content of tannins, saponins and flavonoids. The presence of these compounds is great potential as bioreductor to produce gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this study has been done biosynthesis and characterization of AuNPs using the aqueus extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves. The AuNPs obtained were characterized by UV–Visible spectra, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on the results of the bioreduction process of HAuCl₄ into AuNPs can be known that the AuNPs are successfully produced with optimum time 5 hours. Surface Plasmon resonance synthesis of AuNPs was done at a wavelength of 543.4 nm. At wavelength 660 nm is known as Longitudinal Plasma Resonance characteristic of one of AuNPs crystal form that is Au-nanorod, triangular or hexagonal. The IR band analysis shows that there are three functional groups that play a role in bioreduction process of gold nanoparticle formation are C=O, C-N and -OH group. XRD difractogram showed that AuNPs is formed at 2θ = 37,82^o (1 1 1), 44.05^o (2 0 0), 64.43^o (2 2 0) and 77.55^o (3 1 1). The average crystal size using XRD analysis and PSA (Particles Size Analyzer) test are 36.93 nm and 78.2 nm respectively. The AuNPs crystals are mostly oriented (3 1 1) with an average crystal lattice length of 0.4 nm.

9 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

024859   KHDUR R A, ZIMAM E H (Chemistry Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq, Email: radhiyah.aldujaili@uokufa.edu.iq) : Synthesis and characterization of some new β-Lactam derivatives from Azo Sulphadiazine and its biological evaluation as anticancer. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 371-80.

In this work new Azo compound was synthesized through a diazo-coupling reaction (S1) (4-amino-N-(pyrimidine-2-yl)-3-(pyrimidine-2-yldiazenyl)benzene sulfonamide). The diazotization process of 2-aminopyrimidin with Sulphadiazine as coupling component was described, then Schiff bases [B1-B5] prepared from condensation of the free amino group in the azo compound with many aromatic aldehydes by using glacial Acetic acid as solvent. Cyclization of Shiff bases with Chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of tri ethyl amine give the corresponding β-lactam derivatives [L1-L5]. All these compounds identified by (FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR) and follow by (TLC) and melting points of them.

8 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

024858   PERWITASARI D S, MURYANTO S, JAMARI J, BAYUSENO A P (Mechanical Enginering, Diponegoro Univ, Semarang- 50275, Indonesia, Email: apbayuseno@gmail.com) : Optimization of struvite crystallization and heavy metal recovery in wastewater using response surface methodology. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 336-45.

In this study, the recovery of heavy metal (Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺) concentrations and the yield of struvite from MAP precipitation in the wastewater were optimized by SRM (surface response methodology). Struvite was a major mineral precipitated with an impurity of sylvite (KCl) as confirmed by the XRPD Rietveld method, and struvite crystal has a prism-like shape morphology according to the SEM/EDX analysis. The SRM estimates that the concentration of Pb²⁺ has a significant effect of retarding the yield of the struvite mass, while insignificant effects were related to the Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ concentration. The optimum yield of struvite was reached at 8.342 mg, of which 59.4564 ppm of Cu²⁺ 70.7930 ppm of Pb²⁺ and 77.2114 ppm of Zn²⁺ could be recovered from wastewater. These optimized conditions could be valuable input data for engineering-design software in an equipment of the effluent treatment plant.

6 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

024857   RAJ A, LAWRENCE R, LAWRENCE K, SILAS N, JALESS M, SRIVASTAVA R (Chemistry Dep, Agriculture Technology & Science Univ, Allahabad- 211 003, Uttar Pradesh, Email: amrita21101992@gmail.com) : Green synthesis and charcterization of silver nanoparticles from leafs extracts of Rosa indica and its antibacterial activity against human pathogen bacteria. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 326-35.

This work was carried out for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and investigation of its antibacterial activity. Rosa indica is of considerable interest and is well known compound because of its antioxidant, antidibetic, anti-inflammantry, antimicrobial activities. In the present study rapid and facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature has been shown. On addition of plant extracts to Silver nitrate solution the change in color of the reaction mixture was obsereved which proved the formation of nanoparticles. Further, the green synthesised silver nanoparticles were characterized UV-Vis spectrophotometer, XRD analysis, FTIR, DLS, SEM with EDX. The average particles size of silver nanoparticles show between 1-100 nm through DLS anaylsis. Antibacterial activity of the Silver nanoparticles was evaluated by testing against Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacteria.

7 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

024856   SIBURIAN R, SIHOTANG H, RAJA S L, SUPENO M, SIMANJUNTAK C (Chemistry Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Indonesia, Email: riksonsiburian2000@yahoo.com) : New route to synthesize of graphene nano sheets. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 182-7.

Synthesis of graphene nano sheets were carried out by using new route and ammonia as well as to produce gram scale graphene. Graphene nano sheets was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The results of XRD showed that the reemergence of diffraction lines C(002) at 2θ = 26.5°, and the distance between the planes is 3.35 Å, which shows the typical structure of graphite and multiple layer of graphene. The results of SEM-EDX showed that the particle size and the graphene nano sheets has a smaller pore size and uniform and randomly arranged aggregates with a thin layer which is closely related to one another. Graphene nano sheets has small size or shape is small and thin also aggregate related with each other.

5 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

024855   IRVAN, TRISAKTI B, MAULINA S, DAIMON H (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Medan- 20155, Indonesia, Email: irvan@usu.ac.id) : Production of biogas from palm oil mill effluent at pilot scale: Effect of recycle sludge. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 161-8.

An anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) for production of biogas was carried out at pilot scale under thermophilic condition. The objective of this research is to maintain short hydraulic retention time (HRT) and high degradation of the POME to biogas by applying recycle sludge. Fresh POME from PTPN IV without further treatment was used as feed. The fermentation process occurred in a digester tank with the type of continuous stirred tank reactor has a volume of 3 m³ equipped with electrical heaters, mixer, insulators, and baffles in it. To create continuous operation, fresh POME was fed intermittently. A series of experiments with and without recycle sludge were conducted with 616 litres palm oil mill effluent/day feed rate, temperature of feed tank 70 ^oC, digester tank temperature of 55 ^oC, stirring rate of 37.5 rpm, six days of hydraulic retention time, and 34 % of recycle sludge. The result showed that by extending solid retention time in return sludge process where 34 % of digested slurry recycled to the digester, improvement of volatile solid (VS) degradation was obtained around 82.83 % at HRT of 6 days. Then, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency could be reached until 81 % by performing recycle sludge.

7 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

024854   DECHIRA K, TALEB A, BENMAATI A, HACINI S, ZAHMANI H H (Oran Ahmed Benbella Univ, Oran- 31000, Algerie, Email: habibzahmanihadjira@gmail.com) : Eco-friendly access to β-ketoamides: One-step catalyst-and solvent-free amidation of β-ketoesters under microwave irradiation. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 152-60.

A highly efficient and facile catalyst- and solvent-free one step amidation of β-ketoesters, without using any additional reagents, is described. Therefore, β-ketoamides are obtained in good to excellent yields by condensation of β-ketoesters with various primary or secondary amines. This eco-friendly protocol has been developed under microwave irradiation.

3 tables, 13 ref

024853   CHEN C-C, LIN C-H (Cosmetic Science Dep, Chang Gung Univ of Science and Technology, Taoyuan County- 33303, Taiwan, Email: chin@mail.cgust.edu.tw) : Synthesis and characterization of block copolymers of polystyrene and thermotropic liquid crystalline polyesters. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 125-33.

A series of block copolymers containing a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer and an amorphous polystyrene have been synthesized. The block copolymers were prepared by solution polycondensation of α,ω-dicarboxylic acid-terminated polystyrene with 4,4'-dicarboxy -1,6-diphenoxy- hexane and 4,4’-bis(2-hydroxyalkyloxy)biphenyls in a mixture of triphenylphosphine, hexachloroethane, and pyridine. The obtained polymers were fractionated to isolate the pure block copolymer. The block copolymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, optical polarizing microscopy measurement. Optical polarizing microscopy measurements verify the presence of a smectic liquid crystalline phase for the block copolymers. The block copolymers represent a microphaseseparated morphology, i.e., both amorphous and liquid crystalline properties were displayed by the polystyrene and liquid crystalline polyester segments respectively.

3 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

024852   REGUNTON P C V, SUMALAPAO D E P, VILLARANTE N R (Physical Sciences and Mathematics Dep, Philippines Univ, Manila, Philippines, Email: derick.sumalapao@dlsu.edu.ph) : Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell-derived activated carbon-chitosan composite. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 115-24.

Charcoal produced from coconut shells through the retort method was consequently activated using CaCl₂. The activated carbon-chitosan composite was prepared by coating the activated carbon with chitosan. Batch experiments with methylene blue as adsorbate were conducted under varying pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The effects of these factors were investigated using batch adsorption studies with optimal conditions identified at pH 5, 30 min. contact time, 10 mg L^-1 initial dye concentration, 9 g L^-1 adsorbent dosage, and 25 °C adsorption temperature. Results of adsorption experiments showed that the composite had better removal efficiency compared to activated carbon.

8 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

024851   HAKIMELAHI R, MOUSAZADEH M H (Chemistry Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Jahrom, Iran, Email: hakimelahi@jia.ac.ir) : The synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones using zinc oxide nanotubes modified by SiO₂ as a catalyst with recyclable effect. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 86-92.

Zinc oxid nano tubes have attracted much attention in recent years. Hardly, direct uses of zinc oxid nano tubes which modified by SiO₂ as a catalyst with recyclability has been applied for several organic reactions. The average particle size of ZnO catalysts is 57 nm, it has been characterized by XRD. Nano tubes surfaces have high density defects. The condensation of isatoic anhydride and an aromatic aldehyde exposed to ammonium acetate in the presence of few amounts of zinc oxide nano tubes modified by SiO₂ as a catalyst can be a simple, suitable and efficient method for the quinazolin derivatives synthesis, the positive aspect is recyclable ability of the catalyst. It is clear that some characterization of catalyst such as combination of the small particle size and high-density surface defects of zinc oxid nano tubes which modified by SiO₂ is the basic reason for unique catalytic activity of the catalyst. The practical and simple method led to unbeatable yields of the 2,3-Di hydro quinazolin-4(1H)-one derivatives at short times under mild conditions.

2 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

024850   ALHASANI K F, MOHSIN K, SHAKEEL F, ALANAZI F K (King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email: mkazi@ksu.edu.sa) : Development and validation of stability-indicating ultra high-performance liquid chromatography for ramipril analysis in pharmaceutical dosage forms and its application in lipid-based formulations. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 64-74.

The current study evaluates the Ultra High performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) method for the quantification of Ramipril in lipid-based formulations. A reliable, highly precise, more specific and reproducible reversed phase UHPLC method has been developed and validated according to the regulatory guidelines, which was composed of isocratic mobile phase; acetonitrile and 0.25 % formic acid solution in ratio of (40:60 % V/V) with a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, and C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm). The detection was carried out at 210 nm. The developed UHPLC method was found to be rapid (3 min. run time), selective with high resolution of Ramipril peak (1.4 min.) from different lipid matrices and highly sensitive (Limit of Detection and Lower Limit of Quantification were 0.034 μg/mL and 0.199 μg/mL, respectively). The linearity, accuracy and precision were determined as acceptable over the concentration range of 1 - 200 μg/mL for Ramipril. The results showed that the proposed UHPLC method can be used for the estimation of Ramipril in lipid-based formulation by indicating its purity and stability with no interference of excipients or related substances of active pharmaceutical ingredient.

4 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

024849   VIDYA V G, SADASIVAN V, MEENA S S, BHATT P (Univ Coll, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 034, Email: vg_vidya@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis, spectral and biological studies of complexes with bidentate azodye ligand derived from resorcinol and 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid. Orient J Chem 2018, 34(1), 45-54.

A new series of transition metal complexes of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Fe(III) with the azo dye, 3-hydroxy-4-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid (LH) have been synthesized and characterized. The structural features have been arrived from their microanalysis, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance measurements, mass, fluorescence, IR, UV-Vis, ¹HNMR and ESR spectral studies. Mössbauer spectra of two iron complexes have been done. In the light of these results, it is suggested that ligand coordinates to metal ions via hydroxyl oxygen and nitrogen of azo group. The fluorescence spectral property of ligand and complexes studied where complexes shows enhanced emission. The redox property of the Co(II) complex is studied by cyclic voltammetry. The ligand and its Mn(II) complex was investigated for non linear optical property. The in vitro biological activity of the ligand and complexes were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results indicate that the complexes have enhanced biological activity than the ligand. Antioxidant activity of the ligand and complexes was studied by free radical scavenging method. The nuclease activity of ligand and complexes show that they cleave DNA through redox chemistry.

13 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

024848   ZARDINI A A, MOHEBBI M, FARHOOSH R, BOLURIAN S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Ferdowsi Univ of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, Email: mohebbatm@gmail.com) : Production and characterization of nanostructured lipid carriers and solid lipid nanoparticles containing lycopene for food fortification. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(1), 287-98.

In this study, lycopene, was loaded on nanostructured lipid carrier and solid lipid nanoparticles using combination of high shear homogenization and ultrasonication method. Effect of applied lipids types, nanocarrier’s type and lycopene loading on physicochemical properties of developed nanocarriers were studied. Particle sizes of developed nanocarriers were between 74.93 and 183.40 nm. Encapsulation efficiency of nanostructured lipid carrier was significantly higher than solid lipid nanoparticles. Morphological study of developed nanocarriers using scanning electron microscopy showed spherical nanoparticles with smooth surface. Lycopene was entrapped in nanocarriers without any chemical interaction with coating material according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum and differential scanning calorimetry thermogram. Glycerol monostearate containing nanoparticles showed phase separation after 30 days in 6 and 25^oC, whereas this event was not observed in nanosuspensions that produced by glycerol distearate. Lycopene release in gastrointestinal condition was studied by the dialysis bag method. To evaluate nanocarrier’s potential for food fortification, developed lycopene-loaded nanocarriers were added to orange drink. Results of sensory analysis indicated that nanoencapsulation could obviate the poor solubility and tomato after taste of lycopene. Fortified sample with lycopene nanocarriers didn’t show significant difference with blank orange drink sample except in orange odor.

4 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

024847   CHABOK Y A, CHOURANI A (Emam Khomeini Naval Univ, Noshahr, Iran) : Adsorption of sulfate in aqueous solutions by cheap plant adsorbents. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2018, 15(1), 157-62.

In this study, the possibility of sulphate adsorption from a synthetic solution containing sodium sulphate was investigated using corn and wheat straw. The initial results showed that modified corn had the best absorbance among the samples. The temperature, mixing time, adsorbent amount and also the amount of sulfate ions in the solution as effective parameters in the adsorption process were investigated. It was observed that with increasing temperature, the adsorption rate decreases due to the thermostability of the reaction. Also, increasing the time before reaching a saturation state, the absorption capacity is increased.

3 illus, 5 tables, 11 ref

024846   ALSAGGAF M S (Shaqra Univ, Qwaieah- 11971, Saudi Arabia, Email: dr.alsaggaf10@gmail.com) : Applicable control of antimicrobial resistant skin pathogens using algal-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biosci Biotech Res Asia 2018, 15(1), 111-7.

Green biosynthesis of nano-metals is an important research demand to have these minute active particles. The biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) was conducted using the marine macro algae Sargassum muticum, as an eco-friendly approach for NPs synthesis. The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was characterized and evaluated for their antimicrobial potentiality against skin pathogens, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, concerning antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains. The ZnO-NPs were applied for fabrication of bioactive cotton textiles, which were also evaluated as antimicrobial coatings. ZnO-NPs was successfully synthesized using S. muticum extract, with uniform distribution, spherical shapes, and particle size range of 4 to 23 nm. The antimicrobial potentiality of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was evidenced against the entire examined skin pathogens, which included antibiotic resistant strains. The treatment of cotton textiles with ZnO-NPs resulted in bioactive fabrics with comparable shape and surface. The treated textiles had a remarkable microbicidal activity toward examined skin pathogens and maintain their potentiality even after tow laundering cycles. Algal biosynthesized ZnO-NPs is, however, advised for the fabrication of antimicrobial textiles to protect skin from antibiotic resistant pathogens.

3 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

024845   VIDYA V G, REVATHY L (Chemistry Dep, Univ Coll, Trivandrum-695 034, Email: vg_vidya@yahoo.co.in) : Synthesis and characterization of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by solution combustion method. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Sect C 2018, 37C(1), 131-6.

The current paper has focussed on the synthesis and characterization of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by solution combustion method. Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by a solution based method using calcium chloride (CaCl₂), ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄), dl–Alanine and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a precipitant and the obtained precipitation was calcined under 500^oC for 4 hours. The resulting material was characterized by using X–ray diffractometry, Scanning electron microscopy, FTIR Spectroscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The magnetic characterization was done by using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The electrical conductance, salinity and total dissolved solid measurements of the prepared nanoparticles were conducted. From PXRD results the calculated crystalline size is 12 nm. SEM micrograph reveals the formation of spherical structures. The FTIR spectrum confirms the Ca–O and Fe–O bonds in the sample. The VSM analysis reveals that the particle shows superparamagnetism.

3 illus, 24 ref

024844   RADHAKRISHNAN A, SUGATHAN A, VIJAYAN D, BEENA B (Chemistry Dep, D B Pampa Coll, Parumala, Pathanamthitta, Email: ashagopan2009@gmail.com) : Waste water treatment by removal of heavy metals using EDTA functionalized chitosan-graphene oxide nanocomposites. Bull Pure Appl Sci-Sect C 2018, 37C(1), 70-9.

This study focuses on the preparation of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)- functionalized magnetic chitosan (CS) graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites (EDTA-MCS/GO) by biogenic method and its removal efficiency for heavy metals namely, Pb(ll) and As(III) from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, and FTIR analysis. The influence of various operating parameters, such as pH, metal ion concentration, and contact time on the removal of the metal ions, was investigated. The equilibrium data was evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich and sips isotherms, while the heavy metal adsorption reaction kinetics was analyzed by Lagergren pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption–desorption studies conducted over 6 cycles illusustrate the viability and repeated use of the adsorbent for the removal of Pb(ll)and As(lII) from aqueous solutions.

9 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

023885   SWATHI P, MANJUSHA K G, VIVEKANAND M, RAMKRISHAN A, BHAVANI B (Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Visakhapatnam, Email: bhavani2008@gmail.com) : Effect of Morus alba against hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic activities in streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(4), 1441-7.

The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Morus alba (EMA) in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose, serum parameters such as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, total protein, urea, lipid profile, and urine parameters such as urine protein, creatinine and volume and renal antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA were estimated at the end of 12 weeks study period. Kidney histopathology was also done. The treatment with EMA showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the elevated blood glucose, HbA1c, kidney function parameters and lipid profile in STZ induced diabetic rats. Treatment with EMA exerted improvement in antioxidant enzymes as SOD, CAT, GSH and reduction in MDA level profile in STZ induced diabetic rats. Histopathology reveals, EMA showed marked amelioration of glomerulosclerosis caused by STZ. The activities of Morus alba might be due to the presence of antioxidant principles like terpenoids and sterols.

3 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

023884   SELVI N J, BASKAR G, SINGH A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai, Email: njoe14@gmail.com) : Cost analysis of solar cabinet dryer for drying dates. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(3), 1055-61.

Solar cabinet dryer for drying of dates is one of the promising technology for obtaining good quality dried dates which is again energy and cost effective technology. From the cost analysis of the solar cabinet dryer installed at CCE, Oman there is a clear indication that the energy per unit cost was comparable to any other modern drying technology like freeze drying, where energy consumption is more. As per the annual life cycle costing (ALCC) carried out for solar cabinet dryer the cost per unit energy obtained was Rs.63.36/kWh, when 5 hours of potential sunshine hour was taken into account. Under the test condition, the specific moisture extraction rate was found to be 0.84 kg/kWh and it took only 24 hours to dry dates from moisture content of 49.01% to 35.21% in cabinet dryer compared to sun drying which took 48 hours which is double. In the presence of heat storage unit, the thermal efficiency of solar dryer for forced convection drying obtained for the period of study was 26%. Due to the presence of heat storage unit five plus two hours extended drying time was available. In that case the cost per unit energy was Rs. 45.28/kWh. If this solar dryer unit is produced in bulk surely the production cost or the capital cost will come down drastically. This would in turn reduce the cost/unit of energy. However the cost of raw material and the selling price of dried dates were not taken into account. If they were taken into account surely more cost reduction could be expected.

6 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

023883   MANDAL M, GHOSH U (Food Technology and Bio-chemical Engineering Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata- 700 032, Email: ughoshftbe@yahoo.co.in) : Optimization of SSF parameters by OFAT for biosynthesis of cellulase using isolated Aspergillus niger. Indian J Chem Technol 2017, 24, 623-9.

Cellulases represent a major group of the industrially significant enzyme. The present study deals with cost effective production of cellulase (CMCase and FPase) using isolated Aspergillus niger with the employment of a horticultural waste banana peel (BP). Optimization of environmental and nutritional parameters has been done by the classical one factor at a time method (OFAT) followed by chemical characterization of banana peel by EDX and visualization of the topology of banana peel after fermentation by SEM. By applying OFAT methodology for optimization of physical and nutritional parameters, the CMCase and FPase activity is found to increase about 5.21 and 1.97 fold for (111.05 U/gds and 9.45 U/gds) CMCase and FPase, respectively compared to the control (21.3 and 4.8 U/gds for CMCase and FPase, respectively). EDX analysis shows that the banana peel contain high amount of carbon and that is the reason why no additional carbon supply is essential for the growth of the isolated fungi. SEM micrograph illustrates asymmetrical and micro porous morphology of BP and uniform growth of the fungi on the surface of the peel after fermentation.

5 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

023882   YUE J, ZHU Z, LI X (Coll of Food Science, shenyang, Email: 10833693@qq.com) : Antibacterial activity of protease hydrolysates isolated from silybum marianum. Curr Sci 2017, 113(3), 496-500.

In this study, the antibacterial activity of protease hydrolysates from Silybum marianum protein isolates (SMPIs) was investigated. Neutral protease, papain, pepsin and alkaline protease were used as experimental enzymes, while Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea and Bacillus subtilis were the bacterial indicators. The results showed that neutral protease, papain and pepsin hydrolysates exerted inhibitory effects on the four types of bacteria tested. However, alkaline protease hydrolysates of SMPI showed stimulatory effects on replication of the four bacteria tested. The antibacterial mechanism of SMPI hydrolysates was studied using scanning electron microscopy, and the results showed effective inhibition of E. coli (Gram-negative, G–) and S. aureus (Gram-positive, G+). It is speculated that the underlying mechanism of SMPI hydrolysates may involve injury to E. coli and S. aureus cell membranes. Currently, no similar studies have been conducted on the antibacterial activity of SMPI.

2 illus, 20 ref

023218   Sharma S;Verma R (Food Science Nutrition and Technology Dep, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh) : Assessment of nutritional values in Adzuki bean varieties in Himachal Pradesh. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 31-2.

Nutritional characteristics of local adzuki bean, evaluated at Department of Food Science nutrition and Technology, CSK HPKV, Palampur showed varied level of concentration in different genotypes. The genotype HPV-51 possessed high level of protein (24.03%), crude fat (0.42%) and moderate level of crude ash (4.8%), crude fiber (6.63%) and carbohydrate (52.09%). Local tortru, on the other hand, possessed highest per cent level of crude fiber (7.52%), crude ash (4.82%), moderate protein (27.07%) and carbohydrate (52.27%). The calorie value was in variety EC-340264 was highest (316.4 k cal) followed by HPO (308.29 (k cal) and local tortru (393.47 k cal). The study suggested use of adzuki bean, as a substitute of meat for low income group of people.

2 tables, 10 ref

023217   Rashidi R;Ghorbani H R (Chemical Engineering Dep, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: hamidghorbani6@gmail.com) : Biological synthesis of gold nanowires by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(2), 817-20.

The present and fast-growing demands of the synthesis of nanoparticles with various areas suchas medicine and energy, catalysis, electronics and chemistry increased day to day. In the pastdecade, nanoparticles are prepared from wet chemical method, where chemicals used are quietflammable and often toxic. In this report, we are going to synthesize gold nanowires from bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gold nanowires were synthesized through the reduction of aqueous Au³⁺ ion using the growth culture supernatants. Gold nanowires were formed within 1 h of gold ion coming in contact with the cell filtrate. The synthesized gold nanowires were characterized from TEM, UV-Vis and DLS.An absorption peak at 550 nm in Uv-Vis spectrophotometer was detected indicating the presence of gold nanowires. The DLS analysis showed gold nanowires with size of 90±15 nm.

3 illus, 14 ref

023216   Prakash;Priya;Kandasamy (Food Technology Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu-638 052) : In activation of meat spoilage microorganisms using plant extracts and microbial shelf life study of meat at refrigerated condition. Indian J soc Res 2017, 58(3), 363-74.

Animal origin foods are widely distributed and consumed around the world due to their high nutrients availability but may also provide a suitable environment for growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Nowadays consumers demand high quality food with an extended shelf life without chemical additives. Edible films and coatings (EFC) added with natural antimicrobials are a promising preservation technology for raw and processed meats because they provide good barrier against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. In this project piper betle and plecranthus ambioinicus was selected for edible coating of meat. Plant extracts antimicrobial activity was studied using aqueous and ethanolic extract against major meat spoilage microorganisms. Zone of inhibition was not much difference between ethanolic and aqueous extract. Piper betle extract produced maximum 24mm zone of inhibition against pseudomonas spp and plectranthus ambioinicus produced maximum 19mm zone of inhibition - 402 - against E.coli spp. Different concentration of chitosan edible coating was used for Raw meat incorporated with plant extracts. Edible coated Raw meat was stored in refrigeration at 4°C. Microbial analysis was done at 5, 10, 15, 20 days. As concentration increased microbial population reduced. 6% chitosan plectranthus ambioinicus extract 20ml edible coating produced high efficiency followed by piper betle extract 20ml edible coating.

1 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

023215   Manish Kumar;Ray A (Food Technology Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001, Email: gjumanish@gmail.com) : Effect of electric field strength, frequency and temperature on electrical conductivity of peach pulp processed by ohmic heating. Ann Agri Bio Res 2017, 22(2), 281-5.

The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of ohmic heating process variables on the electrical conductivity of peach pulp. The freshly prepared peach pulp was processed by ohmic heating in a lab scale ohmic heating assembly. The effect of process variables i. e, electric field strength (4.7-10 V/cm), frequency (40-60 Hz) and temperature (60-90 °C) on electrical conductivity was studied by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The frequency and temperature showed a significant (P<60>0.01) linear effect on the electrical conductivity of peach pulp, while the electric field strength had shown no significant effect. The interaction effect of the variables was found non-significant on the electrical conductivity of peach pulp. Only quadratic effect of electric field strength was found significant (P<60>0.05). The studied process parameters for peach pulp can be helpful in the processing of pulp by ohmic heating at a large scale.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

023214   Kapaleshwar G;Kulkarni U (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, College of Rural Home Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: unk.uma2007@rediffmail.com ) : Value added ash gourd (Benincasa hispida) ready-to-serve beverage and its nutritional and sensory profile. J Ecofriendly Agric 2017, 12(2), 84-6.

Ash gourd, classified under cucurbits is of minor importance, though it is cultivated in almost every part of India. The ash gourd fruit is generally prized for its medicinal value, which has been explored by ayurvedic practitioners. Ash gourd ready-to-serve beverage was developed with - 401 - salt (0.5%) and pepper (0.2%) as taste enhancers. The developed fresh ash gourd RTS was analyzed for chemical composition and sensory attributes. It recorded total soluble solids as 2.5°B, acidity (as % citric acid) 1.28 per cent. It was found to be good source of ascorbic acid, which was recorded as 10.8 mg 100 ml^-1. Total and reducing sugar of the developed ready-to-serve beverage were found to be 0.5 mg and 0.75 mg respectively. Although fresh RTS was not sour, pH was recorded as 5.14. The extract was liked moderately by the panelists as the RTS obtained mean scores of 7.4, 7.9, 7.0, 7.1 and 7.2 for colour, consistency, aroma, taste and overall acceptability respectively. Colour of the RTS was not much affected by the addition of pepper and possessed optimum salt-spicy flavor, which was acceptable by the panelists.

1 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

023213   Ghorbani H R;Pazoki H;Rad A S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Qaemshahr, Iran, Email: hamidghorbani6@gmail.com) : Synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by biological technique. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(2), 631-33.

The development of synthesis routes for oxide nanoparticles is a matter of considerable topical attention. Green synthesis of nanoparticles with the help of microorganisms as reducing agents is an efficient, cost effective, fast and eco-friendly in nature. This paper presents a simple technique to synthesize magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles. In this routine, an aqueous solution of ferrous and ferric salts was mixed with Magnetospirillum and heated for 10 minutes at 70?. UV-vis absorption spectra, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to illustrate the form process and explain the structure of the magnetite nanoparticles. UV-Vis absorption spectrum showed surface plasmon resonance absorption bands about 240 nm that confirmed magnetite nanoparticles existence. We obtain magnetite nanoparticles of size 42±20 nm after separation and washing procedures by dynamic light scattering (DLS).

3 illus, 7 ref

022245   Yue J;Zhu Z;Li X (College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural Univ, Shenyang 110866, People's Republic of China, Email: 10833693@qq.com) : Antibacterial activity of protease hydrolysates isolated from Silybum marianum. Curr Sci 2017, 113(3), 496-500.

In this study, the antibacterial activity of protease hydrolysates from Silybum marianum protein isolates (SMPIs) was investigated. Neutral protease, papain, pepsin and alkaline protease were used as experimental enzymes, while Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea and Bacillus subtilis were the bacterial indicators. The results showed that - 422 - neutral protease, papain and pepsin hydrolysates exerted inhibitory effects on the four types of bacteria tested. However, alkaline protease hydrolysates of SMPI showed stimulatory effects on replication of the four bacteria tested. The antibacterial mechanism of SMPI hydrolysates was studied using scanning electron microscopy, and the results showed effective inhibition of E. coli (Gram-negative, G^-) and S. aureus (Gram-positive, G⁺ ). It is speculated that the underlying mechanism of SMPI hydrolysates may involve injury to E. coli and S. aureus cell membranes. Currently, no similar studies have been conducted on the antibacterial activity of SMPI.

2 illus, 20 ref

022244   Senapati A K;Rao P S;Mahanand S S;Bal L M; Prasad S (Centre of Excellence on Post Harvest Technology, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396 450, Email: ashoksenapati.iitkgp@gmail.com ) : Optimization of process parameters for convective drying of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) roots. Res Envir Life Sci 2017, 10(2), 173-7.

Application for convective drying of ashwagandha roots was investigated. A laboratory convective dryer which was already developed had the provision of regulating of air temperature and air velocity. Ashwagandha roots of uniform size were used in the drying experiment that were conducted at air temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C, air velocities of 1.0 and 1.5 m/s. Convective drying was carried out till the moisture content of the ashwagandha roots reduced from initial moisture content of 5.06 kg water/kg of dry matter to a safe level of about 0.06 kg water/kg of dry matter. It was found that the drying time decreased with increasing the drying air velocity. The quality attributes of fresh and dehydrated ashwagandha roots were evaluated in terms of colour parameter (L*, a*, b*) and total alkaloids content. The rehydration ratio was also determined for dehydrated roots. The quality attributes of the samples dried by convective drying technique were compared with that of sun drying. Convective drying of ashwagandha roots was found to be faster than sun drying. In addition, the quality of ashwagandha roots dehydrated by convective drying (colour parameters like L=37.22, a=5.09, b=11.82, rehydration ratio= 3.972 and alkaloids content= 2.55%) process was found superior to the sun drying samples (colour parameters like L=35.20, a=4.51, b=9.51, rehydration ratio= 2.76 and alkaloids content =1.54%). The process parameters for convective drying were optimized for ashwagandha roots using statistical tool ANOVA. Page model wes best fitted for convective drying condition (R² <62> 0.9). The results revealed that air velocity of 1.5 m/s and air temperature of 50°C gave a good quality dehydrated ashwagandha roots in convective drying process.

5 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

022243   Patil P D;Mulla M Z (Technology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004) : Review on different sources for the production of biodiesel. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2017, 6(7), 21-5.

Biodiesel is generally produced from various seed oils such as soybeans, rapeseed and corn. Such a diesel can be - 421 - used in cars, trucks, busses, construction equipment, in jet engines and in heating and electricity generating systems, but only through blends with maximum blend up to 25% (v/v) Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels. They don't produce sulphur or aromatics. Main benefit of using biodiesel is that, it reduces nitrogen oxide emissions compared to fossil fuel. This article reviews different sources for the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is environmentally safer than petro-diesel. It is non-toxic, produces less skin irritation, it degrades four times as fast as petro-diesel, has a flash point significantly higher than that of petro diesel, thus making it safer to store and handle.

46 ref

022242   Naik O A;Shashidhar R;Rath D;Bandekar J R; Rath A (Biotechnology Dep, Mumbai Univ, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (East), Mumbai-400 098, Email: drarath@mu.ac.in) : Metagenomic analysis of total microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance of culturable microorganisms in raw chicken meat and mung sprouts (Phaseolus aureus) sold in retail markets of Mumbai, India. Curr Sci 2017, 113(1), 71-9.

Raw chicken meat and ready-to-eat sprouts are potential sources of food-borne infections. Development and spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) in microflora associated with food is a major health concern. In this study, we employed culturable and non-culturable methods to characterize microflora associated with chicken meat and mung. Pathogens belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were dominant in the culturable set. Rare species like Citrobacter amalonaticus, Kluyvera georgiana, Kurthia gibsonii and Staphylococcus hominis were isolated and metagenomic study revealed overall good species richness in both food types, Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria were dominant phyla in chicken meat and sprouts respectively. Common food-borne and opportunistic pathogens like Campylobacter, C. perfringens, Streptococcus, Shewanella, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus, E. coli, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella were detected and 18% of the genera were common to both food types. We observed high AR bacterial count (5 to 9 log CFU/g) in the microflora. Fifty AR isolates per food type were identified with high multiple AR index of 0.3-0.9.

2 illus, 3 tables, 54 ref

022241   Dinesha B L;Nidoni U;Ramachandra C T;Naik N; Sankalpa K B (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584 104, Email: dinirbdgtc@gmail.com) : Effect of ecofriendly supercritical carbon dioxide, temperature and pressure on anti-nutritional compositions of moringa seed kernel oil. Res Envir Life Sci 2017, 10(3), 228-31.

The research was aimed to determining the effect of ecofriendly supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) temperature and pressure on anti-nutritional compositions of moringa seed kernel oil. The highest tannins (8.58 and 8.37%), saponins (2.26 and 2.23%) and phytates (9.79 and 11.03%) were obtained for SC-CO₂ extracted moringa (PKM-1 and KDM-1) seed kernel oil at SC-CO₂ pressure of 200 bar and temperature of 40°C. Lowest values of tannins, saponins and phytates content of 1.54 and 1.34%, 0.48 and 0.56%, 3.09 and 3.07% were obtained for SC-CO₂ pressure of 100 bar at temperature of 40 °C. The anti-nutritional compositions of soxhlet extracted moringa seed kernel oil was found to be 10.45 and 10.27; 3.32 and 3.38; 12.26 and 12.15%. From the findings of this research work, SC-CO₂ extracted oil was found lower anti-nutritional compositions compared to the soxhlet extracted oil. Therefore, it was concluded that SC-CO₂ extracted moringa PKM-1 seed kernel oil contains lower concentrations of the analyzed anti-nutritional compositions compared to moringa KDM-1 seed kernel oil.

2 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

022240   Chhetri A;Thakur N;Negi M;Pant S C;Abrol G S (Fruit Science Dep, VCSG, UUHF, Bharasra, Pauri Garhwal, U.K., Email: nidhika991@gmail.com) : Assessment of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) genotypes under high hill conditions of Uttarakhand. Res Envir Life Sci 2017, 10(3), 221-3.

Different strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) genotypes were evaluated to study the variability in vegetative, fruit yield and quality characters at the experimental farm of Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali, Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal during 2013 and 2014. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and comprised of nineteen genotypes. The results showed that different strawberry cultivars exhibited marked variation in the growth and fruiting characteristics. Among all the genotypes, the fruit breadth (23.13 mm), number of fruits per plant (23.33) and yield per plant (106.21 g) were found highest with Dana. Shimla Delicious had highest fruit length (30.17 mm), TSS (11.00° B), TSS/acid (10.79) and lowest titratable acidity (1.18%). Hence, for fruit yield and quality characteristics, the cultivars Dana and Shimla Delicious were best suited for cultivation in high hills of Uttarakhand.

2 tables, 27 ref

022239   Bhople S;Thakur S (Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering, JNKVV, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh) : Development of software for land capability classification. Int J chem Stud 2018, 6(1), 624-8.

Land refers to a delineated part of the earth's surface, including mountains, rivers, swamps, deserts, islands, and coast areas. Soil comprising minerals and biological materials is a natural feature of the earth's surface and support plant growth. The software helps to surveyor, field officers in classifying the land, to suggest special soil and water conservation practices and to recommend the crop cultivation for the classified land. To run the software use the command Alt+F9 or run command. After giving the command the user is firstly promoted to enter the slope of land in percentage, then it will asks for the depth in cm. When depth is entered it will ask for the final input i.e. soil type. Enter the respective soil type. As soon as the inputs are entered, it will display the result on the screen. The developed software is run successfully with the different conditions and the results are noted. Overview and brief description of software developed in 'C⁺⁺' language, which was tested for different depths, slopes and soil types. Developed software is useful for suggesting the soil and water Conservation practices. The software is very easy to operate and general guideline and idea about the running software to any new person.

3 tables, 9 ref

022238   Abass W F;Al-Munaaem Yaseen H A;Al-Shaibani A M H (Home Economic Dep, College of Education for Women, Baghdad Univ, Baghdad) : Effect of utilization of date fiber from date syrup manufacture on organoleptic properties of chocolate cake and extending the storage life of the product. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(3), 662-6.

This investigation is aimed to enrich chocolate cake with date fibers from date syrup manufacture. The fibers were dried and grounded and replaced for wheat at rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20% (weight: weight) for the treatments A₂, A₃, A₄, A₅ respectively. The treatments were compared to standard recipe (A₁) for chemical composition, organoleptic properties and volume. The bacterial count was conducted for the treatments after frozen storage (-15°c) and refrigerated storage (7°c). Both ash and fibers contents increased significantly (P<60>0.05) for A₂,A₃,A₄,A₅ to reach maximum values of 3.30 and 3.22% respectively for A₅ as compared to 1.25, 0.73% respectively for control (A₁). These rates of fat, protein and caloric values were decreased relatively as compared to control(A₁). There were insignificant differences for cake volume (height) between different treatments, while the volume of cake decreased as increasing of fiber percentage, except (A₂) - 419 - treatment where the volume reach to 3.11% as compared with the control (A₁). There was a significant difference for sensory properties among the treatments A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄ and A₅ for freshness and overall acceptance, while treatment A₃ was superior for the appearance as compared to other treatments. The bacterial examination for treatment stored at freezing and refrigeration, the obtained results showed that bacterial growth decreased with increased level of added fiber during frozen storage for 28 days and refrigeration for 21 days. It can be concluded that the added fiber to chocolate cake had positive impact as far as health storage and sensory properties.

5 tables, 18 ref

021278   Prasad N;Bejamin J C (Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Dep, SHIATS, Allahabad, Email: nivedita.prasad01@gmail.com) : Evaluation of various parameters for the optimum production of tannase by Bacillus cereus. Res Envir Life Sci 2016, 9(1), 78-80.

Tannase or tannin-acyl-hydrolase (E.C.3.1.1.2.0) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds in hydrolysable tannins, as tannic acid, releasing glucose and gallic acid. The present work explored the production, optimization of various parameters like pH, temperature, incubation period, salt-concentration, carbon sources & nitrogen sources and growth profile of tannase by Bacillus cereus. Tannase from the bacterium showed optimal activity at 48 h and 35°C with 1M salt concentration and initial pH 4.5. The peak enzyme activity was observed while supplementing sucrose at 1% conc. and maltose at 1% & 2% conc. as carbon sources, ammonium chloride at 3% concentration as nitrogen source. The maximum tannase activity 0.1586 U/ml was recorded in the mid-exponential phase of Bacillus cereus. Bacillus cereus thus has high potential and may be useful for industrial production of tannase.

8 tables, 19 ref

021277   Maheshwari H M;Prabhavathi S N;Prakash J (Food Science and Nutrition Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysuru-570 006, Email: jampr55@hotmail.com) : Exploring the flavour potentiating effect of monosodium glutamate on acceptability profile of spiced 'Poories'. Indian J Nutr Diet 2017, 54(3), 265-77.

The study was designed to investigate the flavor potentiating effect of an additive, Mono Sodium Glutamate (MSG) for an Indian fried product namely 'Poori' prepared with spices. Poories were prepared with three levels of MSG, 50, 75 and 100mg/100g of flour. Four spices namely, chili, omum, pepper and cumin were used for addition to poories either singly or in combination. All products were evaluated for sensory acceptability by 40 semi-trained panel using scoring and free choice profiling. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tests. Results indicated that MSG improved the acceptability of basic product. Spice added products also received high scores demonstrating the flavor enhancing effect of MSG. The scores were significantly higher for products with mixture of spices indicating synergism between spices and MSG. In conclusion, MSG can be used to improve the flavor profile of poories.

5 tables, 25 ref

021276   Gupta P;Kaul H (NO, , Food Technology Dep, VFSTRU) : Traceability technologies across the food value chain. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2017, 6(1), 6-9.

With the globalization of food industries, vitality of traceability has increased substantially. The need for a reliable identification and tracking system is therefore essential to ensure the safety and quality of food reaching the consumer. Current market for tracing technologies is restrained by various factors like high cost, skepticism about efficiency and liability of technology. This paper gives an overview of relevant food tracing technologies available in the market and a descriptive analysis of their efficiency, liability, features and characteristics.

1 illus, 26 ref

021275   Bansode V;Devi M;Bhadwal S;Mukherjee A (NO, ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Regional Centre, Dumduma H.B Colony, Bhubaneswar-751 019, Email: bansoderaman@yahoo.co.in) : Optimization of potato flour, wheat semolina and guar gum for development of healthy and nutritious pasta. Indian J Nutr Diet 2017, 54(3), 278-93.

The study was carried out to optimize the level of potato powder, wheat semolina and guar gum for the development of pasta with enhanced protein and minerals using response surface methodology. Box-Behnken design of experiments was used for designing different experimental combination considering potato powder from 20 to 40g, wheat semolina from 60-80g and guar gum from 0.3 to 0.5g respectively. Optimization was done to obtain the best experimental combination of potato powder, wheat semolina and guar gum for developing pasta with enhanced protein and minerals. Optimized potato powder and wheat semolina fortified pasta consisted as 60.00 g wheat semolina, 38.49 g potato powder, 0.50 g guar gum with 25 ml carrot juice instead of water per 100g pasta formulation. The total protein, total minerals, iron and calcium in pasta with optimized formulation were 11.49, 1.98, 1.66 mg/100g and 139 mg/100g respectively, with overall sensory acceptability as 7.09. This pasta samples showed 5.6 min cooking time, 3.71 rehydration ratios, 12.17% solid loss with overall desirability of 0.824. Thus, the formulation of nutritional and healthy pasta would be helpful for reducing the malnutrition in the growing age children.

4 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

020305   Vanishree S;Kammar M R;Nidoni U (NO, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka-584 133, Email: vaniravipatil@gmail.com) : Development and evaluation of pearl millet based novel health drink. Indian J Nutr Diet 2016, 53(4), 468-74.

Malnutrition in general and nutritional anaemia in particular is a public health problem in India. The remedies for which lies with the people if they are educated to utilize the locally available nutrient rich food sources. In this background, an effort was made to develop a novel food product from bajra, an iron rich health drink as a supplementary food to combat malnutrition. Bajra or pearl millet is extensively grown in - 415 - Raichur district, which is a rich source of iron, Ca, Zn and high level of fat. But its uses are limited. Novel health drink was prepared using sprouted and dried pearl millet flour, sprouted and dried finger millet powder, malted soya flour, sugar powder and milk powder, and popped and milled amaranth seed powder in different combinations. The pearl millet flour was fortified with other ingredients used in different combinations i.e., 50, 60,70 and 80% respectively along with other ingredients and 100% pearl millet flour was used as control. The effect of germination on nutritional composition in terms of proximate was assessed and sensory evaluation was done for all the fortified samples using 9 point hedonic scale. Sensory evaluation of fortified samples showed that 50 per cent bajra concentration sample was the most accepted sample with respect to all the qualities followed by 60%. Germination enhanced the protein and minerals especially iron content with the reduction in fat.

2 illus, 5 tables, 8 ref

020304   Tripathi R;Sharma D;Dwivedi M;Rizvi S I; Mishra N (Centre of Food Technology, Institute of Professional Studies, Allahabad Univ, Allahabad-211 002, Email: neetum1976@gmail.com) : Wheatgrass incorporation as a viable strategy to enhance nutritional quality of an edible formulation. Ann Phytomed 2017, 6(1), 68-75.

Wheatgrass is highly valuable due to its medicinal properties. Despite the medicinal properties, wheatgrass could not be part of daily diet, as it is not a regular part of diet so there is requirement to prepare food product supplemented with wheatgrass. In this study, we have prepared edible formulation based on wheatgrass (EFWG). The optimum combination of ingredients for the preparation of wheatgrass incorporated edible formulation was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM is used to analyse the effect of wheatgrass flakes, refined wheat flour, and frying time on sensory and objective (total phenolic and fiber levels) attributes of formulated food product. A central composite rotatable design was used to develop models for the sensory and objective responses. Responses were mostly affected by the changes in wheatgrass flakes level and frying time and to a lesser extent by the refined wheat flour. Responses individual graph plots of different responses were superimposed and regions meeting the maximum sensory score (7.85), total phenolic content (81.85 mg/100 g) and fiber (2.43 g) were identified at 7.00 g wheatgrass flakes, 90.98 g refined wheat flour and 3:50 min. frying time. Optimized formulation was analyzed for its nutritional composition, antinutritional factors and antioxidant properties. The optimized formulation could be recommended to all the age group but especially for children, lactating mothers and geriatric population due to its high calcium, iron and fiber content.

3 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

020303   Thakur A;Thakur N S;Pradeep Kumar (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr. Y. S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: abhimanyuthakurprashar@gmail.com) : Preparation of Myrica nagi (Box myrtle) drink and effect of storage temperature on its quality. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2137-42.

Box myrtle (Myrica nagi) belongs to family Myricaceae is a sub-temperate tree found throughout the mid-Himalayas at an elevation of 1300 to 2100 meters above mean sea level. Its fruits are known for their ravishing taste and have been reported as rich source of anti-oxidants like phenols and anthocyanins. In the present study drink was prepared from box myrtle juice and quality evaluation was carried out during six months of storage of fruit drink. Different combinations of juice (8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%) and sugar syrup/TSS (Total soluble solids) (12 °B and 15 °B) were tried to standardize proper combination for drink. The drink prepared by following the best selected recipe - 414 - (14% juice and 12 °B TSS) was packed in glass and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottles and stored for six months under ambient and refrigerated temperature conditions. Drink could be safely stored for a period of six months under both the storage conditions without much change in various quality characteristics. Various physico-chemical characteristics increased/decreased like TSS (12.05 to 12.48 °B), reducing sugars (7.80 to 8.69%), titratable acidity (0.30 to 0.27%), ascorbic acid (1.09 to 0.47 mg/100 g), total phenols (27.35 to 19.11 mg/100 g) and anthocyanins (6.14 to 3.69 mg/100 g). However, the changes in the quality characteristics of the drink were slower in refrigerated storage conditions as compared to ambient conditions. Both the packaging materials viz. PET and glass bottles were found suitable, with comparatively less changes occurring in glass bottles stored under refrigerated conditions.

5 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

020302   Sukhmandeep Kaur;Navjot Kaur (Food and Nutrition Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana (Punjab), Email: sukhmani.deep20@gmail.com) : Development and sensory evaluation of gluten free bakery products using quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) flour. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2449-55.

Quinoa based gluten free bakery products were prepared by supplementing roasted quinoa flour in oats and rice flour at different substitution levels and were organoleptically evaluated using eight point hedonic rating scale for sensory attributes by a semi - trained (including Professors and Assistant Professors not a professionally sensory panel) panel of 10 judges. Substitution of roasted quinoa flour at 5, 10 and 15 percent levels showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) at 10 percent levels for all the products namely cookies, cakes, muffins, pies and tarts for overall acceptability. The products with 10 percent level of supplementation of roasted quinoa flour (10%) with rice (45%) and oats flour (45%) were found to be highly acceptable and the scores for overall acceptability for cakes (7.54), cookies (7.46), muffins (7.32), pies (7.78) and tarts (7.56) were achieved. The pies with 10 percent level of supplementation of roasted quinoa flour were considered as best product by the judges in terms of all the sensory attributes such as appearance, colour, texture, flavour, taste and overall acceptability. It may be concluded that roasted quinoa flour can be utilized successfully up to 10 percent level to prepare gluten free bakery products with high nutritional value without imposing negative impact on sensory attributes which may prove a boon to celiac patients.

3 tables, 23 ref

020301   Siddegowda G S;Bhaskar N;Gopal S (NO, Maharani's Science College for Women, Mysuru-570 005, Email: bhaskar@cftri.res.in) : Biochemical and bacteriological quality of rohu (Labeo rohita) head sauce produced by enzymatic and fermentation method. Fish Technol 2016, 53(3), 220-31.

A sauce was produced by enzymatic and fermentative methods using the heads of freshwater fish rohu (Labeo rohita) with solar salt concentration of 25% (w/ w). Commercial papain (3%, w/w) was used for enzymatic hydrolysis and stored at room temperature for 120 d. Pediococcus pentosaceus FSBP 4-40 (10%, v/w) with the cell concentration of aproximately 8 log cfu ml^-1 and dextrose (7.5%, w/w) was used for fermentative production at 37°C for 120 d. Changes in yield, water activity (a_W), total valatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), total soluble nitrogen (TSN), non protein nitrogen (NPN), titratable acidity (TA), degree of hydrolysis (DH) and fatty acid composition of both enzymatically and fermentativley produced rohu head sauce was observed. Bacterio-logical parameters such as total plate count, Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, staphylococci, total halophile count and yeast and mold counts were determined at - 413 - different time intervels. The result suggested that TSN, NPN, TA and DH significantly increased (p<60>0.05) in treated samples compared to control. However, a_W, pH, moisture, fat, TVB-N, fatty acid concentration and L*, a*, b* values showed changes. The antioxidant properties like total antioxidant activity, 2,2'-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), super oxide anion scavanging activity and reducing potential of the lyophilized rohu head sauce samples were found to be sigificantly higher (p<60>0.05) in enzyme/bacteria treated samples than control. Bacterial counts after 120 days were significantly lower (p<60>0.05) in the fermentatively produced rohu head sauce than enzymatically prepared sauce.

7 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

020300   Rozy;Dar R A;Phutela U G (Microbiology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: rozysohni04@gmail.com) : Optimization of biogas production from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2062-7.

The present investigation reports the optimization of process parameters for biogas production from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The different parameters like particle size, inoculum concentration, incubation temperature, metal ions and pH were optimized for biogas production. Maximum biogas was observed with water hyacinth of 1cm size, 40% inoculum concentration. The temperature of 45°C along with neutral pH i.e. 7 was found to be most suitable for biogas production in the presence of manganese chloride (0.2 mM). Under optimized conditions, 44.9 l biogas/kg water hyacinth, 360.09 l/kg total solids and 397.95 l biogas/kg volatile solids were produced in a period of 40 days. The water hyacinth has proven to be a good source of biogas production and thus can be utilized as a potential feedstock for the biogas production.

2 tables, 18 ref

020299   Punnagaiarasi A;Rajarajan G;Elango A (Livestock Products Technology (Dairy Science) Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: punnagai90@rediffmail.com) : Assessing the organoleptic quality of stirred papaya yoghurt during storage period. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(4), 878-80.

The present study was conducted to develop stirred yoghurt by incorporating papaya fruit in order to improve the nutritional benefit of yoghurt using different inclusion level of papaya fruit (control - 0%, T1 - 5.0%, T2 - 10%, T3 - 15% and T4 -20%). Samples were analysed for sensory quality during different storage period of zero, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Significantly higher values were observed in sensory evaluation in 10 per cent (T2) papaya incorporated yoghurt when compared with the other treatments. Hence, 10% stirred papaya yoghurt was fixed and further study was carried out. From the above study, it is concluded that yoghurt can be incorporated with 10% papaya fruit to enhance the nutritional quality without altering the sensory quality of yoghurt.

1 table, 7 ref

020298   Patharkar S R;Shendge S N;Khapre A P (College of Food Technology, Naigaon, MIT College and Food Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Email: khapreft@gmail.com) : Study of physico-chemical parameters of orange (Citrus reticulate Blanco) for the development of orange wine. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2305-8.

Physico-chemical properties are an essential factor during processing and preservation of food. The retention and changes in physico-chemical properties depends upon the processing technique. In this work, physicochemical parameters of orange like vitamin C (ascorbic acid), pH, total soluble solids (TSS), % acidity, temperature and color were studied with all the optimized conditions of fermentations for the development of orange wine. The fermentation of the fruit juice was completed within 7 days period at temperature 27°C, pH 4.5 and total soluble solids of 24°Brix with an inoculum level of 10% (v/v). Thus, orange wine with ethanol content of 8.5% (v/v) was prepared from the orange variety 'Nagpur Santra' (Citrus Reticulata Blanco) in controlled physico-chemical parameters.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

020297   Neena Kumari;Suresh Kumar (Forest Products Dep, Dr Y.S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: neenak.kashyap@gmail.com) : Chemistry and analytical techniques for ent-kaurene-glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2114-26.

The Stevia genus encompasses about 200 herbs and shrubs species. Stevia rebaudiana, one of the members has gained commercial importance as a natural low calorie sweetener, due to the presence of high con-centration of stevioside and rebaudioside - A (25% to 45% of stevioside content) in the leaves. The major processes involved in the production and quantification of steviol glycosides are extraction, purification and estimation. Various extraction methods have been used for extraction of steviol glycosides in the world. The extraction methods of steviol glycosides mostly differed at the stage of clarification of extracts. The present study is an attempt to summarize the scattered literature and reports on a single podium. Moreover, it also depicts up to date literature regarding numerous extraction, purification and quantitative estimation methods for steviol glycosides.

1 illus, 4 tables, 178 ref

020296   Kiharason J W;Isutsa D K;Ngoda P N (NO, Chuka Univ, P. O. Box 109-60400, Chuka, P. O. Box 484-60400, Chuka, Kenya, Email: dorcaski@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of sensory acceptability of bakery products prepared from blended wheat and pumpkin composite flour. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(1), 1-7.

The pumpkin fruit of the species C. moschata Duchesne has great nutritional potential, but remains under-utilized in Kenya. The fruits have diverse health enhancing properties. This vegetable-fruit has potential to be processed into various products both for home and industrial use. Despite these benefits, the fruit is underutilized as characterized by the few available pumpkin fruit flour products' recipes and little contribution to food security in Kenyan households. The present study determined sensory acceptability of baked products of blended pumpkin and wheat composite flour. Uniform mature pumpkin fruits grown on the Chuka University farm were harvested and processed into flour using a previously developed protocol. Pumpkin flour was augmented at 0%, 5%, 20%, 50% and 95% into wheat flour and baked to make cake, bread, mandazi, - 411 - scones and cookies. The products were then subjected to sensory acceptability tests using a 5-scale hedonic rating, with 1 being least preferred and 5 most preferred by trained and untrained panelists at KALRO-Njoro and consumer groups in Nyeri County, Kenya. The ANOVA showed that products significantly (P<60>0.05) differed in acceptability. Among Nyeri consumers, 50% cake and 5% mandazi and scone formulations were highly preferred for colour, texture and flavour. In Njoro, there were significant differences (P<60>0.05) among the trained and untrained panelists, but overall in all products, the 0% and 5% formulations scored highest across all test parameters. Value addition and commercial utilization of any food product greatly increases demand. This study shows the great potential of value-added pumpkin flour in enhancing and enriching textural and sensory qualities of different commercial food products in the Kenyan food industry, which should be promoted for adoption and commercialization.

5 tables, 19 ref

020295   Khursheed I;Bandral J D;Sood M;Ahmed N (Food Science and Technology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir, Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu-180 009, Email: ewsjammu@gmail.com) : Influence of knolkhol on quality characteristics of chicken meat balls. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(4), 2221-7.

Poultry meat is a major source of high biological value protein. The incorporation of fiber in meat helps to enhance its nutritive value with added health benefits that demonstrates a relationship between a diet containing an excess of energy- dense food rich in fats and sugar and the emergence of a range of chronic disease and several others. While studying the effect of fiber incorporation on the functional parameters it was observed that cooking yield (%) and emulsion stability (%) significantly decreased and the values were 91.94% and 91.13% in control and 87.28% and 87.01% in case of T₇ (18% KnolKhol powder). The physico chemical analysis revealed that with addition of Knolkhol powder (3%) level, the pH decreased from 6.31 to 6.26, TBARS from 0.39 to 0.33 (mg malonaldehyde /Kg), ash content from 2.60 to 2.52% crude protein 17.15 to 17.10%, whereas moisture increased from 66.06 to 67.11%, crude fiber from 0.58 to 0.65%. Coliform were not evident in the stored samples up to 30 days of storage, however psychrophyll count was found after 30 days of storage. The total psychrophillic count in control samples was 0.36 (log cfu/g) which increased to 0.81 (log cfu/g) with addition of 25% Sweet Corn paste.

6 tables, 32 ref