028640   SANTRA S, DAS A, DAS N S, CHATTOPADHYAY K K (Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata - 700 032, Email: kalyan_chattopadhyay@yahoo.com) : CuBO₂ nanonetwork: A novel and significant candidate for photocatalytic dye degradation. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(5), 128.

CuBO₂ is a novel material in the research field of transparent conducting oxide. In this study, CuBO₂ nanostructures have been synthesized via sol–gel method. The phase formation is confirmed using an X-ray diffractometer. Detailed morphological analysis is performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A novel uniform nanonetwork-like structure is obtained and its band gap is found to be 4.24 eV. In ultraviolet light irradiation, this as-synthesized sample shows efficient photocatalytic activity for degradation of organic dye Rhodamine B. The degradation efficiency and the rate constant were calculated as ∼70 % and 1.32 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹, respectively. This nanonetwork-like structure can be a potential candidate as the base material to attach various metals and metal oxide nanostructures to get highly efficient future photocatalysts. As a result, this study opens up a new gateway to fabricate novel environment-friendly nanocatalysts with high performance.

5 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

028632   OJHA K, BANERJEE S, SHARMA M, DAGAR P, GANGULI A K (Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali - 160 062, Email: ashok@chemistry.iitd.ac.in) : Synthesis of Chevrel phase (Cu_1.8Mo₆S₈) in composite with molybdenum carbide for hydrogen evolution reactions. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(5), 119.

Sustainable hydrogen generation from water electrolysis using renewable energy sources is the most promising pathway for future energy and hydrogen economy. Here, the Chevrel phase (Cu_1.8Mo₆S₈) was synthesized in composite with Mo₂C and good hydrogen evolution activity in acidic media has been demonstrated. Bundles of nanowires were formed in the templated synthesis route. The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. Detailed electrochemical analysis reveals that MCS-Cu50 composite exhibits higher hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with 71.4 mA cm⁻² current density at an overpotential of 400 mV. It requires 250 mV overpotential to produce 10 mA cm⁻² current density for HER.

7 illus, 31 ref

028626   MADHURI K P, JOHN N S (Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Jalahalli, Bangalore - 560 013, Email: jsneena@cens.res.in) : Metallophthalocyanine-nanofibre-based electrodes for electrochemical sensing of biomolecules. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(5), 118.

Metal phthalocyanines, possessing rich redox chemistry due to the presence of the central metal cation and pyrrolic nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle, are explored as electrochemical sensors. Nickel phthalocyanine nanofibres (NiPc NF) prepared by a simple chemical route are coated on a pencil graphite rod and the electrocatalytic performance of NiPc NF electrode is investigated for quantitative detection of ascorbic acid (AA) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution. The performance of NiPc NFs is shown to be superior to that of commercial NiPc and is attributed to the high electrochemically active surface area available for fibres. The electrode exhibits linearity for the detection over a wide concentration range of AA from 5.5μM to 5.2 mM. The detection limit for AA sensing with NiPc-NF-modified electrode is 1.5μM. The higher performance of NiPc fibres due to its nanostructure morphology may be utilized for the quantitative detection of other biomolecules.

8 illus, 24 ref

028624   LENIN R, DADWAL A, JOY P A (Physical and Materials Chemistry Div, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune - 411 008, Email: pa.joy@ncl.res.in) : Thermal conductivity studies on magnetite nanofluids coated with short-chain and long-chain fatty acid surfactants. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(5), 120.

The effect of the length of surfactant molecules on the surface of the nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is studied. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles of comparable sizes are stabilized with short-chain capric acid (C₉H₁₉COOH) and long-chain stearic acid (C₁₇H₃₅COOH) molecules. Thermal conductivity of the two surfactant-coated magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in toluene is measured as a function of the concentration of the particles in the fluids and in the presence of a magnetic field. Studies showed that the critical concentration for thermal conductivity enhancement is lower for stearic-acid-coated fluid as compared with the capric-acid-coated fluid. Comparable enhancement in the thermal conductivity is observed at higher concentrations of the particles. Relatively larger enhancement in the thermal conductivity is observed for the capric-acid-coated fluid in a magnetic field. The difference in the enhancement in the thermal conductivity, depending on the chain length of the surfactant, is explained in terms of the inter-particle magnetic interactions and formation of clusters.

7 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

028623   KUMARAVEL V, DAMODARAN K, GANDHI S, KRISHNAN U M (Chemistry Dep, SASTRA Deemed to be Univ, Thanjavur - 613 401, Email: umakrishnan@sastra.edu) : A hybrid system: MnO-incorporated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(5), 133.

The need for an alternative T₁ contrast enhancer for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been escalating owing to the toxicity profiles observed with the use of commercial contrast agents. Manganese oxide nanoparticles provide an optimal solution for the problem, as it is an endogenous co-factor for many enzymes in the biological system. In the present work, we have synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles encapsulated with manganese oxide nanoparticles as a positive contrast enhancer for MRI applications. Spherical magnetic MnO nanoparticles with divalent oxidation state were also synthesized and utilized as control to compare the efficiency of the nano-hybrid system. MRI showed higher contrast enhancement with the use of nano-hybrid and the relaxivity value for T₁-weighted imaging was calculated to be 2.6 mg ml⁻¹ s⁻¹. Also, the developed system was validated for its usefulness as a therapeutic system through adsorption studies. Therefore, the nano-hybrid has the potential to be a competent MRI contrast enhancer that could be used for theranostic applications.

13 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

028633   OLGUN U, GULFEN M (Chemistry Dep, Sakarya Univ, Sakarya, Turkey, Email: uolgun@sakarya.edu.tr) : Effects of mechanical roll-milling on electronic and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. Indian J Eng Mater Sci 2018, 25(5), 391-6.

In this study, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, electrical conductivity, band gap energy, particle size and morphology of prepared ZnO nanoparticles were examined after roll-milling process. A roll-milling process works with two rolls rotating at reverse directions and the ZnO powder goes through a narrow gap between these two cylindrical metal rolls. The roll-milling process was applied to the ZnO powder in several times by reducing the gap between the rotating cylinders. It was seen that the white color of the ZnO particles turned into yellow color. The UV-vis spectroscopy measurements showed that the absorption band of the ZnO particles shifted to the low energy wavelengths upon the roll-milling process. The band gap energy of the ZnO decreased from 3.10 eV to 2.68 eV. Also, it was observed that the electrical conductivity increased from 0.19 to 42.47 S/cm. Furthermore, the SEM and AFM measurements showed that the particle size of the ZnO decreased significantly and the particle morphology changed after the roll-milling process. It is concluded that the property changes in spectroscopy, electrical conductivity and band gap energy is due to the reduced particle size and the increase of the number of deformation defects in crystalline structure of ZnO particles.

7 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

028616   GOMES A, GHOSH S, SENGUPTA J, SAHA K, GOMES A (Physiology Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 009, Email: agomescu@gmail.com) : Nanotechnology in snake venom research- An overview. Indian J Exp Biol 2018, 56(10), 707-15.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the paradigm of today’s upcoming biological sciences through its applications in the field of biomedical research. One such promising aspect is by interfacing this modern technology with snake venom research. Snake venom is a valuable resource of bioactive molecules, which has shown efficient and promising contributions in biomedical research. The potentiality of merging these two unique fields lies in the approach of interfacing active bioactive molecules derived from snake venoms, which would yield better therapeutic molecules for future applications in terms of drug delivery, enhanced stability, reduced toxicity, bioavailability and targeted drug delivery. Available literature on nanoconjugation of snake venom bioactive molecules have suggest that these molecules have better therapeutic advantage in several fields of biomedical research viz., arthritis, cancer, etc. Another perspective in snake venom research could be green synthesis or herbal based synthesis of nanoparticles, which has shown enhanced effect in snake venom neutralizing capacity. Therefore, in terms of snake venom therapeutic potential and development of snake venom antidote, nanotechnology is a prodigious tool to be taken into serious consideration by the researchers. In this review, a comprehensive overview has been given on bridging nanoparticles with active biomolecules derived from snake venoms/herbs, current scientific evidences and records in this field, present trends and developments in nanotechnology in venom research along with future prospects in this arena. This may open new domains in snake venom research using nanotechnology in the near future.

2 tables, 64 ref

028651   THAMKE M V, BELDAR A, THAKKAR P, MURKUTE S, RANMARE V, HUDWEKAR A (Periodontology and Implantology Dep, MGV’s KBH Dental College and Hospital, Nashik, Maharashtra, Email: mitalithamke@ gmail.com) : Comparison of bacterial contamination and antibacterial efficacy in bristles of charcoal toothbrushes versus noncharcoal toothbrushes: A microbiological study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 463-7.

Charcoal toothbrushes have been marketed widely claiming lesser bacterial contamination owing to the presence of activated charcoal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination and antimicrobial efficacy of charcoal bristles compared to noncharcoal bristles in used toothbrushes. A total of 50 patients met inclusion criteria which were given standard brushing instructions on the use of a charcoal toothbrush and were asked to return the used brushes after 1 week of usage. After a washout period of 1‑week, the participants were then provided with noncharcoal toothbrush and given similar brushing instructions to both groups and were instructed to return the brush after another week of usage. Bristles of the used toothbrushes were sectioned and placed in a 5 ml of saline, and 0.1 ml was inoculated on blood agar plates, which were then placed in a gas pack jar for anaerobic culture. Colony forming units (CFU) were measured after 48 h of incubation. To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of charcoal bristles, the zone of inhibition was evaluated for charcoal versus noncharcoal after 24 h of incubation. Data collected were analyzed using a paired sample t‑test. The mean CFU count for noncharcoal bristles was almost double that of charcoal bristles. About 10 mm of the zone of inhibition was found around charcoal bristles as compared to 3 mm for noncharcoal bristles. This study shows the statistically significant difference in bacterial counts between bristle types and lower CFUs in the charcoal bristles compared with noncharcoal bristles, after 1 week of use. The zone of inhibition that was found around charcoal tooth bristles supported the antimicrobial properties of the charcoal toothbrush.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

028649   TELANG A, NARAYANA I H, MADHU K S, KALASAIAH D, RAMESH P, NAGARAJA S (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Ramaiah Applied Sciences Univ, Bengaluru - 560 054, Email: indiresha.hn@ gmail.com) : Effect of staining and bleaching on color stability and surface roughness of three resin composites: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 452-6.

This study evaluated the effect of staining and subsequent bleaching on the color stability and surface roughness of three resin composites. One hundred and eight customized plastic disks from a plastic mold with an outer diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 1.02 mm were fabricated. Samples were divided into three groups of 36 specimens each – Group I (Estelite® α – Supranano), Group II (Filtek™ Z250 XT – Nanohybrid), and Group III (Filtek™ P90–Silorane). Subsequently, baseline surface color and roughness values were tabulated using spectrophotometer and profilometer, respectively. The specimens were then subjected to staining with coffee and turmeric for a period of 3 h/day for 40 days and following this, bleaching of the samples was done using a bleaching agent carbamide peroxide gel 15 % for 8 h/day for 14 consecutive days. Estelite® α performed better by maintaining color stability with minimal roughness compared to Filtek™ P90 and Filtek™ Z250 XT. Turmeric had a greater potential to stain composites compared to coffee in all the groups.

2 tables, 23 ref

028628   NAIR N, JAMES B, DEVADATHAN A, JOHNY M K, MATHEW J, JACOB J (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Tiruvalla - 689 107, Email: minimolkjohny@ gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of antibiofilm efficacy of chitosan nanoparticle-and zinc oxide nanoparticle-incorporated calcium hydroxide-based sealer: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 434-9.

This study evaluated the antibiofilm efficacy of calcium hydroxide‑based sealer incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles (CS‑NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‑NPs) against two strains of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212, OG1RF). The materials tested were Apexit Plus sealer in the commercial unmodified form and two modified forms with CS‑NP and ZNO‑NP, respectively. Crystal violet assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) study were used to assess the bacterial viability of biofilms grown in wells of microtiter plate and glass slides, respectively. Two E. faecalis strains (ATCC 29212, OG1RF) were used for the study. The crystal violet assay done on E. faecalis strain ATCC 29212 showed a significant decrease in the optical density (OD) value with ZNO‑NP‑incorporated calcium hydroxide sealer when compared with CS‑NP. In the case of E. faecalis strain OG1RF, only ZNO‑NP‑incorporated calcium hydroxide‑based sealer showed reduction in the OD value. In CLSM study done on E. faecalis strain ATCC 29212, only ZNO‑NP‑incorporated calcium hydroxide‑based sealer showed reduction in the thickness of biofilm. No groups of OG1RF strain showed reduction in the thickness of biofilm. The incorporation of nanoparticles (ZnO and CS) into calcium hydroxide‑based sealers significantly enhances the antibiofilm efficiency against E. faecalis strain ATCC 29212 but has questionable effectiveness against E. faecalis strain OG1RF. The present study demonstrates that ZNO‑NP shows better antibiofilm efficacy than CS‑NP against both strains of E. faecalis.

3 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

028611   BHARDWAJ V A, DEEPIKA P C, BASAVARAJAIAH S (Periodontology Dep, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Univ, Mysore - 570 015, Email: vasundhra31@ gmail.com) : Zinc incorporated nano hydroxyapatite: A novel bone graft used for regeneration of intrabony defects. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 427-33.

To enhance the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite (HA), various ions have been incorporated into its porous structure such as zinc. Zinc has shown to have a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic cells. This study attempts to evaluate the efficacy of an indigenously prepared zinc incorporated nanohydroxyapatite (ZINH) bone graft in the treatment of intrabony defects. A split‑mouth study, which consists of 11 systemically healthy subjects with 45 sites, were randomly treated with ZINH or with nanoHA alone. Plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index, pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Bone probing depth (BPD) and radiographic parameters were assessed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Statistical analysis used was student’s t‑test and one‑way analysis of variance. At 12 months, PD and BPD reduction was more in test (4.37 ± 0.989 mm and 3.36 ± 0.446 mm) than control (2.81 ± 0.084 mm and 2.15 ± 0.159 mm). Gain in CAL for test (3.08 ± 0.148 mm) was higher than control (2.33 ± 0.278 mm). Furthermore amount and percentage of bone fill was higher in test (1.92 ± 0.702 mm, 54.7 ± 20.286, respectively) than control (1.38 ± 0.650 mm, 40.2 ± 20.972, respectively). Statistically significant improvements in all parameters were seen in the test sites at 12 months. ZINH bone graft can be considered as a prospective bone regenerative material.

3 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

028653   XU J, LIU X, HOU W, GUO H, YU L, ZHANG H (Yanshan Univ, Qinhuangdao- 066 004, Email: hqzhang@ysu.edu.cn) : Effect of solvent-vapour annealing on morphology, structure of copper(II) phthalocyanine thin films and device performance. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 111.

We investigate the molecular orientation transition and resulting morphology of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films induced by solvent–vapour annealing (SVA) in detail. Seven solvents are utilized to tune the morphology of CuPc thin films. The morphology, crystalline structure and optical properties of the CuPc active layer were investigated through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectrum, respectively. The result demonstrates that morphology and structure are depended on the type of solvents. The high crystallinity of the CuPc films with a larger grain size and less grain boundaries can be observed. As a result, the resistance of the conducting channel is decreased, leading to an improved performance of the organic field-effect transistor (OFET).

8 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

028654   XU Y, XIE D (Biomedical Engineering Dep, Indiana Univ, Indianapolis- 46202, United States, Email: dxie@iupui.edu) : Effect of (meth)acrylates on in situ visible light polymerization of dimethacrylamide. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 103.

This study reports in situ visible light copolymerization of a synthesized dimethacrylamide with the selected (meth)acrylates. The effects of these selected comonomers with different functional groups on the polymerization rate, degree of conversion, gel time and compressive strength were investigated. The results showed that in situ copolymerization of the dimethacrylamide with the comonomers having an electron-withdrawing and/or acrylate group could significantly increase the polymerization rate, degree of conversion and compressive strength. Contrarily, an electron-donating group on either carbon–carbon double bond or ester linkage could slow down the polymerization. In comparison, its methacrylate counterpart, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate-based system did not show a clear pattern. The formed H-bonds between (meth)acrylamide and organic acid groups may be responsible for higher compressive strengths. Within the limitation of this study, it is concluded that in situ polymerization of dimethacrylamide under visible light can be accelerated by copolymerization with monomers having electron-withdrawing and/or acrylate groups and vice versa.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

028634   PANDA S, BEHERA D, RATH P, BASTIA T K (KIIT Univ, Odisha- 751 024, Email: Shivkumaripanda@gmail.com) : Enhanced properties of UPE/ESOA partially bio-nanocomposites reinforced with chitosan functionalized graphene nanoplatelets: An innovative approach. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 102.

The current study deals with the successful development of chitosan-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (CS/GNPs) and their dispersion in the unsaturated polyester (UPE)/epoxidized soybean oil acrylate (ESOA) (80:20 w/w) blend system in different compositions of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt %. The resulting nanocomposite mixture was achieved by simple sonication method and pressed into a mould for fabrication of nanocomposite. The whole functionalization and nanocomposite preparation procedure were successfully tracked by FTIR, SEM and TEM. Nanocomposite with 0.5 wt % of CS/GNPs nanofiller has demonstrated it as the better candidate due to its optimum properties. Again for better comparison, a nanocomposite with 0.5 wt % raw GNPs was also fabricated and its properties were studied in detail. This relative study reported lower mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal and electrical conductivity values for 0.5 wt % raw GNPs than the corresponding CS/GNPs nanofiller-filled nanocomposites. Nanocomposite with 0.5 wt % CS/GNPs showed dramatic enhancement in mechanical, dynamic mechanical, thermal and electrical properties as well as reduced corrosion and swelling performance owing to the homogeneous distribution of nanofiller in the blend. Again, the nanocomposite showed the highest thermal and electrical conductivities with the best dielectric strength. Thus, the prepared nanocomposites with optimum nanofiller content might serve as partially biodegradable nanomaterial for applications in nanotechnology engineering, thermal applications, such as circuit boards and electrical applications, such as electronic packaging components, electromechanical devices and electric energy storage devices. This nanocomposite can also find their applications in different corrosive- and solvent-based environments.

14 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

028617   GORENINSKII S I, STANKEVICH K S, NEMOYKINA A L, BOLBASOV E N, TVERDOKHLEBOV S I, FILIMONOV V D (Experimental Physics Dep, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic Univ, Tomsk- 634 050, Russian Federation, Email: tverd@tpu.ru) : A first method for preparation of biodegradable fibrous scaffolds containing iodine on the fibre surfaces. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 100.

Fibrous electrospun scaffolds made of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were modified with iodine using ‘solvent/non-solvent’ treatment of the polymer through two-step process. At the first step, the scaffolds were treated with mixture of toluene and ethanol for pre-swelling of the fibre surfaces. Then, treated scaffolds were exposed to iodine vapours to entrap iodine on the polymer surface. Concentration of iodine in obtained materials was measured by means of UV-spectrophotometry. Morphology of the modified scaffolds was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Proposed modification had no significant effect on mechanical properties of the scaffolds and their morphologies. Obtained materials demonstrated the E. coli’s antimicrobial activity depending on iodine concentration.

7 illus, 18 ref

028637   ROMERO E C, BOTERO M G, TILLMANN W, OSORIO F B, GAITAN G B (Antioquia Univ, Medellín, Colombia, Email: gilberto.bejarano@udea.edu.co) : Influence of carbon content on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of CrAlCN coatings deposited by DC unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 97.

The influence of carbon content on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of CrAlCN was systematically investigated. For this purpose, five duplex coatings of CrAlCN deposited on AISI H13 steel by the magnetron-sputtering technique were developed. The carbon content of the coatings was varied between 10.26 and 80.56 at % by modifying the percentage of methane in the working gas mixture CH₄/(Ar + N₂). The effect of carbon content on the morphology, microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the CrAlCN coatings was evaluated. Coatings showed a high crystalline structure at low carbon contents, consisting mainly of chromium nitrides and aluminium–chromium nitrides. With the increase of carbon content in the coatings, chromium carbides formed at the expense of nitrides, presenting a highly amorphous structure with high carbon content. Initially, the hardness and Young’s modulus of the coatings increased with carbon content, possibly due to hardening of the interstitial solid solution of carbon within the matrix of CrAlN. Then, they were decreased along with the coefficient of friction and wear rate due to the self-lubricating effect of graphite-like carbon. However, above the 54.74 at % carbon, the wear rate of CrAlCN increased again, probably due to the low hardness and adhesion of the coating. The CrAlCN coating with a carbon content of 21.96 at % presented the best balance between mechanical and tribological properties.

8 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

028609   BAHROUNI Y, HAMDAOUI N, BENHAMADA L (Sousse Univ, Sousse, Tunisia, Email: bahrouni.yahya@yahoo.fr) : Synthesis and physico-chemical properties of a new non-centrosymmetric 2-ammoniumbenzamide trioxonitrate crystals [C₇H₉N₂O]NO₃. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 96.

2-Ammoniumbenzamide trioxonitrate crystals (2-ABN) were prepared and grown at room temperature. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with non-centrosymmetric P2₁2₁2₁ space group. The unit cell dimensions are a = 4.8900(9) Å, b = 9.5541(19) Å, c = 18.961(4) Å with V = 885.8(3) Å3 and Z = 4. The structure refined to a reliability R factor of 4.34 %. The 2-ABN structure consists of 2-ammoniumbenzamide cations (C₇H₉N₂O⁺) and trioxonitrate anions (NO₃^- ) interconnected by hydrogen bonds originating from amine group donors [N−H ··· O], so as to build a three-dimensional arrangement. The crystal structure, the thermal behaviour and the IR spectroscopic studies were discussed. The optical studies reveal that the 2-ABN crystal could be a good candidate for nonlinear optical devices. The dielectric properties, real and imaginary dielectric permittivities (ε$\text{'}$and ε$\text{'}\text{'}$) and dielectric loss tangent (tan (δ)), of the crystal at different frequencies of the applied field are reported.

9 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

028644   SINGH A, SINGH S (Biomedical Engineering Dep, D.C.R. Univ of Science & Technology, Sonipat- 131 039, Email: saravjeet.bme@dcrustm.org) : ZnO nanowire-coated hydrophobic surfaces for various biomedical applications. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 94.

Recently, hydrophobic surfaces are finding many applications in the field of biomedical. This study reports the simple and facile method of hydrophobization of various surfaces like glass, semiconductor and polymer, etc. used in biomedical field by using durable and water-resistant ZnO nanowires coating. The change in contact angle of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulated whole blood (EDTA-WB) on various substrates like; glass, quartz, Si and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) before and after ZnO nanowires coating is reported. It was observed that the different type of substrates show great variation in contact angle of EDTA-WB, before and after ZnO nanowires coating. The substrates which are generally hydrophilic for EDTA-WB become hydrophobic after ZnO nanowires coating. This surface-coating technique can be utilized in various biomedical applications, for example, in medical devices and surgical equipments coating, orthopaedic dressings, in-vivo implants and corrosion-resistance surfaces.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

028636   RAJ S V, RAJKUMAR M, SUNDARAM N M, KANDASWAMY A (Physics Dep, PSG Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore -641 014, Email: vmanirajkumar@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite/alumina ceramic nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Bull Mater Sci 2018, 41(4), 93.

In the present work, nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite/alumina (HAp−Al₂O₃) composite was prepared under specially designed stir-type hydrothermal reactor. The composite was prepared at two different temperatures under autogenous pressure and analysed for crystallinity, size, shape, composition and thermomechanical stability. The electron microscopy study shows the formation of HAp−Al₂O₃ composite nanorods with uniform distribution. The thermogravimetry analysis reveals better thermomechanical property with minimal weight loss at increased temperature. The effect of different concentrations of HAp−Al₂O₃ composite powders against MG63 human osteosarcoma cell lines shows excellent compatibility (80 %) at high concentration of 200 μg ml⁻¹. These studies facilitate the formation of biocompatible HAp−Al₂O₃ composite nanorods for biomedical applications.

8 illus, 31 ref

028645   SINGH V, SINGH S (CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi- 110 012, Email: sukhvirster@gmail.com) : Surface studies of a 2400-year old corrosion resistant ancient Indian iron artifact. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 396-9.

Surface morphology and chemical analysis of 2400 year old sickle-blade excavated in early 1940s from the ancient city Hastinapur, Uttar Pradesh, India has been carried out. The discovery of sickle blade is important archaeological evidence that demonstrates the effective role of iron in agricultural operations. Despite being buried over 2300 years, the blade has survived in good condition. Hence it became essential to determine its fabrication technique and corrosion behavior. The study is carried out in order to investigate the corrosion behavior of this ancient Indian iron. Detailed analysis of the characterization results revealed the valuable information about the production technology of the associated culture. The sickle blade is analyzed by using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and x-ray diffractometer (XRD). Characterization results lead to the fact that the sickle blade shows heterogeneous microstructure consisting of ferrite, widmanstätten and pearlite structures which is typical of ancient Indian wrought iron produced by bloomery process. Relatively high amount of Phosphorous has been observed which may be responsible for the corrosion resistance behavior of sickle blade. The study reveal the valuable information about the technology and the materials used in the development of iron-based artifacts in India during the ancient.

5 illus, 16 ref

028622   KUMAR T E M, SARITHA S R, SHAMSHUDDIN S Z M, VASANTHA V T, PRATAP S R (Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore, Email: em_es@rediffmail.com) : Synthesis of salicylate esters over cordierite honeycomb monoliths coated with zirconia based solid acids in vapour phase. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 390-5.

Solid acid catalysts such as ZrO₂, Mo(VI)/ ZrO₂, Pt-SO₄^2-/ ZrO₂ has been coated on honeycomb monoliths and characterized for their physico-chemical properties such as total surface acidity by NH₃-TPD, crystalinity by powder XRD, functionality by FT-IR and morphology by SEM techniques. These solid acid catalytic materials are employed in the vapor phase transesterification of methyl salicylate with different  alcohols. The catalytic property of these solid acids has been correlated with their physico-chemical properties. These catalytic materials are found to be very efficient in the transesterification reaction with up to ~98 % yield of the desired transester. Reaction conditions are optimized to get highest possible yield of the desired transester.

4 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

028621   KUMAR P N, SAKTHIVEL K, BALASUBRAMANIAN V, SENGOTTAIYAN D, SURESH J (Physics Dep, SNS Coll of Technology, Coimbatore, TamilNadu, Email: naresh_pnk@yahoo.co.in) : Microwave assisted green synthesis of ZnO nanorods for dye sensitized solar cell application. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 383-9.

The rod shaped ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized for the first time in a biological process using Colocasia esculenta tuber extract. Moreover, the synthesized nanoparticles have been exposed to microwave irradiation followed by annealing at 400 °C. Subsequently, the FESEM and TEM images shows rod shaped morphology of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles. In addition the XRD studies reveal that the prepared ZnO nanoparticles exhibit wurtzite phase with average particle size of 13.4 nm. The Tauc plot drawn with UV-Vis spectroscopy data confirms the band gap energy of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles as 3.12 eV. The synthesized nanoparticle is used as a photoanode in dye sensitized solar cell for the first time. The photoanodes is sensitized using natural dyes prepared from the fruit extract of Terminalia catappa, flower extracts of Callistemon citrinus and leaf extracts of Euphorbia pulcherrima and solar cell was fabricated. Its efficiency is found to be in the range of 1.29 % to 1.60 %.

6 illus, 34 ref

028607   ABKENAR S D (Chemistry Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Mazandar, Iran, Email: dehghan54@yahoo.com) : Fast and efficient removal of acid Brown 214 from aqueous media by adsorption onto fluorene functionalized nanoporous SBA-15. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 376-82.

Fluorene functionalized nanoporous  SBA-15 has been used as a novel solid phase adsorbent for removal of acid brown 214 from water solution. SBA-15 grafted with N-(4- (trimethylsilyl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-9-amine has been synthesized according to procedure in the literature. Structural properties of the prepared materials have been characterized by FT-IR, Raman spectrum, TGA, and XRD analyses and nitrogen physisorption isotherms. Dye removal using adsorption requires a proper study to determine its optimal performance characteristics. In this study, the effects of pH, the amount of adsorbent, contact time and dye concentration on adsorption were determined in order to find the optimum adsorption conditions. The data fits well to the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacities 454.5 mg/g for Acid Brown 214 under pH=4. Also the adsorption kinetics parameters have been studied and evaluated. Adsorption of acid brown214 on fluorene functionalized nanoporous SBA-15 reached equilibrium after 5 min and follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Desorption process of the adsorbed dye is also investigated.

3 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

028648   SWETHA G, GOPI T, SHEKAR S C, RAMKRISHNA C, SAINI B, KRISHNA R, ANIDHA A (Defence R&D Establishment, Gwalior- 474 002, Email: sridarac@yahoo.com) : Application of pressure swing adsorption technology combined with 13X molecular sieves for the regenerative air cleaning systems with a dimethyl sulfide as a contaminant. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 353-60.

The use of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system in the air cleaning technology for the application of regenerative air cleaning systems, which have wide applications in the defence sector has been reported. For this, a test procedure has been established and is elucidated for air purification using dimethyl sulfide (DMS) as a contaminant with 13X molecular sieves as the adsorbent at 4 kg/cm². The dynamic adsorption capacities of 13X molecular sieves for DMS decreases from 14 to0.3 wt % by increasing the flow rate from 3 to 15 lpm at 25 °C, and at 4 kg/cm². The flow rate and contact time are optimized as 6.5 lpm and 5.8 s, respectively for a selected PSA system. No DMS break through has been observed in 80 hr of continuous operation at an average feed concentration of 130 ppm. The 13X molecular sieves are further characterized by BET-SA, FT-IR, XRD and TPD. The TPD data reveal that the regeneration of 13X molecular sieves can be effectively achieved at ~180 °C. The PSA system combined with 13X molecular sieves appears to be the promising technology for regenerative air purification applications and specific to the reduced sulfur compounds.

7 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

028615   GAURH P, PRAMANIK H (Chemical Engineering & Technology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi- 221 005, Email: hpramanik.che@itbhu.ac.in) : Production and characterization of pyrolysis oil using waste polyethylene in a semi batch reactor. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 336-44.

Plastic waste, polyethylene has been used as a feed stock for the production of valuable hydrocarbons via thermal pyrolysis. The thermal pyrolysis of waste polyethylene has been investigated in a specially designed semi batch reactor with L/D ratio of 1.2. Polyethylene sample of 50 g is used as feed using different reaction temperatures from 500-800 °C. The reaction time of 30 min is maintained irrespective of variation in other experimental conditions. The pyrolysis oil are characterized using API gravity, flash and fire point, calorific value, carbon residue, proximate analysis, ASTM distillation and GC-FID, The maximum liquid yield of 72.6 % is obtained at a temperature of 800 °C, whereas the liquid yield was 61.5 % at the temperature of 500 °C. Though the liquid yield is maximum at 800 °C, the pyrolysis oil solidifies at 32 °C, which indicates higher paraffins are more. The solid char produced was minimum (9.4 wt %) at 800 °C and it was maximum  (20.44 wt. %) at 500 °C. There is minor change in gaseous hydrocarbon yield irrespective of pyrolysis temperature. The liquid yield obtained at 700 °C exhibit the properties similar to commercial diesel with boiling point range 270-320 °C i.e., similar to beyond 50 % distillate recovery as tested in ASTM D86. GC-FID tests of pyrolysis oil (700 °C) gives comparable GC characteristics of commercial diesel.

6 illus, 8 tables, 23 ref

028635   PATHAK P D, SINGH P, MANDAVGANE S A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology., Nagpur- 440 010, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : Ultrasound-assisted removal of brilliant green from aqueous solution using banana and jackfruit peels. Indian J Chem Technol 2018, 25(4), 324-35.

The potential use of banana (BP) and jackfruit peel (JFP) as eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbents for removal of brilliant green (BG) dye from waste water in the presence of ultrasonic field has been studied. Batch process has been used for adsorption kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. Results show that the amount of BG adsorbed and the rate of adsorption increased in presence of ultrasonic field. The adsorption of BG onto BP and JFP is fast (equilibrium time for the adsorption is about 25 min) and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm shows the best fit for the adsorption of BG onto BP, where as both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms show best fit for the adsorption of BG onto JFP (R²=0.99). The maximum adsorption capacities calculated using the Langmuir isotherm are 21.74 and 31.25 mg/g at 313 K for BP and JFP, respectively. The ΔG values are negative at all operating temperatures, confirming that the adsorption of BG is spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable. The positive value of ΔS suggests the increased randomness at the adsorbate–adsorbent interface. Overall, our study suggests that BP and JFP can be used as an ecofriendly and low-cost agro-material for removal of BG dye from aqueous solutions.

5 illus, 7 tables, 32 ref

027413   KUMAR P, SETHI S, SHARMA R R, SRIVASTAV M, SINGH D, VARGHESE E (Food Science and Postharvest Technology Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi - 110 012, Email: docsethi@gmail.com) : Edible coatings influence the cold-storage life and quality of 'Santa Rosa' plum (Prunus salicina Lindell). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2344-50.

Plum is a perishable fruit with a very short shelf life of 3–4 days. Several studies have suggested the possible use of edible coatings on maintaining quality and prolonging storage life of fresh horticultural produce. Hence, different edible coatings, namely, lac-based (2:3), Semperfresh^TM (1:3) and Niprofresh® (1:5) were selected to observe their efficacy on quality retention of ‘Santa Rosa’ plums. The effects of these coatings on the physical, physiological and biochemical attributes were studied under cold storage conditions (2 ± 1 $°$C and 85–90 % relative humidity). Our results revealed that all the coatings, especially the lac-based significantly reduced the weight loss and maintained higher firmness throughout the storage period. These surface coatings modified the respiration and ethylene rates of the plums and slowed down their metabolism as shown by the retention of texture of the tissue and delayed colour development. At the end of 35 days of cold storage, lac-based coating helped to retain nearly 55 % higher fruit firmness and 21 % higher antioxidant activity in fruits as compared to uncoated ones. However, the changes in total anthocyanin content were found to be suppressed by 13 % in lac-based coated fruits. Overall, the results suggested that lac-based coating of plum fruits was most effective to extend the storage life of ‘Santa Rosa’ plums over other coatings and uncoated fruits under low temperature storage conditions.

1 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

027412   PENG F, XU P, ZHAO B Y, ZONG M H, LOU W Y (South China Univ of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China, Email: wylou@scut.edu.cn) : The application of deep eutectic solvent on the extraction and in vitro antioxidant activity of rutin from Sophora japonica bud. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2326-33.

The extraction conditions and antioxidant activities of rutin from Sophora japonica bud by deep eutectic solvents were investigated. Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction conditions and the scavenging activities of DPPH, O^2- and$·$OH of purified rutin were evaluated. The highest yield of 279.8 mg/g was achieved in the extraction medium of choline chloride/triethlene glycol (1/4) under the optimum conditions: water content of the DES 18.1 %, extraction time 28.3 min, extraction temperature 70 $°$C and liquid–solid ratio 10 mg/ 1 g. The highest extraction amount was slightly different from the predicted value of the established second-order polynomial equation. In addition, The EC₅₀ of DPPH scavenging, O^2- scavenging and$·$OH scavenging of rutin were 5.68 $\mu$g/mL, 0.19 and 0.28 mg/mL, respectively. The above results indicate rutin extracted by the choline chloride/triethylene glycol has excellent antioxidant activity and was an admirable free radical scavenger.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

027411   AKKAYA M R (Food Engineering Dep, Adana Science and Technology Univ, 01250 Adana, Turkey, Email: mrakkaya@adanabtu.edu.tr) : Prediction of fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2318-25.

This study was performed in order to evaluate efficiency of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the determination of fatty acid composition ratio of sunflower seeds and to compare performance of calibration methods. Calibration equations were developed using modified partial least squares (MPLS) and partial least squares (PLS) regression methods. Ninety-three sunflower seed varieties were from test field of East Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute. In order to determine the reference fatty acid values needed to construct calibration in NIRS analysis, sunflower seed samples were analyzed by gas chromatography method. Coefficients of determination (R²) in calibration were developed using MPLS and PLS as follows: for palmitic acid 0.706–0.664, for stearic acid 0.615–0.654, for oleic acid 0.996–0.994, for linoleic acid 0.995–0.994, for arachidic acid 0.768–0.643, for linolenic acid 0.818–0.763, for behenic acid 0.891–0.776, for eicosapentaenoic 0.933–0.892, for unsaturated fatty acid 0.837–0.890 and for saturated fatty acid 0.837–0.890 respectively. The results showed that NIRS was a reliable technique that can be used as a tool for rapid pre-screening of fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

027410   CHEN Y P, LIANG C H, WU T H, PANG H Y, CHEN C, WANG G H, CHAN L P (Xiamen Medical Coll, Fujian, China, Email: wgh@xmmc.edu.cn) : Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of collagen peptides from milkfish (Chanos chanos) scales. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2310-7.

Milkfish (Chanos chanos), which is resistant to water quality changes is the fourth largest aquaculture commodity. Abandoned wastes of fish scale and bones aggravate environmental pollution. In this study, the effect of collagen peptides isolated from milkfish scales (MSCP) by pepsin-soluble collagen method on cell viability was investigated. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA-protective activities of MSCP were also evaluated. Results revealed that more than 95 % of viable cells were retained in human keratinocytes after addition of 100 mg/ mL MSCP. Measurement of DPPH$·$and ABTS$·$$+$ radical scavenging activities and cellular reactive oxygen species revealed the high antioxidant activities of MSCP. MSCP demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities by reducing lipoxygenase activity and nitric oxide (NO$·$) radicals. Moreover, DNA electrophoresis assay indicated that MSCP treatment can directly protect against cyclobutane dipyrimidine production and DNA single-strand breaks, which are harmful effects of UV radiation and H₂O₂. Given its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA-protective activities, MSCP has potential applications in cosmeceuticals and supplementary health food.

5 illus, 36 ref

027409   KHATKAR A B, KAUR A, KHATKAR S K, MEHTA N (Food Science & Technology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana - 141 004, Email: abkhatkar@gmail.com) : Optimization of processing time, amplitude and concentration for ultrasound-assisted modification of whey protein using response surface methodology. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2298-309.

Response surface methodology was used to optimize processing variable for ultrasound-assisted modification of whey protein. The process was optimized employing Box–Behnken Design with three independent variables i.e. amplitude (20–40 %), time (10–20 min) and concentration (10–15 %). A second order model was employed to generate response surfaces. Experimental results revealed that analyzed model solutions exhibited the significant influence on various responses signified that the applied statistical model fitted well. The optimized independent variables were found to be 19.77 min time, 20.02 % amplitude and 12.78 % concentration of feed. The modified whey protein had the solubility, 78.52 %; heat stability, 1076.19 s; water solubility index, 92.30 %; water holding capacity, 0.469; oil absorption capacity, 1.709; foaming capacity 92.27; foam stability, 27.71 and firmness, 1692.09 g. Analytical response revealed that solubility of modified whey protein exhibited significant positive correlation with water solubility index, emulsion stability index and firmness.

1 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

027408   GARCIA-TEJEDA Y V, SALINAS-MORENO Y, BARRERA-FIGUEROA V, MARTINEZ-BUSTOS F (Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecn, Queretaro, Mexico, Email: fmartinez@cinvestav.mx) : Preparation and characterization of octenyl succinylated normal and waxy starches of maize as encapsulating agents for anthocyanins by spray-drying. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2279-87.

The encapsulation by spray drying of maize anthocyanins was evaluated using two types of wall materials, consisting of normal and waxy maize starch, which were esterified with octenyl succinic anhydride. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that SWMS possessed a completely amorphous, while SNMS had a crystalline structure. SNMS showed peaks at 2θ = 13.1$°$, 19.8$°$ and 22.4$°$. The results revealed that SNMS and SWMS had almost the same encapsulation productivity (EP); SNMS showed the best performance because its EP was higher (95 %) than in SWMS (90 %). The stability of microcapsules produced with SNMS showed the highest anthocyanin retention after storage in the water activity (a_w) range of 0.11–0.94 at 40 $°$C.

3 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

027407   WEI M, WANG S, GU P, OUYANG X, LIU S, LI Y, ZHANG B, ZHU B (Food Science Dep, Beijing Forestry Univ, Beijing- 100 083, China, Email: zhubaoqing@bjfu.edu.cn) : Comparison of physicochemical indexes, amino acids, phenolic compounds and volatile compounds in bog bilberry juice fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum under different pH conditions. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2240-50.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strains on quality improvement of bog bilberry juice. Bog bilberry juice with different pH conditions was fermented by Lactobacillus B7 or C8-1 strain. Physicochemical index, amino acids, phenolic compounds, and volatiles of these fermented juices were compared. Results indicated that Lactobacillus plantarum strains preferred to metabolize malic acid and reducing sugar in non-pH-adjusted juice (NJ, pH 2.65), whereas quinic and citric acids were largely consumed in pH-adjusted juice (AJ, pH 3.50). Shikimic acid and aromatic amino acids were significantly accumulated in pH-adjusted juice, and phenolic compounds in both juices were significantly reduced. These strains enhanced the composition and concentration of volatiles compounds in non-pH-adjusted juice and improved the floral and fruity flavors. However, concentration and complexity of volatiles were reduced in pH-adjusted juices.

5 tables, 36 ref

027406   MONEGO M A, KIPPER D K, PELLEGRINI L G D, PELLEGRINI L G D, ROMAN S S, KUBOTA E H, PRESTES R C, MELLO R D O (Federal Univ of Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Email: magdaamonego@gmail.com) : Physicochemical, technological and sensory properties of hamburger made with meat from lambs fed on whole cottonseed. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2230-9.

The physicochemical composition and the technological and sensory properties of hamburgers made with meat from Ile de France lambs fed on different levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %) of whole cottonseed were studied. The addition of whole cottonseed to the lambs’ diets decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the lamb meat and altered the physicochemical characteristics of the hamburgers, which were characterised by low lipid (y^ = 4:27), cholesterol (y^ = 75:15) and caloric content (y^ = 122:04). The results regarding cooking characteristics were directly related to the microscopic observations regarding the hamburgers; the more cohesive structures exhibited better performance after cooking, with increased cooking yield and moisture retention, and decreased cooking loss. The levels of whole cottonseed did not influence the texture profile, but they negatively affected the acceptability of the hamburgers, since as the levels of cotton seedlings increased, the scores for the sensorial attributes decreased. Thus, a maximum inclusion of 16.7 % of whole cottonseed in the dry matter of the diet of lambs is recommended.

1 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

027405   NATH P, KALE S J, KAUR C, CHAUHAN O P (ICAR-Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering and Technology, Punjab - 152 116, Email: prernanath3185@gmail.com) : Phytonutrient composition, antioxidant activity and acceptability of muffins incorporated with red capsicum pomace powder. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2208-19.

Enzymatic liquefaction (EL) ensures fast extraction and enhanced recovery of bioactives from red capsicum along with reduced degradation of these compounds remained in the pomace. Hence, red capsicum pomace obtained as byproduct after EL was freeze dried to produce capsicum pomace powder (CP). CP had almost 80 % of bioactives (total carotenoids 91.23 ± 2.35 mg/ 100 g) and antioxidant activity (DPPH 1.61 ± 0.12 $\mu$mol TE/g) compared to fresh pomace. CP was further used to develop muffins. Different concentrations (2–10 %) of CP were mixed in wheat flour for preparation of muffins. Wheat flour was fortified with CP at different levels (2–10 %) and subsequently, effect of CP fortification on height, texture, bioactives and sensory quality of muffins was observed. CP fortification improved the quality in terms of color, flavor and texture. During storage, hardness values (34.42–32.56 N) showed decreasing trend with increase in CP content. Overall, 6 % CP fortification was found most acceptable without causing significant change in porosity and crust uniformity of fortified muffins. Thus, present study demonstrated that fortification of muffins with 6% CP as functional ingredient offers an opportunity to develop quality muffins with enhanced antioxidant activity (DPPH 13.04 ± 0.02 $\mu$mol TE/g) and total carotenoids (3.46 ± 2.41 mg/100 g).

2 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

027404   AKHBARI M, MASOUM S, AGHABABAEI F, HAMEDI S (Shahid Beheshti Univ, Kashan, Iran, Email: se_hamedi@sbu.ac.ir) : Optimization of microwave assisted extraction of essential oils from Iranian Rosmarinus officinalis L. using RSM. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2197-207.

In this study, the efficiencies of conventional hydro-distillation and novel microwave hydro-distillation methods in extraction of essential oil from Rosemary officinalis leaves have been compared. In order to attain the best yield and also highest quality of the essential oil in the microwave assisted method, the optimal values of operating parameters such as extraction time, microwave irradiation power and water volume to plant mass ratio were investigated using central composite design under response surface methodology. Optimal conditions for obtaining the maximum extraction yield in the microwave assisted method were predicted as follows: extraction time of 85 min, microwave power of 888 W, and water volume to plant mass ratio of 0.5 ml/g. The extraction yield at these predicted conditions was computed as 0.7756 %. The qualities of the obtained essential oils under designed experiments were optimized based on total contents of four major compounds (α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor and verbenone) which determined by gas chromatography equipped with mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). The highest essential oil quality (55.87 %) was obtained at extraction time of 68 min; microwave irradiation power of 700 W; and water volume to plant mass ratio of zero.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

027403   ILAME S A, SINGH S V (Chemical Engineering and Technology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Uttar Pradesh - 221 005, Email: satyavirsingh59@rediffmail.com) : Physico-chemical properties of ultrafiltered kinnow (mandarin) fruit juice. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2189-96.

Kinnow fruit juice was clarified with ultrafiltration hollow fiber membrane module with cross flow. The surface modified polysulfone based membrane having MWCO 10, 30 and 44 kDa (three cartridges) were used in these studies. The transmembrane pressure drop, cross flow rate and operating condition effects on the quality of the juice have been analyzed. The quality of clarified kinnow fruit juice were evaluated in terms of pH, viscosity, vitamin C, conductivity, total sugar, titratable acidity, TSS, protein, polyphenol, naringin, pectin, pulp content and organoleptic test. The results showed that the membrane with molecular weight cut off 30 kDa was best membrane among the three membranes. The juice could be stored for at least 60 days without any additive.

1 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

027402   VUKIC D V, VUKIC V R, MILANOVIC S D, ILICIC M D, KANURI K G (Novi Sad Univ, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia, Email: dajana@tf.uns.ac.rs) : Modeling of rheological characteristics of the fermented dairy products obtained by novel and traditional starter cultures. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2180-8.

Tree different fermented dairy products obtained by conventional and non-conventional starter cultures were investigated in this paper. Textural and rheological characteristics as well as chemical composition during 21 days of storage were analysed and subsequent data processing was performed by principal component analysis. The analysis of samples‘ flow behaviour was focused on their time dependent properties. Parameters of Power law model described flow behaviour of samples depended on used starter culture and days of storage. The Power law model was applied successfully to describe the flow of the fermented milk, which had characteristics of shear thinning and non-Newtonian fluid behaviour.

3 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

027401   MOKBLI S, SBIHI H M, NEHDI I A, ROMDHANI-YOUNES M, TAN C P, AI-RESAYES S I (Chemistry Dep, King Saud Univ, Riyadh 1145, Saudi Arabia, Email: hmsbihi@ksu.edu.sa) : Characteristics of Chamaerops humilis L. var. humilis seed oil and study of the oxidative stability by blending with soybean oil. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2170-9.

Herein we examine the characteristics of date seed oil extracted from Chamaerops humilis L. var. humilis seeds (HSO) cultivated in a gardening zone in Tunisia. Its physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, and thermal and antioxidant properties were evaluated and compared with those of seed oil from another variety of Chamaerops humilis. The results showed that HSO possessed higher contents of oleic (44 %) and linoleic (20 %) acids than the other seed oil. The total tocopherol and tocotrienol content was 88 mg/100 g oil, where $\alpha$-tocotrienol (64 %) was the major isomer. The total phenolic (91 $\mu$g/g oil) and flavonoid contents (18 $\mu$g/g oil) of the HSO were determined, and its antioxidant capacities, measured in terms of ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging capacities, were 210 $\mu$M TEAC/g DW and 4.3 mM TEAC/ g DW, respectively. The oxidative stability index (OSI) of the oil was 16 h at 110 $°$C. Furthermore, the OSI of soybean oil was significantly enhanced upon blending with HSO. HSO exhibited higher thermal stability than the other oils and significantly different thermal behavior. The determination of fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive content, oxidative stability, and thermal behavior of HSO demonstrated that this renewable resource can be used for edible purposes.

2 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

027400   DADWAL V, AGRAWAL H, SONKHLA K, JOSHI R, GUPTA M (CSIR Institute of Himalayan Bioresource, Himachal Pradesh - 176 061, Email: robinjoshi@ihbt.res.in) : Characterization of phenolics, amino acids, fatty acids and antioxidant activity in pulp and seeds of high altitude Himalayan crab apple fruits (Malus baccata). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2160-9.

Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables have achieved immense significance owing to the increasing evidence which signifying their activity for antioxidant and prevention of chronic diseases. The amount of phloretin (88.39 lg $\mu$g^-1 ) and phloridzin (83.03 lg $\mu$g^-1 ) were found to be higher among other phenolics determined using UPLC. DPPH, ABTS^$+$, metal chelating and OH radical assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Malus baccata pulp portion showed higher antioxidant activity than seed portion. HPLC analysis for free amino acids showed that serine (9.06 lg $\mu$g^-1 ), alanine (8.03 lg $\mu$g^-1 ), tyrosine (10.33 lg $\mu$g^-1 ), and cysteine (76.86 lg $\mu$g^-1 ) were only detected in pulp portion while seed comprised of histidine (3.96 lg $\mu$g^-1 ) only. Seed portion was also determined for their fatty acid composition including palmitic acid (0.89 %), ethyl palmitate (0.56 %), methyl petroselinate (0.90 %) and linolein (3.93 %) using GC–MS analysis. HPAEC technique detected fructose and sucrose in a fair amount of 21 and 17.3 mg g^-1 in pulp, while 9.4 and 4.24 mg g^-1 in seed portion, respectively. The present study suggested that M. baccata fruit is a rich source of phenolic and other chemical components which can be used in food products and nutraceutical formulations.

4 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

027399   WEI X, SHAO X, WEI Y, CHEONG C, PAN C, TU K (Food Science and Engineering Dep, Ningbo Univ, China, Email: shaoxingfeng@nbu.edu.cn) : Rapid detection of adulterated peony seed oil by electronic nose. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2152-9.

Peony seed oil has recently been introduced as a high-quality food oil. Because the high price of peony seed oil may tempt unscrupulous merchants to dilute it with cheaper substitutes, a rapid detection method for likely adulterants is required. In this study, the fatty acid composition of peony seed oil and four less expensive edible oils (soybean oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and rapeseed oil) were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Peony oil adulterated by other edible oils was assessed using iodine values to estimate the extent of adulteration. Adulteration was also measured using an electronic nose (E-nose) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) or linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Results indicated that peony seed oil was highly enriched in $\alpha$linolenic acid. Although the iodine value can be used to detect some adulterants by measuring unsaturation, it was not able to detect all four potential adulterants. In contrast, the E-nose can rapidly identify adulterated peony seed oil by sampling vapor. Data analyses using PCA and LDA show that LDA more effectively clusters the data, discriminates between pure and adulterated oil, and can detect adulteration at the 10 % level. E-nose combined with LDA suitable for detection of peony seed oil adulteration.

4 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

027398   LIO F, CASTELLANO A M, ZAMMIT-MANGION M, FARRUGIA C (Chemistry Dep, Malta Univ, Msida MSD2030, Malta, Email: claude.farrugia@um.edu.mt) : Application of fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometric models for the detection of vegetable oil adulterants in Maltese virgin olive oils. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2143-51.

Fluorescence spectrometry, combined with principle component analysis, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and artificial neural network (ANN), was applied for the analysis of Maltese extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) adulterated by blending with vegetable oil (corn oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, or sunflower oil). The novel results showed that adjusted PLSR models based on synchronised spectra for detecting the % amount of EVOO in vegetable oil blends had a lower root mean square error (0.02–6.27 %) and higher R² (0.983–1.000) value than those observed when using PLSR on the whole spectrum. This study also highlights the use of ANN as an alternative chemometric tool for the detection of olive oil adulteration. The performance of the model generated by the ANN is highly dependent both on the type of data input and the mode of cross validation; for spectral data which had a variable importance plot value >0.8 the excluded row cross validation was more appropriate while for complete spectral analysis k-fold or CV-10 was more appropriate.

3 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

027396   LIU H, ZHENG J, LIU P, ZENG F (Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou- 730 000, Email: zengfk@licp.cas.cn) : Pulverizing processes affect the chemical quality and thermal property of black, white, and green pepper (Piper nigrum L.). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2130-42.

In this study, the effects of different pulverizing methods on the chemical attributes and thermal properties of black, white and green pepper were evaluated. Cryogenic grinding minimally damaged the lipid, moisture, crude protein, starch, non-volatile ether extract, piperine, essential oil and the typical pepper essential oil compounds of the spices. The pulverizing methods and storage significantly affected the compositions of the fatty acid in the peppers, except for palmitic acid and lignoceric acid. The amino acid contents and the thermo-gravimetric analysis curve were hardly influenced by the grinding techniques. The use of cryogenic grinding to prepare pepper ensured the highest quality of pepper products. Regardless of grinding technique, the values of moisture, piperine, unsaturated fatty acids, essential oil, monoterpenes, and the absolute concentrations of typical pepper essential oil constituents (except caryophyllene oxide) decreased, whereas the amino acid, lipid, protein, starch, and nonvolatile ether extract content as well as the thermal properties were insignificantly changed after storage at 4 $°$C for 6 months.

2 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

027395   RAO D V S, SHIVASHANKARA K S (Harvest Technology and Agricultural Engineering Div, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore - 560 089, Email: sudhadvrao@gmail.com) : Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the extension of storage life and quality maintenance of pomegranate (cv. 'Bhagwa') at ambient and low temperatures. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2103-13.

Pomegranates (cv. ‘Bhagwa’) packed in four semi-permeable films (Cryovac BDF-2001, D-955, RD106 and normal LDPE) were stored at ambient temperature (25–30 °C, 60–70 % RH) and low temperature (8 °C, 80–85 % RH) to study the effect of modified atmosphere (MA) packaging on storage life extension and quality maintenance. O₂ and CO₂ levels generated inside MA packs differed significantly with the film type wherein extremely high CO₂ (> 70 %) and low O₂ (1 % or less) were observed in BDF film during 3 weeks at ambient temperature and 3 months at 8 °C. Moderate O₂ (3–8 %) and CO₂ (7–11 %) were maintained in D-955 film, whereas very high O₂ (18–20 %) and low CO₂ (2–4 %) were maintained in RD906 film. Significantly low weight loss of 0.73 and 0.52 % was observed in MA packed (D-955) fruits after 3 weeks at ambient and 3 months at 8 °C respectively compared to 19.0 and 17.8 % in non-packed fruits. Fruits packed in D-955 film also retained original peel colour (L*, h° and C*), whereas colour was adversely affected in fruits packed in low permeable BDF film. MA packaging maintained peel thickness and peel moisture, significantly higher than non-packed fruits at both temperatures. TSS, acidity, sugars, antioxidants and sensory qualities were better in D-955 and LDPE packed fruits at both ambient and 8 °C storage, whereas quality was adversely affected in BDF film packed fruits. MA packed (D-955 and LDPE) fruits had less spoilage up to 3 weeks at ambient (5.5 and 8.3 %) and 3 months at 8 °C (2.8 and 9.7 %). Quality got deteriorated by 4 weeks at ambient temperature and 4 months at 8 °C with enhanced spoilage. Pomegranate fruits cv. ‘Bhagwa’ can thus be stored safely for 3 weeks at ambient and 3 months at 8 °C storage by MA packaging in D-955 or LDPE film with least weight loss and maintenance of nutritional quality.

2 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

027394   GOMES W F, FRANCA F R M, DENADAI M, ANDRADE J K S, OLIVEIRA E M D S, BRITO E S D, RODRIGUES S, NARAIN N (Federal Univ of Sergipe, SE 49100-000, Brazil, Email: narendra.narain@gmail.com) : Effect of freeze- and spray-drying on physico-chemical characteristics, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of papaya pulp. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2095-102.

The effect of freeze- and spray-drying on physico-chemical characteristics, phenolics compounds and antioxidant activity of papaya pulp was investigated. The frozen pulp was freeze dried at - 62 $°$C during 48 h. Papaya pulp with 14 % DE maltodextrin was also dried in a spray dryer. The organic acids, sugars, color, total soluble solids, pH, carotenoids, phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant capacity values were determined. The changes in color, pH and lycopene were negligible. However, lower retention (86.5 %) of vitamin C and sugars (glucose—79.7 % and fructose—66.1 %) was observed in spray dried products. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds were identified and quantified in dried papaya products by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Spray dried products presented a higher retention of phenolic and flavonoid compounds compared to the freeze dried products. Despite some variations in the parameters studied, the use of freeze- and spray-drying has proven viable options for the drying of papaya pulp.

1 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

027393   NAIK M M, NAIK S P, DUBEY S K, BHAT C, CHARYA L S (Microbiology Dep, Goa Univ, Taleigao Plateau 403 206, Goa, Email: milindnaik4@gmail.com) : Enhanced exopolysaccharide production and biofilm forming ability in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus sciuri isolated from dairy in response to acyl homoserine lactone (AHL). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2087-94.

Staphylococcus sciuri is an emerging human pathogen widely found in dairy industries. In this study, we have isolated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus sp. from biofilm formed on utensil used in the dairy society situated at Raia, Goa and was designated as NN14. The isolate NN14 was identified through 16S rRNA sequencing as S. sciuri (GenBank accession number MF621976). This report reveals that the S. sciuri strain NN14 responds positively to the, acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) having 6-carbon long acyl chain i.e. N-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone molecule (C₆-HSL) with gradual rise in their biofilm establishing potential as the concentration of AHL was increased from 250 nM, 500 nM to 1 $\mu$M when compared to control (without C6-HSL) by performing crystal violet assay using 48 well microtiter plate. Also, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was found to increase with gradual increase in C₆-HSL concentration from 250 nM, 500 nM to 1 $\mu$M proving potential role of EPS in biofilm formation. These results were further proved by scanning electron microscopy where increased in biofilm and EPS production with increase in C₆-HSL concentration was observed. The biofilm forming capability of S. sciuri strain NN14 was found to decreased significantly when it was subjected to 10 $\mu$g/ml of (R)-2-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1- yl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, however with the addition of 250 and 500 nM, C6-HSL in presence of the antimicrobial compound (R)-2-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1- yl)-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, the biofilm development in bacterial strain NN14 was increased when compared with control. Our results demonstrated that the C6-HSL molecule neutralize the effect of antibacterial compound and enhances EPS production and biofilm development in S. sciuri.

3 illus, 30 ref

027392   CARVALHO M, RUIZ-CARRASCAL J (Food Science Dep, Copenhagen Univ, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark, Email: jorgeruiz@food.ku.dk) : Improving crunchiness and crispness of fried squid rings through innovative tempura coatings: addition of alcohol and CO₂ incubation. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2068-78.

This study aimed to determine the effect of different uncommon tempura formulations (incubated with CO₂ and with added ethanol) on physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of fried coated squids, immediately after frying and also after 48 h of refrigeration storage and subsequent oven reheating. Ethanol addition led to lower levels of moisture and higher of fat in the fried coating, regardless the use of CO₂. There were no difference in instrumental colour parameters among all four battered samples. Ethanol added tempuras showed higher crispness and lower maximum force than their water counterparts in an instrumental texture evaluation. Fried squids coated with ethanol added tempuras were rated as crispier and crunchier, even after 2 days of storage and further reheating. Overall, partial substitution of water by ethanol appears as an interesting strategy to increase crispness in tempura coated fried products, especially when the products are stored and reheated before consumption.

1 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

027391   PARDIO V T, FLORES A, LOPEZ K M, MARTINEZ D I, MARQUEZ O, WALISZEWSKI K N (Veracruzana Univ, Veracruz, Mexico, Email: mopri02@yahoo.com.mx) : Effect of endogenous and exogenous enzymatic treatment of green vanilla beans on extraction of vanillin and main aromatic compounds. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2059-67.

Endogenous and exogenous enzymatic hydrolysis carried out to obtain vanilla extracts with higher concentrations of vanillin using green vanilla beans. Sequences initiated with freezing of green vanilla beans at - 1 $°C$ for 24 h, followed by endogenous hydrolysis under optimal $\beta$glucosidase activity at 4.2 and 35 $°$C for 96 h, exogenous hydrolysis with Crystalzyme PML-MX at pH 5.0 and 40 $°$C for 72 h, and ethanol extraction at 40 % (v v^-1 ) for 30 days. In the proposed method, 200 g of fresh green vanilla beans with 84 % moisture (32 g dry base) were used to obtain a liter of single fold vanilla extract. This method allowed the release of 82.57 % of the theoretically available vanillin from its precursor glucovanillin with 5.78 g 100 g^-1 green vanilla beans (dry base). Vanillic acid, $\rho$hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillyl alcohol were also released and found in commercial and enzymatic extracts. Glucovanillin was detected in commercial and traditional extracts but was absent in enzymatic extracts, indicating incomplete hydrolysis during the curing process. An in vitro assay was conducted to determine if the presence of peroxidase during hydrolysis might affect overall vanillin concentration. Results showed that POD can use vanillin as a substrate under conditions similar to those in which hydrolysis was conducted (pH 5.0 and 50 $°$C), possibly explaining why vanillin concentration was not complete at the end of the process.

5 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

027390   LOVERA N N, RAMALLO L, SALVADORI V O (Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo en Criotecnologia de Alimentos, Argentina, Email: vosalvad@ing.unlp.edu.ar) : Effects of different freezing methods on calcium enriched papaya (Carica papaya L.). J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2039-47.

The effect of calcium impregnation on drip loss, colour, mechanical properties, sensory perception and freezing time on frozen-thawed papaya was studied, evaluating different freezing methods: cryogenic, tunnel and household freezer freezing. Osmotic dehydration as pretreatment was also evaluated. Freezing in liquid nitrogen was considered an inappropriate method for papaya preservation due to cracking. Calcium impregnation and osmotic dehydration increased tissue firmness and decreased freezing time (freezing time for fresh, calcium impregnated and osmo-dehydrated fruit was 23, 17 and 5 min in a tunnel and 118, 83 and 60 min in a household freezer, respectively). Calcium lactate was the most effective way to protect tissue’s firmness before and after a freeze-thaw cycle (maximum stress values approx. 300–400 % of the raw tissue for tunnel freezing and 260 % for household freezer). Microstructure analysis showed better tissue integrity retention in papaya samples impregnated with calcium lactate than in those with calcium gluconate, after a freezing–thawing cycle, in agreement with the drip loss results. In spite of these results, consumers preferred frozen papaya without pre-treatment or impregnated with calcium gluconate.

2 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

027389   VLASSI E, VLACHOS P, KORMAROS M (National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece, Email: vlassi.helena@gmail.com) : Effect of ozonation on table grapes preservation in cold storage. J Food Sci Technol 2018, 55(6), 2031-8.

Table grapes artificially inoculated with B. Cinerea were tested under four different ozonation strategies in order to achieve prolongation of table grapes’ shelflife time. Decay incidence, external disease appearance, number of infected grapes, weight loss and a variety of quality parameters such as sugars and proteins content were checked after every 3 days. No significant alteration of table grapes quality characteristics was observed after their exposure to ozone atmosphere. Moreover, the low ozone dosage process (0.3 ppm) caused sufficient restriction of fruit decay due to fungal contamination and secured a 40-days-period of storage time. However, the observed weight loss was somewhat higher on the treated samples compared to the untreated ones. From technical and economical point of view the low dosage (0.3 ppm) ozonation process on a daily basis combined with the cold storage appears to a very promising method for table grapes preservation.

1 illus, 1 table, 29 ref