002498   ZHENG X, LIU Y, ZHANG N, HOU J, ZHAO G, FANG Y (Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 200235, People’s Republic of China, Email: yfliu@mail.sitp.ac.cn) : Fabrication of Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ thin film solar cell devices based on printable nano-ink. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(2), 68.

Cu2ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) as a promising light-absorber material has been extensively applied in photovoltaic solar cells due to its huge absorption coefficient (∼10⁴ cm⁻¹) and optimal bandgap (∼1.5 eV). In this study, stable and printable CZTS nano-ink was acquired by dispersing CZTS nanocrystals (NCs) in organic solutions. The kesterite CZTS NCs possess uniform size and good crystallinity. The Raman peak of CZTS is located at 330 cm⁻¹, which illustrates that the NCs consist of single-phase CZTS without any impurities. The as-prepared CZTS nano-ink was in turn spin-coated onto the Mo substrate to obtain the desired CZTS thin films under the conditions of anti-vacuum. The compact and dense CZTSSe absorbers were acquired by sulphuring and selenizing the as-prepared thin films. The band gap of the photovoltaic absorber materials is 1.2 eV after incorporating Se into the photovoltaic thin films. Finally, the CZTSSe photovoltaic thin film device, whose power conversion efficiency was 1.40 ± 0.14 %, was prepared by this easy and green method.

8 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

002466   HU Y, GUO X, PEI Y, WANG X, XIE Q, CHEN N (Guilin Univ of Technology, Guilin 541004, People’s Republic of China, Email: cnc@glut.edu.cn) : Zeolite X with potassium diformate as a sustained-release antibacterial agent. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(2), 66.

A reaction of 800 mesh stellerite and a concentration of 15 % hydrochloric acid in a solid to liquid ratio of 1:3 was carried out for 2 h at 80^◦C. Most of its impurities were removed. It can be used as precursors for the preparation of high quality zeolite. Zeolite X which is octahedral crystal shape as cube, 96 % of the degree of crystallinity has been synthesized hydrothermally from n(SiO₂/Al₂O₃) = 3, n(Na₂O/SiO₂) = 1.14 and n(H₂O/Na₂O) = 37 by controlling reaction temperature and time. The synthesis included zeolite X as carriers, chitosan as intermediates, a mass ratio of zeolite X:chitosan:potassium diformate=3:1:2 in weight for 2 h at 40^◦C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed hydrogen bond formation by the chitosan amino hydrogen, potassium diformate oxygen and zeolite X oxygen or hydrogen bond formation by free hydroxyl group of zeolite X and oxygen of chitosan’s C–O, indicating effective grafting. Zeolite X sustained-release antibacterial agent was prepared with an inhibition rate of 78.16 % by the antibacterial.

7 illus, 18 ref

002483   RAJ L F A A, SHANMUGAPRIYA R, JESLIN J (Biotechnology Dep, St. Joseph’s Coll of Engineering, Chennai - 600 119, Tamil Nadu, Email: anandlfa@yahoo.co.in) : Biosynthesis of cellulose microfibre from peanut shell for the preparation of bio-nanocomposite films for food-packaging application. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(2), 63.

Synthetic petroleum-based products are normally used for food-packaging application which results in environmental pollution. This creates a need to develop biodegradable polymer and polymer-based films to maintain the stability of packed materials for a defined period of time that will overcome the drawbacks of the synthetic petroleum based packaging system. The current work is focussed on evaluating the potential of cellulose agar bio-nanocomposite films in food packaging application. The physical and mechanical properties such as its tensile strength (TS), Young’s modulus (YM) and elongation at break (E) were found to be increased on loading with cellulose microfibre (CMF). TS is found to be increased from 38.8 ± 3.2 to 49.4 ± 4.3 and there is about 6% increase in the elongation at break. Similarly, CMF films exhibit 54 ± 0.2% water solubility, 1.304 opacity and 1.71 ± 0.07 GPa, respectively. Also, the bionanocomposite film showed less swelling property and an increase in soil degradation rate, enabling it to be applied in food packaging.

7 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

002489   SEILKHANOVA G A, IMANGALIYEVA A N, MASTAI Y, RAKHYM A B (Al-Farabi Kazakh National Univ, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan, Email: g_seilkhanova@mail.ru) : Bentonite polymer composite for water purification. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(2), 60.

A polyethylene glycol (PEG)–bentonite (BT) composite was prepared by direct polymerization of PEG in suspensions of BT. Based on detailed analyses using field-effect scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, surface area measurements and chemical methods, the obtained product was mainly composed of Ca-BT with a specific surface area of 4.13 m² g⁻¹. The optimal conditions for adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions were found to be a PEG content of 0.1 % and a contact time of 60 min. The sorption experiments were performed under various operating variables, including polymer concentration, pH and temperature. For both Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, the adsorption equilibrium was described by the Freundlich model, which confirmed the presence of a heterogeneous system with irregular filling of the active centres. The maximum sorption capacities of BT–PEG for removal of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were found to be 22 and 18 mg g⁻¹, respectively. The rate constants calculated for the sorption of Pb²+ and Cd²⁺ were 6.29 and 6.67 g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively, at 25^◦C. This study shows that the obtained sorbents based on BT may be used for treatment of waste water and could help resolve environmental protection issues.

9 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

002478   NAZARI M, KASHANIAN S, MALEKI N, SHAHABADI N (Razi Univ, Kermanshah 67149, Iran, Email: kashanian_s@yahoo.com) : Laccase immobilized onto graphene oxide nanosheets and electrodeposited gold–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide complex to fabricate a novel catechol biosensor. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(2), 51.

In this study, a new biosensor is developed with reliable and easy-to-use biodevice properties for catechol determination in real samples. A method is proposed for the fabrication of biosensors to sense catechol based on the adsorption method of laccase immobilization. Hence, a glassy carbon electrode was modified via graphene oxide nanosheets and then it was modified with a gold–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide nanocomposite to adsorb and immobilize laccase on the electrode surface. The results showed laccase immobilization onto the reformed glassy carbon electrode, and a direct electron transfer reaction between laccase and the electrode. The mechanism of electron transferring was EC$\text{'}$. Also, k_s and α were calculated as 0.41 s⁻¹ and 0.33, respectively. For this biosensor two linear ranges, 0.1 × 10⁻⁶ to 5 × 10⁻⁶ M and 16.7 × 10⁻⁶ to 166 × 10⁻⁶ M, and a detection limit of 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ M were obtained.

9 illus, 3 tables, 50 ref

002487   SALUNKE S, YADAV K C, KADAM S (Food Process Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of microwave drying on drying and quality characteristics of banana chips. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2031-6.

Banana chips were dehydrated using microwave energy at different power levels (20W, 40W, 60W and 80W). Dried samples were evaluated for drying parameters and quality attributes, viz. rehydration ratio, color, and microbial load. It was found that the increase in power level, decreases the drying time to react emc level. Minimum drying time of 19 min at 80W, whereas maximum drying time 45min was at 40W. Maximum Rehydration ratio was observed at 40W, lower Rehydration ratio was observed for both control and pretreated sample at 20W and 80W. The packaged (LDPE) banana chips was microbiologically safe upto 90 days in FSSAI norm. Page, Henderson and pabis, lewis, Wang sing, Peleg model more validated. Lowest RMSE value was observed in Peleg model followed by Lewis model. Pretreated sample shared lower L value (34.19, 30.07, 37.82, 45.82) than control sample (39.06, 28.88, 48.51, 47.17) whereas fresh banana (70.86) at 20W, 40W, 60W, 80W. Pretreated sample shared A value (7.39, 5.65, 5.91, 9.34) than control sample 7.28, 2.52, 10.33, 8.87) whereas fresh banana (4.56) at 20W, 40W, 60W, 80W. Pretreated sample shared lower B value (24.1, 21.66, 26.55, 30.14) than control sample (28.85, 15.08, 37.94, 36.99) whereas fresh banana (32.24) at 20W, 40W, 60W, 80W respectively.

4 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

002494   TIWARI R K, TIWARI S, TIWARI P K, SHARMA B (Food Processing and Technology Dep, Bilaspur Univ, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh) : Studies on the physico-chemical characteristics of traditional fermented rice (Basi). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1627-31.

Present study was carried out to prepare a traditional fermented rice (Basi). The Basi is consumed as a breakfast by the ethnic people of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh from many past decades. Basi is prepared by the natural fermentation of cooked rice with addition of water (1:3) in an earthenware pot. The physico-chemical composition of Basi were analyzed for three different fermentation time, T₁ (8 h fermentation), T₂ (10 h fermentation) and T₃ (12 h fermentation), beside control with cooked rice (T₀). The fermentation was performed at room temperature for 8, 10 and 12 h. The fat content in Basi was higher in control sample (T₀) and lower in T₃ sample. The T₃ sample of Basi was found to have increased protein and micronutrients contents as compared to T₀ sample. After overnight fermentation of T₃ sample, the carbohydrate content and pH were decreased. The Basi have higher amount of micronutrients as compared to cooked rice. Earlier it has been consumed by the ethnic people of Chhattisgarh, but now a days it have been found that it has been consumed by almost all the groups of the peoples as it is more palatable due to fermentation and also have enhanced mineral contents. As Basi is the rich source of some essential nutrients, it can also help in control of malnutrition.

3 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

002467   JAMAGONDI L N, KATTE A S, RUMANE M B, MIRZA N N, SONTAKKE S S, KALE A R, PATHAN M A (Pharmaceutics Dep, D.S.T.S. Mandal’s Coll of Pharmacy, Solapur, Maharashtra) : Development and evaluation of herbal hair dye formulation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1363-5.

Conventional methods of hair dyeing involve use of chemicals that result in unpleasant untoward effects which include irritation, breakage of hair, skin discoloration and cancer. Marketed hair colors containing crude plant powders require processing prior to use, which is inconvenient to the consumer and these products also have poor rinsability. Hence, there was a need to develop a formulation of hair dye with colour extract from plant source which is ready to use with good rinsability. In the context of above objective, the attempt was made to formulate a gel for hair dye containing herbal extract and other additives from plant source. Five different formulations were prepared and formulation G5 was found to be most optimized formulation with the most promising results on hair color.

3 tables, 7 ref

002497   YALLAPPA D, MATHAD P F, NIDONI U K, GURURAJ T, ROOPABAI R S, AMBRISH S G, KENCHAPPA C (Processing and Food Engineering Dep, Agricultural Engineering Coll, Raichur Karnataka) : Performance evaluation of pedal operated flour mill with multi-applications. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1250-4.

The flour mill was developed and evaluated for its performance to make Flour, Rawa (Sooji) and Dhal. The flour mill was evaluated for its performance by selecting different grains such as rice, maize, sorghum and pigeon pea. The clearance between the stones was set as per the requirement. The clearance for making dhal was set (7 mm).The highest yield recovery of flour, rava and dhal was obtained at 3, 5 and 7mm of clearance respectively. The average grinding capacity of developed mill was in the range of 2.0 to 3.0 kg/h for making fine flour. The average capacity of the mill for de-husking of pigeon pea was found to be 8.5 to 10.0 kg/h and for rawa 6.6 – 8.5 kg/h. The maximum dhal recovery (60 %) was achieved at apedal speed of 70 rpm and at clearance of 7mm between the two grinding stones. The estimated production cost of developed flour mill was Rs. 5900/- and the cost operation was found to be ₹. 2.50, 2.00, 0.75 and 1.00 per kg of sorghum flour, wheat rava, rice rawa and dhal respectively. The machine can also be used for other useful purposes such as for radio, charging the mobile and lighting the CFL bulb of 18 W etc.

10 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

002458   BALA K, BARMANRAY A (Food Technology Div, G. J. U. S & T, Hisar, Haryana) : Functional group analysis of lyophilized pulp and seed powder of Phalsa (Grewia asiatica). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 873-8.

Phalsa (Grewia asiatica) is an indigenous, underutilized, edible fruit of the family Tiliaceae which possess huge nutritional potential and great medicinal value. In the present study, an attempt has been made to establish the preliminary FT-IR profile of pulp and seed powder of phalsa fruit subjected to drying in lyophilizer. Lyophilized fruit powder (seed & pulp) were analysed in mid infrared region of FT-IR spectroscopy for functional group identification. Resulted IR spectrum revealed the presence of various functional groups viz: alcohol, alkanes, alkenes, alkyne, aldehyde, ketone, primary amine, carboxyl group, alkyl halide, halogen, bioactive fraction and aromatic rings in both the samples. Functional groups commonly present in the pulp and seed of fruit indicates similar uses of both portions in food and medicinal applications. This investigation will provide a basic database on preliminary information of chemical constituents and their scope for further study.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

002484   RAMADEVI B, BATTU G (Sri Venkateswara Coll of Pharmacy, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh) : A holistic approach for formulation and evaluation of poly herbal shampoos. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 829-35.

The study aimed to formulate a pure herbal shampoo and to evaluate and compare its physico-chemical properties with the marketed synthetic and herbal shampoos. The herbal shampoo was formulated by addition of extracts in different concentrations of Azadiracta indica, Annona squamosa, Citrus sinensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Sapindus mukorossi in different proportions to a 10 % aqueous gelatin solution. Small amount of methyl paraben was added as a preservative and pH was adjusted with citric acid. Several tests such as visual inspection, pH, wetting time, % of solid contents, foam volume and stability, detergency, dirt dispersion, skin and eye irritation tests and anti-head lice activity, etc. were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of both prepared and marketed shampoos. Polyherbal shampoo was clear and appearing. It showed good cleansing and detergency, small bubble size and marketed shampoos showed comparable results for 5 solid contents also. Compared to synthetic shampoos formulated polyherbal shampoos showed maximum paralysis or death time. When concentration increased, paralysis time decreased. The results indicated that the formulated shampoo is having excellent anti-head lice activity at par with commercially available shampoo. Death time of f3 formulation showed maximum effect on paralyse of human lice and cattle lice with in less duration in 18 minutes, 95 % of lice killed. Saponin containing reeta used as a shampoo base and control death time period is 60 minutes. So, further research and development is required to improve its quality & safety.

8 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

002496   WADMARE V B, GADHE K S, SHRAVAN R, JOSHI M M (Food Process Technology Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra - 431 402) : Studies on development and organoleptic evaluation of noodles incorporated with broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) powder. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 826-8.

The study was conducted to develop noodles incorporated with broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) powder. Broccoli powder was prepared by drying broccoli florets in cabinet dryer at 50 °C for 4-5 hr. Broccoli is rich source of protein, dietary fiber, calcium and iron. Noodles were prepared by using refined wheat flour, broccoli powder, eggs, salt etc. The broccoli powder was incorporated in noodles in different proportions with sample coding as control, BN1, BN2, BN3 and BN4 with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 % respectively. Sensory evaluation revealed that sample BN2 was superior among all the samples. From the present investigation it was concluded that noodles prepared with incorporation of broccoli powder having good nutritional and sensory quality attributes. It was also concluded that sample BN2 got highest score for overall acceptability and it was taken for further analysis.

2 tables, 11 ref

002486   SAKHARE K S, SAWATE A R, KSHIRSAGAR R B, TAUR A T (Food Engineering Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Studies on technology development, organoleptic evaluation and proximate composition of beetroot candy by using different sweeteners. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 766-9.

In the present investigation, the technology is developed to standardize the process for preparation of beetroot candy. The fresh beetroot and prepared candy were analyzed for chemical and organoleptic properties. The raw fresh beetroot were peeled, cut into cubes, the cubes were steam blanched and syruping is carried out by using sugar, sucralose and sorbitol in different proportions. The raw beetroot found to contained moisture (85.56) percent, protein (1.41) percent, fat (0.21) percent, carbohydrate (9.05) per cent, ash (1.18) percent, fiber (2.2) percent and betalain content (291 mg/100g) respectively. The sample T₀, _T4 and T₆ was found to be organoleptically significant over other candies.

1 illus, 5 tables, 18 ref

002491   SHAREEF M, KSHIRSAGAR R B, SAWATE A R, ZUBAIR S, WAGHAYE S Y, PATIL B M, NISAR M (Food Engineering Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Studies on physicochemical characteristics of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) PODS. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 433-5.

Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) is one of the world’s most nutritious crop and is one the most popular vegetables grown throughout India. It has helped mankind in combating malnutrition in children and increase immunity. It is a multi function plant cultivated in the tropics around the world for high protein, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrate content. The Moringa oleifera pods having average weight of pod (70.5 g), average weight of 100 pod (7061 gm), average length of pod (47.5 cm), width of pod (5.3 cm), number of seeds/pod 15 and weight (43.1 g)/100 seed. The moisture content of Moringa oleifera pods was 84.01 ± 2 per cent, total ash content was found to be 2.94 ± 0.02 per cent. The crude protein, Crude fiber and fat content were 3.4 ± 0.50, 5.1 ± 0.70 and 0.1 ± 0.002 per cent respectively. The potassium content of Moringa oleifera pods was 248 ± 9 mg/100 g. From the research it was concluded that the Moringa oleifera pods having very good nutritional value and having good source of nutrition.

3 tables, 17 ref

002482   RAI S, POONIA A (Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Formulation and characterization of edible films from pea starch and casein. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 317-21.

The aim of the study was to developed edible film from pea starch and casein with good physical, mechanical and water vapour permeability properties. The films were prepared from dissolving of 5 % pea starch and casein in different ratios 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 3:1 into the water with Glycerol (2.5 %) and were analysed for determine its physical and mechanical properties. The film from starch/casein ratio 1:3 was better in film thickness (0.204 mm), solubility (52.72 %), tensile strength (20.9 MPa), elongation at break (9.7 %) and water vapour permeability (12.09 g m^-1s ^-1Pa^-1). Increasing concentrations of casein was cause high moisture content in film with higher transparency. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectrum and X-ray diffraction of T₂ sample was showed smooth surface without any fracture, interaction between of hydroxyl and amino group of pea starch / casein and revealed an amorphouscrystalline structure of film, respectively.

3 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

002460   DESHMUKH N M, SAWATE A R, KSHIRSAGAR R B, DESAI G B, PATIL B M (Food Engineering Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Studies on preparation and proximate composition of aonla and Aloe vera nectar with stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) as a sugar substitute. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 26-32.

The experiment was conducted to standardization of the suitable ratio of sugar and stevia for the preparation of low calorie aonla and Aloe vera nectar using stevia as an sugar substitute and observed their proximate composition. The prepared nectars were organoleptic ally evaluated by adopting 9 point hedonic rating scale. Among the different sugar-stevia ratios, nectar prepared by using 50 per cent stevia+ 50 per cent sugar was found to be the best on overall sensory score. Best nectar stored in glass bottles and proximate composition steviosides, protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber, reducing sugar, ash, total soluble solids, acidity, minerals, vitamins. According to the organoleptic score, the aonla and Aloe vera 50 per cent stevia+ 50 per cent sugar nectar was found to be acceptable with good appearance, flavour, taste and overall acceptability.

7 tables, 18 ref

002499   ZOU N, WEI X, ZONG Z, LI X, WANG Z, WANG X (China Univ of Mining and Technology, Jiangsu, China, Email: wei_xianyong@163.com) : A novel enzymatic biosensor for detection of intracellular hydrogen peroxide based on 1-aminopyrene and reduced graphene oxides. J Chem Sci 2019, 131(4), 28.

An electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) detection was established using 1- aminopyrene (AP) as a linker between horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and reduced graphene oxides (rGO) modified glassy carbon electrode. The AP can combine with HRP via a covalent bond and combine with rGO via π-π conjugation. The covalent bond linkages can prevent the enzymes leaching of the enzymes and the π-π conjugate combination can facilitate electrons transfer, which plays synergistic effects to improve the performance of this sensor. The electrochemical activity of the HRP-AP/rGO was described by cyclic voltammetry, alternating current impedance and amperometric techniques. Under the optimal conditions, the biosensor showed a wide linear range from 1.5 μM to 28.5 μM and a low detection limit of 0.5 μM with good stability and high selectivity, confirming that the sensor is well-suited for the detection of H₂O₂ during biological processes.

8 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

002477   MAZUMDAR P, DAS A, DAS U K (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: abiskritas@gmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of microleakage of three different direct restorative materials (silver amalgam, glass ionomer cement, cention n), in class ii restorations using stereomicroscope: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(2), 277-81.

The aim of the study is to compare the microleakage of three different direct restorative materials (amalgam [AA], glass ionomer cements [GICs], and Cention N [CN]) in Class II restorations using stereomicroscope. A standardized Class II cavity preparation was made involving the proximal and occlusal surfaces. All prepared samples were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups, with 10 teeth each according to the restoration material used: Group I‑AA; Group II‑GICs; and Group III‑CN. The restored teeth were stored for 24 h in distilled water and thermocycled for 500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell time of 30 s in each bath. Samples were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 h. The teeth were sectioned along the mesiodistal direction. The dye penetration of the occlusal and gingival margins of each section was evaluated independently by the observer using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis revealed lower microleakage scores in GIC and CN. Higher microleakage was observed in Group AA. Mean microleakage score of Group‑I (AA) was the highest of all groups. Mean microleakage score of Group‑III (CN) was the lowest of all groups. As per the critical differences (CD), the mean microleakage score of Group‑III CN) was significantly lower than that of Group‑I (AA), Group‑II (GIC) (P < 0.01). There is no significant difference between the mean microleakage score of Group‑I (AA) and Group‑II (GIC). Out of all the restorative materials, CN a newer restorative material displayed minimum microleakage compared to AA and GICs.

7 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

002471   KASSEM M A, SHABOURY K M E, MOHAMED A I (Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Dep, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt, Email: alaa081866@miuegypt.edu.eg) : Application of central composite design for the development and evaluation of chitosan-based colontargeted microspheres and in vitro characterization. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 354-64.

pH-sensitive colon-targeted microspheres loaded with dicyclomine hydrochloride were prepared using both emulsion crosslinking and solvent evaporation techniques to retard the release of dicyclomine in the upper gastrointestinal tract and to deliver it directly to colon. Several factors were used to evaluate the product, Eudragit RS100-coated chitosan-based microspheres, such as production yield, entrapment effi ciency, and cumulative drug release. Three factorial central composite design was applied to examine the effect of the independent variables, concentrations of chitosan, Tween 80, and Eudragit RS100 on the physicochemical properties of the microspheres. Design-Expert software was used to design fi fteen formulations during this study and the quadratic model was best fi tted with the response data. In vitro dissolution studies proved that the release of dicyclomine hydrochloride from the microspheres fi ts Korsmeyer-Peppas model. F1, F10 and F12 exhibited best patterns of dicyclomine hydrochloride release with negligible drug release at pH 1.2, and maximum drug release at pH 7.4, indicating their ability to target the colon.

5 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

002456   ASHVINI H M, BALLA A, MUTTA S K (Pharmaceutics Dep, Acharya & B M Reddy Coll of Pharmacy, Bengaluru - 560 107, Email: ashviniherimatha@gmail.com) : Clarithromycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterisation and antibacterial activity on Streptococcus pneumonia. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 302-8.

Clarithromycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumonia. Infrared and differential scanning calorimetry studies ruled out any possibility of interaction between clarithromycin and excipients used. Formulations were prepared using ionic gelation method. From the results, it was found that percent entrapment efficiency of formulations ranged between 12.1 ± .67 to 59.45 ± 4.05 %, particle size between 155.31 ± 23.36 to 360.05 ± 26.06 nm with narrow size distributions except F1, F2, F3 and zeta potential between +11.96 ± 0.5 to +26.83 ± 0.4 mV. The in vitro drug release was found to be good with 75.1 ± 1.01, 72.4 ± 2.14, 68.1 ± 1.96 and 65 ± 1.52 % release for F4, F5, F6 and F7, respectively. From the results of kinetic studies, formulations were found to be more linear towards Higuchi model with R² value ranging from 0.843 to 0.964 indicating that drug release mechanism by diffusion and n value of Korsemeyer-Peppas plot was found to be less 0.5 indicating Fickian diffusion. In vitro antibacterial activity was performed against Streptococcus pneumonia. Their minimum inhibition concentration values of F4 and F5 was 1/4th and 1/2nd of minimum inhibition concentration of clarithromycin. Results of in vitro antibacterial studies showed that, the clarithromycin nanoparticles have more antibacterial property than intact drug.

5 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

002495   VU L, NGUYEN D, NGUYEN T H K (Biotechnology Dep, Vietnam National Univ, Hanoi, Vietnam, Email: nhktu@hcmiu.edu.vn) : Studies on tinidazole delivery from nano-sized minicells originated from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 234-40.

This study reported the ability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides VTCC B-871 to produce nano-sized minicells for the delivery of tinidazole to improve permeation through mice intestinal membrane. Using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, morphology of minicells while loading the drug was observed. Minicells did not change spherical shape and size (400 nm) over the time kept in buffered saline gelatin containing tinidazole. Based on Box-Behnken design, the optimal conditions were selected for actual encapsulation. Minicells could encapsulate tinidazole approximately to 90 % as determined by high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Maximum concentration of tinidazole released from minicells was 70 % at pH 3.4 and 55 % at pH 7.2, respectively. Absorption of tinidazole from minicells was quantified in mice. Tinidazole could be absorbed faster from the minicells than tinidazole alone in fed mice upon oral administration. The study demonstrated that the absorption of water-insoluble tinidazole with food could be improved by Leuconostoc minicells.

5 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

002493   TANTHANUCH S, KUKIATTRAKOON B (Conservative Dentistry Dep, Prince of Songkla Univ, Songkhla, Thailand, Email: boonlert.k@psu.ac.th) : The effect of curing time by conventional quartz tungsten halogens and new light‑emitting diodes light curing units on degree of conversion and microhardness of a nanohybrid resin composite. J Conserv Dent 2019, 22(2), 196-200.

Little is known about the relationship between the minimal light‑curing time required for proper polymerization on various quartz–tungsten–halogen (QTH) and light‑emitting diode (LED) light‑curing units that have different light intensities. To evaluate the effects of curing time by QTH and LED light‑curing units on the degree of conversion (DoC) and surface microhardness of a nanohybrid resin composite. Experimental design. One hundred and twenty cylindrical specimens (4.0 mm in diameter, 2.0 mm thick) of shade A2 resin composite were prepared and polymerized with either QTHs or LEDs for 20 and 40 s. The DoC and the top and bottom surface microhardness were recorded. Two‑way analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and the t‑test (α = 0.05) were used. Surface microhardness and DoC values were affected by light intensity and curing time (P < 0.05). In terms of microhardness and DoC, LED groups gave significantly more values than QTH groups (P < 0.05). Curing time affected surface microhardness and DoC values of a nanohybrid resin composite in both conventional QTH and new LED light‑curing units.

2 tables, 21 ref

002465   HALKAI K R, MUDDA J A, SHIVANNA V, PATIL V, RATHOD V, HALKAI R (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, HKE’s SN Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, Email: drkiranhalkai@gmail.com) : Cytotoxicity evaluation of fungal‑derived silver nanoparticles on human gingival fibroblast cell line: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2019, 22(2), 160-3.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been proposed as effective antimicrobial agents against endo– perio pathogens. Determination of cytotoxicity is important for effective clinical use. The aim is to determine the cytotoxicity of fungal‑derived AgNPs on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. HGF cell cultures were trypsinized and adjusted to 5 × 10³ cells/ml and 100‑µl cell suspension (50,000 cells/well) and were added to 96‑well plate. After 24 h, 100 µl of AgNPs (8–512‑µg/ml concentrations) was added and incubated at 37 $°$C for 24 h in 5 % CO₂ atmosphere. Controls were used without AgNPs. MTT (1 mg/ml) was added and incubated for 4 h at 37 $°$C in 5 % CO₂ atmosphere. Microscopic examination was done, and absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm. Percentage growth inhibition was calculated, and the concentration of AgNPs needed to inhibit cell growth by 50 % (CTC₅₀) was generated. CTC₅₀ was found at a concentration of 260 µg/ml. AgNPs exerted less cytotoxicity against HGF cell line and increased with increase in the concentration of AgNPs. Fungal‑derived AgNPs are safe to healthy cells at a concentration < 260 µg/ml. Therefore, they can be effectively used for the treatment of endo–perio lesions.

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

001220   NANCY B A, ELUMALAI K (Zoology Dep, Government Arts Coll for Men (Autonomous), Chennai - 600 035, Email: professorelumalai@gmail.com) : Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rosmarinus officinalis leaf oil and its antimicrobial activity against vaginal candidiasis. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 233-41.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is under exploration is due to wide biomedical applications and research interest in nanotechnology. In the present work, we describe the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using leaf oil extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and its fungal activity. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and EDX analyses were performed to ascertain the formation of Ag NPs. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by a peak at 450nm in the UV–visible spectrum. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles of 82.46 nm size. The XRD peaks at 38.06^◦ , 44.35^◦ , 64.51^◦ and 77.36^◦ can be indexed to the (111), (200), (220) and (311) Bragg’s reflections of cubic structure of metallic silver, respectively. The FTIR result clearly showed that the extracts containing OH as a functional group act in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. SEM shows the 3D topological characteristic of Ag NPs. This reveals that the powder particles are slightly agglomerated but its size range of 82.46 nm and the closed view of needle nanoparticle. TEM images revealed that all Nanoparticles observed from the micrograph majority are spherical with a small percentage of elongated particles and ranged in size of 35–60 nm with an average size of 45 nm. Antifungal activity of Ag NPs was tested against Vaginal Candidiasis such as Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida kefyr using standard well diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in the Ag NPs against Candida tropicalis (22.23 mm) and Candida kefyr (16.13 mm). The results suggest that the synthesized Ag NPs act as an effective antifungal agent. It is confirmed that Ag NPs are capable of rendering high antifungal efficacy and hence has a great potential in the preparation of drugs used against fungal diseases.

5 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

001223   Patel Hiral S, Singh Shruti S (Dolat Usha Institute of Applied Sciences, Valsad, Gujarat, Email: hiralpatel720@hotmail.com) : Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum and its anti-microbial activities. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 193-200.

The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active researches nowadays in modern material science and technology. Eco-friendly methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles from 1mM AgNO₃ solution through aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum reducing as well as capping agent. Silver nanoparticle which has promising antimicrobial properties. Green synthesised silver nanoparticles showed zone of inhibition against isolated gram positive (Bacillus species and Staphylococcus species) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacterial and fungal strain (Fusarium species, Penicillium species and Aspergillus species). The nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Different reducing and capping agent was characterised by various phytochemical tests.

7 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

001219   NANCY B A, ELUMALAI K (Post Graduate & Research Zoology Dep, Government Arts Coll for Men (Autonomous), Chennai - 600 035, Email: professorelumalai@gmail.com) : Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Pelargonium graveolens essential oil and anti-fungal activity. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 176-85.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is under exploration is due to wide biomedical applications and research interest in nanotechnology. Bioreduction of silver nitrate (AgNO₃) used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles respectively with the plant extract, Pelargonium graveolens leaf oil crude extract. The plant extract is mixed with AgNO₃, incubated and studied synthesis of nanoparticles using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, TEM and SEM equipped with EDS. The silver nanoparticles synthesized were generally found to be spherical in shape, while some of the NPs were found to be having structures of irregular shape with diameter of 164 nm and 122 nm. The results showed that the Pelargonium graveolens leaf oil extract is very good bio reductant for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and synthesized nanoparticles active against clinically isolated human pathogens against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida kefyr.

7 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

001237   VIVEK P, KARUPPAIYA M, KUMAR S T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, Email: viveksncet2011@gmail.com) : Kinetic studies on optimization of various operational parameters for the biosorption of textile waste water effluents using Musa paradisiaca and Nymphaea nouchali. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 146-64.

The present research work was to compare the biosorption potential of two natural potential biosorbents. The stem portion of the plants namely Musa paradisiaca and Nymphaea nouchali were used for this study. The textile effluent was made to interact with the biosorbents in the aerobic sequential batch reactor (ASBR). Various operational parameters like pH, temperature, dye waste water to water ratio, and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids were optimized using the Box-Behnken design. The responses were recorded as percentage decolorization and percentage COD reduction. Of the two natural biosorbents, Musa paradisiaca showed the best biosorption potential. The R-sq and R-sq(adj) for percentage decolorization of Musa paradisiaca are 65.58 % and 25.42 %. And R-sq and R-sq(adj) for percentage COD reduction of Musa paradisiaca are 71.16 % and 37.50 %. The R-sq and R-sq(adj) for percentage decolorization of Nymphaea nouchali are 62.25 % and 18.20 %. The R-sq and R-sq(adj) values for percentage COD reduction of Nymphaea nouchali are 61.88 % and 17.41 %.

27 illus, 11 tables, 17 ref

001201   ABDULRAZZAK F H, ABBAS A M, HUSSEIN F H (Pharmaceutics Dep, Babylon Univ, Hilla, Iraq, Email: abohasan_hilla@yahoo.com) : Synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes from Iraqi natural gas/CO mixture by catalytic flame fragments deposition method. Asian J Chem 2019, 31(1), 247-50.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized from Iraqis natural gas using flame under carbon monoxide atmosphere. The study focuses on abilities to synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using simple, easy, low cost by natural material. The reactor has been designed for synthesis of carbon nanotubes CNTs from natural gas which acted as a source of carbon in addition to supplying thermal energy instead of electrical energy. Crystallographic and morphological of CNTs have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and thermal gravimetric analysis. The analysis refers to synthesized MWNTs with purity 57.80 % and outer diameter 6.6-17.9 nm, inner diameter 3.2-6.3 nm which equal to 3-9 of graphene layers while the length of tubes is 0.8 to 2 µm.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

001209   HASSAN M, RAN X, YUAN Y, LUAN X, DOU D-Q (Liaoning Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, People’s Republic of China, Email: deqiangdou@126.com) : Biotransformation of ginsenoside using covalently immobilized snailase enzyme onto activated carrageenan gel beads. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(1), 29.

Ginsenoside transformation has received significant attention from scientists. The main objective of this study is to use immobilized enzymes in ginsenoside transformation. Factors affecting immobilization process were studied; carrageenan beads treated with polyethyleneimine and then activated using glutaraldehyde (GA) were used for snailase enzyme immobilization. The functionalized gel beads were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to verify the modification process. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for biotransformation of ginsenoside were also deliberated and showed that optimum biotransformation pH is 4.5 and 5–5.5 and temperature 50 and 60 ºC for free and immobilized snailase, respectively. Michaelis constants, K_m and V_max, were also studied. The immobilized enzyme retains 96 % of its initial activity after being used 10 consecutive times. The results clearly suggested that ginsenoside transformation was performed using immobilized snailase; this process can reduce the transformation cost as the enzyme can be reused many times.

8 illus, 30 ref

001224   PATIL K S, ZOPE P H, PATIL U T, PATIL P D, DUBEY R S, GUPTA G R (Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai - 400 019, Email: grgupta83@gmail.com) : Synthesis and thermophysical studies of polyanilines. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(1), 24.

Aniline was polymerized under different experimental conditions such as interfacial polymerization, rapid mixing in hydrochloric acid medium and classical bulk polymerization method using p-toluene sulphonic acid. The resulting polyanilines were characterized by infrared, X-ray diffraction, conductance and scanning electron microscopic analysis. The main emphasis of the paper is to study the thermal response of the synthesized polyanilines by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC data were utilized further to calculate the specific heat capacities of the synthesized polyanilines as a function of temperature.

8 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

001226   RASTGOO M J, RAZAVI M, SALAHI E, MOBASHERPOUR I (Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran, Email: m-razavi@merc.ac.ir) : Sintering behaviour and interfacial toughness of HAp/TCP coatings on HAp/Ti nanocomposite substrates. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(1), 13.

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is used in rapid compaction of materials in order to achieve higher compact density and in improving mechanical strength and toughness. However, implants produced by SPS do not have preferred positions for formation of a bone-like apatite layer on their surface due to their high density. Biphasic-calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics consisting of stable hydroxyapatite (HAp) and soluble tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) are developed to achieve a controllable biodegradation rate and biological stability by adjusting the TCP/HAp ratio. The primary goal of this study is to improve mechanical properties and bioactivity of implants. HAp/20 wt % Ti nanocomposite powders were chosen for bulk, and also HAp/TCP nanocomposite powders were chosen for coatings with weight percentages of 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75, respectively. The samples were sintered for 5 min at a compaction pressure of 30 MPa and at different temperatures of 650 and 750 ºC. The phase changes of the coatings are studied by X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties such as interfacial toughness are investigated. The results show that amount of TCP increases with increasing sintering temperature in HAp/ 75 wt % TCP coating, however no significant change was observed in amount of TCP in HAp/25 wt % TCP coating. Also, the maximum value of interfacial toughness is equal to 34 MPa mm^1/2, which was obtained for 75 wt % HAp–25 wt % TCP coating sintered at 750 ºC.

9 illus, 27 ref

001204   BANG T H, VAN T T T, HUNG L X, LY B M, NHUT N D, THUY T T T, HUY B T (Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, Nha Trang 57000, Vietnam, Email: truonghaibangnt@gmail.com) : Nanogels of acetylated ulvan enhance the solubility of hydrophobic drug curcumin. Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42(1), 1.

Curcumin (Cur) is a polyphenol showing various bioactivities including anti-tumour activity. However, poor solubility of Cur in aqueous solution is a major barrier to its bioavailability and clinical efficacy. In this study, hydrophobically modified ulvan was considered to self-assemble to fabricate nanogels. This is a network of hydrophilic segments with hydrophobic microdomains in the nanopores, which keeps Cur from dispersing into the media and raise Cur solubility in water by 20,000 times. A Cur-loaded acetylated ulvan nanogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. This result confirmed that hydrophobically modified ulvan could be used as a self-organizing assembly nanogel to carry and deliver water-insoluble bioactive compounds.

9 illus, 26 ref

001221   PANDEY S, MISRA S K, SHARMA N (Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow - 227 101, Email: shraddhapandey1193@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of graphene-usnic acid conjugate microspheres and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 939-46.

In response to the spacious propagation of bacterial contamination stimulated by pathogens, the evolution of novel therapeutics with eminent antibacterial action is of avid concern. When the skin unity is ruptured accidentally or intentionally, its natural defenses will thus be vitiated, and topical medication may be prescribed. Topical medicaments are designed to either obliterate or inhibit the augmentation of pathogenic microorganism and can be consumed for both prophylaxes as well as treatment of superficial infection. Here is a novelize grapheneusnic acid conjugate was developed by way of a mere non-covalent process, and the loading and release demeanor of usnic acid on graphene were investigated. An effective loading of usnic acid on graphene prevailed at the initial usnic acid assiduousness of 300 mg/ml. The developed conjugate was embedded into biocompatible Eudragit polymers to formulate topically active microspheres. Formulated microspheres were characterized by FTIR, TGA, and graphene. Antibacterial activity was studied by the broth dilution method. Results disclosed that amalgamation of graphene and usnic acid had enhanced antibacterial activity against pathogen S. aureus. The outcomes-focused potential of formulated graphene-based microspheres for effective management of topical skin bugs and shed light on application of carbon allotrope graphene nanoplatelets in the arena of biomedicine.

6 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

001234   SURYAWANSHI V K, GIDWANI B, VERMA A, DUBEY N, KAUR C D (Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, Durg - 490 042, Email: khanna.vijendra@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of ramipril liquisolid compact using novel carrier. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 917-25.

The aim of the present investigation was to enhance the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug Ramipril (BCS - II) drug through Liquisolid compact. The liquisolid compacts were prepared with a varied quantity of liquid and powder ingredients using microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier, Aerosil 200 as a coating material, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol and tween-80 as liquid vehicles, HPMC as additives to increase loading capacity. The required quantities of ingredients for the compressible admixture were calculated using various mathematical models. The in-vitro release characteristics of different dissolution conditions were performed. All formulated systems were assessed for precompression parameters like flow properties, FTIR analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and post-compression parameters like content uniformity, weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration test, wetting time and in-vitro dissolution studies. As liquisolid compacts demonstrated significantly higher drug release rates, thereby indicating a promising strategy in improving the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs and formulating immediate release solid dosage forms.

10 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

001202   ABIRAMI M, SHAYANTHI S S, RAJENDRAN R (Microbiology Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore - 641 014, Email: abirami.imb@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of PVA based sericin film for antibacterial wound dressing. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 875-80.

Sericin is a globular protein obtained from degumming of silk cocoon in the silk reeling process. The sericin film was synthesized for the application of antibacterial wound dressing, but it has a low physical property, hence the synthetic polymer was used in the synthesis of highly stable biocompatible film. The PVA based sericin film was prepared by solvent casting method by the addition of synthetic polymers - polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to give the mechanical stability and the glycerol was added as a plasticizer. The characterization of PVA based sericin film for its antibacterial properties and the swelling ratio was evaluated. The PVA based sericin film showed significant antibacterial activity for wound pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and Proteus species and the swelling ratio of the film was 70 % which indicates that the sericin has high moisture holding capacity which improves the wound healing process. The sericin film was also proved that it was biocompatible for biomedical applications.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

001235   SYED A, DEVI V K (Pharmaceutics Dep, Al-Ameen Coll of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 027, Email: kusumayesha786@gmail.com) : Transdermal delivery of azathioprine by solid lipid nanoparticles: In vitro and ex-vivo studies. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 586-98.

The aim of the present study was to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of azathioprine to increase its permeability and to develop azathioprine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (AZA SLNs) based transdermal film for topical administration with the aim of reducing systemic and gastrointestinal side effects of the drug and achieve passive targeting of drug to the joint due to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Azathioprine SLNs were prepared by hot homogenization technique and optimized by 3² factorial design to evaluate the impact of the formulation variables on the dependent variables. Optimized formulation was evaluated for various in-vitro attributes and then incorporated into a transdermal film by a solvent casting method, which was evaluated for various technological properties and ex-vivo permeability study. Size of the optimized SLNs was found to be 113.3 ± 5.09 nm with 0.308 ± 0.008, polydispersity index (PDI) and encapsulation efficiency of 80.28 ± 1.29 %. The in-vitro release studies of optimized formulation showed sustained release up to 24 h possessing biphasic pattern with a burst release during the first 8 h. Film loaded with AZA SLNs showed cumulative percent release (% CPR) of 78.97 ± 1.242 % at the end of 24 h for formulation FT₄ consisting propylene glycol and DMSO as a permeation enhancer. Drugexcipient compatibility studies revealed no drug-excipient incompatibility. Thus it can be concluded that transdermal film loaded with AZA SLNs represents a promising drug delivery system for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

9 illus, 9 tables, 31 ref

001213   KUMBHAR P S, PATIL N J, PATIL A B, SAMBAMOORTHY U, DISOUZA J I, MANJAPPA A S (Pharmaceutics Dep, Tatyasaheb Kore Coll of Pharmacy, Kolhapur - 416 113, Email: pskumbhar1.tkcp@gmail.com) : Simvastatin loaded nano mixed micelles: An approach to treat hormone dependent carcinomas. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 546-54.

The main objective of the present research was to develop mixed micelles using two biocompatible copolymers, D-α-tocopheryl polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and poloxamer 188 (P188) to improve the aqueous solubility and targeting efficacy of Simvastatin (SMV) against a variety of hormone-dependent cancers. A solvent evaporation technique prepared the plain/single copolymer micelles (SCMs) and mixed micelles (MMs). The prepared SCMs and MMs were characterized for critical micelle concentration (CMC), SMV content, particle size by dynamic light scattering (DLS), surface morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in-vitro SMV release and hemolysis. The SCMs and MMs showed mean particle size of 98 ± 5 nm and 129 ± 6 nm, respectively. SCMs showed SMV loading of 79.7 ± 5.6 % while MMs exhibited improved SMV loading of 94.5 ± 6.5. The developed MMs system showed significantly lower CMC (3.5 fold less) than SCMs revealing their higher in-vivo stability. Moreover, SCMs and MMs exhibited zero order release profile, lower hemolytic behavior (< 5 % of hemolysis), when compared to plain SMV solution. The in-vitro cytotoxicity assay was conducted on MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cell line. Cytotoxicity studies revealed significantly improved antitumor activity of MMs when compared to SCMs and plain SMV after both incubation time points (24 and 48 h). In conclusion, the developed SMV-loaded MMs could improve the targeting and therapeutic efficacy of loaded SMV against hormone-dependent breast, prostate and ovarian carcinomas. Besides, this approach could be a potential alternative for development. However, further studies are needed to ascertain these facts.

4 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

001218   MOHAMMADI M A, ROSTAMI M, BEIKZADEH S, RAEISI M, TABIBIAZAR M, YOUSEFI M (Tabriz Univ of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Email: Yousefi.sbu@gmail.com) : Electrospun nanofibers as advanced antibacterial platforms: A review of recent studies. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 463-73.

This study aimed to introduce antibacterial nanofibers, produced by electrospinning as a novel technique in constructing nanostructured materials. In the electrospinning technique, a high voltage is applied to a polymer solution to overcome the surface tension. A charged polymer jet is ejected to a grounded electrode. As the solvent is evaporated, the electrospun fiber with diameter from micrometer to nanometer is formed. One of the most important features of electrospun nanofibers stated in this paper is their activity as effective carriers of antibacterial substances, which leads to the use of them in many fields such as food packaging, drug delivery, wound healing, filtration, and food sciences. An electrospun nanofiber containing antimicrobial agents indicates excellent antibacterial functions against a wide spectrum of bacteria and sustain the antibacterial activity over a long period. In general, several aspects of antibacterial nanofibers, including synthesize, applications, types of antibacterial agents combined with them such as essential oils, herbal bioactive components, metals, drugs, and peptides have been stated.

1 illus, 1 table, 118 ref

001227   SACHAN A K, KUMAR V, KUMAR S, KUMARI K, KUMAR J (Dayanand Dinanath Coll, Kanpur - 209 214, Email: anupamkrsachan@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of α-tocopherol acetate tablet by liquidsolid technology. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 329-36.

The objective of this research was to develop a liquisolid (LS) formulation of dl-α tocopherol acetate with improved dissolution properties and evaluate its strength to excipient modifications as well as its stability. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) was employed as carrier material and disintegrant respectively for preparing LS compacts. Colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) was selected as coating materials. All the precompression parameters such as tapped density, bulk density, carr's index, hausner's ratio and angle of repose show the good flow properties of the formulation. UV and FTIR evaluated the physicochemical properties of the liquisolid system. All studies revealed that no interaction between drug and the carrier. The drug release rates of liquisolid compacts were specifically higher as compared to regular tablets. The specific surface areas of coating materials affected the flow properties of the blends, and the particle sizes of coating materials affected the dissolution rate. The selected formulation demonstrated stability for atleast 3 months. The F3 formulation is found to be the optimized formulation. The liquisolid system was an effective approach to prepare dl-ɑ tocopherol acetate tablets with enhanced dissolution properties.

5 illus, 9 tables, 20 ref

001225   PATIL-VIBHUTE P B, HAJARE A A (Bharati Vidyapeeth Coll of Pharmacy, Kolhapur - 416 013, Email: priti106patil@gmail.com) : Preparation and characterization of superporous hydrogels as gastroretentive drug delivery system for atenolol. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 272-85.

Gastro-retentive drug delivery system can retain the drug in the gastric region for several hours which enhances drug release and improves bioavailability. Atenolol, an antihypertensive drug has a short halflife, limited bioavailability, highly unstable at basic pH and is extensively absorbed from the stomach. These features triggered the need for developing the gastro-retentive system. In the present study, a superporous hydrogel was developed as a gastro-retentive drug delivery system. Chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) type superporous hydrogels were prepared using a gas foaming method employing glyoxal as the crosslinking agent. Sodium bicarbonate was used as a foaming agent to introduce the porous structure. Swelling behaviors of the superporous hydrogel in acidic solution were studied to investigate their applications for gastric retention device. The optimum preparation condition of superporous hydrogels was obtained from the gelation kinetics. SPH tablets of atenolol were prepared by direct compression incorporating microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, talc and sodium bicarbonate, etc. and evaluated. The super porous hydrogels were highly sensitive to pH of swelling media and showed fast swelling and good porosity. SPH tablets of atenolol showed good pre-compressional and post-compressional properties. Formulation IV containing chitosan (160 mg), glyoxal (400 mg) and polyvinyl alcohol (400 mg) exhibited good swelling ratio and sustained release of drug throughout 12 h through gastro-retention. Compatibility studies proved the integrity of the developed tablets. Stability studies indicated that optimized formulation is stable. Thus the superporous hydrogel tablets of atenolol have been successfully prepared with prolonged drug release to enhance bioavailability of the drug.

10 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

001212   KAUSHIK A, SHARMA H K (Sri Satya Sai Univ of Technology & Medical Sciences, Sehore - 466 001, Email: hkspharma@redffmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of cetuximab loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 266-71.

Nanoparticles speak to one of the appealing choices in the compelling treatment of tumor chemo-treatment. In the present work, definition, and improvement of a novel Cetuximab (MTX)- stacked biodegradable nanoparticles utilizing poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) was done. Nanoparticles stacked with anticancer operators can effectively build sedate focus in malignancy tissues and furthermore act at the cell level, improving antitumor viability. These medication conveyance frameworks enhance bioavailability by improving fluid solvency, expanding protection time in the body and focusing on medication to a particular area in the body. The arranged nanoparticles were assessed for physicochemical properties, for example, molecule measure, zeta potential, discharge thinks about, and so forth. Molecule size of the upgraded definition was < 200 nm. Our essential outcomes exhibit that the created Cetuximab-stacked PLGA nanoparticles are discharging the medication for the delayed timeframe. The goal behind the work is to contemplate the impact of definition factors on the molecule estimate, sedate exemplification and % aggregate medication arrival of nanoparticles.

6 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

001217   MOHAMMADI M A, ROSTAMI M, BEIKZADEH S, RAEISI M, TABIBIAZAR M, YOUSEFI M (Tabriz Univ of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Email: Yousefi.sbu@gmail.com) : Electrospun nanofibers as advanced antibacterial platforms: A review of recent studies. Int J Phar Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 463-73.

This study aimed to introduce antibacterial nanofibers, produced by electrospinning as a novel technique in constructing nanostructured materials. In the electrospinning technique, a high voltage is applied to a polymer solution to overcome the surface tension. A charged polymer jet is ejected to a grounded electrode. As the solvent is evaporated, the electrospun fiber with diameter from micrometer to nanometer is formed. One of the most important features of electrospun nanofibers stated in this paper is their activity as effective carriers of antibacterial substances, which leads to the use of them in many fields such as food packaging, drug delivery, wound healing, filtration, and food sciences. An electrospun nanofiber containing antimicrobial agents indicates excellent antibacterial functions against a wide spectrum of bacteria and sustain the antibacterial activity over a long period. In general, several aspects of antibacterial nanofibers, including synthesize, applications, types of antibacterial agents combined with them such as essential oils, herbal bioactive components, metals, drugs, and peptides have been stated.

3 tables, 11 ref

001229   SELVAM P, WADHWANI A (Kalasalingam Univ, Krishnankoil - 626 126, Email: selvaamin@gmail.com) : Design and synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles from Andrographis paniculata as potential anticancer agents. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 173-6.

Present investigation aimed to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles using methanol leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata and screen those for anticancer activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed through colour transformation and surface plasmon resonance. Size and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray. Stability of silver nanoparticles was detected using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Reddish-brown appearance and ultraviolet absorption at 468 nm confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the silver nanoparticles were spherical with a size ranging from 18- 70 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of silver nanoparticles showed peaks corresponding to the functional groups C=O, -C=C, C-H, which indicated that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were stable. Anticancer activity of Andrographis paniculata methanol leaf extract silver nanoparticles was tested against neuroblastoma cells and normal Vero cells using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Andrographis paniculata methanol leaf extract and its nanoparticles showed anticancer activity against neuroblastoma cells with IC₅₀ value of 32 and 60 µg/ml, respectively. The nanoparticles and leaf extract were not cytotoxic to Vero cell lines (CC₅₀ value of 329.29 and 368 µg/ml). The silver nanoparticles of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves could be a potential anticancer agent against neuroblastoma cells.

6 illus, 14 ref

001236   TONGLAIROUM P, PITAKTUNSKUL B, NGAWHIRUNPAT T, AKKARAMONGKOLPORN P, OPANASOPIT P, NATTAPULWAT N (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, Silpakorn Univ, Nakhonpathom 7300, Thailand, Email: nattapulwat_n@su.ac.th) : Effect of polyethylene glycol on cellulose acetate films designed for controlled porosity osmotic pump systems. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 117-23.

This study aimed to investigate the properties of the films containing cellulose acetate and different amounts of polyethylene glycol 200 designed for controlled porosity osmotic pump systems. Polyethylene glycol 200 was used as a plasticizer and pore-forming agent and was incorporated into the cellulose acetate films at the varied concentrations. Water permeability through the films was determined based on the osmotic pump system using a device developed for this study. The film properties including polymer interaction, mechanical properties, swelling properties, thickness, porosity, polarity and morphology of the films were investigated. The amount of polyethylene glycol 200 had an effect on the film strength and the water permeability, increasing the amount resulted in greater water permeability. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that there was an increase in the number of pores in the films as the polyethylene glycol 200 content was increased. Moreover, the thickness of the films also affected the water permeation rate, increasing the thickness led to a decrease in the water permeability. This study reported additional knowledge regarding the properties and characteristics of cellulose acetate films with different proportions of polyethylene glycol 200. This could be applied to the development of a pharmaceutical formulation especially a controlled porosity osmotic pump system in the future.

6 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

001208   DURRANI F, GALOHDA A, RAI S K, SINGH N K, VERMA R, YADAV D S, KARTHICKRAJ S M (Periodontology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Una - 177 203, Email: arpitgalohda2009@gmail.com) : Evaluation and comparison of stress distribution around periodontally compromised mobile teeth splinted with different materials: Three-dimensional finite element analysis. Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(1), 97-101.

Progressive attachment loss around the teeth because of periodontal disease can result in increased tooth mobility. This adversely affects patient’s comfort, function, and esthetics. Periodontal splinting helps in accomplishing stability by redistributing the functional and parafunctional forces. There are various materials that have been used for periodontal splinting. Fiber‑reinforced composite, composite resin, and metal‑reinforced composite are often used as splinting materials for periodontally compromised teeth. In our study, a comparison was done among these materials for their ability to distribute the stresses at different bone levels in mobile lower incisors splinted together with canines. Five patients of age group 25–50 years with Grade 2 and 3 mobile incisors having 40 % or more bone loss and firm canines with optimal bone support were selected. From the computed tomography scan of each patient, three models were developed demonstrating splinting of mandibular incisors and canines with metal‑reinforced composite, fiber‑reinforced composite, and   composite resin. So in total, 15 models were developed and each one of them was subjected to vertical and transverse loads of 150 N. Pattern of stress distribution was observed in these models using three‑dimensional finite element analysis. After splinting, the stress on the canine increased when bone levels around incisors decreased while stress on incisors reduced. Tested splinting materials were successful in stress distribution, and metal‑reinforced composite was found to be better than the other splinting materials.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

001228   SATHISH S, LAKSHMI S, PATEL P, ANNAPOORNI H (Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge Dep, MAHER Univ, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, Email: sathish5788@gmail.com) : Effect of thermocycling on the micro-tensile bond strength between self-adhesive resin cement and nonphosphate monomer cements on zirconium oxide ceramics. Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(1), 73-9.

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the bond strength of: (a) Zirconia blocks (tribochemical treatment and zirconia primer) and resin blocks bonded using self‑adhesive resin cement (phosphate monomer cement). (b) Zirconia blocks and resin blocks bonded using nonphosphate monomer cement. (c) Micro‑tensile bond strength of zirconia and resin blocks, bonded with self‑adhesive resin cement and nonphosphate monomer cement after thermocycling. Twenty zirconium‑dioxide specimens (5 mm × 5.4 mm × 13 mm) were produced using a metal mold. Each zirconium block was duplicated in light‑curing resin material specimen (5 mm × 5.4 mm × 13 mm) using a mold made of addition silicon impression material. A total of 40 specimens were made, of which 20 specimens were zirconia blocks and 20 were resin blocks, which would be bonded to each other using phosphate monomer‑containing cement (Multilink [10 nos.]) and nonphosphate monomer‑containing cement (RELY‑X [10 nos.]). The specimens were then divided into two groups of n = 10 each. The surface of zirconium specimen of one group (Group 1) was treated with zirconia primer and bonded with phosphate monomer‑containing cement, and the other groups (Group 2) were not treated with any surface conditioning and were bonded with a nonphosphate containing cement. The specimens in each group were further subdivided into two subgroups of n = 5 each as follows: Group 1‑1A (subjected to thermocycling), 1B (nonthermocycled) and Group 2‑2A (subjected to thermocycling), 2B (nonthermocycled). Then, they were subjected for testing of tensile bond strength under a universal testing machine. Resin cement selection seems to be a more relevant factor in the bonding of zirconia. The phosphate monomer‑containing cement has the better bond strength after thermocycling compared to the nonphosphate monomer group. Thermocycling reduced the bond strength of both the groups and a significant difference was seen in the bond strength of nonphosphate monomer cement group subjected to thermocycling compared to the nonthermocycled one. Tensile bond strength values were significantly affected by the luting agent system employed and by thermal aging. Hence, for long‑term durability, luting of zirconia with a phosphate monomer‑containing cement after the zirconia has been surface treated is preferable as their bond strength did not show much significant difference after being subjected to thermocycling, compared to the nonthermocycled group. Resin cement selection seem to be a more relevent factor in the bonding of zirconia thermocycling does affect adhesion to to zirconium oxide ceramics.

12 illus, 7 tables, 22 ref

001211   KARTHIKEYAN M, AHILA S C, Muthu Kumar B (Prosthodontics Dep, SRM Dental Coll, Chennai - 600 089, Email: ahilasc@yahoo.co.in) : The antibacterial influence of nanotopographic titanium, zirconium, and aluminum nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2019, 30(1), 37-42.

Nanoparticle coated implants have revolutionized the field of implantology. Peri‑implantitis is one of the main for implant failure. Most implant failures are due to Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Actinomyces concomitant. To evaluate and compare the antibacterial effect of titanium, zirconium, aluminum nanoparticles against S. aureus and P. gingivalis at 24, 72 hrs and 1 week intervals. According to ISO/TR 11175:1993, the samples were prepared in disc shape with 20‑mm diameter and 1‑mm thickness in Grade IV titanium. The samples were decontaminated by sonicating in acetone and subsequently in water three times for 15 min. A total of eighty samples were made, then coated with nanoparticles, and divided into Group‑A (control), Group‑B (Ti nanoparticles coating), Group‑C (Zi nanoparticles coating), and Group‑D (Al nanoparticles coating). The discs were sterilized under ultraviolet radiation and placed in Mueller‑Hinton agar medium for S. aureus and blood agar for P. gingivalis. The colonies were counted at 24, 72 hrs and 1 week intervals. The values were statistically analyzed using one‑way ANOVA and Tukey honestly significant difference test. The P < 0.001 showed that statistically significant difference in colony forming unit had been found in titanium nanoparticles coated samples at 24, 72 hrs and 1 week intervals. TiO₂ nanoparticle coated titanium discs showed significant antibacterial effect.

6 illus, 12 tables, 25 ref

001216   MELO L A D, MOURA I D S, ALMEIDA E O D, Junior A C F, DIAS T G D S, LEITE F P P (Federal Univ of Rio Grande Do Norte, Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil, Email: laercio_melo91@hotmail.com) : Efficacy of prostheses bonding using silane incorporated to universal adhesives or applied separately: A systematic review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2019, 19(1), 3-8.

Currently, the long-term success of esthetic rehabilitation with ceramics is required. Hence, professional knowledge about the most indicated dental material for each clinical situation as well as its usage protocol is essential. The aim of this systematic review of clinical and laboratorial studies was to compare the bond strength of prostheses using silane incorporated to universal adhesives or applied separately. The literature search in databases “Cochrane Library,” “MEDLINE,” “Web of Science,” “Scopus,” “LILACS,” “Scielo,” and “Google Scholar” was based on the keywords “Silane;” “Silanes;” “Silane coupling agent;” “Universal adhesive;” and “Universal adhesives.” A total of five articles were included in this review. In general, the studies showed better results for ceramic etching with hydrofluoric acid and application of silane separately to the universal adhesive. As a conclusion, the treatment with pure silane or as an additional pretreatment with universal adhesives improved the bond strength of glass ceramics. Hence, higher shear bond strength can be achieved, resulting in treatment longevity.

1 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

001203   BAI C, WENG B, LAI H S (Shenzhen Audaque Data Technology Co. Ltd, Shenzhen- 518 057, People’s Republic of China, Email: baichunmei2005@163.com) : Simulation of the fate and transport of boron nanoparticles in two-dimensional saturated porous media. J Earth Syst Sci 2019, 128(1), 12.

The wide production and application of engineered nanomaterials (ENMS) inevitably lead to their release in the groundwater environment. However, the release and transport of boron nanoparticles in the multi-dimensional subsurface remain largely unknown. In this work, a multi-dimensional numerical simulator for the transport of boron nanoparticles in the saturated porous media was first developed and validated. Hypothetical scenarios for the release of boron nanoparticles into a layered two-dimensional (2D) and heterogeneous 2D saturated porous media were then explored, and compared with the fullerene nanoparticles. The results demonstrated that the soil heterogeneity influenced the fate of nanoparticles, with high permeable layers and high aqueous-phase concentration. Besides, the boron nanoparticles tend to accumulate at the inlet zones, where it was closer to a nanoparticles source. Different layers of interface interaction also impact the concentration of nanoparticles. In general, the mobility and aqueous-phase concentration of fullerene nanoparticles were higher than those of the boron nanoparticles. In addition, the mobility of boron nanoparticles was found to be sensitive to release concentration, soil porosity and nanoparticle aggregate size.

8 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

001222   PANI S, SINGH S K, MOHAPATRA B K (CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Email: bk_mohapatra@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and characterization of MnO nano-particles using thermal plasma technique. Trans Indian Inst Met 2019, 72(1), 65–71.

MnO nano-particles were prepared from manganese oxide ore by thermal plasma technique. The size, structure and composition of feed manganese ore and synthesized MnO particles were characterized by XRD, FESEM, XPS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques, and results were reported. The naturally occurring manganese oxide ore, constituting of manganese minerals like cryptomelane and pyrolusite with subordinate iron [hematite] and aluminous mineral [gibbsite], was collected from Bonai-Keonjhar belt, Odisha, eastern India, and processed in a plasma reactor under oxygen atmosphere. Nano-particles were obtained within a very short period of 10 min. These were mostly globular, rarely cubic and hexagonal in shape and varied in sizes between 10 and 100 nm. The nano-particles constituted only of manganosite (MnO) mineral. Such MnO nano-particles had large numbers of potential uses in the field of electrode materials in different rechargeable batteries, biosensors, pharmaceutical industries, piezoelectric crystals, fuel cell electrodes, catalysis and in specific biogenic and bioscience applications.

7 illus, 40 ref