017041   Choudhari M R (NO, , Deputy Director, Wool Research Association, Thane, Email: drmrinal@wraindia.com) : Advances in sports technology. J Text Ass 2015, 76(6), 434-436.

017040   Chand R;Pal C;Singh V;Manoj Kumar;Singh V K; Chowdappa P (Mycology and Plant Pathology Dep, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: rc_vns@yahoo.co.in) : Draft genome sequence of Cercospora canescens: a leaf spot causing pathogen. Curr Sci 2015, 109(11), 2103-10.

Cercospora canescens (Ellis and Martin) is a hemibiotrophic pathogen causing leaf spot disease on mungbean (Vigna radiata L). Genome sequence (<126> 33.97 Mb) assembled in 8239 contigs with 10627 protein coding genes. A total of 2842 proteins were identified as homologous of 223 predicted and 7562 putative uncharacterized involved in biological processes, molecular functions. The identified proteins are mainly involved in infection process used to compromise nutrients or destroy host tissues, the gycosidases, transposases and cytochrome P450s genes codes to signal transduction, cell wall breakdown, transporters, host stomata perception, adhesion, polyketide synthase and cercosporin. A total of 528 simple sequence repeats were also identified from the genome sequence assembly of C. canescens. This study provides insights into pathogenic mechanism and a better understanding of virulence differentiation of C. canescens. It will also help in identification of similarity and differences in regions among the genomes of different species of Cercospora.

4 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

017039   Bhala Murugan G L (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Post Bag <35>3, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu-602 117, Email: bhalath@gmail.com) : Profiling of impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(7), 2709-12.

Impurity profiling is the process of evaluating data for the biological safety of an individual impurity. Impurity profiling has gained utmost importance due to the fact that unidentified impurities present in the pharmaceutical formulations may prove hazardous to human health on consumption. Impurities in pharmaceuticals are unwanted compounds that remain or those that are present during the formulation of drugs. A number of regulatory agencies like USFDA, ICH and Canadian Drug and Health Agency are emphasizing on the purity requirements as well as identification of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients. Impurity profiling, helps in the detection, identification, and quantification of various types of impurities present in pharmaceutical formulations. Identification of impurities can be done by using either chromatographic or spectroscopic techniques alone or by combination of both. A number of methods have been used for detecting and characterizing impurities using HPLC, HPTLC, AAS, TLC, etc. However the most exploited techniques used today for impurity profiling of drugs include LC-MS, GC-MS, NMR-MS, LC-MS-MS and LC-NMR. Therefore, this review focuses on the importance of impurity profiling and the need for identification, quantification and qualification of impurities present in pharmaceuticals.

12 ref

017038   Bathiri G (NO, Asian Paints R&T Centre, Navi Mumbai, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Micro capsules the precision guided munitions of coating technology. Paintindia 2015, 65(3), 61-71.

Coatings are nothing but a stable dispersion of various raw materials in a continuous phase which are applied onto the substrates to accomplish both decorative and protective functions. Choice of the functional raw materials plays a key role in this process. As the coating technology strives to design "Intelligent & Smart" coatings which sense and responds to the changing service dynamics with the aim of enhancing the service life of coatings to Amazonian proportions, it becomes imperative that the raw materials are to be incorporated in such a manner that they remain unaffected for long both in-can and after application, be readily available as and when required to achieve specific tasks, at specific locations. Microcapsules are made by encapsulating the functional materials within an appropriate shell and incorporating them within the paint helps to achieve all of this and more. Microcapsules helps to preserve the functional materials for as long as they are required, deliver them as and when required and at appropriate locations within the coating matrix - something similar to that of precision guided munitions. This review article guides the reader through the process of micro encapsulation, preparation of micro capsules with elaboration on specific techniques, release mechanisms & profiles and some of the performance attributes they can impart to the coatings and in the conclusive part of this article some of the key challenges that are yet to be overcome are also discussed.

24 illus, 12 ref

017037   Ahiabor C;Wellington A D (Science Laboratory Technology Dep, Accra Polytechnic, P.O. Box 561, Barnes Rd. Accra, Ghana, West Africa, Email: cahiabor@apoly.gh) : Investigating the use of alcohol for the preservation of fresh tomatoes. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 31(1), 1-5.

Ripe healthy tomatoes were placed into 500ml of 0.094M (9.4%v/v), 0.28M (28%v/v), 0.37M (37%v/v) and 0.47M (47%v/v) dilutions of akpeteshie (local alcoholic drink) for a period 14 days. The tomatoes were observed for microbial growth, changes in the shape, texture of epidermis and colour. After 14 days, the tomatoes were used in preparing four different eggsauces and fifteen volunteers were recruited to take part in sensory and quality analysis on the four egg-sauces. Rankings of: NOT GOOD, OKAY, NORMAL, GOOD and VERY GOOD were assigned to taste, texture and colour of the different sauces in accordance to the preferences of the volunteer tasters and are presented in percentages. The highest ranking for colour was GOOD representing 53.3% of volunteers for tomatoes preserved in 0.37M akpeteshie. Sixty percent (60%) volunteers rated texture of sauce with tomatoes preserved in 0.094M akpeteshie as NOT GOOD and 53.3% volunteers rated taste of tomatoes preserved in 0.094M as NOT GOOD. No microbial growth was observed on tomatoes preserved in the different dilutions. There were however changes in epidermal texture of tomatoes on different days in different dilutions during the period. Sauce prepared with tomatoes preserved in 0.37M concentration was better preferred than the other dilutions.

1 table, 7 ref

017036   Agrawal A S;Padhi A K (NO, Automotive Group Technology Div, PPG Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd, Email: author.paintindia@gmail.com) : Pigment dispersion and stabilization. Paintindia 2015, 65(3), 56-8.

Pigments are inherent to paint formulations. They provide color strength, gloss and color intensity to the paint. To use powder pigments, formulators need to grind the pigments first. The panicle size distribution of the mill base influences a lot the quality and more specifically the color strength of the final paint. Complete dispersion of pigment and extender in the liquid medium is essential for optimization properties such as process ability, shelf-life stability, color development, opacity and gloss. Moreover, the quality of the dry paint film is very much related to the uniformity of the distribution of the pigment. Separation and settling, inferior mechanical film properties and low film transparency are often related to insufficient pigment dispersion. In order to optimize the stage of dispersion, well controlled conditions for the dispersion process and dispersion stabilization need to be maintained.

5 tables, 5 ref

016021   Veeramani (NO, , , Email: nv_63@yahoo.co.in) : Water based coatings additives-in-can and dry film preservatives-biocides / fungicides. Paintindia 2015, 65(6), 98-102.

016020   Tripathi M K;Mangaraj S;Manoj Kumar;Sinha L K;Giri S K;Ali N (Agro Produce Processing Div, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462 038) : Effect of processing condition on the quality and beany flavour of soymilk. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1164-71.

Soymilk is a water extract of soybean and contains good-quality proteins, fat, minerals and phytochemicals. Regular use of soymilk enhances and protects human health. However, soymilk prepared by traditional method of cold-water grinding has a characteristic beany flavour which may not be acceptable to all consumers. This flavour could be minimized using appropriate processing technology. The present study shows that soymilk with almost negligible flavour could be produced using hot-water grinding and deodorization. Shelf-life of soymilk is about a week when it is pasteurized and stored in a refrigerator. The sensory quality parameters such as appearance, flavour, taste and overall acceptance of soymilk prepared by hot-water grinding followed by deodorization were good, indicating high consumer acceptance.

2 illus, 6 tables, 37 ref

016019   Singh V K;Namdev K (J.N.K.V.V., College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh-472 001) : Effect of storability on colour, flavor, taste and overall acceptability of squash of wood apple (Feronia limonia L.). TECHNOFAME 2015, 4(2), 67-70.

Experiment was undertaken to study the of effect storability on colour, flavor, taste and overall acceptability of squash of wood apple for their storage capacity of different days of fruit product at Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) during the years 2009-2010. The colour rating of squash decrease with increase in sugar content with advancement of storage period. It was observed that the squash colour rating was high in treatment T3 (1 kg pulp+750g sugar). It was evident from the data that the mean score of flavor rating decreased during storage period. The results revealed that the treatment T2 (1 kg pulp + 1 kg sugar) was significant over other treatments. The results also indicated that favorable flavor was persistent for long time during storage. Taste of squash decreased with the storage period o to 90 days but squash was eatable even after three months. The best result of squash taste was obtained from the treatment T2 (1 kg pulp+ 1 kg sugar) and was significantly superior over other treatments. Overall acceptability depends on colour, flavor and taste, but colour and taste slightly decreased in all the treatments with the advancement of storage.

4 tables, 8 ref

016018   Sajjan B;Hiregoudar S;Devadattam D S K; Veerangouda M;Ramachandra C T;Nidoni U (College of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-58104, Email: drsharan.cae@gmail.com) : The physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of mechanically deboned tilapia fish [Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters)] meat under frozen condition. Karnataka J agric Sci 2015, 28(3), 385-8.

Study was under taken to investigate the influence of frozen condition on characteristics of deboned tilapia fish meat. The physico-chemical and microbiogical analysis were carried out at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days during frozen storage. It was found that the moisture, ash, protein contents and colour values decreased significantly during the entire storage period. However, the fat content (from 3.50 to 4.30%), pH value (from 6.25 to 6.65) and water activity (from 0.92 to 0.95) increased significantly during 90 days of storage period. The total plate count in fresh deboned fish meat samples reduced from 2.51xl0^{6 to 0.98x106 cfu/g after 90 days of storage. The lactic acid bacteria decreased from 9.8xl04 to 6.4x 104 cfu/g and the H₂S- producing bacteria reduced from 9.9xl04to 7.2xl04 cfu/g after 90 days of frozen storage. The E. coli bacteria were not detected throughout storage period. However, the frozen stored tilapia fish meat samples retained their quality acceptable for human consumption after 90 days of storage.}

6 illus, 3 tables, 7 ref

016017   Reiter S (NO, , P O Box 1460 D-86619, Neuburg, Donau, Email: info@hoffmann-mineral.com) : Reduced titanium dioxide content-what can functional fillers offer? neuburg siliceous earth in a coil coating top coat (polyester, white, high gloss). Paintindia 2015, 65(6), 70-4.

2 table, 22 ref

016016   Ogunshe A A O (Applied Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Science, Univ of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria) : Laboratory investigation on candidastic potentials of bleach and toilet soaps. Ann Biol Res 2015, 6(5), 15-19.

Some medically-important Candia species can survive on inner clothing materials in close contact with human genital and extragenital areas. Since soaps and bleach are known to possess antimicrobial properties, this preliminary study was to investigate the candidastic effects of bleach products and commonly available industrial soaps on multi-drug resistant Candida species. Using a modification of agar well-diffusion method, 60 strains from oral rinses / swabs and vulvovaginal C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. pseudotropicalis and C. tropicalis isolated from endocervical / high vaginal swabs of patients presenting for sexually transmissible infections were screened to determine their in vitro susceptibilities to 18 industrial soaps and three brands of bleach samples. Undiluted bleach samples (RBLl. RBL2 and RBL3) were the most inhibitory concentrations, with 10.0-44.0%, 94.0-100% and 96.0-100% of the Candida strains inhibited in vitro by the respective bleach products. Only 4.0 - 10.0% (C. pseudotropicalis), 5.9 - 10.0% (C. albicans) and 20.0 - 30.0% (C. glabrata) strains were inhibited in vitro at the manufacturers' dilution specifications for the bleach products, while inhibitions at dilution 1:10 were 8.0-16.0% (C. glabrata) and 5.8-10.0% respectively. Only 4.0% and 5.8% of C. glabrata and C. albicans were inhibited in vitro at dilution 1:100: while none of the industrial soaps had in vitro candidastic potentials. In addition to whitening effect, topically-safe and minimally-diluted Clorox and JIK bleach can be used for personal hygiene by disinfection of contaminated inanimate objects, such as panties, undergarments and for toilet purposes to prevent infection / reinfection, in cases of vulvovaginal candidasis.

2 tables, 33 ref

016015   Narute S;Agrawal A (NO, , Institute of Chemical Technology) : New era of superhydrophobic coatings. Paintindia 2015, 65(6), 65-9.

Nowadays smart polymers, smart materials, smart coatings are getting a lot of attention in the research field. Amongst them smart coatings are the fastest developing and the most interesting technology. Smart coatings are called as "SMART" because they respond to environmental changes in a predictable and noticeable manner. The technology discussed in this paper is "Superhydrophobic coating". This effect, was originally observed in the nature (e.g. on lotus leaves), and is important for a wide range of scientific and technological applications, like developing coatings that possess self-cleaning properties, prevention of surface fouling and anti-corrosion. Superhydrophobic surfaces are those whose water contact angle is greater than 150° and have low surface energy. Water droplets do not slide, but roll down the Superhydrophobic surface, carrying dust along with it and thereby cleaning the surface. The corrosion protection mechanism is related, first, to the reduction of the electrolyte-metal contact area, and second, to the reduction of the corrosion current. Such coatings are also used to reduce leakage currents on the surface of silicon insulators. This paper focuses on Superhydrophobic coatings based on silicone resins, fluoroorganic compounds and nanomaterials.

1 illus, 15 ref

016014   Kamani P K (Oil and Paint Technology, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Corrosion mitigation in boiler plant (part 2). Paintindia 2015, 65(6), 104-8.

Boilers are large arid expensive installations which can suffer enormously from damage caused by corrosion mainly and erosion, aggravated further by high temperatures. The exact type of damage experienced varies from one part of a boiler to another and is influenced by the feed water, combustible fuel and boiler design. The most common causes of corrosion are dissolved gases (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide), under-deposit attack, low pH, and attack of areas weakened by mechanical stress, leading to stress and fatigue cracking. The corrosion can be mitigated by taking some precaution: treating the feedwater to coating the metal surface.

46 ref

016013   Hulyalkar M (NO, , ) : Polyurethane. Paintindia 2015, 65(6), 96.

016012   Dutta M P;Bhattacharya S;Chakrabarti S (NO, Berger Paints India Limited 14 & 15, Swarnamoyee Road, Howrah-711 103, Email: paintindia@gmail.com) : Understanding the role of alkyd composition in anticorrosive coatings. Paintindia 2015, 65(6), 53-64.

While the chemistry of anti corrosive pigments is well understood, the binder system is still a wide area to explore with. Alkyd system by virtue of their unique attributes including flexibility, low surface tension, low cost etc has therefore been the cynosure of all research activities. This study has been done with alkyd resins of three different fatty acids namely Soyabean oil fatty acid (SOFA), dehydrated castor oil fatty acid (DCOFA) and Linseed oil fatty acid (LOFA). Glycerol, trimethylol propane and pentaerythritol are the three polyhydric alcohols which have been included in synthesising the alkyds. The efficiency in terms of resistance against corrosion have been evaluated without using the anticorrosive pigments in the formulation in order to understand the role of individual alkyd system.

9 illus, 3 ref

016011   David J (Dairy Technology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Allahabad-211 007) : Physicochemical quality of fruit yoghurt prepared from different levels of milk and strawberry pulp. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(4), 40-2.

Yoghurt is a snow white, custard like fermented milk product, obtained through the controlled lactic acid fermentation of milk by Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles. A study was undertaken by using different levels of Milk and Strawberry pulp i.e. T₁ (95:05), T₂ (90:10), T₃ (85:15), T₄ (80:20) respectively. Experimental fruit yoghurt mix was standardized to 4.0% fat, 11.5% solids not fat, 10% sugar and 2% culture adjusted to 25.2% total solids. Yoghurt samples for different treatments were analyzed for organoleptic attributes (colour and appearance, body and texture, taste and flavour) by trained panelist using 9 point hedonic scale. The fruit yoghurt obtained from (85:15) (T₃) ratio was the best product among all treatments. Thus, as far as product acceptability judged by organoleptic evaluation, the treatment can be rated as T₃ <62> T0 <62> T₂ <62> T₄<62> T₁. The data regarding cost of Control and Strawberry pulp fruit yoghurt was found as cheap in T0 (28.80 Rs/Kg) followed by, T₁ (33.36 Rs/Kg), T₂ (37.92 Rs/Kg), T₃ (42.48 Rs/Kg) and T₄ (47.04 Rs/Kg).

2 illus, 5 tables, 6 ref

016010   Costa G H G;De Freita C M;De Freita L A; Mutton M J R (NO, FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Email: ghg_costa@hotmail.com) : Effects of different coagulants on sweet sorghum juice clarification. Sugar Tech 2015, 17(2), 210-3.

Sweet sorghum is a potential complementary crop for ethanol production in Brazil, United States and India. Since, phenols are playing inhibitory role in the process of ethanol production from extracted juice from sweet sorghum stalks, it's removal from juice is necessary for better ethanol yield. The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide as coagulant agents in different pH levels in the juice treatment. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot statistical design. Main treatments corresponded to the different coagulants and secondary treatments were the pH levels (6.0 and 7.0). Analysis of coagulant volume, juice pH, settling rate and sludge volume were performed during the decantation process. Clarified juice was analyzed as Brix, pH, ashes, phenolic compounds and starch. The use of magnesium oxide resulted in lower sludge volume, phenolic compounds and ashes. The use of calcium hydroxide decreased starch content, whereas clarification at pH 7.0 promoted higher sludge volume. Treating juice with magnesium oxide improved decantation dynamics of the process and clarified juice quality.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

016009   Chakraborty C;Ghatak P K;Bandyopadyay A K (Food Technologyd Dep, Gurunanak Institute of Technology, Sodepur, Panihati, Kolkata-700 114) : Comparative study on the textural quality of herbal sandesh made in laboratory and collected from local markets of Kolkata. Indian J Anim Hlth 2015, 54(1), 55-62.

Herbal Sandesh was prepared with chhana in the laboratory by the addition of basil, mint and coriander juice individually at their 4%, 5%, 5% (w/v basis of chhana) level respectively. Market Herbal Sandesh samples were collected from Kolkata. For safe and economical food preservation systems based on natural antimicrobials get rise to the development of Herbal Sandesh. Addition of herbs juice decreased hardness, gumminess, chewiness and springiness of sandesh and improved sensory body and texture, colour and appearance as well as overall acceptability of the product when compared with control. Textural and sensory properties of different laboratory made samples of sandesh indicated that the product made by adding coriander juice proved best Market Herbal Sandesh samples showed a comparable overall acceptability score whereas increased trend in textural quality when compared with laboratory samples.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

016008   Biswas A K;Chatli M K;Sahoo J (NO, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab-141 004) : Shelf- life extension of chicken patties with the application of multiple hurdles and modified atmospheres packaging. Indian J Anim Sci 2014, 80(10), 1121-6.

Present study was undertaken to know the effect of hurdle treatments on the quality of chicken meat patties (CMP) during storage at 27±2 °C under modified atmospheres packaging (MAP) condition. A total three samples were prepared viz. (i) control (T₀), (ii) smoke treated (T₁) and (iii) chitosan coating + smoke treated (T₂). The products were drawn at 3 days interval and evaluated for various physico-chemical parameters, sensory attributes and microbiological quality. Results indicated that both smoking alone and chitosan coating in combination with smoking had significant effect on pH of chicken patties. Lipid stability study indicates control samples showed higher TBARS values as compared to treatment groups. This sample exhibited TBARS value of 1.69 mg malonaldehyde (MDA) per kg of sample which is near to threshold value of lipid oxidation (2.0 mg MDA/kg). T₁ samples showed lower TBARS value, FFA content, moisture % and water activity (a_w) than their counter part control and T₂. Lovibond tintometer colour value suggested that treated products were darker (lower L- value) and shown to have higher redness (a-value) and yellowness (b) values as compared to control. However, both the 'a' and 'b' values decrease with the increased storage period. Texture profile analysis revealed that hardness value was more for T₁ products. Both the treated products exhibited comparable sensory scores while control showed least. Standard plate count was higher for T₂ samples as compared to T₁. The control patties were spoiled on the day 3 while T₁ and T₂ samples can be well stored up to day 12 and 9, respectively. In general, the use of hurdles could substantially improve the shelf life of chicken meat patties during room temperature storage.

5 tables, 17 ref

014987   Singh C S;Paswan V K;Naik B;Reeta (Centre of Food Science and Technology, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: chandrassingh007@gmail.com) : Exploring potential of fortification by garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds for development of functional foods. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2015, 6(3), 167-75.

Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) belonging to Brassicaceae family is widely grown in India, Europe and US. It has been used as an important medicinal plant since the Vedic era. In Ayurveda, it is considered as hot, bitter, galactogogue and aphrodisiac and claimed to prevent Vata and Kapha. Garden cress seed is good source of essential and non- essential amino acids and they are also used as a novel source of hydrocolloid. Its extract exhibit strong shear-thinning behaviour and is used as a substitute for gum Arabica in the formulation of different products. The garden cress seed oil has a balanced amount of both polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids and is a good source of linolenic acid. It contains natural antioxidants, viz. tocopherols and carotenoids and eugenol that help in preventing cancer and protect the oil from rancidity. Its seed, oil and powder contain significant amount of protein, fat, minerals, fibers and phytochemicals which are incorporated in many functional beverages and foods. A number of clinical trials have been conducted on rats that also support the efficacy of garden cress seeds. The functional properties of Garden cress seeds stimulate us to review its different valuable properties and the fortified products developed by incorporating Garden cress seeds.

^iia3 tables, 48 ref

014986   Prajeesha P P;Rao K J (NO, National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030, Email: jaysharm@yahoo.com ) : Development of technology for bamboo seeds payasam- a traditional product of tribals in Wayanad district of Kerala. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2015, 6(3), 200-12.

The bamboo [Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss] seeds payasam is a light brown to dark brown coloured product, the dark colour is due to dark jaggery used in its preparation. The payasam has flowable consistency and possesses pleasant caramel taste with a typical bamboo seeds flavor along with a dash of coconut flavor. Various ingredients of bamboo seeds payasam, viz. amount of bamboo seeds, water, jaggery, fresh coconut extract and milk along with process for preparation were optimized. The standardized method of preparation involved cleaning and washing of bamboo seeds, soaking 100 g seeds in excess of water for 6 h at ambient temperature, draining the water, addition of 300 mL of fresh water and pressure cooking at 15 psi for 10 min. The cooked grains were then mixed with jaggery syrup, 125 g of fresh coconut extract and 125 g toned milk. Then the entire mixture was heated and desiccated to a final weight of about 1 kg. The bamboo seeds payasam had a composition of total solids 38.75%, fat 7.8%, protein 4.96%, lactose 0.56%, sucrose 20.25%, ash 0.84% and other carbohydrates 4.34%. Based on the sensory evaluation and textural results, it was observed that the shelf life of the payasam was 1-2 days at 30 °C and more than 15 days at 5 °C.

5 illus, 9 tables, 37 ref

014985   Pattar A;Kukanoor L (Post-Harvest Technology Dep, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture., Arabhavi-591 310, Email: archana271989@gmail.com) : Standardization of tamarind ready-to-serve and syrup. Indian J Ecol 2015, 42(1), 192-6.

Attempt was made to utilize tamarind pulp for the preparation of tamarind RTS and syrup. The chemical compositions and changes in chemical constituents of syrup during storage at ambient temperature have been studied. Results showed that TSS, titratable acidity and sugar content increased, where as ascorbic acid decreased. The result revealed that organoleptically acceptable tamarind RTS could be prepared from tamarind pulp by using a recipe of 15 per cent juice + 15 per cent TSS + 0.3% acidity + 0.5% salt + cardamom (1 capsule) found better quality compared to other recipe with respect to overall acceptability (4.48 out of 5 Scores). The syrup having 40% juice+ 70% TSS + 1.5% acidity + 0.5% salt was superior to other recipes. The tamarind syrup retained its characteristic colour, aroma and taste upto 3 months of storage at room temperature.

3 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

014984   Martins F S;Conceicao E C D (Avenida do Cafe, S/N Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Email: fsmfarmacia@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of extraction method on the chemical composition in Apeiba tibourbou Aubl's extracts. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(42), 368-73.

Due the potential of Apeiba tibourbou Aubl, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the extraction method on the quality of herbal extract and optimize the extraction of fatty acid, rosmarinic (Ra) and caffeic (Ca) acid from A. tibourbou. Determinations of residual moisture (Rm), proteins (Pt), lipids (Lp), total fiber (Tf), and carbohydrate (Cy) were performed in triplicate samples according assessment of antioxidant capacity. Extraction of fatty acids was carried out by two different methods: (i) By shoxlet and (ii) bligh and dyer. The optimized conditions were determined by surface response methodology (RSM), and the criterion of desirability was the maximum extraction of Ra and Ca. The method of bligh and dyer was able to extraction more total Lp than the shoxlet. However, the extraction of fatty acid was different for the two methods. The optimized conditions to extract RA and Ca was calculated by RSM, 42°C, 30% (alcohol degree) and 24 min, this conditions maximize simultaneously the extraction of Ca (0, 04%) and Ry (1.89), It was observed that the extraction method alters the chemical composition of extract, and it is possible to extract Ca and Ra from A. tibourbou's leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction.

2 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

014983   Kisan B;Rajini P S;Shivaya S;Joshi A K; Shruthi N K (Food Protectants and Infestation Control Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR Lab.), Chaluvamba, Mansion, Mysore-570 020, Email: kisanb1@gmail.com) : Kinetic studies on carboxylesterase of model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exposed in vitro to dichlorvos. Appl biol Res 2015, 17(3), 273-9.

The study was aimed to understand the kinetics of organophosphorus detoxifying enzyme carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) and to know the its sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans, a moist soil dwelling nematode used as model system for studying xenobiotics. Enzymatic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate (PNPA) showed a Km value of 20.95 μM, Vmax of 4.62 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein and substrate saturation of 350 μM for carboxylesterase (CaE) in vitro kinetics on exposure to dichlorvos from C. elegans. The IC50 with dichlorvos, an organophosphorus compound, was 81.16 nm at excess of Km. LB plot showed the Km, Vmax and Vmax/Km values of inhibited CaE: 19.57 μM, 2.88 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein and 0.14 min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively, at IC50 concentration of dichlorvos. Inverse LB plot revealed the inhibition of CaE in C. elegans irreversible in presence of dichlorvos. Hence this may be used as invertebrate model to understand the other targets on exposure to dichlorovos.

4 illus, 24 ref

014982   Gogoi R;Niyogi U K;Tygi A K (NO, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, 19, Univ Road, Delhi-110 007, Email: aktyagi@shriramistitute.org) : Methods of detoxification of Jatropha curcas L. seed cake for its use as protein supplement in animal feed- An overview. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2015, 6(3), 176-82.

Seed cake, left as residue after extraction of oil from seeds of Jatropha curcas L. is rich in crude proteins and has the potential to be used as an animal feed, but the presence of toxic component and antinutrients limits its current use as organic manure. In this article, the toxic components and antinutrients present in J. curcas seed cake, various detoxification methods adopted for their removal and techniques used to estimate have been reviewed and discussed in details.

2 tables, 60 ref

014981   Gehlot G;Verma S;Sharma S;Sharma A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain-456 010, Email: sanjay61@rediffmail.com) : Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution by using coal fly ash a a low cost adsorbent. Pollut Res 2015, 34(3), 647-51.

In the present study, the use of low-cost, abundantly available and efficient coal fly ash (CFA) has been studied as an alternative adsorbent to the current methods of removing of malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous solution. The effects of different variables, such as adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time and pH were investigated. The rate of dye adsorption increased with increasing adsorbent mass and contact time. This may be due to the reduction in the boundary layer resistance. 120 minute was found to be the optimum contact time for maximum dye removal. Present investigation concluded that, CFA may be applied as a low-cost attractive option for removal of MG from aqueous solution.

5 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

014980   Gajera R R;Joshi D C (Horticulture Wing, B A College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110, Email: rragajera@aau.in) : Development and quality evaluation of botle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.based blend juice. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2015, 6(3), 194-9.

Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] based blend juice was formulated using Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.] and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) juices. Response surface methodology and central composite design with 30 experimental combinations was used for optimization of the blend based on numerical technique. Optimized blend juice was hot filled at 85 °C in glass bottles, crown corked and were thermally processed in hot water at 85 °C for 5 min to meet required food safety and standards regulations, 2011. The sensory, physicochemical and microbiological quality of thermally processed blend juice was evaluated during storage for 180 days under ambient conditions (30±2 °C). No significant difference (P<62>0.05) was found in pH, total soluble solids, total acidity and most sensory attributes of the product during initial 30 days of storage. However, significant difference (P<60>0.05) was observed in ascorbic acid content, sugars and microbiological counts during further storage. The total loss of ascorbic acid was about 47.68% and product was microbiologically safe and acceptable during 180 days storage.

6 tables, 72 ref

014979   Dushyanthan K;Narendra Babu R;Suresh V;Ramani R;Abraham R J J (Meat Science and Technology Dep, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai-600 007, Email: vasivet@yaoo.co.in) : Histo-Micrograph and stsructural qualities of value added buffalo meat loaves at refrigerated storage. Indian vet J 2015, 92(10), 27-9.

Structural qualities of loaves prepared using spent buffalo lean and offal meat incorporating refined wheat flour were studied by Texture Analysis and histo micrograph on chiller storage (4±1°C) for a period of one month. Irregular size and shape of the fat globules and varying pattern was observed in both control and treated loaves. Similar pattern of TPA parameters between control and treated samples and between storage days was observed. It is concluded that 25% of offal meat incorporation in the loaf processing did not alter the structural and sensory qualities of the product for 14 days.

1 table, 12 ref

014978   Chakrabarty D;Bibals R;Bandopadhyay R (NO, Consumer Products Limted, Research and Development, Pirojsha Nagar, Eastern Express Highway, Vikhroli (East), Mumbai-40 079, Email: debug4764@hotmail.com) : Release of metofluthrin impregnated in different matrices. Pesticide Res J 2015, 27(2), 258-65.

Metofluthrin, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl(EZ)-(1RS, 3RS;1RS, 3SR)-2, 2-dimethyl-3-prop-1-enyl cyclopropanecarboxylate possesses a relatively high vapour pressure coefficient under ambient conditions, and, therefore is amenable to self-diffusion. The metofluthrin impregnated substrates have therefore the potential to function as slow release formats for providing long lasting mosquito protection. Based on the release data generated using chromatographic and thermo analytical measurement tools, this study reports metofluthrin's relative release from various impregnated substrates under ambient conditions. The release of metofluthrin after 120 hours from various substrates followed the order: nylon <62> cellulose <126> poly-(ethylene) terephthalate <62> poly-(propylene). Its quickest release under equilibrium conditions also followed the initial release pattern, i.e. nylon closely followed by cellulose, poly-(ethylene) terephthalate and poly-(propylene) respectively.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

014977   Ahmed N;Singh J;Kaul R (Post Harvest Technology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Science and Technology of Jammu, Jammu-180 001, Email: ewsjammu@gmail.com) : Effect of drying methods on organoleptic evaluation of peach cultivars during storage. Indian J Ecol 2015, 42(1), 197-200.

The three different cultivars of fresh peach viz. Shan-e-Punjab, Flordasun, Early Grande, were dried by different drying methods viz. sun drying, solar drying, oven drying and osmo air drying. Sensory evaluation of dehydrated peach slices revealed that Early Grand (Osmo air drying) recorded highest scores for colour (8.18), taste (7.81), texture (7.70) and overall acceptability (7.85). The highest score for flavour (7.79) was recorded in Shan-e-Punjab (Osmo air drying). The oven drying method showed better acceptability as compared to solar and sun drying methods. Early Grande, Flordasun, Shan-e-Punjab, cultivars of peach can be suitably used for preparation of dehydrated peach product using osmo air drying and oven drying methods. The osmo dehydrated peach can be kept for more than 135 days without affecting the quality attributes.

3 tables, 5 ref

013987   Zhu H;Li J;Xue Z;Wang W (The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan-430 081, China, Email: zhuhy@wust.edu.cn) : Reduction behavior of molybdnum trioxide in molten steel. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(4), 460-4.

Direct alloying with molybdenum trioxide is a promising technology for steelmaking process, which has the advantages of resource-saving, cost-reducing and environment-friendly. In the present study, the reduction behavior of molybdenum trioxide in molten steel and the method to prevent volatilization of molybdenum trioxide were investigated. Molybdenum yield was measured after the reduction experiment for direct alloying with molybdenum trioxide, and the results show that the activity of reducing agents toward the MoO₃ reduction reaction decreases in the following order: Al, Si, C and Fe. Binary basicity of slag affects the reduction of MoO₃ observably at the range from 1.0 to 1.5, and meanwhile, binary basicity has little influence on yield of molybdenum when basicity is greater than 1.5. The volatilization of MoO₃ can be effectively inhibited by mixing CaO, CaCO₃, or Fe₂O₃. Moreover, the molybdenum yield could be up to 98% by using Fe₂MoO₄ and CaMoO₄ as precursor materials for molybdenum alloying.

8 illus, 16 ref

013986   Upadhayay M;Ghosh P (Chemistry Dep, Natural Product and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Univ of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734 013, Email: pizy12@yahoo.com) : Shear stability and antiwear properties of three different viscosity modifiers for lube oil. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(10), 567-70.

Viscosity modifiers (VMs) of three different kinds viz. polymethacrylate (PMA), olefin copolymer (OCP) and hydrogenated styrene-isoprene (SIP) polymer has been investigated for their anti wear (AW) properties and degradative stability towards mechanical shearing in two base stocks in the concentration range, 1.0 to 6.0% (wt/wt). The shear stability index (SSI) was substantially influenced by the chemistry and concentration of the VMs as well as by the viscosity of the base stock. Anti wear performance was also influenced by the conditions chosen in the four ball wear test machine. All the VMs showed a saturation of SSI values beyond 4% concentration in both the base stocks, while the value of percent shear loss (PSL) showed a gradual increase with the rising VM concentration.

2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

013985   Singh C G;Singh G;Singh B;Jyot G (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: gurmailent@pau.edu) : Dissipation of emamectin benzoate in cauliflower, Brassica oleracea L.. Pesticide Res J 2014, 26(2), 226-9.

Persistence of emamectin benzoate on cauliflower by estimating the residues by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with photodiode array (PDA) detector is reported. The average recoveries of emamectin benzoate ranged from 91 to 102% at different fortification levels (0.05 to 0.50 mg kg^{-1). Four sprays each of emamectin benzoate were applied @ 8.5 and 17 g a.i. ha-1 at 10 days interval starting from fruit initiation stage. The average initial deposits on cauliflower curds were 0.22 and 0.30 mg kg-1 at the two doses respectively. The residues dissipated below determination limit of 0.05 mg kg-1 in 5 and 7 days at the recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively. The calculated half-lives were 1.72 and 2.26 days, respectively. Soil samples, analysed 15 days after the last spray, showed residues below the determination limit.}

ref

013984   Shashidhar K;Biji K B;Ravishankar C N; Srinivasa Gopal T K;Joseph J (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: cnrs2000@rediffmail.com) : Development of ready to drink iron fortified shrimp soup in retortable pouches. Fish Technol 2015, 52(3), 157-63.

Soup prepared from Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) was fortified with iron (0.024%) by incorporating sodium iron EDTA. The soup was thermal processed at F₀ 6.0, at three different temperatures viz., 110, 115 and 121.1°C in retortable pouches. All the samples were found to be commercially sterile. Iron fortification did not show any significant difference in sensory acceptance of the product after thermal processing at different temperatures. A higher b* value was observed in fortified soup compared to that of control soup. Thermally processed fortified shrimp soup was in acceptable condition even after 90 days at ambient temperature with slightly higher sensory scores for the product processed at 121.1°C.

4 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

013983   Sharma R;Tandon D;Joshi V K;Attri S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: drrakes@gmail.com) : Development and evaluation of different beverages from Aloe vera(L.) burm.f. for their nutritional, functional and sensory qualities. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2015, 6(4), 278-82.

Present investigation was undertaken with the objective to develop palatable functional beverages from Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. syn. A. barbadensis Mill. Nutritional, functional and sensory qualities of these products have been evaluated. Among various beverages, this juice contained negligible amount of sugars indicating its hypoglycaemic effect. The ascorbic acid content in different preparation of juice ranged between 23.75 to 234.85 mg/100 g. The products when tested for microbial enumeration, pure juice and sweetened juice showed negligible microbial load while gel, squash and RTS had 3.2, 1.0 and 2.3 CFU/mL, respectively. Developed products except RTS drink have shown antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Maximum zone of inhibition was shown by pure juice (25.7 mm), whereas minimum was observed in squash (12.10 mm). Similarly, highest antioxidant activity was found in pure A. vera juice (71.81%), while lowest was recorded in RTS drink. Highest overall sensory acceptability (8.00) was recorded for sweetened juice by the panelists, which remained statistically non-significant with that of squash (7.80). Conclusively, the sweetened A. vera juice was found to be the best on the basis of its nutritional and sensory characteristics. Further, it has also shown potential for maintaining good health due to its appreciable nutritional and antioxidant properties.

4 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

013982   Prajapati K P;Shilpkar P;Shah M C (Biogas Research and Extension Centre and Dep of Microbiology, Gujarat Vidyapith, Sadara, District- Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382 320, Email: pshipkar@yahoo.com) : Suitability of transesterified mahua (Madhuca indica) oil as diesel fuel. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(9), 494-8.

Biodiesel is an attractive alternative fuel to diesel engines because it is renewable and non-polluted fuel that can be produced from plant and animal fats. The plant and animal fats derived oil can be used as biodiesel either solely or its blending with diesel. Further, it can be used in either extracted form or after transesterification. Madhuca indica fruit oil was evaluated in this study to find out its suitability to be used as biodiesel. The oil was extracted from Madhuca indica fruits using diethyl ether and ethanol (3:1) by centrifugation method. Extracted oil was divided into three equal parts. One part of oil was blended with 5% diesel, second part was transesterified to produce methyl esters and the third part was kept as such. All the three parts of oil were evaluated and compared for their suitability to use as biodiesel on the basis of various physico-chemical parameters. Content of specific gravity, iodine value, free fatty acids, and kinematic viscosity were found lower than the upper limits prescribed by ASTM (American Standards for Testing of Materials) and EN (European Standards) in decreasing order of pure oil<62>transesterified oil<62>blended oil, pure oil<62>blended oil<62>transesterified oil, pure oil<62>blended oil<62>transesterified oil, and pure oil<62>blended oil<62>transesterified oil, respectively. Content of sulfur and acid value were higher in all the three types of oil than the upper limit prescribed by ASTM and EN. Cetane number and flash point of transesterified oil were within the limits of ASTM and EN whereas their values were below the standard limits in blended oil and higher in pure oil for flash point. No standards has been given by ASTM and EN for saponification number, ethanol content and cloud point and they follow the decreasing trend of pure oil<62>blended oil<62>transesterified oil for saponification number and cloud point and blended oil<62>transesterified oil<62>pure oil for ethanol content.

2 tables, 38 ref

013981   Patel J V;Bhatt R D;Parsania P H (Polymer Chemistry Div, Chemistry Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot-360 005, Email: phparsania@aol.com) : Mechanical and electrical properties of jute-biomass-styrenated methacrylate epoxy resin sandwich composites. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(10), 577-81.

Sandwich composites of jute-biomass (banana, sugarcane, coir, wheat husk and groundnut)-styrenated methacrylate epoxy resin of 1,1'-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane have been fabricated by compression molding technique at 110 °C and 2 Bar pressure for 5 h. J-EBCMASt., J-B-EBCMASt, J-SC-EBCMASt, J-CO-EBCMASt, J-W-EBCMASt and J-GN-EBCMASt showed respectively tensile strength of 34.5,17.1, 11.4, 11.9, 20.7 and 13.1 MPa, and flexural strength of 32.3, 21.6, 28.3, 11.2, 52.1 and 22.1 MPa, electric strength of 1.6, 1.2, 1.5, 1.3, 1.3 and 1.4 kV/mm and volume resistivity of 5.9x10^{12, 2.5 X 1012, 4.7 X 1011, 5.3 X 1012, 3.2 X 1012 and 2.3 X 1012 ohm cm. Considerably lower mechanical and electrical properties of sandwich composites are due to different nature of biomass and random orientation. The composites may be useful for low load bearing housing and electrical applications.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

013980   Parmar Balraj S;Anupama (Agriculture Chemicals Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: parmar.balraj9@gmail.com) : Superabsorbent polymer: material safety of the major chemical groups. Pesticide Res J 2014, 26(2), 119-27.

With the successful development of superabsorbent polymers for diverse applications in agriculture, the question on their safety to the soil and plant system is being increasingly raised. Currently these products are finding an extensive application in public hygiene, biomedical aids, oil refineries, wastewater treatment and several other domains. Material safety data on all the major chemical groups of these materials are in public domain. These have been compiled through Google search, reorganized and reported. The chemicals and reagents employed in the preparation of agricultural superabsorbents and those for other applications are generally the same. Only an intelligent and need based choice of reaction conditions and reactant ratios has to be made to develop materials for intended domain. Based on the safety information of the materials reported in the literature, the products for use in agriculture are not anticipated to pose any danger to the environment.

013979   Namane M;Sithole B B;Ramjugernath D (Forestry and Forest Products Research Centre, Natral Resources and the Environment, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Durban, South Africa, Email: bsithole@csir.co.za) : Centrifugal washing and recovery as an improved method for obtaining lignin precipitated from South African kraft mill black liquor. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(10), 571-6.

This study describes centrifugal recovery as an improved method for collection of lignin isolated from black liquor obtained from a South African kraft mill. Precipitation of lignin was achieved by utilising 6 M sulphuric acid. Recovery of the polymer was evaluated by comparing filtration straight after precipitation with centrifugal recovery and washing. Higher lignin yields were obtained with straightforward filtration recovery. However, filtration of the sample took a very long time, due to the colloidal nature of the lignin precipitate. Lignin recovery and washing utilising centrifugation reduced the recovery time at the final filtration step quite significantly. The lignin obtained was characterised by FTIR, ^{1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopies to elucidate the heterogeneity of the sample, as well as to provide information on the syringyl and guaiacyl content of the lignin. Size Exclusion Chromatography revealed that the dispersity of the polymer was uniform and pyrolysis-GC/MS analysis provided insights and identification of typical degradation compounds that could be obtained from the lignin sample.}

1 tables, 22 ref

013978   Mere A;Nath K (Chemical Engineering Dep, G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 120, Email: kaushiknath@gcet.ac.in) : Palm fatty acid distillate based biodiesel: characterization and emission analysis. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(10), 584-8.

Biodiesel obtained from the acid catalyzed esterification and trans-esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was characterized using gas chromatographic and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses. Physico-chemical and thermal properties of the biodiesel were evaluated and compared in relation to that of conventional petro-diesel following ASTM and Indian standards. The PFAD-biodiesel blended with different proportion of petro-diesel was also subjected to performance and emission tests at varying loads in order to evaluate its actual performance, when used in a four stroke diesel engine. Exhaust gas analysis showed appreciable reduction of CO₂ and hydrocarbons as against the unblended petrodiesel, although reduction of CO was marginal.

2 tables, 20 ref

013977   Kamrani R (NO, Reza kamrani. Islamic azad univ, Bam Branch, Iran) : Base catalyzed transesterification of "jahangiri "apricot kernel oil for biodiesel production. Agric biol Res 2016, 32(1), 104-14.

Apricot is cultivated at diferent regions of Iran. Jahangiri is an Iranian apricot.Its kernel is a rich source of oil but its biodiesel production properties have not yet been exploited. In this experiment some quality parameters of kernel oil like acid value, free fatty acid content (as oleic acid) and iodine value, were studied. Biodiesel was produced through base (NaOH). An oil/methanol molar ratio of 1: 6 and treatment of sodium methoxide with molecular sieves prior to mixing with kernel oil offered the higher (91%) biodiesel yield which is 4% higher than without the use of molecular sieves. Fuel properties, such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, color, flash, cloud and pour point were in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 6751. As a Results : pre-treatment of methoxide with molecular sieves can improve the yield of biodiesel and the biodiesel produced through base catalyzed transesterification of Jahangiri apricot kernel oil has fuel properties quite comparable to those of mineral diesel and thus can be successfully utilized for applications in compression-ignition engines.

2 tables, 21 ref

013976   Jatinder Kumar;Bansal A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar-144 011, Email: jkumar.nitj@gmail.com) : CFD simulations of immobilized-titanium dioxide based annular photocatalytic reactor: model development and experimental validation. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(3-4), 95-104.

A CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) model for predicting the performance of an immobilized-titanium dioxide based annular photocatalytic reactor has been developed. The CFD model is based on the intrinsic kinetic parameters determined experimentally in a perfectly mixed batch reactor. Experiments are also performed using an actual immobilized-titanium dioxide based annular photocatalytic reactor to obtain the experimental results. The modeling predictions are compared with the experimental results for validation of the CFD model. The modeling predictions agree closely with the experimental data. It is observed that CFD could become a valuable tool to understand and improve the photocatalytic systems.

6 illus, 39 ref

013975   Jailani H S;Rajadurai A;Mohan B;Sornakumar T (Mechanical Engineering Dep, B S Abdur Rahman Univ, Chennai-600 048, Email: hydjain_2002@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of drilled hole quality of Al-Si alloy/fly ash composites produced by powder metallurgical technique. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(4), 414-20.

Metal matrix composites have high strength to weight ratio, high toughness, high impact strength, low sensitivity to temperature changes and high surface durability. In the present study, aluminium silicon alloy - fly ash composites are developed using powder metallurgy technique. Aluminium silicon alloy powder is homogenously mixed with fly ash and uniaxially compacted. The green compacts are sintered at the temperature of 600°C. The micro structural characterization, hardness and drilled hole quality in terms of surface roughness, diameter error and roundness error were studied on Al-Si alloy and Al-Si alloy - fly ash composites. Microstructure proved that the fly ash particles are located in grain boundary after sintering. The hardness of Al-Si alloy - fly ash composites is higher than that of Al-Si alloy due to grain refinement. The surface roughness of Al-Si alloy - fly ash composites increased with increasing speed, feed and fly ash content. The diameter error of Al-Si alloy and Al-Si alloy - fly ash composites is higher than that of roundness error.

9 illus, 1 table, 190 ref

013974   Hazarika S B;Choudhurry S U;Panja S S;Dolui S K;Ray B C (Chemistry Dep, Cotton College, Guwahati-781 001, Email: sonaleeghy@gmail.com) : Natural fiber reinforced polyster based biocomposite: agro waste utilisation. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(10), 589-94.

This study presents using of locally available betel nut fiber waste as reinforcement for composite preparation by hand layup and compression molding technique. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the composites with volume fraction (10, 20, 30 and 40%) were evaluated. Thermal properties and water absorption capacity were also investigated. Results are statistically analyzed and found improvement in mechanical strength of these composites compared to virgin polymer.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

013973   Gemelli E;Nery F;Camargo N H A;Henriques V A R;Junior N L;dasilva D F (Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Technologicas, Departmento de Engenharia Mecanica, Campus Universitario, Bairro Bom Retiro, C. Postal 631, 89223-100, Joinville-SC, Bra, Email: enori@joinville.udec.br) : Development of composites for dental implants obtained by ultrasonic mixture of TiH₂ powder and colloidal calcium phosphate. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(4), 443-50.

Titanium-based composites with calcium and phosphor phases are prepared by ultrasound and powder metallurgy processing with TiH₂ and hydrated calcium phosphate powders. The mixtures are performed by ultrasound in water, dried by atomization process in flame, pressed at 600 MPa and vacuum-sintered at 1200°C for 2 h. Crystal phases of the as-fabricated composites are found to be α-Ti, CaTiO₃ and Ti_xP_y phase(s). The Ti_xP_y and CaTiO₃ phases resulted from the reaction between titanium and tricalcium phosphate at about 1130°C. The as-fabricated composites presented higher compressive strength than the yield stress of pure cast titanium and lower contact angles than vacuum-sintered TiH₂. Contact angles are further decreased by a chemical treatment.

6 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

013972   Gajbhiye S B (Engineering Chemistry Dep, College of Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Email: yahuinsb@yahoo.co.in) : Membranes of benzene sulfonylated-polyphenylene oxide as affinity membranes for propylene and propane gases. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(3-4), 105-12.

Modified membranes of poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide) (PPO) have been prepared by electrophilic sulfonylation using benzenesulfonyl chloride with 17% and 48% degrees of substitution (d_sub). The prepared membranes of benzene sulfonylated PPO polymer (φSO₂-PPO) are used in the gas permeation studies of petrochemically important C₃ hydrocarbons, propylene and propane. Pure gas permeation and 55:45 binary gas mixture separation has been studied at 30±2°C. The modified membrane with d_sub of 17% show two-fold improvement in permeabilities for both gases with a minor decrease in the propylene/propane selectivities compared to the parent PPO. However, membrane with higher d_sub (48%) is found to be brittle. Single gas equilibrium sorption studies show that with increase in d_sub the gas solubility coefficients increases. The polymers are characterized using proton NMR, FTIR, WAXD and DSC studies for structure and property interpretations. Interchain distance (d_eff) obtained from WAXD and the fractional free volume (FFV) calculated using group contribution method decreases for the modified polymer. This indicates that the diffusion controlled permeation of gases is less significant after modification. Hence the study reveals that the φSO₂-PPO has greater affinity for the C₃ hydrocarbons. The modified membrane has potential to separate hydrocarbons from other non-hydrocarbon gases like those present in refinery off-gas mixtures.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

013971   Buyong S A;Jamaludin S B;Ahmad-Zaidi N H; Malek R A (Sustainable Engineering Research Cluster, School of Materials Engineering, Univ of Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian 2, Taman Muhibbah, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia, Email: sbaharin@unimap.edu.my) : Effect of Zn particles on properties and microstructure of the Mg-10 wt. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2015, 22(4), 429-34.

In recent years, magnesium alloys have attracted great attention as degradable implant materials due to biodegradable properties. In addition, density of magnesium is close to the cortical bones and reduces stress shielding effect. However, pure magnesium has poor mechanical properties and the addition of alloying element is used to improve its strength. In this research, Mg-10 wt% bio-glass (45S5) composites with the addition of 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt% Zn are fabricated using powder metallurgy which consists of mixing, compacting and followed by sintering. The optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, pycnometer, universal testing machine and Vicker's hardness are used to investigate the effect of Zn particles addition on the microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of the composite Mg-10 wt% of bio-glass. Corrosion behavior is studied by the hydrogen evolution test. The results show that as the content of Zn particles increases the density, hardness and compressive strength increase, whereas porosity decreases. The results also show that hydrogen evolution rate decreases with the addition of Zn content.

10 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

013970   Bhatia L;Johri S (Life Sciences Dep, Institute of Technology & Management Univ, Gwalior-475 001, Email: latikabhatial1@yahoo.co.uk) : Biovalorization potential of peels of Ananas cosmosus (L.) Merr. for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis NCIM 3498 & Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077. Indian J expl Biol 2015, 53(12), 819-27.

Bioethanol, is a potential alternate source of energy, renewable and safe. Ethanol production from value added food and feedstock has also not shown growth as estimated. Of late, the second generation processes of production of ethanol, such as from lignocellulosic biomass out of agricultural/domestic waste has been gaining considerable momentum. Here, we explored a new approach for optimizing the conditions of physiochemical pretreatment as well as fermentation process using peels of Ananas cosmosus as substrate and immobilized yeast Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077 and Pichia stipitis NCIM 3498. We have also studied the influence of process variables such as incubation temperature, inoculum concentration and different nutrients on ethanol production. Pulverized peels of A. cosmosus recorded 25 ± 0.31% cellulose, 28 ± 0.18% hemicellulose and 8 ± 0.07% of lignin on dry solid (DS) basis. Peels of A. cosmosus delignified with 1% H₂SO₄ yielded 18.89% glucose, 38.81% xylose and 29.31% fructose under thermochemical pretreatment using autoclave (121°C, 20 min.), with a hydrolytic efficiency of 75.52 ± 0.45%. FTIR spectroscopy results not only indicated the penetration of H₂SO₄ in the amorphous region of the biomass and degradation of hemicelluloses but also showed the structural differences before and after pretreatment. The enzymes required for hydrolysis were prepared from culture supernatants of Trichoderma reesei NCIM 1052 using wheat bran as carbon source under submerged fermentation conditions on rotatory shaker incubator (at 28° for 10 days ). Enzyme activity (U/ml) of crude cellulase produced by T. reesei NCIM 1052 was 311.1 μmole/ml/min. Delignified A. cosmosus peel yielded 51.71 ± 0.44 g/l glucose when enzymatically hydrolysed by crude cellulase at the substrate enzyme ratio of 1:5. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of peels of A. cosmosus by crude cellulase and separately entrapped Pichia stipitis NCIM 3498 (now known as Scheffersomyces stipitis) and Pachysolen tannophilus MTCC 1077 cells in calcium alginate beads were also investigated in the present study. The fermentation experiments were carried out at flask level. The processing parameters setup for reaching a maximum response for ethanol production was obtained when applying the optimum values for temperature (32°), inoculum level (6%) and fermentation medium (ammonium sulphate, KH2PO4, peptone and yeast extract) for P. tannophilus MTCC 1077 and temperature (30°), inoculum level (2%) and fermentation medium (ammonium sulphate, KH2PO4, peptone and yeast extract) for S. stipitis NCIM 3498. Maximum ethanol concentration 10.5 g/l and 10.9 g/l was obtained from P. tannophilus MTCC 1077 and S. stipitis NCIM 3498, respectively at the optimized process conditions in anaerobic batch fermentation.

3 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

012971   Sudha R;Srinivasan K (Chemistry Dep, Gnanamani College of Technology, Pachal, Namakkal-637 018) : Thermodynamic and kinetic studies on Pb (II) removal from aqueous solution by chemically modified Citrus limettioides peel. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(4), 300-11.

Activated carbon was prepared from Citrus limettioides peel (CLPC), a novel waste material by chemical modification with perchloric acid at high temperature followed by treatment with sulphuric acid and bicarbonate for the adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solutions. The prepared CLPC were characterized by FT-IR, SEM and EDX. Batch experiments were carried out to study the effect of various parameters, such as agitation time, pH and adsorbent dosage on various Pb (II) concentrations alongwith commercial activated carbon (CAC). The optimum pH was found to be 4.0-6.0 for CLPC and 6.5 for CAC. Equilibrium data agreed well with Langmuir model. Based on Langmuir isotherm the adsorption capacity was found to be 166.67 mg/g for CLPC which was significantly 6.2 times greater than that of CAC (27.03 mg/g) at 300 K. The kinetic data followed pseudo-second order model with film diffusion process. Experiments were also done with wastewater containing Pb (II), to assess the potential of these adsorbents. The spent adsorbent was regenerated and recycled by batch mode process over 5 cycles of operation and CLPC showed better results than CAC.

6 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref