024322   Ameta R;Punjabi P B;Dashora P;Ameta C (NO, , ) : Co-doping of titanium dioxide with zinc and nitrogen for improvement of dye sensitized solar cell performance. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(3), 1-7.

Energy will be one of the major problems all over the world in coming decades, as the natural energy sources will be exhausted soon. Solar energy will be a best alternative energy sources to solve this problem. Different types of solar cells have been fabricated for solar energy conversion into electricity. In the present work, dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been fabricated by co-doping of TiO₂ with Zn (metal) and N (non-metal). Co-doped TiO₂ semiconductor was prepared by sol-gel method and deposited on FTO glasses, which was sensitized with Rhodamine-B. This DSSC consists of a carbon as a counter electrode and iodide/triodide ion redox couple as electrolyte solution between the electrodes. The experimental results showed V_OC=190 mV, i_SC=0.0425 mA, i_pp =0.0343 mA and V_pp =52.4 mV with fill factor (FF)=0.24 and power conversion efficiency of 0.032% under 60.0 mWcm^-2 light intensity.

1-7

023171   Sawant S;Borkar N (NO, Rusan Pharma Pvt. Ltd, 58 D, Government Industrial Estate, Charkop, Kandivali west, Mumbai-400 067) : Validation of high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of common cough and cold ingredients in multicomponent oral drug products. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 47-62.

This research was done to develop a potential, reliable fast and efficient analytical method for various dosage forms (eg. Syrup, tablet, suspension etc) which could estimate all the major components of a cough and cold multicomponent formulation and also this method was validated. All common used components like pheniramine maleate, phenylephrine hydrochloride, acetaminohen, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, guafenesin, chlorpheniramine maleate, diphenhydramine in cough and cold category of products also covering more than one dosage forms (eg. Syrups, suspensions, tablet etc) was used thus making the methodology by and large universal for the entire range of cough and cold products. This would help in using almost a common method of analysis for separation of most of the components instead of using a lot of separate methods for the same product or using a common method of analysis for a range of different dosage form of cough and cold category for a common set of components. This would save time and cost and ensure optimum usage of resources. Mobile phase of 0.01M 1-octane sulphonic acid sodium salt monohydrate (pH adjusted to 2.80 with 0rthophosphoric acid): Acetonitrile in a gradient ratio was used with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min on a C18, 25 X 4.6 mm id, 5μ column at a wavelength of 264nm. This method was validated for parameters as accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, robustness, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification. This HPLC method was found to be specific, linear, precise, accurate, reproducible and robust and can be easily used for determination of common cough and cold analytes in a formulation as the results were found to be well within the acceptance range.

17 ref

023170   Pushpinder Kaur;Uppal S K;Dhir C;Sharma P; Ramandeep Kaur (Chemistry Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhina-141 001, Email: satinderuppal11@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study of chemical pretreatments and acid saccharification of bagasse of sugar crops for ethanol production. Sugar Tech 2015, 17(4), 412-17.

The bagasse of two sugar crops i.e. sugarcane (variety CoJ 83) and sweet sorghum (variety RSSV 9) were evaluated for their potential for the production of bioethanol. Different chemical pretreatments were carried out with 2% H₂O₂, 1% NaOH and 2% H₂O₂ + 1% NaOH solutions each with pH 11.5 and 13 for 24, 48 and 72 h followed by saccharification of pretreated bagasse with sulfuric acid (0.8 and 1 M) for 50 min. Bagasse hydrolysates were then fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var ellipsoideus for ethanol production. The amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 47.1, 29.2, 11.2% in sugarcane and 45.8, 28.1, 14.0% in sweet sorghum respectively. Loss of weight in alkaline pretreatment was found more in sugarcane (45.4%) than in sweet sorghum (43.1%). The maximum amounts of reducing sugars 528.8 and 504.8 mg/g were obtained by saccharification of pretreated bagasse of sugarcane and sweet sorghum respectively, after saccharification with 0.8 M H₂SO₄. Bioethanol production was found maximum 30.5 and 26.2 ml/100 g pretreated bagasse in sugarcane and sweet sorghum with pretreatment conditions of (2% H₂O₂ + 1% NaOH; pH 11.5, 72 h) and (2% H₂O₂ + 1% NaOH; pH 13, 72 h) respectively, followed by saccharification with 0.8 M H₂SO₄, and fermentation for 72 h. But when estimated ethanol production on unit weight basis of crops, it was found higher in sweet sorghum (25.4 L/ton stalks) crop than in sugarcane (21.4 L/ton stalks).

6 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

023169   Ozcan M M;AlJuhaimi F;Hamurcu M (Food Engineering Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey, Email: mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr) : Mineral contents of edible tissues and peels of some fruits consumed as traditional provided from three different countries. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 203-7.

Mineral contents of some tropical fruits were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Phosphorus contents of Portuguese samples ranged from 884.63 mg/kg (Laranga Nacional orange) to 1605.57 mg/kg (lemon). In addition, P contents of Spainish citrus fruits ranged from 865.24mg/kg (Lemon) to 1227.39 mg/kg (orange). While potassium contents of Portuguese fruits ranged from 9618.96 mg/kg (Laranja Nacional orange) to 15704.95 mg/kg (lemon), K contents of Spain samples were found between 10946.18 mg/kg (Mandarin) and 16312 mg/kg (orange). As a micro element, Fe contents of Portugal samples ranged from 9.47 mg/kg (Grape fruit Turanja vermelha) to 15.69 mg/kg (lima). Zinc contents of Portuguese fruit samples changed between 2.32 mg/kg (mandarin) and 7.75 mg/kg (lemon). The highest and the lowest K contents were found in Turkey orange (16459.66 mg/kg) and lemon peels (5534.64 mg/kg). Phosphorus contents of Portuguese Citrus fruit peels ranged from 418.99 mg/kg (Laranja National orange) to 1086.55 mg/kg (Ortanique orange). Generally, P and K contents of edible tissue of Citrus fruits were found higher compared with results of citrus fruit peels.

2 tables, 17 ref

023168   Ong H R;Reddy Prasad D M;Khan M M R (Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Univ Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya TunRazak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, Email: dmrprasad@gmail.com) : Optimization of preparation conditions for melamine urea formaldehyde based adhesive for plywood application using response surface methodology. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(1), 39-46.

Filler is added to adhesive formulations to reduce resin utilization leading to cost savings. Melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin has been synthesized in the laboratory. The palm kernel meal (PKM) and palm shell (PS) are used as fillers to formulate the melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin based adhesive for interior plywood manufacturing. These formulations are compared with commercialized industry wheat flour (IF) filler. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used for identification of the optimum temperature and pressing time for wood adhesive performance. The experiments have been conducted in the temperature range from 100 to 150°C and pressing time from 50 s to 250 s. The result indicates that the effect of the filler type on plywood shear strength and formaldehyde emission is significant. The optimum shear strength and formaldehyde emission performance of PKM, IF and PS are 1.41 MPa, 1.30 MPa, 1.21 MPa and 0.9988 mg/L, 0.5345 mg/L, 1.2735 mg/L respectively. In addition, the optimum hot press temperature and time of PKM, IF and PS are 124.9°C, 130.9°C, 127.9 °C and 156 s, 153 s, 149 s respectively. This work concludes that, PKM based MUF adhesive resins exhibit potential applications involved in plywood production.

3 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

023167   Ogbonna I L P;Nwaocha K B (Food Science and Technology Dep, Michael Okpara Univ of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria) : Determination of levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on singed cow hide (Punmo) and charcoal grilled meat (Suya). Archiv appl Sci Res 2015, 7(4), 1-6.

The aim of this work was to determine the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in singed cowhides and charcoal grilled meat (suya) commonly consumed in Nigeria. The study area covered major markets in Umuahia. A total number of ten PAH (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene and chrysene) were investigated in singed cowhide and grilled lean meat samples. The PAHs were identified using gas chromatographic fitted with a flame ionization detector. Seven out of ten PAHs in the barbecued charcoal grilled meat (suya) were below the instrument detection limit while the levels of Naphthalene, Acenaphylene and Flourene found in the samples were 9260μg/kg, 9920μg/kg and 2565μg/kg respectively. However only Naphthalene (1.624μg/kg) were found in the singed cow hide. This study confirms the presence of PAHs in barbecued charcoal grilled meat and singed cowhide.

3 tables, 25 rerf

023166   Ogbonna I L P;Donatus E I (Food Sciences and Technology Dep, Michael Okpara Univ of Agricultrue, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria) : Effect of various methods of singeing on the heavy metal proximate and sensory properties of singed cowhode (Ponmo). Archiv appl Sci Res 2015, 7(4), 44-50.

The effect of methods of singing of cowhide on the concentration of heavy metal, proximate composition and sensory properties of cowhides obtained from four major abattoir in Abia State, Nigeria were studied. The concentration of Copper (Cu); Zinc (Zn); Cadmium (Cd); Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe); Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) concentration were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ( AAS). The concentration of the heavy metals varied from 0.32-7.55, 0.00-13.76, 0.00-2.40, 0.00-0.71, 25.59- 68.65mg/kg, for copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and iron respectively. No chromium and nickel were found in all the samples. Lead was also not detected in the control sample ( unsinged cowhide) and the sample from Ndoki abattoir. However, boiling significantly (P≤ 0.05) reduced the concentration of heavy metal in all the samples. The unboiled sample from Ogborhill abattoir had the highest concentration of copper (7.55mg/kg) and zinc (13.76mg/kg) and was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than concentration of Cu and Pb in all the samples. Boiling significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the fat and protein content of some of the samples. There was significant different in the texture and general acceptability of the singed cowhide and unsinged cowhide. However, they differed significantly (P≤0.05) in taste, colour, aroma and palatability.

3 tables, 22 ref

023165   Muralidharan R;Radha K V (Chemical Engineering Dep, A.C. College of Technology, Anna Univ, Chennai-600 025, Email: radhavel@yahoo.com) : Kinetic study of polyhydroxybutyrate production on nirogen limited medium using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 9763 through a two stage cultivation strategy. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 537-42.

In this study, a two-stage cultivation strategy was adopted for the production of Poly-β-hydroxy butyrate (PHB), using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 9763. The culture conditions for PHB production by Bacillus subtilis MTCC 9763 were optimized with different carbon, nitrogen sources, temperature, pH and incubation time. Glucose showed a maximum of 73 mg l^-1 (12.56%) yield out of the carbon sources used, whereas peptone gave 81 mg l^-1 PHB (14.72%) for nitrogen source. The optimized condition observed for PHB production was 42 hr of incubation time with a temperature of 37°C and pH 7. A two stage cultivation strategy was approached. Nitrogen source was limited in the production medium with various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) for enhanced production of PHB. Product yield was doubled when the nitrogen concentration was completely limited as compared with 75% of limitation with an yield of 93 mg l^-1 (20.26%). PHB was characterized using Infra Red spectroscopy. A kinetic model that describes microbial growth, cell concentration and biopolymer production was used to predict the performance of batch fermentation of Bacillus subtilis MTCC 9763. The experimental data was also fitted with the logistic equation that could provide adequate description for PHB synthesis. The present investigation revealed that industrial effluents could also be used for effective production of PHB so as to greatly reduce the risk of production cost.

3 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

023164   Malairaj P;Chandirasekaran V (Meat Science and Technology Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: v.chandirasekaran@gmail.com) : Assessment of storage stability of retort processed heat and serve spent chicken soup. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 243-5.

A study was carried out to prepare heat and serve spent chicken soup, its retort processing and assessing its storage stability at ambient temperature. The spent layer birds were slaughtered by halal method and dressed hygienically in the Department of Meat Science and Technology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal. The results have shown that the average live weight of spent hen bird was 1.4 kg and the average yield of bone and whole carcass were 0.258 kg (25.8 per cent) and 0.748 kg (53.45 per cent) of live weight, respectively. The cooking yield (litre) of spent hen bone soup (SHBS) was 3.61 ± 0.00 and the cooking yield (litre) of whole spent hen bone soup (WSHS) was 3.63 ± 0.00. During the storage of the chicken soup, the pH of chicken soup had highly significant (P≤0.01) difference between spent hen soup and whole spent hen soup and also the storage periods. The tyrosine value was higher in spent hen bone soup. The tyrosine value increased while increased in storage periods. The TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) number was higher in spent hen bone soup. While increased storage period TBARS number also increased. The free fatty acid was higher in spent hen bone soup. The free fatty acid increased while increased in storage periods. The microbial counts including TVC (Total viable count), E. coli, Salmonella sps., Staphylococci sps., Streptococci sps., could not be detected either fresh or stored chicken soup upto the period of 90 days. During the sensory evaluation of whole spent hen soup colour/appearance, mouth feel, flavour, aroma, overall acceptability scores were higher than the spent hen bone soup upto the 90 days of storage.

12 ref

023163   Kalaikannan A;Elango A;Santhi D (Meat Science and Technology Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002) : Chicken meat patties with turmeric oleoresin as natural preservative. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 117-20.

Turmeric oleoresin (TOR) was added as a natural preservative in chicken patties and the physico-chemical, antioxidant, antibacterial and organoleptic properties were assessed. Chicken patties were formulated using broiler meat with TOR at inclusion levels of 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.25% wherein 3% oat flour was added in the all the formulations which reduced the water activity. Emulsion pH was lowest in control and significantly highest in 0.25% level. The DPPH scavenging activity of TOR was significantly highest in 0.25% concentration followed by 0.10% and 0.05% and there was no significant difference among the treatments in the DPPH scavenging activity of TOR in product. The antimicrobial activity of TOR was illustrated by the minimum inhibitory zone formed, which was significantly highest at 0.25% level followed by 0.10% and 0.05% levels. Product pH, emulsion stability, product yield and water activity did not differ significantly among the treatments. In the sensory evaluation based on an eight point hedonic scale, the appearance score of the chicken patties was significantly reduced in the 0.10% and 0.25% levels with the 0.05% level statistically similar to control. The flavour, spiciness, texture, juiciness, mouth coating and overall acceptability scores were not affected by the addition of TOR at all levels. Since the ongoing consumer concern over synthetic preservatives have increased awareness about the use of natural preservatives, it could be concluded that TOR might be used as a natural preservative up to 0.25% level in the chicken meat patties owing to its antimicrobial activity.

3 tables, 12 ref

023162   Juhaimi F A;Ghafoor K;Babiker E E;Ozcan M M; Harmankaya M (Food Science & Nutritiona Dep, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud Univ, Riyadh-Saudi Arabia, Email: fahadaljuhaimi@hotmail.com) : Mineral contents of traditional breads enriched with floral honey. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 223-6.

The micro - and macro-element contents of bread with honey were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Molibden (Mo), cadmium (Cd), crom (Cr) and nickel (Ni) contents of breads were found that 1 mg/Kg. B contents of breads was determined between 2.54 mg/Kg to 3.83 mg/Kg. It was found partly high according to control group. Zinc (Zn) contents of breads ranged from 6.89 to 9.29 mg/Kg. Calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) in breads were established as the macro-element. Ca contents of breads changed between 247 to 366 mg/Kg. The highest Ca content was found at bread with honey 15%. Fe (except 15%), K (except 15%), Mg, Mn, phosphours (P) and S contents of breads were generally decreased with increasing of honey concentrations. While K contents of breads with honey change between 1402 mg/Kg to 1570 mg/Kg, P contents of samples ranged from 835 to 1203 mg/Kg.

3 tables, 29 ref

023161   Garkani-Nejad Z;Ghanbari A (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar Univ, Kerman, Iran, Email: z_garkani@uk.ac.ir) : Application of support vector machine in QSAR study of triazolyl thiophenes as cyclin dependent kinase-5 inhibitors for their anti-alzheimer activity. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(1), 9-21.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are mathematical equations constructing a relationship between chemical structures and biological activities. A series of triazolyl thiophenes as cyclin dependent kinase 5 (cdk5/p25) inhibitors have been selected to establish QSAR models. In this work some chemometrics methods are applied for modeling and prediction of the anti-Alzheimer activity of these compounds using descriptors that are calculated from the molecular structures. First, stepwise multiple linear regression method (MLR) is used to select descriptors which are responsible for the anti-Alzheimer activity of these compounds. Then support vector regression (SVR) and partial least squares (PLS) are utilized to construct the nonlinear and linear quantitative structure-activity relationship models. Results demonstrate that the SVR model offers powerful prediction capabilities.

5 illus, 8 tables, 25 ref

023160   Ganesh Kumar C;Rao P S;Gupta S;Malapaka J; Kamal A (Chemical Biology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: cgkumar@iict.res.in) : Chemical preservatives-based storage studies and ethanol production from juice of sweet sorghum cultivar, ICSV 93046. Sugar Tech 2015, 17(4), 404-11.

Sweet sorghum is an ideal feedstock for ethanol production, in view of the increased global demand for biofuels. Sweet sorghum juice is a perishable commodity and the stalk juice has a short shelf life (4-5 h) post-crushing due to its high fermentable sugar content and the rapid sugar degradation during storage is due to the metabolic activities of contaminating spoilage bacteria. Hence, the preservation of the juice is required for quality retention and to extend the storage shelf life of the juice. In the present study, the effect of chemical preservatives to extend the storage stability of sweet sorghum juice and its later bioconversion to ethanol was studied. Among the chemical preservatives evaluated, the juice samples spiked with sodium benzoate and sorbic acid delayed the increase in reducing sugars and thus prevented browning of juice during storage. Sodium benzoate and sorbic acid-spiked samples showed a decrease in the total sugar content from 13.03 to 10.7% and 11.35 to 10.16%, respectively, over a storage period of 96 h. Ethanol yield was in the range of 0.425-0.475 g g^-1 and 0.405-0.445 g g^-1 with optimal efficiency of 93 and 92% for sodium benzoate and sorbic acid, respectively, while the control showed a reduction in yield from 0.36 to 0.26 g g^-1 and efficiency by 57%. Sodium benzoate (at 1,000 ppm concentration) was identified as suitable preservative to retain the quality and extend the storage shelf life of fresh sweet sorghum juice up to 2 days at 37 °C.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

023159   De A K;Goswami D (Chemical Science Dep, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Email: dgoswami@iitk.ac.in) : Signal enhancement in fluorescence microscopy by microsecond pulsed excitation. Curr Sci 2016, 110(5), 768-9.

3 illus, 8 ref

023158   Azad S A K;Naga Mallika E;Bhaskar Reddy G V; Naveen Kumar G (Livestock Products Technology Dep, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh-521 102, Email: sakazad001@gmail.com) : Ethnic methodology of preparation of low fat meat products in North coastal Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 285-91.

An in-depth study of different indigenous meat products and their special attributes may be very useful in the development of meat industry, wherein meat based fast foods are gaining importance in all over the country. The documentation of traditional meat products was meagre or almost nil till recent times. Even though oral elucidation by the native people exists, the documentation was in its naive phase, keeping this traditional knowledge far from light. Ethnic tribes of Eastern Ghats of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh and Southern Chhattisgarh are well known for meat products preparation. Their culinary skills of making different preparations were known for making healthy, fat free and very low cost preparations. There were three such traditional/ethnic meat products Nara Kodi Iguru, Mamsapu Mottikalu, and Bongu Kodi Kura which are known for their low fat content. Scanty literature is found regarding culinary skills of making these products. This paper is aimed to document the culinary skills of these traditional/ethnic meat products and bring these delicious and healthy low fat meat products to the notice of the society.

16 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

023157   Argade V P;Pande V V (Pharmaceutics and Quality Assurance Dep, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kopargaon, District Ahmadnagar-414 001, Email: vaishaliargade1992@gmail.com) : Influence of different fermentation conditions on the formulation and development of Amla (Emblica officinalis gaertin.) wine. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 254-9.

Amla wine is one of the most acidic alcoholic beverages prepared by using various fermentation conditions such as fermenting agent, temperature, duration, juice concentration variation or by addition of jaggery. In this present study, Amla wine was analyzed for titrable acidity, volatile acidity, free SO₂ content, total soluble solids, pH, reducing sugar, alcohol content by GC, ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, etc. The marker constituent in Amla wine was identified by TLC, HPTLC, IR and antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The influence of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on self generated alcohol (SGA) content as ethanol was observed in range of 1.20-2.40%. Whereas by using flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz as the source of fermenting yeast, ethanol reached up to 1.0-1.70%. Feeding of excess jaggery in the formulation increases the ethanol content up to 8.69% and 9.29%. The trace amount of SGA like n-butanol, n-propanol, iso-butanol and methanol were also determined. From this study, it can be concluded that phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C were found abundant in the Amla wine, which may help in protecting the biological system against the free radicals and make immune system strong.

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

022183   Zhou L;Huang Z;Tao Y;Cheng J (Chemical Engineering Dep, Guangdong Industry Technical College, Guangzhou 510300, P.R. China, Email: cejcheng@scut.edu.cn) : Preparation and characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid coating surface with gradient wettability. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 2955-8.

The organic-inorganic hybrid coating surface with gradient wettability of water contact angle from 12.0 to 85.3° was prepared by slowly adding hexamethoxy methyl melamine and subsequently fluoro-contained acrylic polymer into an organic-inorganic hybrid hydrophilic polymer synthesized by tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and acrylic acid (AA) while the microslide substrate was gradually lifted up from the above mixture. After finally taken out from the solution the coated microslide was then cured in an oven at 220 °C for 90s to form the wettability gradient surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to characterize the surface chemical composition of the gradient surface. The method overcomes the limitation of restrictive substrate and reactive conditions, providing potential applications in areas such as protein absorption, microfluidics and heat transfer enhancement.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

022182   Zhang C;Li T;Li D;Xia J;Chen G (State Key Lab of Coal Combustion, Huazhong Univ of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei-430 074, Republic of China, Email: chengzhang@mail.hust.edu.cn ) : Relasing behavior of mercury in coal during mild thermal treatment. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(6), 328-32.

Mild coal thermal upgrading is one of the strategies for the emission control of mercury prior to coal utilization. Two Chinese coals have been selected to investigate the removal and emission behaviors of mercury in the process of coal mild thermal upgrading. Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) has been used to identify the emission behavior of different forms of mercury under rapid and temperature-programmable thermal upgrading treatments. The releasing behaviors of mercury associated with different matters in coal during thermal upgrading are identified by two-step acid washing pretreatment. The results indicate that Hg-silicate in coal is found to release between 300-450°C. Hg-sulfide is found to release between 400-600°C by mild thermal upgrading, however, oxidizing atmosphere has positive effect on lowering the releasing temperature for Hg-sulfide. Hg⁰ is the major form of mercury emitted under N₂ atmosphere by coal thermal upgrading. Temperatures increasing from 200-500°C under weak oxidizing atmosphere not only have significant effect on increasing the total mercury releasing ratio but also improving the proportion of Hg²⁺ in the flue gas, especially for coal with high Hg-sulfide compounds.

5 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

022181   Yao X;Tan H;Geng D;Dang L;Wei H (School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Univ, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China, Email: dangleping@tju.edu.cn) : Dissolution kinetics and mechanism of power detergent in water. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3468-72.

The dissolution process of powder detergent in deionized water was investigated systemically. The effects of percentage of sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, particle size, solid/liquid ratio and dissolution temperature on the dissolution rate of powder detergent were investigated. The dissolution kinetics data was correlated by using heterogeneous dissolution models, which indicates that the dissolution process of powder detergent is in agreement with diffusion control model well. Based on the kinetics study, the mechanism of the dissolution process and roles sodium linear alkyl benzene sulfonate and sodium carbonate play in the dissolution were discussed.

9 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

022180   Otag M;Kadakal C (Food Engineering Dep, Engineering Faculty, Pamukkale Univ, 20020 Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey, Email: motag10@posta.pau.edu.tr) : Comparative study of sugars, organic acids and trans-resveratrol in red and white grapes grown in Denizli region, Turkey. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 3121-6.

Grape berry ripening includes a broad range of physical and biochemical processes. In this study, compare the changes in organic acid, sugar and trans-resveratrol content during at four different ripening stages (lag phase, veraison, maturity and late harvest) between red (Calkarasi and Shiraz) and white (Sultana and Round Seedless) grapes grown in Denizli region were investigated. Analysis was carried out using the high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Glucose and fructose content was increased between lag phase stages and late harvest stages. Tartaric and malic acid content of all cultivars decreased throughout the maturation period. A continuous decrease in trans-resveratrol content in all varieties was observed during ripening.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

022179   Nwabueze H O;Igbokwe P K;Amalu E U;Okoro S E (Chemical Engineering Dep, Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu State, Email: ohenrieta@yahoo.com) : Equilibrium and kinetics of oil spill cleanup using acetylated corn cobs. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1106-14.

The present study investigates the potential of acetylated corn cobs as an adsorbent for oil spills cleanup. The equilibrium, isotherm and kinetics of the acetylated corn cobs were all carried out at room temperature, different reaction times as well as oil concentration. The sorption model and crude oil absorptive behavior of the ACC were studied using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The experimental methods adopted for the determination and estimation of the sorption coefficients are also described. The correlation values obtained showed that the model better fitted the Freundlich isotherm than the Langmuir isotherm. That is, the adsorption of oil on the adsorbent consists of heterogeneous adsorption sites that are similar to each other in respect of adsorption phenomenon. The kinetic data were best fitted to pseudo second-order kinetic model. ACC are therefore recommended for oil spills clean up, as well as for further development.

3 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

022178   Meng G Q;Li X;Hu L Y;Luo L X (NO, Guangxi Nongken Sugar Industry Group, Nanning 530022, Guangxi Province, P.R. China, Email: lxluo919@hotmail.com) : Analysis of dissolved and colloidal substance degradation in old corrugated container white water by Fenton method. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 2943-6.

In order to degrade the dissolved and colloidal substance (DCS) in white water system of waste paper, Fenton method, as an advanced oxidation processes, was employed in treating old corrugated container (OCC) recycling white water to reduce negative effect on paper properties and running performance of the paper machine. In this study, the optimum conditions were determined as pH was 4, [H₂O₂] = 1 mol/L, [H₂O₂]/[FeSO₄.7H₂O] = 1.75 for the Fenton process. Under these conditions, the removal rate of COD_Cr and dissolved and colloidal substance is reaching to 75.41 and 46.72%, respectively. The stability of dissolved and colloidal substance to metal ion by Fenton treated in wastepaper white water is significantly improved.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

022177   Feng G D;Hu Y;Zhou Y H (Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, P.R. China, Email: yhzhou777@163.com) : Preparation and application of epoxy oil-based fire-retardant plasticizer for PVC. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 2991-5.

An epoxy oil-based fire-retardant plasticizer with a triazine ring structure (THEIC-SBOE) has been prepared by transesterification and epoxidation using tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate and soybean oil methyl ester as the main raw materials. The structure of THEIC-SBOE has been characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis and its thermal stability has been measured by thermogravimetric analysis. Its epoxy value and acid value have been determined as 4.3% and 0.6 mg KOH g^-1, respectively. Examination of the morphology of carbon residue from PVC by scanning electron microscopy showed THEIC-SBOE to serve as an intumescent flame retardant. The results showed that, with the same plasticizer contents incorporated into PVC, THEIC-SBOE imparted similar mechanical properties as epoxidized soybean oil. Furthermore, PVC blends incorporating the synthesized plasticizer THEIC-SBOE displayed better fire-retardant properties than those incorporating dioctyl phthalate. The limiting oxygen index of such a PVC blend reached 28.4% with 35% (w/w) THEIC-SBOE incorporation.

5 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

022176   Chattopadhyay P;Arun Karthick R (Chemical Engineering Dep, BITS-Pilani, Pilani-333 031, Email: pradipta@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in) : Optimum ethanol-hexanol foams for formulation of detergents. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(4), 1961-8.

The accurate and speedy characterization of aqueous foams generated by the use of surfactants are critical for the formulation of soaps and detergents. This paper describes details of experimental studies directed towards measurement of foaming properties of mixture of ethanol, hexanol and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The experimental results are of great relevance with respect to the formulation of detergents, which can be generated by use of alcohol-surfactant mixtures. The foams were generated by the injection of air at a constant flow rate of 5 mL/sec into aqueous mixtures of ethanol, hexanol with sodium lauryl sulfate. The foams were then characterized using a Dynamic Foam Analyzer (Kruss GmbH, Germany). The foamability, stability parameters like foam capacity, RMI 30, were determined and their variation with changes in ethanol, hexanol and SLS amounts added to solution were noted. Model equations for foam capacity and RMI 30 were developed by using the Central Composite Experimental Design (CCD) approach of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), statistically analyzed and validated. The responses obtained in the study were foam capacity (FC) and RMI 30 in mL. Numerical optimization for two different strategies for the responses, were subsequently performed by using Design-Expert Software version 9.0.4.1. The optimum responses FC and RMI 30 were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.

5 illus, 16 ref

022175   Boz N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi Univ, 06570 Maltepe, Anakara, Turkey, Email: nboz@gazi.edu.tr) : Transesterification of canola oil with methanol using nano zinc oxide supported catalysts. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 3039-43.

Nano zinc oxide supported catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method with an aqueous solution of K₂CO₃ (3-10 wt. %) and tested for the transesterification of canola oil with methanol. Several operating variables were used in order to assess their influence on the methyl ester yield, namely, the weight ratio of K₂CO₃ over ZnO (3-10%), the reactant feed ratio (alcohol/oil: 6/1-18/1), the reactor temperature (298, 318, 333 and 338 K), reaction time (1-9 h) and the catalyst concentration (varied between 1-7 wt. %). 10 wt. % K₂CO₃ impregnated on nano particles of zinc oxide were found to be the active catalysts resulting in high conversion of 97.83 ± 1.82% for transesterification of canola oil at 338 K with methanol/oil ratio of 9/1 and using 5 wt. % catalysts.

9 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

022174   Bhuvaneshwari S;Sivasubramanian V;Sankar K; Aswathi M;Harish B (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala-673 601, Email: siva@nitc.ac.in) : Application of response surface methodology for adsorption of Cr(VI) from wastewater streams by chitosan. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(6), 283-90.

The performance of chitosan as an adsorbent in the removal of chromium ion (Cr(VI)) from wastewater in batch and continuous modes has been investigated. The column performance of Cr(VI) adsorption onto chitosan has been studied at different bed height (3-9 cm) and flow rate (50-200 mL/min). The column has been designed based on the break through curves. Initially, adsorption tests of Cr(VI) on chitosan have been carried out in batch modes. The effects of pH, chitosan concentration, Cr(VI) concentration, contact time and shaking speed on the removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic and industrial wastewater have been studied. The highest adsorption capacity of 99.2% has been observed in the recycle column. An ideal experimental design has been carried out based on central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM) using the design expert software 8.0.6.1 to evaluate the effect of the different parameters on Cr (VI) adsorption capacity in batch mode and continuous mode. A multiple response method is applied for optimization of process parameters.

4 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

022173   Banerjee A;Bhattacharyya S;Ghosh S;Ghosh M (Chemical Technology Dep, Univ College of Science & Technology Univ of Calicutta, 92, A P C Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: mahuag@gmail.com) : Antioxidant role of lutein esters extracted from Indian marigold flower on soybean oil during heating. Indian J chem Technol 2015, 22(6), 297-302.

Soybean oil is rich in linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) which is susceptible to oxidation during heating/frying. The present study attempts to protect the oil during heating by adding a natural anti-oxidant, lutein-ester, isolated from Indian marigold flower by solvent extraction. Two sets of experiment have been carried out by taking 1 L of soybean oil. In one set, 500 mL of soybean oil is heated for 24 h (8 h daily for 3 consecutive days) and in the second set, lutein ester of 0.01g/kg is added to the remaining 500 mL of soybean oil and the oil is heated for 24 h in the similar manner. Heated oil samples are collected in every 4 h and the protective effects of lutein-ester have been assessed by monitoring the color, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value and 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) content of the heated oil samples. The content of HNE, which can be used as an index to monitor the overall progression of PUFA towards oxidation, show a value of 10.09±0.1 μM/g in case of control soybean oil and value of 1.11±0.02 μM/g in experimental soybean oil, after 24 h of heating. All the other parameters also confirm that lutein-ester can act as effective antioxidant to protect the oil during frying/heating.

2 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

021138   Ugwu K E;Ofomatah A C;Okoye C O B (National Centre for Energy Research and Development, Nigeria Univ, Nsukka, Email: kenecis@yahoo.co.uk) : Bagasse and poultry droppings as feedstock for biogas production. Int J pure appl Chem 2015, 10(2-3), 59-64.

Nagasse and Poultry droppings are common wastes in some Nigerian towns that pollute the environment and may be causing health problems. This investigation utilized bagasse and poultry droppings, both separately and as blends, to generate biofuel while the biogas yield and quality were monitored. The feedstocks were subjected to anaerobic digestion for 35 days at mesophilic temperature. Biogas yield was progressively higher in the blends as poultry droppings proportion grew higher and was highest with poultry droppings alone. Bagasse alone as a feedstock produced the least volume of biogas. Onset of gas flammability was observed on the 4th day for bagasse and poultry droppings blends while for poultry droppings alone, it was observed on the 5th day. Bagasse alone produced higher methane component of the biogas compared to the percentage methane content in the biogas produced from bagasse blends with poultry droppings. This work showed that biogas of high methane content was produced from wastes that were environmental pollutants by applying appropriate process parameters.

3 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

021137   Subash R;Elango A (Dairy Science Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: subashvet@gmail.com) : Fortification of micro - encapsulated ferrous lactate in yoghurt. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 463-7.

A study was designed to develop microencapsulated whey protein-chelated ferrous lactate fortified yoghurt. Influence of iron (ferrous lactate) on survival of yoghurt culture, TBA values of yoghurt and sensory properties of yoghurt were tested by control, free iron and encapsulated iron fortification. Statistically no significant (P<62>0.05) difference was noticed in count of Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius spp. thermophilus between control and different iron fortified yoghurt treatments on 0, 7, 14 and 21 days. During storage period, the count of Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius spp. thermophilus significantly (P<60>0.05) decreased both in control and as well as in iron fortified yoghurt and thus the fortified iron did not affect the viability of yoghurt bacteria. The TBA values of unencapsulated iron fortified yoghurt was significantly (P<60>0.05) higher when compared to control and encapsulated iron fortified yoghurt. Significant (P<60>0.05) difference was observed in oxidized flavour at 0, 7, 14 and 21st day of storage between control and different treatments of yoghurt. In addition, significant (P<60>0.05) difference was observed in overall preference at 0, 7, 14 and 21st day of storage between control and different treatments of yoghurt and between different storage periods. The present study demonstrated that microencapsulated whey protein chelated ferrous lactate can be added up to a level of 80 mg per litre of yoghurt without affecting the viability of yoghurt probiotic culture, accepted appearance and sensorial attributes.

3 tables, 17 ref

021136   Srivastava H;Kirti Kumari;Kulkarni D A (CTAE, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001, Email: himani037@gmail.com) : Development and quality evaluation of pineapple blended carrot juice. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 503-8.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) juice and carrot (Drocus carota) juice were optimized to a blended beverage which was stored for 21 days in a can (400 ml capacity) at refrigerated temperature. Physico-chemical and sensory analysis were evaluated. A marginal change in pH, total soluble solids, vitamin C and beta-carotene were observed. The beta carotene content of juice was found (1825 <109>g) to be increased with increasing the proportion of carrot juice. Estimation of vitamin C content of sample (17 mg) showed high improvement in nutritional value of pineapple juice incorporated with carrot. The pH of the juice was 5.2 after processing. The mean overall acceptability scores of more than 8 for juice samples up to 65% carrot juice with 35 % pineapple juice incorporation indicated the commercial scope for manufacturing good and nutritious pineapple juice blended with carrot juice, which will also be helpful in providing dietary requirement of beta carotene to the consumer. Citric acid (1 g) and ascorbic acid (2 g) were found effective for inactivating the microbial flora. The shelf life of juice was enhanced upto 90 days at refrigerator storage. The product is recommended to children, youth and elderly persons to be used within 90 days.

6 illus, 9 tables, 31 ref

021135   Semwal A;Singh A;Chand K;Shahi N C (Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering Dep, College of Technology, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: kcphpfe@gmail.com) : Quality assessment of probiotic weaning mix from fermented cereal-legu me blends. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2015, 8(1), 49-59.

Weaning mix was developed from underutilized crops of Uttarakhand (finger millet, barnyard millet, black soybean, amaranth grain). Malting and fermentation were adopted as ways of improving cereal protein quality and decreasing anti-nutritional property and probiotic weaning mix was produced using probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum. Box-benkhen design of response surface methodology was used to design the experiments design for three variables with three levels [blend ratio (cereals : legume:: 50:50, 60:40, 70:30), fermentation time (12 h, 24 h, 36 h), inoculums concentration (1%, 3%, 5%] and four responses (protein, tannin, water absorption capacity, water absorption index). The probiotic fermentation resulted in favourable changes in nutritionl profile of weaning mix resulting 48.2% increase in protein and 92.3% decrease in tannin content. The optimized set; of independent variables (cereals (FM+BM): legume: 70:30 fermented for 25 h with 2.9% inoculum concentration) obtained after statistical analysis, was used to develop final probiotic weaning mix.

4 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

021134   Nurlybayeva A;Sakhy M;Negim E S;Rustem E; Shinibekova A (NO, Taraz State Univ named after M.H. Dulati Taraz, Republic of Kazakhstan, Email: aisha_nurlybayeva@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and research of copolymers on the basis of methyl methacrylate and their application in paint and varnish coverings. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(2), 922-34.

Copolymerizations of unsaturated compounds with different ratios of methacrylic monomers were synthesized. The synthesized copolymers exhibit good adhesion, flexibility and waterproofing performance may be used in the paint industry. The behavior of the copolymers of MMA and BMA and proven by IR spectroscopy. This paper describes the synthesis, structure and properties of certain block copolymers. The practical application of scanning electron microscopy used for investigation of materials. By using the applications as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the copolymer is resistant to heat and aging temperature ranges set methacrylic copolymers. As a result of research analysis TGA curve revealed that the mass of solid residue is higher in samples with a high content of methacrylate monomers. It was found that the thermal degradation of butyl methacrylate copolymers studied by the mechanism of copolymerization and decomposition side butyl substituent.

4 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

021133   Muthu K;Viruthagiri T (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar-608 002) : Optimization and production of biodiesel using calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1357-64.

In this study biodiesel was produced from palm oil using calcium oxide (CaO) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The waste chicken eggshell was applied as aw material for the preparation of heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. Prior to use, the waste chicken eggshells were cleaned thoroughly with the running water and followed by distilled water and dried for 12 hr at 102°, the calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content in the waste egg shell was converted into calcium oxide (CaO) by calcining at 900°C for 4 hr. The effect of experimental variables namely reaction temperature, reaction time, methanol to oil ratio, and amount of catalyst were investigated.

4 illus, 19 ref

021132   Kautkar S;Pandey R K;Rishi Richa;Kothakota A (Post Harves Process and Food Engineerin Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Temperature dependent electrical conductivities of ginger paste during ohmic heating. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2015, 8(1), 21-7.

Ohmic heating is now regarded as highly attractive advanced technique for food processing wherein electric current is passed through the liquid particulates foods with primary purpose of heating them. The success of ohmic heating depends on the rate of heat generation in the system, the electrical conductivity of the food, method by which the food flows through the system and composition of the food. In this study, the ginger paste at different salt treatment (0-2% w/w) was heated in a laboratory scale ohmic heater by applying voltage gradients (5-13 V/cm). The temperature dependent electrical conductivity was obtained at different time interval of 0, 5 and 10 minute at different temperatures (30-60°C). Bubbling was observed above 70°C especially at high voltage gradients. The electrical conductivity measured in terms of point and bulk electrical conductivity. Point electrical conductivity was greater than bulk electrical conductivity. The point and bulk electrical conductivity values were in the range of 4.41 to 6.63 and 3.75 to 5.87 mS/cm respectively.

6 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

021131   Kamalanathan G;Meyyappan R M (Chemical Engineering Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, Email: suthakamal15@yahoo.com) : Optimization of process variables in combined effect of aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution of osmotic dehydration of coconut slices by using RSM. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(2), 885-902.

The present work aimed to study the osmotic dehydration of coconut slices by aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution concentration. Response surface methodology with central composite design was used to investigate the influence of three variables, namely aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution concentration (46.59/1.59 to 63.40/18.40% w/w), temperature (26.59 to 43.41 °C) and processing time (1.65 to 3.34 hours). The quadratic regression equation describing the effects of these factors on WR, SG and WL were developed. Analysis of the regression coefficients showed that aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution concentration with temperature and temperature with processing time for WR (p <62> 0.05), the aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution concentration with processing time for SG (p <62> 0.05) and aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution concentration with temperature and temperature with processing time for WL (p <62> 0.05) were the most important factor that affects the osmotic dehydration of coconut slices. Optimum conditions for maximum percentage of weight reduction (25.82), minimum percentage of solid gain (2.76%) and maximum percentage of water loss (28.58%) was predicted as immersion using 55.59/10.59 (% w/w) aqueous mixed sugar and salt solution concentration at 34.74°C for 2.54 hrs.

9 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

021130   Joga Rao H;Kalyani G;King P (Chemical Engineering Dep, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, Srikakulam-532 127, Email: hjrgmrit@gmail.com) : Isolation of citral from lemongrass oil using steam distillation: Statistical optimization by response surface methodology. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(3), 1305-14.

In this study, citral, a major component of lemongrass oil is isolated using steam distillation. The objectives of the study were to explore the effect of the selected factors, volume ratio and time on the percentage yield for the obtained distillate (citral) and to develop a statistical relationship. The experiments were designed using response surface method (RSM) with percentage yield as the response. The results were analyzed statistically and the optimum conditions are identified as: volume ratio and time were 0.053 and 98.2126 min, respectively. Under the optimum conditions the yield is 85.1416%. A confirmation experiment under the optimum conditions showed a yield of 83.8%. This was only within experimental error range of < 5% from the predicted value. From our study, we found that specific gravity, density, flash point and refractive index of the product are 0.8904, 0.89031 g/cm³, 91°C and 1.488, respectively, which were resembling the characteristics of standard citral.

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

021129   Dhar T M;Das K;Ghosh M (NO, Bose Institute, Main Campus, Kolkata) : Surface morphology of black cumin seeds. Sci Cult 2015, 81(11-12), 365-7.

The study concentrates on the surface morphology of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa. L) containing aromatic oil. Scanning Electron Microscope was used to look in to the surface morphology and revealed that the aromatic oil globules present in the apical part of outgrowths are more in number near the vein. Surface ultrastructure using SEM can be exploited to confirm the presence of aromatic oil in any seed samples.

11 illus, 7 tables

020116   Yadav U;Singh R R B;Chatterjee A (Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Email: upasana.ndri@gmail.com) : Optimization of physical properties and protein to produce functional extruded snack concocted with composite flour using RSM. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 124-32.

Currently, snack market is predominantly fat and calorie rich and deficient in nutrition, thus selling obesity, aiming children in particular. To counter this subject palatably, an effort was ventured by implementing extrusion cooking for designing a crisp snack by utilizing adjoined benefits of sweet potato flour (SPF; high carotene), rennet casein (RC; milk protein), barley flour (BF; fibre source) and rice flour (RF), as ingredients. The ingredient levels; treated as factors; were modulated using Central Composite Rotatable Design model with Response Surface Methodology approach. The level selection, rested on the model, was drawn from the fed range of 20 - 35 SPF, 15 - 30 BF, 10 - 30 RC and 30 - 40 RF; all being in parts. The recorded responses against the independent variables were bulk density, expansion index, hardness and protein. Polynomial equations and regression coefficients were obtained for each factor. The analyses by StatEase DesignExpertTM software, v7.0, revealed statistically prominent positive and negative significances and non-significant effects of each independent variable over individual responses thru linear, interaction and quadratic levels at either p<60>0.01, p<60>0.05 or p<62>0.05. Maximization of protein was accounted for optimization criteria whilst rest responses were kept in-range. One out of three obtained optimized formulations was subjected to reproducibility validation (SPF

6 tables, 28 ref

020115   Yadav P;Murthy I Y L N (Biochemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Email: praduman1311@gmail.com) : Calibration of NMR spectroscopy for accurate estimation of oil content in sunflower, safflower and castor seeds. Curr Sci 2016, 110(1), 73-6.

Oil content analysis in oilseed crops requires methods that are non-destructive, accurate, fast, eco-friendly (without the use of solvent), inexpensive in terms of consumables, and easy to use. Pulsed low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) satisfies all these conditions. The objective of the present study was to develop an oil measurement method for seeds using NMR spectrometry. A bench-top pulsed NMR analyser was calibrated with respect to temperature. Six genotypes each of sunflower, safflower and castor were used for the analysis. Changes in sample conditioning temperature can lead to significant changes in the calibration graph. Based on the statistical parameters (correlation coefficient, variance and standard deviation) obtained, the best calibration was found for sunflower and safflower at 40°C and castor at 44°C among the temperature ranges tested.

2 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

020114   Yadav D;Harish Kumar;Aravind Kumar;Jha A; Pramod Kumar;Goyal A (Dairy Chemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana-132 001, Email: dev.007.yadav@gmail.com) : Optimization of polyphenolic fortification of grape peel extract in stirrd yogurt by response surface methodology. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 41-9.

Black grape (Vitis vinifera) peel possesses a huge amount of nutraceuticals. In the present study, dried grape peel extract (GPE), milk fat and powdered sugar levels in stirred yogurt were optimized with the help of response surface methodology involving central composite rotatable design of three independent variables. Four important parameters, total phenolic content, antiradical activity, textural properties and sensory characteristics were chosen for the optimization process. It was found that the antiradical activity and total phenolic content increased exponentially with increase in GPE levels. Textural and sensory attributes like consistency, cohesiveness, flavor and overall acceptability of yogurt was found directly proportional to the milk fat. On the other hand, the pH and titrable acidity were found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of GPE in yogurt. On the basis of interactive studies, grape peel extract, milk fat and sugar were optimized in 1.00, 4.00 and 10.00%, respectively. The optimized product possessed 85.627%, DPPH inhibition, 56.034 mg of total phenolic content, 1010.37 g of consistency, 30.845 g sec of cohesiveness and 7.42 flavour scores.

3 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

020113   Sunil Kumar K;Mathur R K;Sparjanbabu D S (NO, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, West Godavari District, Pedavegi-534 450, Email: sunilk.icar@gmail.com) : Efficacy of organic solvents for medium term storage of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) pollen. Indian J agric Res 2015, 49(6), 516-21.

The oil palm is the richest source of vegetable oil in the world. The hybrid nature of crop necessitates artificial hybridization between proven parent palms which in turn require the pollen from male parent to be collected and stored without loss of viability for sufficiently long period. Reports suggested that pollen grains of various taxa could be successfully preserved in different organic solvents. In the present study, attempt was made to evaluate the suitability of organic solvents to store the oil palm pollen at 0 to-5°C temperature. Among the five solvents used, there was significant variation for viability and germination percentages. Viability was the maximum for pollen stored in Diethyl ether (90.45%) as well as in n-Hexane (88.41%) after 200 days of storage. Viability of pollen stored in Chloroform and Acetone were moderate and in case of Methyl alcohol, complete loss of viability was observed. With respect to pollen germination in vitro, similar trend was observed. The trend was same at different intervals/period of storage. This was confirmed through in vivo pollination and fruits set studies. Thus, present method indicated that it is feasible to store oil palm pollen in non polar solvents beyond 200 days without considerable loss of viability or germination.

2 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

020112   Solis-Fuentes J A;Ayala-Tirado R C; Duran-de-Bazua M C (Instituto de Ciencias Basicas, Univ Veracruzana, Av. Dos Vistas s/n Carretera Xalapa-Las Trancas, 91000 Xalapa, Ver., Mexico, Email: jsolis@uv.mx) : Thermal and storage stability of color in juice and fructose syrup from sugar cane. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(2), 82-8.

In this paper the thermal stability of the color of purified, guarapo^a and clarified, sugar cane juices after treatment with activated carbon and ultrafiltration was studied, and the color stability during the storage of fructose syrup made from them with S. cerevisiae invertase treatment, were evaluated. The results showed that the purification treatments removed up to 99% of the color juices. The remnant color of these purified juices increased with heat treatment at 100° and 1 h duration, this increment being dependent on the type of purification treatment, the invertase treatment of the sucrose contained in them, and the pH of the juice. Syrups prepared from these purified and hydrolyzed juices had soluble solids over 50°Brix with a color of 25.44 IU for guarapo's cane juice syrup and 76.33 IU for the clarified juice syrup. They showed increases in color during storage at room temperature reaching around 500 for the first and 1000 IU for the second one after 8 weeks. In refrigerated conditions the syrups showed more stability in their pH value and color. After 10 weeks of storage at 8°, the color levels were 63.3 and 116.3 IU for guarapo and clarified juice syrups, respectively, with optical densities (OD) lesser than 0.050 ODU, corresponding subjectively to a light straw color.

1 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

020111   Singh N;Malhotra P;Singh J (Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Freozpur Road, Ludhiana, Email: nirmal02@yahoo.co.in) : Information needs and seeking behaviour of dairy farmers of Punjab. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 98-104.

The present study is an attempt to ascertain the information needs and seeking behaviour of dairy farmers of Punjab State (India). This is based on the data collected from 102 farmers at Pashu Palan Mela (Livestock Fair) held at Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana during September 2014 via structured Interview Schedule. The study revealed that age of farmers, experience in dairy farming, herd size owned and membership of dairy farming related organisations have a significant relation with their information needs. In view of advancements in Information and Communication Technology and its growing adaptability among farmers, the cyber extension is expected to play a crucial role in dissemination of animal husbandry information in near future. The mobile based information services grounded on the partnership between milk co-operatives, telecommunication companies and veterinary university could be an imperious venture for delivering information to the palms of dairy farmers.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

020110   Sharma S;Arora K;Sharma A (Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110 016, Email: satyawatis@hotmail.com) : Comparative evaluation of chemicals and botanicals based dehydration of biogas slurry. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(2), 115-19.

Spent slurry from cattle dung based biogas plant was characterized and dehydrated by coagulation methods. Various chemical and botanical coagulants were tested at their different concentration levels. Alum at 3.6% (w/v) produced maximum dehydration (40%) and its dose was further reduced to 2% (w/v) by adding polyelectrolyte dimethylamine ultimately causing 44% dehydration of fresh biogas slurry. Regarding botanicals, Moringa seed powder showed 30% dehydration, better results than cactus mucilage (with only 5% water removal). In case of Moringa, although the water separation was less than alum, the quality of separated water (in terms of EC, pH, N, P, K, TOC) was found better. The Zeta potential values of water separated out by Moringa seed powder and alum were found to be -18.1and -17.3 mV respectively. Our results suggest that although the dehydration capacity of alum was superior than botanicals tested but quality of water removed was better in case of Moringa.

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

020109   Sharma P H;Sawant C G;Patil R V (Agricultural Entomology Dep, Vasantrao Naik Marathweada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani-431 402, Maharashtra) : Effect of different spacings and fertilizer levels on incidence of thrips (Thrips tabaci) on Bt cotton. Bioinfolet 2016, 13(2B), 375-8.

Field experiments were conducted to study effect of different spacing and fertilizer levels on incidence of sucking pest viz. Thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindman) and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in Bt cotton. Results indicated that the lowest incidence of Thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindman) was observed in S4 180x30 cm (18518 plants/ha) plant spacing at 30 DAS (3.22). As regards to the fertilizer levels, lowest incidence of thrips was observed under the influence of F1-120: 60: 60 NPK kg/ha at 30 DAS (5.85). Lowest incidence of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) was recorded under the plant spacing of S5 150x30 cm (22222 plants/ha) plant spacing at 30 DAS (3.54). The effect of fertilizer levels showed that lowest incidence of whitefly was recorded in F1-120: 60: 60 NPK kg/ha. At 30 DAS (6.62).

4 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

020108   Patel M;Jaiswal S;Naik B;Naik M;Saxena D;Naik S N (Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, Email: naiksn@gmail.com) : Development of antioxidant rich beverage from mahua (Madhuca indica) and Amla (Emblica officinalis). J scient ind Res 2016, 75(1), 35-9.

An antioxidant rich, sugar free (no added sugar) beverage was developed using a novel source of natural sugar i.e. mahua (Madhuca indica) flower juice concentrate and amla (Emblica officinalis) juice. Three different concentrations of mahua (20, 40 and 60 °Brix) were blended with amla in six different proportions (90%, 75%, 50%, 40%, 25% and 10%) and were analyzed for total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, sugar profile and organoleptic property. The blend prepared from 40°Brix mahua having 50% amla was found to be the blend of choice.

3 tables, 24 ref

020107   Patel A S;Roy S K (Colllege of Veterinary Science & A. H., AAU, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, Email: dr.ajaypatelvet2012@gmail.com) : Comparative rheological study of goat milk yoghurt and cow milk yoghurt. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 124-7.

Goat is popularly known as poor man's cow (or mini-cow) because of its immense contribution to the poor man's economy. Like milk, yoghurt is also very nutritious. It has been demonstrated that acid milk is better to digest than normal milk. The most important benefits of yoghurt consumption cover the reduction of blood cholesterol level, anti-cancer effects and the improvement of antimicrobial activity and immunity in the human body.From the point of view of rheology, yoghurt is a non-Newtonian, rheological unstable, viscoelastic and pseudoplastic fluid.Beside the sensory quality, another important factor for the consumer's acceptance of the product are the rheological properties of yoghurt, such as apparent viscosity and flow behaviour.An important role is also played by the composition and physicochemical properties of milk which yoghurt is prepared from. Because of the differences in composition and physicochemical properties of goat and cow milk differences in the rheological properties of yoghurt from these types of milk can be expected. Texture analysis of goat and cow milk yoghurt was carried out to compare the quality of yoghurt using instrument namely TA.XT Plus texture analyzer. Study revealed that goat milk yoghurt was having lower firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and index of viscosity than cow milk yoghurt.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

020106   Nigam R;Khamrui K;Prasad W;Lodh J;Singh B; Debnath A (Dairya Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132 001, Haryana) : Optimization and sensory profile of Chhana based kulfi as function of ingredients using response surface methodology. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 33-40.

Investigation was undertaken to study the effect of ingredient levels viz., chhana, cow milk, sugar and stabilizer on sensory characteristics of kulfi using response surface methodology (RSM). Flavour score was significantly (p≤0.01) positively affected by level of chhana and sugar and significantly (p≤0.01) negatively affected by level of milk at linear level. Quadratic terms of milk and chhana had significant (p≤=0.01) negative effect while quadratic term of sugar had significant (p≤0.05) positive effect on flavour score of chhana based kulfi. Body and texture score was significantly (p≤0.01) positively affected by level of chhana at linear level. Quadratic term of milk had significant (p≤0.01) negative effect while quadratic term of sugar had significant (p≤0.05) positive effect on body and texture score of chhana based kulfi. Colour and appearance score was significantly (p≤0.01) positively affected by level of chhana at linear level. Melting quality score was significantly (p≤0.05) positively affected by level of milk at linear level. Quadratic term of sugar had significant (p≤0.01) positive effect on melting quality score of chhana based kulfi. The formulation with 56.94% cow milk, 24.66% chhana, 18.21% sugar and 0.23% stabilizer, having the highest desirability (0.83) hence selected as optimized solution.

4 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

020105   Narayanan C M;Biswas S (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713 209) : Computer aided design and analysis of three phase fluidized bed biofilm reactors for wastewater treatment. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(2), 224-49.

The performance characteristics of three phase fluidized bed biofilm reactors have been analysed mathematically and a reliable CAD software has been developed. Co-current operation with liquid forming the continuous phase and the gas rising in the form of discrete bubbles has been considered. The three phase nature of the system, existence of dispersed flow (plug flow with axial dispersion), diffusional resistance to substrate transfer into the biofilm and resistance to transport of substrate from liquid bulk to biofilm surface (liquid to particle mass transfer) have all been adequately taken care of. Software results compare favourably with experimental data. Bioconversion processes that follow alternate types of intrinsic kinetics have been considered including the one that accounts for substrate inhibition to microbial growth. The hydrodynamic characteristics of three phase fluidized bed such as minimum fluidization velocity, fractional liquid holdup and fractional gas holdup in the bed are estimated from selected experimental correlations (selected through elaborate trials). The dependence of bioreactor performance on the system/operating parameters such as the substrate flow rate, fractional substrate conversion, size of particle - biofilm aggregates and biomass concentration in biofilm has been successfully predicted by the developed CAD software and are illustrated graphically. Utilizations of the software for the design and installation of industrial three phase fluidized bed bioreactors shall be thus promising.

15 illus, 26 ref

020104   Nadupunathil D;Kannadaka V R;Rudrappa S;Belur R L (Traditional Foods and Sensory science Dep, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 020) : Anhydrous milk fat as a substitute for partially hydrogenated fat: A comparative physico-chemical characterization. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 50-9.

Partially hydrogenated fat (PHF) is widely used in the food industry especially as a bakery fat. However, PHF is perceived to have adverse effects on health and hence needs to be replaced by a fat which has similar structural and organoleptic properties without having harmful effects on health. In present study anhydrous milk fat (AMF) was tested for this purpose by comparing the structural aspects of AMF with PHF. AMF from three different sources were characterised for their physico-chemical properties. AMF obtained from commercial sources (Com-AMF) and AMF prepared from cow milk (Cow-AMF) and buffalo milk (Bufl-AMF) was used in this study. The AMF samples contained 4.5-6.2% short chain fatty acids and 17.4-19.4% medium chain fatty acids which were not detected in PHF. The amount of trisaturated triacylglycerols (TAG) in Com-AMF, Cow-AMF and Bufl-AMF was 22.3, 18.8 and 22.5 respectively whereas PHF contained 27.5% trisaturated TAG. The results from DSC studies showed that the total change in enthalpy (ΔH) for melting as well as crystallisation for Com-AMF was closer to that of PHF. The SFC pattern for Com-AMF and PHF indicated the plasticity of both the fats. Com-AMF samples showed TAG in β' polymorph similar to that of PHF. Micro-structural analysis showed crystal clusters of comparable size for Com-AMF and PHF with high refraction. The structural studies indicate that PHF can be replaced to certain extent with Com-AMF in the preparation of food products with desirable organoleptic properties.

4 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref