005142   Vaidya D;Sharma A;Abrol G S;Sharma S;Vaidya M K (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Email: surbhisml@gmail.com) : Evaluation of technology for low cost drying of banana slices. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 176-80.

Banana for table purpose is among the largest grown fruit in India. Ripe banana contains about 80% moisture, hence susceptible to post harvest losses. Due to its bulky nature and rapid weight loss, it is very difficult to transport the fruits and long-term storage as such is not possible, thus drying it is one of the options for reducing post harvest losses. Thus, the present study was undertaken to standardize the best pretreatment for drying of bananas with better retention of quality characteristics. The pretreatments used were 0.2% citric acid dip and blanching. These were then compared with control in which no treatment was given to the banana slices. Sensory analysis was conducted by the panelists for different parameters like colour, taste, texture and overall acceptability. However, colour retention was found better in both the treatments as compared to the control. Effect of drying on different parameters like moisture content, rehydration ratio and starch content were also analyzed. Drying of bananas slices in poly tunnels with these pretreatments has been found cost effective and an easy method to reduce the bulk of the crop and increase its shelf life.

^ssc3 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

005141   Svetlana N;Ozcan M M (Biochemistry Dep, Belarus State Univ, Minsk, Belarus, Email: mozcan@selcuk.edu.tr) : Mineral contents of malted barley grains used as the raw material of beer consumed as traditional spirits. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 500-2.

Mineral contents of raw, rootlets and malted barley grains were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). In malt, 4514 Ca, 6370 mg/kg K, 2383 Mg, 5638 P and 8865 S were established. While Ca contents of samples change between 520 mg/kg to 4514 mg/kg, K contents ranged from 101 gm (germinated-dried with radicle) to 6370 mg/kg (malt). P contents ranged from 1933 (germinated to 5638 mg/kg (malt). As a micro element, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni an Zn were established in barley and their derivatives. Cr and Ni contents of samples were found at the minor levels and established under the iaproximately 1.4 mg/kg. While the Cu content of samples changes between 0.7 mg/kg to 6.8 mg/kg, their Fe contents chariged between 57.7 to 79.9 mg/kg.

1 table, 17 ref

005140   Sridhara Rao D V;al. et (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: dvsridhararao@gmail.com) : Microstructural and compositional characterisation of electronic materials. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 341-52.

Microstructural and compositional characterisation of electronic materials in support of the development of GaAs, GaN and GaSb based multilayer device structures is described. Electron microscopy techniques employing nanometer and sub-nanometer scale imaging capability of structure and chemistry have been widely used to characterise various aspects of electronic and optoelectronic device structures such as InGaAs quantum dots, InGaAs pseudomorphic (pHEMT) and metamorphic (mHEMT) layers and the ohmic metallisation of GaAs and GaN high electron mobility transistors, nichrome thin film resistors, GaN heteroepitaxy on sapphire and silicon substrates, as well as InAs and GaN nanowires. They also established convergent beam electron diffraction techniques for determination of lattice distortions in III-V compound semiconductors, EBSD for crystalline misorientation studies of GaN epilayers and high-angle annular dark field techniques coupled with digital image analysis for the mapping of composition and strain in the nanometric layered structures. Also, in-situ SEM experiments were performed on ohmic metallisation of pHEMT device structures. The established electron microscopy expertise for electronic materials with demonstrated examples is presented.

16 illus, 44 ref

005139   Singh R K;Raja M M;Ghosal P;Mathur R P (Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, , Hyderabad-500 058, Email: ranjan@dmrl.drdo.in) : Effect of Mn concentration on magneto-mechanical properties in directionally solidified ferromagnetic shape memory Ni-Mn-Ga alloys. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 391-402.

Heusler type alloys Ni₅₀Mn_25+xGa_25-x (x = 2, 3, 4, and 5) based on near stoichiometric Ni₂MnGa compositions were directionally solidified using modified Bridgman method. The alloys thus prepared were characterised for their chemical composition, crystal structure, microstructure, phase transformation, magnetic and magneto-mechanical properties. The directionally solidified Ni₅₀Mn₃₀Ga₂₀ alloy rod exhibited maximum magnetocrystalline value of 95 kJm^{-3 and lowest detwinning stresses for martensite phase of about 5 MPa. The reversible room temperature magnetic field induced strain of 0.2 per cent under external magnetic field of 0.6 T and 0.05 kN bias load was obtained for the directionally solidified Ni₅₀Mn₃₀Ga₂₀ alloy.}

11 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

005138   Singh P;Arvind Kumar (Livestock Products Technology Div, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir Un, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Email: dravindlpt@gmail.com) : Quality attributes of chevon meat patties substituted with rabbit meat. Indian J Small Rumin 2016, 22(2), 206-12.

Meat products can be modified by substitution to make it beneficial for health. A study was undertaken to utilise rabbit meat in chevon patties. Different patty formulations were optimized based on sensory evaluation using 9% vegetable oil and 4% refined wheat flour. The rabbit meat patty formulations were optimized for cooking temperature and cooked at an internal temperature of 78±2 °C whereas, chevon patties and rabbit meat substituted patties were optimized and cooked at 80±2°C. Chevon and rabbit meat in the ratio of 50:50 were found to be the most suitable for the preparation of rabbit meat substituted chevon patties on the basis of proximate and sensory analysis. Substitution of chevon with rabbit meat resulted in significantly (P<60>0.05) higher dietary protein and moisture contents and lower ash and fat contents. During refrigerated storage (4+1 'C) of rabbit meat substituted patties @ 50% in chevon were found acceptable up to 14 days on the basis of physico-chemical, sensory as well as microbiological quality. The use of rabbit meat and ctievon in meat products, offers the processors opportunity to improve the nutritional and functional qualities of meat products.

5 tables, 26 ref

005137   Sarkar R;Mondal C;Deepak Kumar;Saha S;Atul Kumar;Ghosal P (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: rajdeep.sarkar@gmail.com) : Structure-property characterisation at nanoscale using In-situ TEM and SEM. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 381-90.

In-situ electron microscopy is an emerging technique for real time visualisation of micro-structural changes of a specimen under some applied constraints inside microscope. In this study, in-situ nanoindentation experimentation on a carbon nanocoil inside transmission electron microscope has been reported. The elastic modulus of the carbon nanocoil is found to be 177 GPa. Similar experiments are also carried out on carbon nanotubes, but force response of carbon nanotubes is beyond the limit of sensors presently available. The in-situ dissolution behaviour of the secondary phases of a 7xxx series aluminum alloy under high vacuum condition in scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the temperature range of 350 °C to 400 °C has been reported. We report for the first time using in-situ SEM technique that dissolution of the MgZn₂-base phase present as eutectic and divorced eutectic forms could start at a temperature as low as 300 °C, although the usual homogenisation temperature of such alloys is always <62> 450 °C. Furthermore, the kinetics of dissolution of such phases, particularly when present in fine eutectic phase mixture, is significantly faster than what is observed under atmospheric pressure. It has been found that modification of surface composition under high vacuum condition plays a key role in the low temperature dissolution processes. It has further been found that the dissolution process does not start with the thinning of the inter-dendritic channels phase as proposed for Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, rather it occurs by a combination of 'spheroidisation' and thinning process called 'the thinning, discontinuation, and full dissolution' mechanism. Results of the in-stu experiments under high vacuum are compared with the ex-situ dissolution experiments under normal atmospheric pressure.

11 illus, 29 ref

005136   Roy S;Reddy S R;Sindhuja P;Das D;Bhauprasad V V (Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, , Hyderabad-500 058, Email: r_subir@yahoo.com) : AIPO₄-C composite coating on Ni-based super alloy substrates for high emissivity applications : experimentation on dip coating and spray coating. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 425-33.

High emissivity coating was developed on Ni-based super alloy substrates by dip coating and spray coating techniques using a chemical precursor sol. The coating material was characterised thoroughly by XRD, SEM, TEM and XPS analyses. Characterisation results showed the presence of nano carbon in the A1PO₄ matrix which imparted high emissivity to the coating. Emissivity of the coating varied from 0.6 to 0.9 in the wave length range: 2 μm -25 μm depending on the thickness of the multilayered coating. Spray coating was very effective for coating of the bigger substrates and TPS panels. Emissivity offered by the spray coated substrates was little lower compared to the dip coated substrates. Cyclic oxidation performances of the coated substrates at 800 °C and 1000 °C for 100 hrs of thermal exposure were recorded and compared with that of the bare substrate. The emissivity coating was found to offer substantial oxidation resistance to the base substrates at high temperatures.

11 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

005135   Raman L;Gothandapani K;Murty B S (NO, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: murth.iitm@gmail.com) : Austenitic oxide dispersion strengthened steels. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 316-22.

Materials play an important role in the fast breeder reactors. Materials used in cladding tube and fuel pins should have better creep and void swelling resistance. To overcome these difficulties, a new class of material known as oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels are used. There are two groups of ODS steels, the ferritic and the austenitic ODS steels based on the matrix. The current status of research in austenitic ODS steels is reviewed. The interaction of dislocations with finely dispersed incoherent, hard particles that governs the strength and high temperature properties of ODS materials is briefly reviewed. The synthesis route adopted for these ODS steels, which is mostly through powder metallurgy route is also discussed. The role of various oxides such as Y₂O₃, ZrO₂and TiO₂and the clusters formed in these ODS steels on the mechanical properties and void swelling characteristics is also discussed.

8 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

005134   Raj Kumar D M;Rao N V R;Muthu S E;Arumugam S; Raja M M;Suresh K G (Advanced Magnetics Group, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: rajkumardmrl@gmail.com) : Effect of Fe on the martensitic transition, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in Ni-Mn-In melt-spun ribbons. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 403-12.

The effect of Fe on the martensitic transitions, magnetic and inverse magnetocaloric effect in Ni₄₇Mn_{40-xFexIn13 ribbons (x = 1, 2, 3, and 5) has been investigated. All the ribbon compositions under study have shown the presence of austenite phase at room temperature. The variation of martensitic transition with the increase in Fe-content is non-monotonic. The thermal hysteresis of the martensitic transition increased with the increase in Fe-content. The martensitic transitions shifted to lower temperatures in the presence of high magnetic fields. A maximum magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) of 50 Jkg^-1}IC^{-1 has been achieved in the Ni₄₇Mn₃₈Fe₂In₁₃ (x =1) ribbon at 282 K for an applied field of 5 T.}

8 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

005133   Norshamira A;Mariatti M (School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Cam, Sains Malaysia Univ, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Email: mariatti@usm.my) : Multilayer graphene filled epoxy thin film composites: transparency, morphology and thermal conductivity. J Polym Mater 2016, 33(1), 181-90.

To date, multilayer graphene has captured tremendous attention of researchers around the world with its properties include ultra-light, yet immensely tough. It also can enhance the thermal properties of polymer based composites at a very low loading compared with other carbon materials. The present work reports the transparency, morphology and thermal conductivity of multilayer graphene filled epoxy thin film composites. Multilayer graphene was loaded in epoxy system at 0.2 vol % to 1.0 vol %. Based on the observation, there are change in colour and transparency due to presence of multilayer graphene, the higher the filler loading, the darker it will get. Other than that, the morphology of multilayer graphene composites at 0.4 vol % exhibits a relatively smooth fracture surface meanwhile rough fracture surface with many small faceted features were found at 1.0 vol %. It is also found that multilayer graphene filled epoxy thin film composites show increment in thermal conductivity reached up to 0.4 vol % filler loading and started to reduce thermal conductivity after increase the filler loading which may cause interfacial thermal resistance across a filler matrix interface.

6 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

005132   Noorizzah I;Kahar A W M;Uylan D N (NO, School of Materials Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia) : Mechanical and physical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) / thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends. J Polym Mater 2016, 33(1), 201-12.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is most known as a biodegradable plastic, often faces such a problem mainly related to flexibility. In order to improve the brittleness of PLA and to produce biodegradable plastic with good combination of cost and performance, we have focussed here on adding thermoplastic starch (TPS) within the PLA matrix. To improve the interfacial adhesion between TPS and PLA, the TPS structure was chemically modified by using citric acid (CA). The ratio between PLA/TPS was chosen at 60/40 and 40/60 and CA content was varied from 1 to 4%. The tensile strength, together with Young's modulus for (60/40) and (40/60) of the PLA/TPS blend, were found to increase after modification with CA. However, the elongation at break of PLA/TPS (60/40) blend was decreased. This result showed that higher loadings of TPS in the blend tend to elongate due to the flexibility of TPS. On the other hand, by modifying the TPS with CA, it showed that compatible blend has been achieved.

8 illus, 18 ref

005131   Meena S R;Singh R S;Sharma B D;Singh D (NO, ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner-334 006, Email: srm.extn@gmail.com) : Most favourite traditional cucurbitaceous vegetables and their utilization pattern in Thar desert of the western Rajasthan, India. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 385-94.

Present study was conducted in five major districts fall under the Thar desert of the Rajasthan, India namely; Bikaner, Naguar, Churu, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer district during the years 2010-2013. The objective of the study was to evaluate the most favourite and traditional cucurbitaceous vegetables and their utilization pattern for nourishment and sustenance of the dwellers in these districts. A total of 270 respondents (farmers) were selected to get intended information and to draw the desirable inferences of the study. During the study, it was found that kachari (Cucumis callosus Rott. Cong.,), snap melon (Cucumis melo var. momordica), mateera. loia (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), round melon (Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulous) were the most favourite traditional cucurbitaceous vegetables which were grown and used by 67-100% farmers of the selected districts of the Thar desert as fresh or in the form of value added products throughout the year. These vegetables were mainly grown during the rainy season under mixed cropping system extensively and as sole crops at small scale. The farmers who had irrigation facilities grew these vegetables as sole crops at small scale during summer season also. These vegetables were mostly used freshly for preparation of vegetable in current season and various value added products were also prepared from the same for utilization in future in different forms. The major value added products of these vegetables prepared were: dehydrated slice/pieces/nuggets, pickle, fried chutney, dry chutney, powder, juices, hajmola, squash, jam, papadi, shek, cold drinks, sweets, rousted seeds, highly nutritive magaj (kernels of seeds), mateera oil, rayata, magaj laddu, etc. The respondents of the Thar desert got substantial income from above vegetables and value added products of the same. These vegetables also play a vital role as source of traditional herbal medicine to cure several diseases and health problems of the respondent (farmers) in Thar desert areas of the western Rajasthan.

3 tables, 17 ref

005130   Mallick A;Ash S N;Mahapatra D K (Chemical Engineering Dep, Heritage Institute of Technology, Anandapur, Kolkata-700 107, Email: abhyuday.malick@gmail.com) : Pretreatment of Acacia nilotica sawdust by catalytic delignification and its fractal kinetic modeling. J Instn Engrs : Ser E 2016, 97(1), 39-45.

Alkaline delignification of Acacia nilotica heartwood has been carried out using 10% Sodium hydroxide and Sodium sulphide as the cooking liquor. Delignification was carried out at 373, 393, 403 and 413 K on Acacia nilotica sawdust of particle-sizes 70, 100 and 120 mesh, for durations ranging from 1 to 3 h. The reactions were carried out in presence and in absence of Ferrous sulphate to determine its catalytic properties in delignification. Maximum delignification achieved was 82.7%, based on Klason lignin, in 3 h at 413 K for 120 mesh feed. The activation energies for delignification were 20.9275 and 35 kJ/mol, respectively, in presence and in absence of Ferrous sulphate, indicating its significant catalytic effect. A kinetic model for delignification was developed by modification of the Nuclei Growth model. Delignification extent could be predicted from the developed model quite accurately, with R^{2 values ranging from 0.947 to 0.99.}

4 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

005129   Mahir N;Ismail H;Othman N (School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sains Malaysia Univ, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14130 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Email: norjulia@live.com) : Tensile, swelling and thermal aging properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel powder filled natural rubber compounds. J Polym Mater 2016, 33(1), 233-43.

Recent developments in rubber compounding have heightened the need for natural fillers as replacements of commercial fillers. Tensile, swelling and thermal aging properties of the mangosteen peel powder filled natural rubber compounds were investigated and a/I the results were discussed and compared with natural rubber gum. The tensile strengths and elongation at break increased while tensile modulus decreased with the increasing of mangosteen peel powder loading in the compounds. Swelling percentage was reduced as the filler loading was increased. However, it was found that the addition of mangosteen peel powder into natural rubber improved the aging property of the compounds.

8 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

005128   Kumar H H;Lonkar C M;BNalasubramanian K (NO, PZT Center, Armamement Research and Development Establishment, Pune-411 021, Email: hhkumar123@gmail.com) : Harvesting power through random vibrations of aerospace vehicles from nanostructured La-Pb(Ni_1/3Sb_2/3) - PbZrTiO₃ ferroelectric ceramics. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 353-9.

Synthesis by mechanochemical activation route and optimisation for power harvesting properties of nano-structured Pb_0.98La_0.02(NiSb)_0.05[(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48) _0.995]_0.95O3 [La-PNS-PZT] ferroelectric ceramic composition has been carried out and reported here for the first time. Progressive perovskite phase formation during mechanical activation from 5 h to 40 h followed by reactive sintering was analysed from X-Ray diffraction analysis. Noticeable formation of perovskite phase after 10 h of milling and further its completion in successive reactive sintering was observed. Particle morphology of the 10 h activated nano-La-PNS-PZT powder analysed by high resolution transmission electron microscope indicated average particle size (d₅₀) of about 24 nm. Microstructural studies of samples reactively sintered at 1220 °C were performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy for powders activated for various durations, indicated the compact microstructure for 10 h activation which resulted in optimum piezoelectric properties viz. piezoelectric charge coefficient (d₃₃= 449x10^{-12 C/N), piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g₃₃= 32x10-3 m-V/N), Figure of merit for power harvesting (14.4 x10-12 V-m-C/N2) accompanied by excellent stability of permittivity in the range -50 °C to 100 °C. The output voltage obtained from simulated random vibrations of aerospace vehicles at various power spectrum density values, measures about 3.0 mV output across resistance of 1 kΩ indicating suitability of composition for harvesting the power from aerospace vehicle vibrations.}

7 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

005127   Kamal S S K;Vimala J;Sahoo P K;Ghosal P;Durai L (NO, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: kalyanchem@dmrl.drdo.in) : Effect of AG<. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 368-73.

The effect of varying Ag^{+ ion concentration on the green chemical reaction with a fixed tea aliquot concentration has been studied in detail with the help of UV-visible absorption spectra. With increase in the concentration of Ag+ solution the position of surface plasmon band systematically increased from 435 nm - 450 nm. The reaction followed first order kinetics and the rate of reaction increased in a linear fashion with k = 3.54 x 10-4 min-1 for 0.5 mL to k = 1.86 x 10-3 min-1 for 3.0 mL Ag+ solution. X-ray diffraction patterns showed an enhanced (200) reflection for 3.0 mL Ag sample. The shape of Ag nanoparticles could be effectively tuned from spherical to cuboid with increase in silver content as evidenced from scanning electron and transmission electron micrographs. The average particle size of Ag NPs increased from 25 nm to 55 nm with increase in the Ag+ content of the reaction.}

7 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

005126   Jitender;Bhardwaj P K;Vaquil;Jain S (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ of Veterinary and, Hisar-125 004, Email: bhardwajitender001@gmail.com) : Development of guava pulp enriched misthi dahi from toned milk. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(2), 141-4.

The present study was undertaken to develop low fat guava pulp enriched misthi dahi from toned milk. The developed product i.e. guava pulp enriched misthi dahi prepared from toned milk (Gl) contained per cent total solids, fat, protein, crude fiber and titratable acidity as 18.54, 2.89, 3.36, 6.24, and 0.80, respectively. On storage at 4±1°C, the product Gl was highly acceptable up to 3 days as per sensory scores and microbiological qualities. The titratable acidity (%) in G1 was 0.81 and 0.85 on 0 and 3rd day of storage, respectively. The cost of production for preparing 100 kg misthi dahi per day for all the products i.e. control and guava pulp enriched misthi dahi was calculated as Rs. 11.3 and 11.9 per 200 ml cup, respectively.

5 tables, 17 ref

005125   Jain S;Dabur R S;Bishnoi S;Jitender (Livestock Products Technology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai Univ, Veterinary and A, Hisar-125 004, Email: mittalshelly31@gmail.com) : Development of milk based malted finger millet (Ragi) porridge: effects of malting of finger millet on compositional attributes. Haryana Vet 2016, 55(2), 155-9.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is also known as Ragi in India. Malting of finger millet improves its digestibility, sensory and nutritional quality as well as has pronounced effect on lowering the anti-nutrients. Milk can act as a potent carrier for the development of value added products based on ragi. The objective of this study was to develop milk based malted ragi porridge as well as to study the effect of malting on the composition of milk based ragi porridge. Inclusion level of malted ragi flour (4%, 5% and 6%) in milk was optimized for the preparation of milk based malted ragi porridge. Based on the results of sensory evaluation, it was found that 5% malted ragi flour in milk was the optimum level to develop porridge. Malting was observed to have significant (P<60>0.05) positive influence on protein, ash, crude fiber and acidity levels when compared with control (porridge containing unmalted ragi flour). Malting also resulted in increased content of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin C in porridge in comparison to control.

3 tables, 19 ref

005124   Irvan;Trisakti B;Sosanty F;Tomiuchi Y (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sumatera Utara, Jalan Almamater Komplek USU, Medan 20155, Indonesia, Email: i_v_a_n_mz@yahool.com) : Effect of discontinuing sodium bicarbonate on fermentation process of palm oil mill effluent. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(2), 377-80.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of discontinuing sodium bicarbonate on the fermentation of palm oil mill effluent to biogas. This research was conducted in a two liters continuous stirred tank reactor at thermophilic temperature of 55 °C. Fresh palm oil mill effluent from Adolina mill without further treatment was used as feed. The result showed that at hydraulic retention time of 6 days and discontinuing of sodium bicarbonate addition, there was no significant effect on the production of biogas, change of pH, volatile solid and total solid degradation, except alkalinity. By discontinuing sodium bicarbonate, biogas production was in the range of 4-6 L/day, while by adding sodium bicarbonate was 6-10 L/day. About 45% of volatile solid degradation by discontinuing of sodium bicarbonate addition was obtained during the digestion, while by using sodium bicarbonate was 55%. pH of digester was relatively stable with average value was 6.7 and alkalinity was 2000 mg/L.

7 illus, 16 ref

005123   Heikal M;Aleem S A E;Morsi W M (Chemistry Dep, College of Science, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud, Islamic Univ (IMSIU), P O Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia, Email: ayaheikal@hotmail.com) : Durability of composite cements containing granulated blast-furnace slag and silica nano-particles. Indian J Engng Mater Sci 2016, 23(1), 88-100.

The durability of concrete has been a major concern of civil engineering. Chemical attack caused by aggressive waters is one of the factors causing damage to concrete. The effect of nano-silica (NS) on the durability of composite cement pastes and mortars cements containing granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) subjected to seawater attack has been studied. Chemically combined water, free lime, total chloride and sulphate contents, as well as bulk density, compressive and flexural strengths have been determined. The durability of cement pastes has been monitored using SEM and XRD techniques. The obtained results indicate that NS improves the compressive and flexural strengths subjected to seawater up to 12 months. NS decreases the accessibility of SO_42- and Cl^{- to penetrate the pore system, hence the total sulfate and total chloride contents decrease. The accumulation of additional hydration products within the pore system enhances the densification of cement paste matrix to form closed and compact structure with narrow pores.}

15 illus, 2 tables, 71 ref

005122   Harahap H;Sukardi;Rusli A;Surya I (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sumatera Utara Univ, Jalan Almamater, Kampus USU Medan 20155, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Email: hamidah_usu@yahoo.com) : Effect of microcrystalline cellulose from cassava peel waste filler loading on natural rubber latex products. J Polym Mater 2016, 33(1), 213-21.

Cassava peel waste is one of the renewable biomass resources which has the potential to be derived into microcrystalline cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose was produced from cassava peel waste by using delignification process, followed by bleaching process and controlled acid hydrolysis. The structural properties of microcrystalline cellulose obtained were examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The filler loading was 0-25 pphr microcrystalline cellulose and 1% wt alkanolamide. In this research, alkanolam'de was used as compatibilizer agent for natural rubber latex products. The filler dispersion was poured into latex system and followed by pre-vulcanization at 70°C. The natural rubber latex films were produced by coagulant dipping method and dried at temperature 120°C for 20 minutes. It was found that the incorporation of microcrystalline cellulose derived from cassava peel waste as fillers at 10 pphr filler loading in natural rubber latex has improved the crosslink density and mechanical properties of the natural fubber latex products such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, but decrease elongation at break.

4 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

005121   Hammud K K;Raouf A M;Al-Sammarrie A M A;Neema R R (NO, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq) : New chemically prepared - waste cooked tea based activated carbon: FTIR, XRD, AFM, and sem spectroscopic studies. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(2), 220-9.

Waste black tea- based activated carbon samples were prepared with conventional and/or ultrasound activation processes using Clorox or concentrated H₂SO₄-HNO₃ mixture as individual activating agent. The effects of activation process and applied activating agent were studied by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and AFM spectroscopies. The qualitative and quantitative analysis with statistical information of several prepared samples were summarized and discussed. The obtained results demonstrated the existence of micro- and nano- structural particles. The choice of starting material, activation process, and activating agent with their spectroscopic results suggested that the prepared activated carbon representing an economically promising material with wide spectrum of applications.

6 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

005120   Gogna N;Arvind Kumar;Kaur M;Sunil Kumar (Livestock Products Technology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Email: drarvindlpt@gmail.com ) : Efficacy of tertiary butyl hydroquinone in enhancing shelf life of chevon pickle. Indian J Small Rumin 2016, 22(2), 213-17.

A study was conducted by utilizing goat meat (50%) and its edible offals (25% heart and 25% liver) for chevon pickle preparation in mustard or olive oil. Efficacy of TBHQ (tertiary butyl hydroquinone 0.02%) was evaluated in enhancing the shelf life of chevon pickles at room temperature (32±2 C). During storage, pH, protein, fat and ash contents increased but moisture decreased as the days progressed from 0 to 90 days. The chevon pickle prepared with addition of TBHQ was safe for human consumption even after 90 days of storage. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) value, total plate count, staphylococcal count, coliform count, yeast and mold count of TBHQ added chevon pickle either prepared in mustard oil or olive oil was within safe limit for human consumption till 90 days of storage at room temperature (32±2°C). All the sensory attributes of TBHQ added chevon pickle either prepared in mustard oil or olive oil were higher as compared to the control. It was concluded that incorporation of TBHQ (0.02%) as preservative enhanced the storage life of prepared pickle from 60 days to 90 days.

3 tables, 18 ref

005119   Ghaleb Z A;Mariatti M;Ariff Z M (School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sains Malaysia Univ, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Email: mariatti@usm.my) : Effect of amino-functionalized on tensile and electrical properties of graphene nanopowder filled epoxy thin film nanocomposite. J Polym Mater 2016, 33(1), 155-64.

Amino-functionalization of graphene nanopowder(GNP) was carried out by grafting ethylenediamine on the surface of GNP through the acid-thionyl-chloride way. Successful grafting of ethylenediamine on GNP surface was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Beside amino-functionalized GNP (m-GNP)/epoxynanocomposites, GNP/epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated via ultrasonication and spin coating technique. Subsequently, the effects of GNP content on the tensile properties and electrical conductivity for two systems were investigated. The experimental results showed that m-GNP could enhance the adhesion and wettability between the graphene and the epoxy, thus improve the tensile strength and tensile modulus compared to those of the GNP without functionalization. However, the m-GNP/epoxy composites exhibit percolation threshold value at higher filler loading (0.6 vol%) compared to that of 0.1 vol% in GNP/epoxy composite. SEM of the tensile fracture surface of GNP/epoxy and m-GNP/epoxy composites showed that epoxy matrix wetted the m-GNPs due to improve compatibility with epoxy matrix and, as a result, more homogenous dispersion in the epoxy.

5 illus, 21 ref

005118   Gangwar J;Gupta B K;Srivastava A K (NO, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi-110 012, Email: avanish.aks555@gmail.com) : Prospects of emerging engineered oxide nanomaterials and their applications. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 323-40.

This review article is mainly focused the recent progress on the synthesis and characterisation of emerging artificially engineered nanostructures of oxide materials as well as their potential applications. A fundamental understanding about the state-of-the-art of the synthesis for different size, shape and morphology have been discussed in details, which can be tuned according to the desired properties of oxide nanomaterials. These tunable properties have also been discussed in details. The present review covers a wide range of artificially engineered oxide nanomaterials such as cadmium-, cupric-, nickel-, magnesium-, zinc-, titanium-, tin-, aluminium-, and vanadium-oxides and their useful applications in sensors, optical displays, nanofluids and defence.

11 illus, 3 tables, 90 ref

005117   Davis A;Balasubramanian K (Centre for Biopolymer Science and Technology, a unit CIPET, Cochin-680 102, Email: meetkbs@gmail.com) : Bioactive hybrid composite membrane with enhanced antimicrobial properties for biomedical applications. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 434-8.

Azadirachta indica extract has been explored as an antibiotic in hygienic chitosan matrix system to enhance antimicrobial and medicinal property in a cost effective manner. The hygienic composite system has been successfully fabricated via solvent casting. The antibacterial activities of the hybrid system were examined by agar diffusion method against gram positive S.aureus and gram negative K. pneumoniae. From conventional antibacterial test for 24 h, the system exhibited an excellent antimicrobial activity against both bacterial strains in ranges of 1.2 cm - 1.5 cm for S. aureus and 1.8 cm - 2.3 cm for K. pneumoniae Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed successfully embedded A. indica on the chitosan substrate via weak electrostatic interaction, resulting in the easy release of the additive. Moreover, atoraic force microscopy showed a membrane roughness of 0.084 nm which confirms the uniform distribution of the additive throughout the membrane. These hybrid membranes have potential applications in skin tissue engineering, wound healing and as coatings for implantable scaffold material.

4 illus, 30 ref

005116   Das S;Bhaumik S (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala, Tripura, Email: chemicdev@gmail.com) : The effect of coating thickness and roughness of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer on nanoparticle coated surface. J Instn Engrs : Ser E 2016, 97(1), 55-62.

The influence of coating thickness and surface roughness on pool boiling heat transfer is experimentally studied over a range of surface roughness values with varied coating thickness with water at atmospheric pressure. Test surfaces used in this experiment are namely, untreated surface (Ra = 0.0899 μm), polished surface (Ra = 0.0493 μm), TiO₂ nanoparticle coated surface with a roughness (Ra) ranging from 0.0338 to 0.289 μm. The surfaces were characterized with respect to contact angle, surface roughness and coating thickness. The contact angle, surface roughness and coating thickness were measured by sessile drop method, optical surface profiler and instrument thickness monitor respectively. Heat fluxes observed ranged from 52.63 to 144.73 W/cm^{1. Different trends were observed in the Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) with respect to the surface roughness and coating thickness values on the same set of heat flux. The HTC was found to increase with increasing the roughness values for untreated and polish surface but nanoparticle coated surfaces displayed different trend in HTCs. The HTC was found to increase with increasing coating thickness with all wall superheat.}

7 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

005115   Chottopadhyay A (Chemistry Dep, S.B College, Bagati, Magra, Hooghly, West Bengal) : Studies on barium ion binding by polymer. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(2), 29-32.

Polycrylamide is a water soluble polymer used in paper industry. Aqueous solution of polyacrylamide binds Y^{3+ and Cu2+ when pH is raised. In this present investigation binding of Ba2+ ion by industrial polycarylamide sample (PAm) has been understood by TGA, DTA, DSC analysis, IR Spectral analysis, SEM study and by EDS study. When aqueous solution of PAm is mixed with barium nitrate solution & pH is raised by adding 60% NaOH solution, a deep white layer separates on standing which is treated with MeOH to get barium ion bound Polymer (PAm-Ba2+). DTA thermogram for PAm shows an endotherm near about at 270°C which indicates acid anhydride formation or imide formation indicating presence of-COOH group in industrial polyacrylamide sample. Similar endothermic peak at 270°C is almost absent in the DTA thermogram for barium ion bound polymer (PAm Ba2+) which indicates involvement of -COOH group of PAm in binding Ba2+ at high pH. This is further supported by IR spectra, TG analysis, DSC analysis, SEM study and EDS study.}

8 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

005114   Chai C K;Ratnam C T;Abdullah L C;Yusoff H M (Chemical and Environmental Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43000 UPM Serdang, Malaysia, Email: chai@nuclearmalaysia.gov.my) : Tensile properties and thermal stability of gamma irradiated epoxidized natural rubber latex with the presence of sensitizer. J Polym Mater 2016, 33(1), 223-32.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on epoxidized natural rubber latex (ENRL) with the presence of sensitizer, with regards to its tensile properties, gel fraction and thermal stability. ENRL used are ENRL-25 and ENRL-50, with epoxidation level of 25 mole% and 50 mole% respectively. The sensitizers, i.e. butyl acrylate, 1, 6-hexanediol diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, at the range of 0.5 to 3 phr, were added to ENRL together with potassium laurate, stirred and irradiated with gamma radiation at 12 kGy. Cast films were prepared from the irradiated ENRL and used in tensile test, gel fraction and thermogravimetry analysis. Results revealed that the presence of sensitizer during gamma irradiation of ENRL enhanced the tensile properties, gel fraction and thermal stability of ENRL The effects of sensitizer depended on number of acrylate groups in the sensitizer and epoxidation level of the ENRL. Amount of sensitizer beyond 0.5 phr was found to adversely affect the tensile strength of gamma irradiated ENRL at 12 kGy.

5 illus, 25 ref

005113   Benhura C;Kugara J;Muchuweti M;Nyagura S F; Gombiro P E;Dotito P (Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Zimbabwe Univ, Mount Plesant Harare, Email: cbenhura3000@gmail.com) : Effect of drying temperature on the content of reducing sugars in syrup of Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. fruit and cereal based products, zvambwa. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 494-9.

Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. fruit provides food for some rural communities in times of droughts and food shortages. Parinari curatellifolia Planch.ex Benth. fruit is traditionally called hacha or chakata. The ripe fruit can be eaten raw or processed into products such as syrup and cereal based products, zvambwa. The study investigated the effect of drying the syrup and zvambwa at different temperatures on the concentration of reducing sugars in the products. Syrup was prepared by pulping the fruit, extracting nutrients using water and boiling the extract to remove water. Zvambwa were prepared by heating a mixture of finger millet meal and the syrup. The products were dried at 25 °C in open air and from 30 80 °C in a convective tray dryer and analysed for reducing sugars using a uv-visible spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis of data was performed using Prism Graph Pad software package. The concentrations of reducing sugars of zvambwa dried at the different temperatures ranged from 9.03±0.15 to 16.57±5.65 gm/100 gm. The highest concentrations of reducing sugars for the syrup (23.58±3.20 gm/100 gm), zvambwa (16.57±5.65 gm/100 gm) and control (2.79±0.13 gm/100 gm) samples were achieved by drying at 40, 80 and 70°C, respectively. The concentration of reducing sugars in zvambwa, Parinari curatellifolia Planch.ex Benth. fruit syrup and zvambwa control samples increased with increase in drying temperature. On the basis of high concentrations of reducing sugars obtained, recommended drying temperatures of the syrup and zvambwa are 40 °C and 80 °C, respectively.

2 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

005112   Ajeet Kumar;Prasad V V B;Raju K C J;Sarkar R; Ghosal P;James A R (Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, , Hyderabad-500 058, Email: james@dmrl.drdo.in) : Effect of lanthanum substitution on the structural, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of mechanically activated PZT electroceramics. Def Sci J 2016, 66(4), 360-7.

Different compositions of (Pb_1-x La_x) (Zr_0.60Ti_0.40)O₃ (abbreviated as PLZT x/60/40; x=0, 0.07, 0.08 and 0.10) ceramics were prepared by a combinatorial approach of high energy mechano-chemical ball milling and cold isostatic pressing (CIP). X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission as well as scanning electron microscopy images were used for the micro-structural and morphological studies. The average particle size of PLZT milled powders was measured from the TEM images and was found to be in the nm range. XRD patterns of the sintered PLZT x/60/40 ceramics confirm the perovskite phase formation after heat treatment. SEM images of sintered PLZT x/60/40 ceramics show a close packed dense structure. PLZT 8/60/40 ceramics show the fine grains (<126>1.3 μm) with density <126>97 per cent. Dielectric constant and loss were measured as a function of temperature. PLZT 8/60/40 ceramics shows the highest of room temperature dielectric constant <126>2480 measured at 1 kHz. Ferroelectric studies were done with the help of polarisation (P-E) and strain (S-E) vs. electric field measurements. PLZT 8/60/40 ceramics shows the maximum value of remnant polarisation (<126>35.5 μC/cm^{2) and strain (<126>0.25 per cent), respectively. PLZT x/60/40 ceramic samples were poled at optimised poling conditions. The measured values of piezoelectric charge coefficient (d₃₃) and electromechanical coupling factor (k_p) of PLZT 8/60/40 ceramics were found to be, <126>690 pC/N and <126>71 per cent, respectively.}

8 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

004126   Subblakshmi B;Amutha S (Post Harvest Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: malayasubbu@gmail.com) : Effect of alkaline treatment and storages qualities of maize flour. J Crop Weed 2016, 12(2), 14-22.

An attempt was made to study the effect of lime treatment, packaging materials and storage periods on biochemical qualities of CO1 and HQPM 7 maize, varieties flour. The flours were treated with calcium hydroxide, packed in the two packaging materially viz., polyethylene bags (P₁) and metalized polyester polypropylene laminated bags (P₂) and its biochemical qualities were determined at fifteen days storage intervals of 90 days storage. It was found that an increase in moisture content was noticed during storage and it was lesser in the lime treated flour compared to untreated maize flour of both varieties. In P₂ package moisture content was significantly lower in compared to P₁ The free fatty acid and peroxide value increased on storage and the changes were minimum in samples packaged in P₂ biochemical qualities of maize flour showed that lime treated maize flour can be stored for longer period compared to untreated maize flour in the both the varieties.

3 tables, 35 ref

004125   Parihar R K;Kushwaha P;Dwivedi R D;Dangi D S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh) : Production of biohydrogen gas from sewage wastewater by anaerobic fermentation process. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(1), 35-8.

Hydrogen is view as a very clean energy source, since its combustion release mainly H₂O as a reaction product additionally it has advantage of having the highest energy density when compared to any other fuel. This research article summaries the fermentative production of biohydrogen gas and removal of pollution load from Sewage wastewater. In this study various parameters like contact time, pH value, reactor operating temperature are considered. An anaerobic batch reactor along with at magnetic stirrer having working volume of 1.5 litres was constructed and operated for 12 days. The temperature of the CSTR was regulated at atmospheric temperature. Biohydrogen gas obtained after 12 days about 106 ml at pH value 6.0-5.7, atmospheric temperature 26±2 °C. Colour of the substrate was Dark medium gray when maximum of obtained.

3 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

004124   Panchal K;Patel K;Tiwari A K (Genetics & Developmental Biology Lab, School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research/UIAR, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar-382 007, Gujarat, Email: aktbhu@gmail.com) : Dietary supplementation of citric acid (monohydrate) improves health span in Drosophila melanogaster. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(2), 60-6.

Citric acid is a biochemical compound present in variety of citrus fruits. Citrate plays a vital role in production of energy (ATP) via Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and also involve in Fatty acid (FA) synthesis in cytoplasm. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of citric acid supplementation on health span in Drosophila melanogaster. OregonR+ fly used in most of the experiments. Body weight of male and female flies fed on normal and citric acid mixed diet was determined, locomotor assay and anti-oxidant activity associated with citric acid was measured by performing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic assay. Fat content in citric acid fed flies was evaluated by Oil Red O staining in fat body tissues of adult Drosophila. Reverse trascriptase PCR (RT-PCR) analysis was performed to check the expression level of Brummer (bmm) and Fatty acid Synthase (FAS) genes. In the present study we have shown that supplementation of citric acid reduces body weight of male and female flies, improves locomotor activity of Alzheimeric flies, reduces oxidative stress and increases FA synthesis in Drosophila. Here, we concluded that supplementation of citric acid (monohydrate) improves health span in Drosophila.

6 illusm, 1 table, 29 ref

004123   Osman A;El-Araby G M;Taha H (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig Univ, Zagazig-44511, Egypt, Email: Ali_khalil2006@yahoo.com) : Potential use as a bio-preservative from lupin protein hydrolysate generated by alcalase in food system. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(2), 76-81.

In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of hydrolysates from lupin protein in vitro against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria and in food system (in minced beef under refrigerated condition). Hydrolysis of lupin protein with Alcalase was monitored for 4 h. Hydrolysates obtained after 1, 2, 3 and 4h had degree of hydrolysis values of 9%, 16%, 23% and 25%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of LPH was determined against all bacterial strains. MIC value of LPH against all bacterial strains was 100 μg ml-1. The results showed that gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria. Adding LPH at different concentrations (100, 150 and 200 μg/g) to minced beef showed antibacterial activity during storage at 4°C compared to nisin (200 μg/g) as a positive control. The results of this study showed that enzymatic hydrolysis by Alcalase at pH 7.8 and 55°C for 240 min is an easy tool to increase the antibacterial activity of lupin protein against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria and can be used as a bio-preservative in food system. Extending the technological validity of minced beef will help avoid big losses of minced beef and enhance its chances to be incorporated into many meat products while avoiding hygienic, chemical and technological deterioration.

1 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

004122   Bhargavi P L;Shetty P R (Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 607, Email: prakasam@iict.res.in) : Enhanced fibrinolytic protease production by Serratia marcescens RSPB11 through Plackett-Burman and response surface methodological approaches. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(3), 6-14.

A well characterized alkaline metalloprotease enzyme called serralysin with fibrinolytic activity has been reported in the newly isolated Serratia marcescens RSPB11. In view of its potential application in thrombolytic therapy this study has been made for understanding the nutritional parameters requirement needed for production. Therefore, medium components required for the production of serralysin were optimized using a two step statistical approach. Fermentation variables were selected in accordance with the Plackett-Burman design and were further optimized via response surface methodological approach. A total of seven parameters viz., casein, dextrose, KH₂PO₄, MgSO₄, NaCl, CaCl₂ and inoculum have been considered for the optimization studies. The statistical model was constructed via central composite design (CCD) using five screened variables (casein, dextrose, KH₂PO₄, CaCl₂ and inoculum size). An overall 51.8% increase in protease production was achieved in the optimized medium as compared with the unoptimized casein medium. With the application of statistical design methodology serralysin production increased significantly with optimized casein medium (23910 U/ml) when compared to yeast extract-peptone medium (5363 U/ml).

2 illus, 9 tables, 30 ref

004121   Balasubramanian S;Swapnil M;Vikash M S (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Regional Centre, Coimbatore-641 007, Email: balaciphet@gmail.com) : Grinding characteristics, gravimetric properties and energy constant calculations of dried and roasted dehulled soybean splits. Adv appl Res 2016, 8(1), 48-54.

The dried and roasted dehulled soybean splits were conditioned to 3 ± 0.02% (db). These samples were ground with hammer mill having different screen aperture sizes (1.5, 1.2 and 0.7 mm) and feed rates (18, 14, 10 kgh^{-1) at constant rotor speed (3000 rpm). The dimensions (major, medium and minor), geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, thousand grains mass and bulk density of dried and roasted soybean sample were found to be 2.03 - 8.3 mm and 2.12 - 9.13 mm, 5.15 mm and 5.74 mm, 53.18% and 53.28%, 78.39 mm2 and 95.11 mm2, 46.78 g and 46.01 g, 601.66 kg m"3 and 484.58 kgm"3, respectively. The size reduction ratio and grinding effectiveness was maximum at 18 kg h-1 feed rate and 1.2 mm screen aperture size. The specific energy consumptions and power consumption decreased froml52.06 kJ kg-1 to 15.36 kJkg-1 and 69.12 kJ kg-1 to 15.36 kJ kg-1; 1612.8 W kg-1 - 1267.2 W kg-1 and 1382.4 Wkg-1-1267.2 W kg-1 with increased feed rate (10 kgh-1 -18 kgh-1) for screen aperture size (0.7 mm-1.5 mm) for dried and roasted soybean sample, respectively. Also, the energy constants values showed a decreasing trend with feed rate and screen aperture size range.}

004120   Anjaneyulu B;Kaki S S;Kanjilal S;Reddy J R C; Prasad R B N;Siddaiah V;Rao B V S K (Centre for Lipid Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: raobvsk@gmail.com) : Isolation and physico-chemical characterization of seed oil from Radermachera xylocapra. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(1), 76-80.

Seeds from Radermachera xylocarpa, a species from Bignoniaceae were studied for oil content and physico-chemical characteristics for the first time. The seeds were found to contain oil (12.6%), moisture and volatiles (0.15%) along with protein (26.5% on dry basis) and carbohydrate (49.7% on dry basis). The extracted oil was analyzed for parameters such as acid value (33.35), iodine value (165.8), peroxide value (8.55 ppm), saponification value (193.7), density (0.9046 g/cm3 at 40 °C), specific gravity (0.9085 at 40 °C) and kinematic viscosity (20.0 Cst). The unsaponifiables and the phosphorous content were found to be 3.49% and 237 ppm respectively. The fatty acid composition of the oil showed that the oil was a good source of alpha linolenic acid (37.8%) and linoleic acid (36.5%) as major fatty acids followed by palmitic (12.4%), oleic (7.4%) and stearic (4.8%) acids. The oil can be projected as a newer source of alpha linolenic acid which could find potential applications in nutraceutical and other industrial applications.

25 ref

003088   Wankhede G P;Mingire S S;Dhawale K N (Post Harvest Technology Dep, Aspee College of Horticulture and Forestr, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari-396 450, Email: mingiresainath@gmail.com) : Evaluation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties in respect to nutritional status in dehydrated chips during storage. Pestology 2016, 40(1), 25-8.

An experiment on evaluation of potato varieties for nutritional changes in dehydrated chips was carried out at the PHT Laboratory, N.M. College of Agriculture NAU, Navsari. During 2008-2009. Keeping the eight varieties of potato viz., V₁ (Kufri Chandramukhi), V₂ (Kufri Badshah), V₃ (Lady Rozota), V₄ (Kufri Lavkar), V₅ (Kufri Chipsona-1), V₆ (Kufri Chipsona-3), V₇ (Kufri Surya), V (Kufri Pukhraj) in CRD with three repetitions. The nutritional value viz., TSS (0Brix), Acidity (per cent), Ascorbic acid (mg/100g), Total sugar (per cent), Reducing sugar (per cent) Starch (per cent). The minimum peel and maximum pulp weight was obtained from V₅ (Kufri Chipsona-1) and maximum weight of dehydrated potato chips observed in V₁ (Kufri Chandramukhi) variety. The higher value of TSS, acidity and AA contains was found in Kufri chipsona-3, Kufri Pukhraj and Kufri Badshah, Respectively. In case of TS and RS found minimum and maximum starch contain in Kufri chipsona-1 which was good variety. In the storage behaviour of nutritional status found decreased trend in Ascorbic Acid, Starch and Acidity while in respect of TSS, TS as well as RS, it was found increased in trend during storage period.

3 tables, 6 ref

003087   Waghmare A G;Patil S U;Arya S S (Food Engineering and Technology Dep, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: shalu.ghodke@gmail.com) : Novel bulk forming laxative from watermelon rind. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(9), 3877-84.

A laxative formulations are widely used for treatment of constipation. They are classified based on their mechanism of action such as bulk forming, stool softener, osmotic, stimulant and mechanical. Bulk forming laxative is most commonly used laxative which works by absorbing water and swelling in small and large intestine to form soft and bulky stool. Presently available bulk forming laxative gives adverse effects such as stomach pain, discomfort and vomiting due to sudden swelling in stomach. Therefore present work was conducted for study of novel bulk forming laxative and minimization of associated adverse effects. Bulk laxative formulation was prepared from watermelon rind, isabgol husk and pectin. Watermelon rind powder (WRP) was prepared and analyzed for proximate composition, carbohydrate content, functional properties and performed for topography by scanning electron microscope. Further, effect of pH on swelling index of WRP was studied at pH 1.3, pH 4.5, pH 6 and pH 7.4. Bulk laxative formulations were developed by varying the concentration of WRP, isabgol and pectin. Developed formulations were evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, flowability and swelling index. High swelling index formulations were compared with market sample for pH dependant swelling at pH 1.3, pH 4.5, pH 6 and pH 7.4. From this study WRP was found as novel potential bulk forming laxative in combination with isabgol and pectin. Developed formulation has site specific action due to pH dependant swelling which might decrease the intensity of adverse effects.

39 ref

003086   Srimeena N;Gunasekaran S;Murugesan R (Agricultural Microbiology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: meenanagaiah@gmail.com) : Optimizing process conditions for stingless bee (Melipona irridipennis) mead fermentation using Plackett-Burman design and response surface methodology. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(1), 143-50.

In present investigation, mead (honey wine) fermentation parameters were optimized by Placket-Burman design and response surface methodology (RSM). Eleven nutritional and fermentation parameters (TSS, pH, temperature, inoculum size, fermentation time, tartaric acid, di ammonium phosphate, potassium sodium tartrate, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate and potassium meta bisulphate) were screened using Plackett-Burman experimental design were further optimized by central composite design of response surface methodology for maximizing the yield of ethanol in mead. Among the eleven independent variables TSS, temperature and fermentation time had high influence on the alcohol content. The maximum production of stingless bee mead obtained experimentally using the optimized parameters was 15 °Brix at 28 °C for 6 days which are in correlation with the predicted value. The model showed that the value of R^{2 (0.9991) was high and p-value of interaction of variance was <60> 0.0001. Hence the model can be said to be of highly significant.}

2 illus, 9 tables, 18 ref

003085   Singh J B;Bashir S;Kirpal Kour;Sharma S;Hafiz A (Pathology Dep, SKIMS-MCH Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir) : Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a mature cystic tertoma, an ununsual presentation as pain abdomen. JK Sci 2015, 17(3), 158-60.

Germ cell tumors constitute approximately 20%- 30% of all ovarian tumors. Mature cystic teratomas account for 95% of germ dell tumors. Malignant transformation in a mature cystic teratoma of the ovary is a rare event, developing in 1 to 2% of cases with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common malignant transformation(75%). We report a case of malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary in a 45 year old multiparous woman who had presented with pain abdomen for last two months. Pain was not releaved by symptomatic measures and therefore investigations were carried out, Radiological investigations revealed bilateral ovarian teratoma. During laprotomy a large cystic mass was seen arising from the left ovary that was adherant to the large gut. Right ovary was also found to be enlarged. Final histological diagnosis of bilateral cystic teratoma of ovaries with malignant squamous cell carcinoma arising in left ovarian teratoma was made.

^ccr4 illus, 17 ref

003084   Saini C S (Food Engineering and Technology Dep, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and tEchology (SLIET), Longowal, Email: charanjiv_cjs@yahoo.co.in) : Mass transfer kinetics during osmotic dehydration of pineapple samples coated with pectin. Int J Agric Envir Biotechnol 2015, 8(2), 467-76.

The effect of process conditions on the mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of coated pineapples was studied. Pineapple samples were coated with 0.5 to 5.0% (w/v) pectin solution prior to osmotic dehydration in sucrose solution. The time of dipping in the coating solution was kept at 60 and 120 s followed by oven drying time of 10 and 40 min to solidify the coating. Water loss, solid gain, performance ratio and weight reduction were measured during osmotic dehydration of both coated and uncoated samples. Water loss of coated samples was more than the uncoated samples in coating solution of 0.5 to 3% concentration whereas solid gain of coated samples was less than the uncoated samples at all the concentrations of coating solution. Increase in drying time led to decrease in both water loss and solid gain. PR values increased as the concentration of coating agent increased from 0.5 to 1% and further increase in the concentration above 1% resulted in decreased PR. The highest value of performance ratio of 5.89 was observed in samples dipped in coating solution of 1% concentration for 120 s followed by oven drying for 40 min.

4 illus, 27 ref

003083   Patro S K;Sasmal D (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Birla Institute Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: dsasmal@bitmesra.ac.in) : Invitro antioxidant study and search for a novel bioactive compound from leave fractions od Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.F.) alston. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(9), 3841-52.

Objective is to carry out the phytochemical studies of various leaf extracts and fractions of Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston. In vitro antioxidant activities were also estimated to justify the leaves being used in traditional medicine as an antioxidant. In vitro antioxidant activity was assayed by DPPH scavenging activity and 2-deoxy-D-ribose degradation. Estimation of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were done. Further HPTLC finger print of active fractions was performed to isolate and purify the active components presence in them. One of the isolated purified compounds was characterized by various spectral methods. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts confirmed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, quinones and gums. Ethyl acetate fractions of the extract showed potential antioxidant property compared to all the other extracts and fractions. Further, Methanolic extract was found to be rich in phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the aqueous extract; hence, ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract was chosen for In vitro antioxidant activity. The spectral characterization isolated purified compound was found to be a flavonoid glycoside i.e., Kaempferol 3-O-á-D-glucopyranoside. The present preliminary phytochemical analysis coupled with TPC, TFC and in vitro antioxidant study evaluated the herbal as a potential source of antioxidants with identification of a novel bioactive compound that opens vista to explore its novel bioactive compound which will help for various pharmacological activities.

35 ref

003082   Nasir S;et al. (NO, , Punjab Food Authotiry, Government of Punjab, Lahore-54000, Pakistan, Email: aamirbajwa_uaf@yahoo.com) : Functional lactic beverage supplemented with commercial lactic acid bacteria. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(1), 43-6.

Probiotic dietary intervention is considered as judicious and sustainable approach for integrated health, as well as, to cope with chronic diseases. In current exploration, lactic beverage was formulated by inoculating different concentrations of commercial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in whey protein concentrate with addition of fresh mango juice, stored (5°C) and the product was subjected to physicochemical analysis and hedonic response, periodically. Four treatments were prepared by using different concentration of lactic acid bacteria and stored for stability check and compared with control. The functional lactic beverage showed significant (p <60> 0.05) differences among pH, acidity, protein and lactose contents during storage period as well as within treatments. The hedonic response revealed that lactic beverage can be stored best for 10 days at refrigeration temperature.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

003081   Hak J;Nayar-UN-Nisa;Gupta S (NO, , 102-A, Rehari Chungi, Jammu-180 005) : LDH levels in pregnancy and its associatio with severity of the disease and feto-maternal outcome preeclampsia and eclampsia. JK Sci 2015, 17(3), 110-13.

The aim of present study was to correlate LDH levels in pregnant women and women with Preeclampsia and eclampsia in antepartum period and to study the correlation of maternal and perinatal outcome with LDH levels. Pregnant women in this study were enrolled in 3rd trimester from 28 weeks onwards. Case control study was done in 100 women with normal B.P and in another 100 women having Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia. Serum LDH level was measured using commercially available kits. Serum levels of LDH were significantly increased in women with Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as compared to control group A significant positive correlation was found in patients with Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia. LDH levels gradually increased with increase in the severity of the disease. Regular monitoring of serum LDH levels in women with Pre-ecalmpSia and Eclampsia may help in detecting severity of the disease and associated end organ damage.

6 tables, 9 ref

003080   Costa M A D;Lione V O F;Rodrigues C R;Cabral L M;Rocha H V A (Laboratorio de Tecnologia Industrial Farmaceutica, - LabTIF - Faculdade de farmacia - Univ, Federal do Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil, Email: helvecio.far@gmail.com) : Efavirenz dissolution enhancement II: aqueous co-spray-drying. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(9), 3807-20.

Efavirenz is a crystalline lipophilic solid with a low aqueous solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate. It is classified in class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, which means it is poorly water-soluble and highly permeable. Spray drying is a widely used manufacturing process wich uses the aerosol phase to dry particles. By modifying the spray drying operation parameters, it is possible to control the properties of spray dried particles towards enhancement of drug bioavailability and delivery. Most studies use organic solvents but some of them have already been prepared as water based systems. We propose the use of water as solvent, since the use of organic solvents is increasingly contraindicated in pharmaceutical industry. The use of water, normally do not generate amorphous systems for low soluble drugs, increasing wettability and drug dissolution, do not leading to stability concerns. The results obtained demonstrate that co-spray-drying of EFV:SLS and EFV:PVP samples is an effective technique in the enhancement of efavirenz dissolution, in a process industrially viable. Different from results previously obtained with co-micronization, PVP was more effective than SLS in the dissolution enhancement of efavirenz when used co-spray-drying process. The characterization proved that the dissolution enhancement was not derived from drug amorphization and that there was any dangerous interaction between the drug and the carrier. Dissolution enhancement is probably related to the formation a hydrophilic layer in drug particles, inducing the interaction with the dissolution medium. The samples demonstrated potential to provide a better bioavailability based on the systems formed.

39 ref

002057   Vinita;Punia D;Khetarpaul N (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Aricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: vinita2390bhadu@gmail.com) : Sensory evaluation of products prepared using fresh date fruit. Ann Agri Bio Res 2016, 21(1), 83-5.

Four varieties of date fruits viz., Hillawi, Khadrawi, Medjool and Shamran were used in the preparation of some value-added products like cake, chutney and spread. The prepared products were evaluated organoleptically for colour, appearance, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability using a 9-Point Hedonic Scale prepared by a panel of 10 judges. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the scores of all the sensory characteristics of date cake and control. Colour and texture of date chutney differed non-significantly with control. There was no significant difference in texture of date spread and control. The spread prepared from Khadrawi variety of date fruit had maximum score for all the sensory characteristics. The results showed that all the products prepared from fresh date fruit were organoleptically acceptable in terms of all sensory characteristics.

3 tables, 11 ref

002056   Umesha;Mohan Naik G;Manjunatha M H;Kadalli G (Food Science and Technology Dep, Agricultural College, UAS (B), Hassan-573 225) : Effect of different moisture levels on physical properties and milling quality of paddy varieties. Envir Ecol 2015, 33(3A), 1361-5.

The effects of moisture content (10.77%, 12.77 and 14.77% (wb) and varieties (KHP-2 and KHP-10) on physical properties, milling quality (MQ) of rice as a function of head brown rice yield (HBRY), head rice yield (HRY), were investigated. The paddy-grains were prepared with addition of moisture to raise its moisture content from 10.77 to 12.77 and 14.77%. As a result of moisture addition it was found that the physical properties such as 1000 grains weight, LB ratio. Angle of repose, bulk density, specific gravity and sphericity were increased with increase in moisture content. With respect to milling qualities the higher HBRY values of 98.61 and 98.83% were recorded at the moisture content of 10.77% for KHP-2 and KHP-10 varieties respectively and lower values of 92.11 and 94.76% were recorded at moisture content of 14.77% for KHP-2 and KHP-10 varieties, respectively. Similarly, the maximum HRY of 86.61 and 88.30% were obtained at moisture content of 10.7% and the lower values of 77.76 and 78.51% at moisture content of 14.77% for KHP-2 and KHP-10 varieties, respectively.

2 tables, 14 ref

002055   Srinu B;Bhagwan A;Babu J D (Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Dr. Y. S. R. Horticultural Univ, Medak-502 110, Email: srinu.chowhan@gmail.com) : Effect of combination of polypropylene packaging and irradiation on shelf life of sapota fruit stored at low temperature. Envir Ecol 2015, 33(4A), 1672-5.

The sapota fruits were packed in 100 gauge with 0.1 % perforation polypropylene packaging and irradiated with different doses of gamma radiation for extending their shelf life and for stabilizing the market demand. Irradiation of sapota fruits with 0.2 kGy gamma radiations and stored at 15"C for 20 days increased the post harvest life 100% of sapota fruits by 26 days over control 5 days, lower doses of gamma radiation without affecting fruit quality. Higher doses of irradiation 0.8 kGy exhibited brownish spots after 3 days of storage on surface of the fruits.

4 tables, 5 ref