008254   Khonde R D;Chaurasia A S (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of technology, Nagpur-440 010, Email: aschaurasia@che.vnit.ac.in) : Tar cracking of rice husk in biomass gasifier: reactor design and experimentation. Indian J chem Technol 2017, 24(1), 55-60.

A two-stage fixed-bed biomass gasifier had been constructed with separate chambers for pyrolysis and gasification of biomass for formation of low tar producer gas. Two-stage gasifier has been experimented to study the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and residence of volatiles in the reactor on conversion of tar and formation of producer gas. Kinetic investigation reveals that optimum parameters for primary and secondary products using single reaction model are comparable with the reported literature. Effect of gasifying agents on composition of gas released from reactor has been studied using gas chromatography and further experiments are performed with air as it yield more combustible gases (about 63%) as compared to other gasification medium.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

008253   Karkare M V;Murthy Z V P (Chemical Engineering Dep, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-395 007, Email: zvpm2000@yahoo.com) : Mass transfer characteristics of activated sludge process at high MLSS and power consumption. Indian J chem Technol 2017, 24(1), 40-6.

Mass transfer coefficients (k_La) of activated sludge process are measured over a wide range of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Total three sets of experiments have been used (with steady state dissolved oxygen (DO) of 1.0, 2.5 mg L^{-1 with varying agitator speeds and constant agitator speeds with varying-unsteady state DO beginning from 1.0 mg L-1 ). The results show rise in k_La with MLSS. The rise in DO is observed when the agitator speeds are kept constant throughout because of reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD). Attempts have also been made to treat the entrapped/adsorbed COD on the biomass.}

6 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

008252   Kaisan M U;Pam G Y;Kulla D M;Kehinde A J (NO, , ) : Effects of extraction methods on bio-diesel production from wild grape seeds, a case study of soxhlet extraction and mechanical press engine driven expeller methods. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(1), 35-40.

In this research, two samples of wild grape seeds (Lannea Microcarpa) were used to produce biodiesel. The first sample was washed; dried and powdered, oil was extracted from the sample using soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as solvent. The second sample was washed and dried, oil was extracted from the sample using mechanical press engine driven expeller. The oil yield from the first method was 33.3% while the oil yield from the second sample was initially 12.5% with very high free fatty acid (FFA), and then later increased to 37.5% after the FFA was reduced using acid esterification reactions on the sample. The FFA of the first sample was 5.11% while that of the later was 42% but reduced to 2.54 after a repeated trans-esterification reaction. The mechanical press method was better in terms of production process, production time and the oil yield and hence suitable for industrial applications.

008251   Joshi S M;Raahul Krishna;Patil B A;Gagal A C (NO, , ) : Performance evaluation of petrol-ethanol blends and testing on multicylinder 4-stroke SI engine. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2015, 6(1), 41-5.

The usage of different alcohols as a fuel for spark ignition (SI) engines has been in progress since the invention of engine, with ethanol being renewable, bio-based and ecofriendly is the best replacement for petrol as fuel in SI engines. Ethanol is derived basically from sugarcane, cassava, corn and other waste biomass materials. The choice of ethanol as a fuel is due to the positive influence on engine performance due to higher evaporation heat, octane number and flammability with reduced emissions. In the current study of the feasibility of using ethanol as a probable replacement for petrol, experiments were performed on a multicylinder, 4-stroke SI engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline (E10, E20, E30 and E40) by variation of ignition timing, relative A/F ratio and compression ratio at a constant speed of 2000 rpm. The effects of various blends on engine torque, specific fuel consumption and emissions were experimentally evaluated and it was found that among the four blends tested, E20 produced the best thermal and mechanical efficiency of 34% and 92.77%, respectively. The CO and HC emissions were found to be 4.22% and 780 ppm, respectively.

008250   Hameed O B;Ahsan H;Rather A H;Hussain S Z; Naik H R (Post-Harvest Technology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Agricultural Sciences and Technology Univ, Srinagar-190 111, Email: omargojwari@gmail.com) : Influence of pretreatments and drying methods on water activity, dehydration and rehydration ratio of dried tomato. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2255-61.

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of different chemical pretreatments (2% ethyl oleate + 1% potassium carbonate, 1% ascorbic acid+1% citric acid and 2% sodium metabisulfite, 1% calcium chloride + 0.25% sodium chloride and 1% sodium chloride at different drying methods (sun drying, solar tunnel drying and cabinet drying at 45°C, 55°C and 65°C) on Water activity, Dehydration and Rehydration ratio of dried tomato slices. The effects of drying methods and pretreatments and their interactions were found statistically significant (p<60>0.05). Maximum water activity 0.64 was recorded in open sun dried samples in variety Shalimar I (T₀) while as minimum water activity 0.38 was recorded in samples which were cabinet dried at 65°C using T₄ as pre-treatment solution in Punjab Chuhra. Minimum Dehydration and Rehydration ratio 20.00 and 1.33 was recorded in open sun dried samples in variety Punjab Chuhra (T₀) respectively while as maximum Dehydration ratio 33.33 was recorded in samples which were cabinet dried at 55°C (T₂) in Shalimar I and maximum Rehydration ratio 2.98 was recorded in samples which were cabinet dried at 55°C (T₂) in Punjab Chuhra.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

008249   Chandra Kumar R;Benal M M;Durga Prasad B; Krupashankara M S;Siddaligaswamy N H (NO, , ) : Studies on oil extraction from pongamia seeds using mechanical expeller and microwave heating technique. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2016, 7(3), 7-14.

The extraction of oil from seeds is carried out traditionally by using mechanical expeller. In this study, four configurations of oil extraction systems, namely, single screw, modified single screw, twin screw and microwave assisted oil extraction have been evaluated for oil yield and production or through put rate. Pongamia pinnata seeds have been used as the reference raw materials for this study, both in whole seed form and in crushed form. Present day conventional 10 kW power single screw mechanical oil expellers have a throughput of 15 kg/h with an oil yield of 20%. This study has demonstrated that a twin screw extrusion system can provide a throughput rate of 80 kg/h with an oil yield of 27% for the same energy input. Microwave assisted oil extraction process was also evaluated as an alternative method. It provides a throughput rate of 35 kg/hr with a yield of 25% for the same electric power input.

008248   Bhat M M;Dobi M R;Paddar T A;Jalal H;Adil S; Sheikh F D;Salahuddin M (Livestock Products Technology Div, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Alusteng, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir6emohammadmansoor212@gmail.com) : Identification of uncooked meat species by polymerase chain reaction. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(2), 5637-41.

From the last few decades, there has been an exponential growth in the food Industry as a result of growing demand for quality food. Nowadays, consumers have become conscious and selectively demand quality food. Ideally, the food offered to the consumers should be safe, free from adulterants and should carry proper label. The present work was carried out to study the detection of beef and buffalo meat in uncooked mutton Kebab emulsion by mtDNA based multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method under laboratory conditions. Three experimental trials were conducted wherein the emulsions of the product were prepared from mutton, beef and buffalo meat in the ratio of 60:20:20, 80:10:10, 90:5:5, and 98:1:1. The results revealed that the successful amplification of cyt b gene fragments of mtDNA of the target species was achieved by the primers used in the multiplex PCR and characteristic band pattern of size 124, 472 and SSSbp for buffalo, cattle and sheep were produced respectively. The band intensities of beef and buffalo meat from mixed meat products progressively decreased corresponding to their decreasing level from 20 to 1%. In conclusion, the multiplex PCR procedure proved to be an effective and reliable method for detecting beef and buffalo meat in mutton Kebab up to as low as 1% level of adulteration, thus could be used as an important tool in the quality control of commercial meat products.

1 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

008247   Bhardwaj R;Gehlot R;Mishra D;Arora S;Sucheta (NO, Centre of Food Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: bhardwaj.rashmi20@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical quality changes in guava jamun chutney during storage. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(4), 2269-72.

The guava-jamun chutney was developed and evaluated for changes in its chemical constituents and quality parameters at monthly intervals for three months storage period. Total sugars increased significantly, while anthocyanins and ascorbic acid decreased significantly in all the blended products with the advancement in storage period. The colour and appearance, flavour, texture and overall acceptability of guava-jamun chutney decreased significantly with the advancement in storage duration, however, their overall scores remained above the acceptable level even after three months storage. Chutney prepared with 60 guava: 40 jamun pulp ratio were found most acceptable.

7 tables, 12 ref

008246   Begum T;Gogoi P K;Bora U (Chemistry Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Dibrugarh-786 004, Email: dr.pradip54@gmail.com) : Photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye on the surface of Au doped TiO₂ nanoparticles. Indian J chem Technol 2017, 24(1), 97-101.

The photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet (CV), which is a cationic triphenyl methane dye in aqueous solution has been investigated with colloidal suspension of Au doped TiO₂ under both UV and visible light irradiation and compared with undoped TiO₂. The degradation has been studied by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and it is found that Au doped TiO₂ is highly efficient for the dye degradation. Doped and undoped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles have been prepared as a colloidal suspension using sol-gel hydrolysis method and are characterized by XRD, TEM, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The UV-visible absorption spectra reveal that the intensity of the characteristic peaks of CV diminish with time and within an hour the intensity drop below 3/4th of the maximum intensity and there is concomitant oxidative degradation of the dye. This process is accelerated under UV exposure.

4 illus, 28 ref

008245   Alam M S;Wijayanta A T;Nakaso K;Fukai J (NO, , ) : Numerical simulation of entrained-flow coal gasification:A study on particles history. J Energy envir Carbon Credits 2016, 6(3), 9-18.

Studies of coal particle history during coal gasification inside the gasifier are very limited. A comprehensive 3D numerical simulation of entrained-flow coal gasification is conducted. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and the particle dynamics. The finite rate/eddy dissipation model is used to calculate the rate of gasgas phase reactions, whereas only finite rates are used for solid-gas phase reactions. Turbulence is calculated using the standard k-ε model; the radiation energy is calculated using the discrete ordinates model. The changes in coal particle history such as travelling path, conversion, and position are explained in detail. The calculated outlet species concentrations and centerline gas temperature are compared with those of experimental results. CO and H2 (syngas) were found produced mainly in the reductor during coal gasification, whereas a high-temperature gas with more CO2 and H2O is produced in the combustor. The behavior of combustor coal particles in coal gasification was found to differ significantly from that of reductor coal particles. The average path length for 70 μm particles in the combustor is very large (15.5 m) compared to the 10 μm particles (2.5 m).

007230   Singh S P;Bhat V (NO, b, c) : Empirical equations for prediction of melting point and latent heat of alkanes. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2016, 7(3), 8-11.

Alkanes and paraffins are well recognized phase change materials (PCMs) for low and medium range temperature thermal energy storage applications. Melting point and latent heat are two crucial parameters for any PCM for its use in any thermal storage application. The values of these parameters are normally measured by expensive and time consuming measuring devices. In this paper, three empirical equations are presented to predict the melting point and latent heat of alkanes using carbon number as the only input variable. The theoretical results were found comparable with the experimental results within the error limit of ±3.5% for melting point of alkanes with carbon number between 17 and 60. Latent heat values predicted were also in good agreement with the experimental values.

11 ref

007229   Punnagaiarasi A;Elango A;Kalaikannan A; Selvaraju M (Livestock Products Technology (Dairy Science) Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: punnagai90@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of sensory quality of edible coated paneer using cinnamon oil. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 591-3.

A study has been contemplated to develop protein based edible coating incorporated with Cinnamon oil (essential oil) to assess the sensory quality of paneer. Whey protein edible coating was prepared by using whey protein concentrate (WPC) (6 per cent), glycerol (7 per cent) as plasticizer and plant essential oil (cinnamon oil) as anti microbial agent. Preliminary trials (Control, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) were conducted using cinnamon oil (essential oil) each at six different levels (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% 1.0 and 1.2 %), WPC and glycerol level fixed based on previous research paper. Based on the sensory evaluation, as the concentration of the above mentioned oil up to a level of 1 per cent incorporation into edible coating recorded significantly higher (p<60> 0.05) scores in all sensory parameters without affecting the overall acceptability.

9 ref

007228   Navale D;Gupta S (NO, Sinhgad Jr. College Vadgaon, Pune) : Identification of adulteration present in milk products. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(5), 78-81.

Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. Milk may contain some harmful microorganisms like bacteria along with some potentially beneficial microbes. Microbiological analysis of milk is carried out to determine the degree of bacterial contamination in milk and to understand the chemical changes brought in milk as a result of microbial action. Pasteurization is done to destroy such harmful bacteria. If pasteurization of milk is not carried out properly there will be presence of larger count of bacteria in the milk. Methylene blue Reduction test is used to detect the presence of bacteria in milk. This test works on the principle that the methylene blue indicator is present in an oxidized form, but in the presence of bacteria, leads to the reduction of this indicator in a comparatively short span of time. The blue color developed on addition of the indicator to the milk will change to white color within a short period indicates the presence of bacteria in the milk and thus denotes improper pasteurization. This paper detects various types of adulteration present in the milk products.

35 ref

007227   Mihir D M;Rama Rao V V;Padmasree R (NO, , ) : Sodium benzoate and urea as promoters in sillimanite flotation. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2016, 7(3), 1-7.

Sillimanite is an alumino-silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Sillimanite in general is concentrated by gravity separation methods followed by froth flotation. Hydrophobicity is induced to sillimanite surface by adsorbing surfactant (oleic acid/oleate) molecules selectively and the mineral is collected into froth as concentrate. Other reagents used are; sodium silicate to depress garnet and silica and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pulp pH. In the present study, hydrotropes (sodium benzoate and urea) were introduced to improve the solubility of oleic acid in aqueous phase that is flotation pulp. It is noted that hydrotropes improve the recovery of sillimanite with marketable grades of concentrate.

007226   Mihir D M;Padmasree R (NO, , ) : Soap flotation: a brief review. J Modern Chem chem Technol 2016, 7(2), 5-8.

Homologues of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils/fats are used as collectors as such or as their soaps in the flotation of silicate/oxide/salt type minerals. Straight chain saturated fatty acid anions are envisaged to form compact adsorbed patches on the mineral surface which are more effective in imparting surface hydrophobicity to the minerals than the loose/fluffy patches formed by unsaturated fatty acid anions that are bent at the double bonds. Addition of detergents or certain hydrotropes along with fatty acid/soap collectors reduces the consumption of fatty acids/soaps and thereby improves selectivity of mineral separation.

007225   Li X;Wu Z;Feng X;Liu S;Yu X;Ma Q;Qiao Y (Science and Technology Development of Chinese Materia Medica Dep, Beijing Univ of Chinese Medicine, Bejing, P.R. China, Email: maqun99@163.com) : Quality-by-design: multivariate model for multicomponent quantification in refining process of honey. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 193-8.

A method for rapid analysis of the refining process of honey was developed based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Partial least square calibration models were built for the four components after the selection of the optimal spectral pretreatment method and latent factors. The models covered the samples of different temperatures and time pointstherefore the models were robust and universal. These results highlighted that the NIR technology could extract the information of critical process and provide essential process knowledge of the honey refining process.

7 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

007224   Gupta A;Sircar A (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, , Ahmedabad, Gujarat) : Introduction to pigging & a case study on pigging of an onshore crude oil trunkline. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(2), 18-25.

The current paper focuses on understanding the theoretical & practical aspects of crude oil trunkline pigging. An OLGA model is used to predict the Wax deposition Mass, Peak thickness, Average Pig Velocity & Pig travel time. This model is based on actual pipeline condition, fluid parameter and previous pigging data. Actual results from Supervisory control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) and real time monitoring were found in agreement with the OLGA model. The OLGA model predicted nearly 110 kg of dissolved wax and in actual nearly 40 kg of wax was obtained after pigging the trunkline. The model also accurately calculated the pig velocity considering the backpressure & completed the run in nearly 42.5 hours. This shows that the model which we have developed is competent enough to predict the tunkline behaviour, with fine tuning and history matching more accurate results are possible in near future.

5 illus, 24 ref

007223   Gautam S;Tripathi J (Food Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: sgautam@barc.gov.in ) : Food proccssing by irradiation - an effective technology for food safety and secutiry. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(11), 700-07.

Radiation processing of food involves controlled application of energy from ionizing radiations from radioisotopes (Cobalt-60 and Caesium-137), electron beam (=10 MeV) or X-rays (=5 MeV) in an irradiation chamber shielded by 1.5 - 1.8 m thick concrete walls. Food, either pre-packed or in-bulk, placed in suitable containers is sent into the chamber through an automatic conveyor. Major benefits achieved by radiation processing of food are inhibition of sprouting of tubers and bulbs, delay in ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables, disinfestations of insect pests in agricultural commodities, destruction of microbes responsible for food spoilage, and elimination of food pathogens and parasites of public health importance. Irradiation produces very little chemical changes in food, and the changes are similar to those by other preservation methods like heat. The radiolytic products and free radicals produced are identical to those present in foods subjected to treatments such as cooking and canning. None of the changes known to occur have been found to be harmful. Radiation processing of food has been approved by various international statutory bodies and organizations to ensure 'Food Security & Safety', and overcome 'Technical barrier to International Trade' and currently is being practiced in more than 60 countries worldwide.

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

007222   Fedorovska M I;Polovko N P (The Organization and Economics in Pharmacy and Technology Dep, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical Univ, Ukraine) : Nettle juice stability during storage. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(2), 15-17.

The nettle juice stability during storage in dark glass bottles at 2-4 °C for 27 months was studied. Deviations of organoleptic (color, odor), physical and chemical (density, pH, dry residue, identification and quantification of hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenoids and chlorophyll) parameters were within acceptable standards. Accordingly, the juice shelf life in these conditions was established - 2 years.

1 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

007221   Danaee I;Moallem Z;Eskandari H;Nikmanesh S (Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum Univ of Technology, Abadan, Iran, Email: danaee@put.ac.ir) : Adsorption and corrosion inhibition behaviour of acid red on AISI 4130 alloy steel in HCl solution. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(5), 345-52.

The inhibition behaviour of 2-(N,N-Dimethyl-4-aminophenyl)azobenzenecarboxylic acid (acid red) on the corrosion resistance of AISI 4130 steel in 1 M HCl solution has been studied by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Polarization studies indicate that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase in inhibitor concentration and inhibitor retard both the cathodic and anodic reactions so classified as mixed type inhibitors. EIS data has been analyzed to equivalent circuit model and show that as the inhibitor concentration increased the charge transfer resistance of steel increased whilst double layer capacitance decreased. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of steel in HCl with the addition of the inhibitor was studied in the temperature range from 25-65°C. The experimentally obtained adsorption isotherms follow the Langmuir equation. Activation parameters and thermodynamic adsorption parameters of the corrosion process such as E_a, ΔH, ΔS, K_ads and ΔG°_ads are calculated at different temperatures and using the adsorption isotherm. The morphology of steel surface after its exposure to HCl solution in the absence and presence of inhibitor has been examined by SEM images.

7 illus, 6 tables, 53 ref

007220   Bhattacharjee N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 009) : Bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis of aquatic prostate herb (Achyranthes paludosa). Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(1), 9-16.

Pyrolysis of aquatic prostate herb (Achyranthes paludosa) was performed in a semi-batch reactor made of Pyrex glass to determine the characteristics and yields of liquid and solid products. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out at the temperatures ranging from 4000C to 6000C at a constant heating rate of 20 0C min-1. The maximum liquid product yield of 38.52 % (by weight) was obtained and had the calorific values 9.97 MJ/kg for Achyranthes paludosa respectively. The thermal degradation of achyranthes paludosa was studied in atmospheric pressure by TGA. The chemical composition of the bio-oil and bio-char was investigated using 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GC-MS and SEM-EDX. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from achyranthes paludosa can be potentially valued as a fuel and chemical feedstock or blended with diesel after upgrading.

8 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

007219   Akono P N;Mbida J A M;Dongmo P M J;Tonga C; Tchamga L A D;Mounbain F;Magne G T;Mache M P N;Kekeunou S (Lab of Biology and Animal Physiology, Animal Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Univ of Douala, Cameroon) : Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, citrus grandis, Citrus medica and Citrus sinensis leaves from cameroon on Anopheles gambiae giles, 1902. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(6), 117-23.

Mosquito resistance to conventional insecticides is a barrier to malaria prevention in endemic countries. This study proposes an alternative method for vector control, based on the use of essential oils from some plants from Cameroon. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus grandis, Citrus medica and Citrus sinensis leaves, using a Clevenger type apparatus. The determination of the chemical composition was made by Gas Chromatography (GC) and coupling of Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Biological tests were performed on stage IV larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. according to WHO standard protocol. Essential oils from Ci. zeylanicum, C. grandis, C. sinensis and C. medica leaves are rich in β-cubebene (78.10%), cis-decahydro-naphthalene (16,09%), Z-β-ocimene (33.03%) and β-pinene (20.69%) respectively. At 400 ppm, the oils of Citrus induce larval mortality (≥ 95%) and pupal mortality (≥ 94%) after 10 hours of exposure. At equal concentration, Ci. zeylanicum oil induced pupal and larval mortality of 30% and 100% respectively. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₅i. values showed that Ci. zeylanicum (Larvae: LC₅₀ = 98.95 and LC₉₅ = 159.80; Nymphs: LC₅₀ = 489.2 and LC₉₅ = 1820.78) is a good larvicide and C. sinensis (larvae: LC₅₀ = 136.98; LC₉₅ = 342.54; Nymphs: LC₅₀ = 78.41; LC₉₅ = 126.11) is a good nymphocide. The essential oils of these plants should be strongly recommended for the development of natural biocides.

6 tables, 41 ref

007218   Aiboudi M;Fekar G;Bouyazza L (NO, Chemistry Laboratory of Applied and Environment, Universite Hassanl<, Morocco, Email: bouazala@gmail.com) : Composition in fatty acids, sterold and tocopherols of vegetable oil extract from red onion amposta of Tetouan region. J advd scient Res 2016, 7(2), 25-9.

This work aims to determine the physicochemical characteristics and the fatty acid, sterols and tocopherols from unconventional vegetable oil obtained by extraction with hexane from Amposta red onion seeds Allium cepa L. in the Tetouan region in northern Morocco. GC analysis of this oil in fatty acid shows a predominance of linoleic acid (62.3 %) and oleic acid (27.7 %) and sterol a predominance of β-sitosterol (61.9%) with a overall rates of sterols 96.1 mg /100g. Finally, analysis the tocopherols of this oil by HPLC give a rate of 1666 mg/Kg the tocopherols with 47.44% of γ-tocopherols.

5 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

006169   Varsha Kumari;Sindhu S C (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: chahalsangeeta@yahoo.com) : Development of malted sorghum-mungbean-banana composite flours. Ann Biol 2016, 32(2), 286-9.

Sorghum based composite flours were developed incorporating blanched mungbean and banana flour. Composite flours were developed by using sorghuhi at three levels, namely, 60, 50 and 40%. It was supplemented with blanched mungbean (20, 30 and 40%, respectively); blanched banana flour was used at 20% level in all three composite flours. The developed composite flours were evaluated for sensory attributes and were stored for two months at room temperature. All the developed composite flours were acceptable to judges and had an overall acceptability ranging from 7.80-7.60 on 9-point hedonic scale. These developed composite flours had the potential to be used as base for development of weaning foods.

4 tables, 21 ref

006168   Tanwar T;Arvind Kumar;Pankaj N K (Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Livestock Product, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu-180 009, Email: drarvindlpt@gmail.com) : Oxidative stability and storage quality analysis of Ocimum sanctum L. extracts incorporated chicken nuggets. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(4), 2182-8.

The present study was done to explore the antioxidant potential of locally available herb holy basil viz. Ocimum sanctum L.. in enhancing the shelf-life of emulsion based chicken nuggets. Chicken nuggets are widely cherished meat cuisine but it is vulnerable to spoilage due to excessive fats and protein content. Thus, chicken nugget fortified with 1, 2, and 3% of itsethanolic-aqueous extracts of O. sanctum and along with control was studied to explore the potency of holy basil on oxidative stability and storage quality of chicken nuggets on 0,7,14 and 21 days at refrigeration temperature. 80% ethanolic aqueous extracts of O. sanctum were prepared, standardized, optimized and incorporated in chicken nuggets. Chicken nuggets prepared with fortification of 3% O. sanctum extract were adjudged best among all with overall acceptability of 7.16±0.071 value in sensory analysis. The O. sanctum extract treated chicken nugget's pH, FFA, TBA, Total plate count, Pychrophilic count, Yeast and Mold count were found to be in acceptable range of 4.49±0.008, 0.320±0.0005, 0.979 ±0.0012,<4,<2,<2 log10cfu/g respectively on 21days of refrigeration storage. Extracts of O. sanctum fortified chicken nuggets were safe for human consumption even 21 days of refrigerated storage (4±1°C) on the basis of pH, FFA, TBA value, microbiological profile and sensory evaluation. The results proved the antioxidant potential of holy basil O. sanctumand chicken nuggets fortified with (3%) Ocimum sanctum extract could be safe for a period of 21 days in refrigerated (4±10C) storage without any marked loss of physico-chemical, microbial and sensory quality.

3 illus, 45 ref

006167   Sudha A;Priyenka Devi K S;Sangeetha V; Sangeetha A (Food Technology Dep, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode, Tamil Nadu, Email: sudhaseshu@gmail.com) : Development of fermented millet sprout milk beverage based on physicochemical property studies and consumer acceptability data. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(4), 239-43.

Millets play an important role in the food and nutritional security of the poor in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The present study focused on the use of underexploited millets for production of fermented millet based milk beverage. The beverage was prepared using skimmed milk along with three different millets (finger millet, pearl millet and sorghum). The techniques used for processing millets are soaking, sprouting and extraction of milk from millets. The ratio of millet milk blending with skimmed milk was optimized using Mixture Design based on physicochemical properties viz., sediment, viscosity, wheying off, acidity and sensory responses. The overall acceptability of the optimized sample was 7.1, which is very close to the predicted value. The nutritional analysis was done for the sample prepared using optimized combination of millet milk.

1 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

006166   Singh P (NO, , Mahaveer Nagar, Civil Lines Chauraha, Near Jain Mandir, Raebareli-229 001, Email: Singh.pallavi010@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-oxidant properties of wheat grass powder as affected by different drying processes. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 852-855.

Wheatgrass is one grass that has been demonstrated to be of particular use to humans as a nutritional source of vitamins, enzymes, minerals, trace minerals and chlorophyll in addition to its various health benefits. Wheat grass in powder form is a method for preserving wheat grass nutrients with long shelf life and use of wheat grass powder is more convenient than wheat grass juice. Objective is to estimate the antioxidant properties of wheat grass powder obtained by different drying methods. Different drying methods used for preparation of wheat grass powder were 1) Hot air oven drying [50°C, 6 hr and 60°C, 5hr] 2) Microwave drying [600W, 15 min and 800 W, 10 min] 3) Vacuum oven drying [50°C, 25kPa, 6 hr]. For estimation of the antioxidant properties of wheat grass powder samples, chlorophyll content, Total Phenol Content and % Anti-Radical Activity were measured. In the quantitative analysis of antioxidant component, microwave dried wheat grass powder samples [600W, 15 min] had highest mean value of total phenol content (25.20), chlorophyll (23.33) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryllhydrazyl scavenging ability (58.29) in comparison with the other samples of the wheat grass powder obtained by hot air oven drying and vacuum oven drying. Thus it was observed that microwave drying method was the best in comparison to other methods to prepare the wheat grass powder and utilize it daily life.

15 ref

006165   Singh J;Sindhu S C (Foods and Nutrition Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: chahalsangeeta@yahoo.com) : Development and evaluation of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodus) chutney. Ann Biol 2016, 32(2), 282-5.

Chutney is a traditional Indiart, recipe prepared by grinding different herbs with spices. This preparation of semi-solid consistency is relished with ail sorts of dishes and contributes to the taste as well as nutritional value of meals. The chutney was prepared from treated and untreated mushroom pieces. Shiitake (Lentinus edodus) mushroom was solar dried following citric acid treatment. The untreated mushroom was sun-dried. The developed chutney was evaluated for sensory and nutritional attributes. The developed soup mixes were acceptable to judges. Value addition with Shiitake mushroom improved the protein content from 6.85 to 12.98 g/100 g, total ash from 0.98 to 1.10 g/100 g, crude fibre from 2.10 to 2.50 g/100 g, soluble fibre from 6.49 to 6.61 g/100 g and insoluble fibre from 7.29 to 7.92 g/100 g. The polyphenol content reduced from 203.22 to 181.03 mg/100 g, while in vitro protein digestibility improved from 49.58 to 60.68%. The iron, zinc, phosphorus and calcium extractabilities improved from 50.35, 50.00, 48.95 and 49.53 to 57.33, 57.56, 53.93 and 53.75%.

2 tables, 19 ref

006164   Sharma P;Kaur A;Alam M S (Food Science and Technology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: priyankasharma859@gmail.com) : Effect of processing on physico-chemical and functional properties of flours from cluster or guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) varieties. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(4), 2120-7.

Guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) offers a potential source of vegetable protein and fibre, however, its utilization in food is yet to be explored. Along with the nutritional value, its effect on other properties of food is inevitable. Thus, the present study was carried to study the physicochemical and functional properties (water absorption index, water solubility index, foaming capacity, foaming stability, oil absoption capacity and gelling strength) of flours from different varieties of guar bean ( i.e. G 80, Ageta 112 and HG 365) and related to each other using Pearson correlation. Significant variations were observed in the chemical composition of flour from varieties of guar bean on processing. Germination of seeds increased the protein significantly and highest levels of increased protein content were observed in G 80 (+21.6%). Dehusking significantly increased (upto 5.9%) and extrusion processing reduced (upto 23.6%) the L* value significantly in flours from guar bean varieties. Germination increased while extru-sion processing reduced the WAI and WSI. Dehusking, autoclaving and germination were observed to increase the foaming capacity significantly; however, extrusion processing markedly reduced the foaming properties of guar flours. Extrusion processing immensely affected the gelling properties of flour from guar bean varieties and lead to loss of gel formation properties. Pearson's correlation determined a significant correlation between processing treatments and functional properties.

3 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

006163   Shamel A;Ghadimi N (Chemistry Dep, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Aradabil, Iran, Email: noradin1364@gmail.com) : Hybrid PSOTVAC/BFA technique for tuning of robust PID controller of fuel cell voltage. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(3), 171-8.

The control of voltage of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) which is one of the most important types of fuel cell, during system load variations has been described. Fuel cell output voltage should be kept in a constant value against the load variations and a controller should be designed for this purpose. Accordingly, the modified PID controller has been proposed which is optimized based on Hybrid Particle Swarm optimization with Time Varying Acceleration Coefficients (HPSOTVAC) and Bacteria Foraging Algorithm (BFA). In order to use this hybrid technique, at first, the proposed problem is written as an optimization problem which consists of the objective function and constraints, and then to achieve the most desirable controller, hybrid technique is applied to solve the problem. Simulation results are operated in various loads in time domain, and the results show the efficiency of the proposed controller in contrast to the previous controllers. Simulation results demonstrate the good accuracy of the proposed controller performance by considering the problem solving.

5 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

006162   Sahoo P;Sahoo A (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: pranatisahoo02@gmail.com) : CFD simulation for hydrodynamic behaviour of fine particles in a fluidized bed. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(4), 253-61.

The fluidization characteristics of fine particles i.e. Geldart-C and A particles are studied in a cylindrical fluidized column. The effects of different system parameters (viz. static bed height, particle density, size of particle, speed of promoter and superficial velocity of the fluidizing medium) on bed dynamics are analyzed. CFD simulation is carried out for the hydrodynamic behaviour of fine powders. The values of these bed dynamics obtained through CFD simulation are compared against the respective experimental values. The comparison results show very good agreement between the experimental and simulated results thereby indicating the possibility of smooth or proper fluidization for fine particles. Thus these findings will be helpful in designing a good fluidized bed reactor for fine particle system can optimize the processes very well.

8 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

006161   Ravindra Kumar;Banerjeem S;Mandal A;Naiya T K (Petroleum Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Dhandbad-826 004, Email: trn2711@yahoo.com) : Improvement in trasportability of Indian heavy crude oil using novel surfactant. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(4), 262-70.

Rheological behaviour of Indian heavy crude oil has been investigated using novel surfactant, Brij 30. The results have been compared with addition of dilutants namely mineral oil and 3-pentanol. The effect of addition of additives on viscosity, yield stress and viscoelastic behaviour including non-Newtonian viscosity, elastic modulus, loss modulus, phase angle and complex viscosity and thixotropy are studied. The most efficient additive among the three is found to be Brij 30. Addition of 10% 3-pentanol, mineral oil and Brij-30 reduce the viscosity of crude oil by 79.75, 42.1 and 87%, respectively at 25°C. Yield stress reduces by 98% after addition of Brij 30. Thixotropotic area for crude is reduced to 9.11 kPa/s from 326.53 kPa/s after addition of 10% Brij 30. Brij-30 dropped interfacial tension of crude to a greater extent compared to other additives. FTIR studies show disappearance of C=O, C=C and NO2 groups in surfactant-crude mixture which indicate effectiveness of the Brij-30 surfactant. Brij 30's efficiency as a surfactant may be employed to improve rheological characteristics of heavy crude oil for proper pipeline transportation.

7 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

006160   Pinjari D V;Pandit A B;Mhaske S T (Chemical Engineering Div, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400 019, Email: dv.pinjari@ictmumbai.edu.in) : Ultrasound assisted green synthesis of zinc oxide nanords at room temperature. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(3), 221-6.

Nanostructured ZnO (without stabilizers) has been synthesized using conventional (non-ultrasound i.e. NUS) as well as sonochemically assisted (US) synthesis method. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) have been used as raw materials (synthesis precursors). Zinc nitrate hexahydrate reacts with sodium hydroxide at room temperature (35 ± 2°C) to form ZnO powder. It is found that equilibrium conversion occurred in a shorter time in sonochemically (US) assisted method when compared to conventional (NUS) method. The ZnO powders synthesized by both the methods have shown to have nanometric-sized crystallites. It was found that the crystallite size of the sonochemically (US) synthesized ZnO and conventionally (NUS) synthesized ZnO are 23 ± 1 nm and 32 ± 1 nm respectively. The FTIR spectra analysis confirms the occurrence of the reaction to form Zinc Oxide by both NUS and US methods. Needle shaped structures agglomerated in the forms of bundles were also found in SEM micrographs. It was found that sonochemical synthesis method have saved more than 90% of energy utilized by conventional synthesis method along with the reduced in the reaction duration by 110 minutes.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref