010041   Quirk R;Melville M;Kinsela A;Reynolds J; Zwemer T;Hancock M;Macdonald B;White I (NSW Canegrowers Association, Condong Sugar Mill, Condong, NSW 2484, Australia, Email: rgquirk@bigpond.com) : Treatment of drainage from acidic canelands using a constructed wetland. Sugar Tech 2009, 11(1), 73-6.

Describes trials of a constructed freshwater wetland to treat highly acidic drainage from acid Sulfate soil in a sugarcane farm. A constructed freshwater wetland was used to treat acidic discharge from drained acid sulfate soils on a sugar cane farm in the Tweed River flood plain, northern New South Wales (NSW). The bunded 1.44 ha wetland was laser levelled into 6 segmented bays with an overall hydraulic gradient of 0.13%. Water retention time varies between 19 and 82 days dependent on the prevailing evapotranspiration rate. The wetland, which receives about 12% of runoff from a hydraulically isolated 100 ha sugarcane area by pumping, is designed to treat the highly acidic groundwater-dominated recession phase of drainage with large concentrations of dissolved aluminium, iron and manganese. Common couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) and Eleocharis reeds were established in the wetland by natural recruitment. Transects of water quality wetland during filling and while in operation revealed that pH increased while electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), redox potential (RP).

9 illus, 4 ref

010040   Prasad V;Gahlot V K (Civil Engineering Dep, M.A. National Institute of Technology, Bhopal-051, Email: vpp7@yahoo.com) : Simplified CFD approach of analysis for Designing of axial flow hydranulic turbine runner. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 2(4), 1-10.

The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a cost effective tool to assess variation of local flow parameters for improving design. The 3-D viscous flow simulation (full-3D) needs complex 3D geometry and takes more time for analysis. The potential flow (quasi-3D) approach is the best alternate for quick analysis for design optimization at initial stage. In the present paper, quasi-3D and full-ID analyses have been carried out for an experimentally tested model of axial flow hydraulic turbine. The computed parameters at runner inlet and outlet from both methods have been compared ami found to be in good agreement. The computed efficiency from both approaches at three operating regimes is also critically compared with experimental results. The approach has been developed with the objective of meeting the growing challenges by turbine industries like BHEL, Jyoti Limited etc. for improved efficiency.

11 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

010039   Pinto T;George Milton S (Industrial Engineering & Management Dep, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Maralur, Tumkur-572 105, Email: pinto_7225@yahoo.com) : Experimental study of the effect of bio-based coolants in turning of steels using HSS and uncoated WC tools. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 2(4), 21-8.

This work presents the results and analysis of cutting fluid performance in turning operations, discussing to what extent the proposed bio-based coolants perform in comparision with conventional coolants. Cutting fluid performance was evaluated with respect to tool life aspects such as tool tip temperature, cutting forces and product quality in terms of surface roughness. Two ferrous materials 1S2062 steel and EN8 alloy steel are used in turning experiments with high speed steel (HSS) and uncoated throwaway tungstun carbide (WC) inserts as cutting tools. Two groups of cutting fluids were tested that is, four bio-based coolants and four conventional coolants. The bio-based coolants included mahua oil (Madhuca Longifolia), honge oil (Pongamia Pinnata), gingelly oil (Sesame oil) inn/ cotton seed oil. The conventional coolants included mineral oil, commercial vegetable oil, svnihetic fluid and distilled water. Initial results indicate that the performance of bio-based coolants is better than or equal to the conventional coolants. It is expected that the outcome of this work will be of use to industries.

4 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

010038   Panduranga Rao M V (NO, Tata Research Development and Design Centre, Pune, Email: mvpandurangarao.m@tcs.com) : Computational lower bounds using diagonalization: 1. Languages, turing machines and computing classes. Resonance 2009, 14(7), 682-90.

Discusses an important technique called diagonalization for, establishing such lower bounds. Here fix a model of a computer - indeed, one that is as powerful as any other known mechanical model - and explore some important features of the model. Second part, will introduce diagonalization, its applications and potential shortcomings.

2 illus, 2 ref

010037   Palani S;Liong S Y;Tkaalich P;Palanichamy J (Tropical Marine Science Institue, National Univ of Singsapore, Singapore, 119223, Email: tmssp@nus.edu.sg) : Development of a neural network model for dissolved oxygen in seawater. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(2), 151-9.

Results from a study conducted to test the adequacy of artificial neural networks in modelling of dissolved oxygen (DO) in seawater. The input variables for ANN DO models are selected by statistical analysis. The ranking of important inputs and their mode of action on the output DO are obtained based on the expert's opinion. The calibrated neural network models predict the DO concentration with satisfactory accuracy, producing high correlations between measured and predicted values (R2>0.8, MAE<1.25 mg/L for training and overfitting test) at specified location and time in the selected domain where there are training stations. It is shown that one can forecast the next week's DO level from antecedent measurements with an acceptable confidence.

5 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

010036   Nayak L T (NO, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Wind power-an environment friendly sustaninable energy a case study of Kappatgudda range of Gadag district of Karnataka. Ann Natn Ass Geographers 2008, 28(2), 49-63.

4 illus, 8 tables, 16 ref

010035   Nagalakshmi R;Murthy N (Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Numerical simulation of welding fumes and their safety aspects. WRI Jl 2008, 29(4), 27-35.

The occupational health and safety of the workers are of great importance because they are exposed to concentrations of toxic substances that may exceed institutional limits. Many welding, cutting, and allied processes produce fumes and gases, which may be harmful to your health. Welding is most important way to join metals. It is the only process to join two or more pieces of metal to make them act as one piece. It is widely used to manufacture or repair all products made of metal the use of welding is primarily increasing because it is most economical and efficient way to join metals. In the present work, modeling and simulation of a buoyant fume is presented. The thermal buoyant fume considered here is the welding fume emanating from shielded metal arc welding process. The modeling employs a two-step strategy. One is without ventilation and another one is with ventilation system. The boundary conditions for the steady state model are given based on experimental measurement of fume discharged during the process. Welding processes generate fumes that are hazardous to the health of the welder. Of these components, iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), ozone (O₃, and nitrogen oxides (NO, NO₂) cause eye, throat, and lung irritation, and possible long-term effects.

10 illus, 9 ref

010034   Muljowidodo K;Sapto Adi N;Prayogo N;Budiyono A (Mechanical Engineering Program, Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics Faculty, Institut Teknologi Ban, Ganesha 10, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, Email: muljo@bdg.centrin.net.id) : Design and testing of underwater thruster for SHRIMP ROV-ITB. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 338-45.

SHRIMP ROV is tie most recent underwater vehicle that has been developed at Center for Unmanned System Studies (Centr UMS)-ITB. This type of vehicle is typically designed for environmental or scientific surveillance mission as well as for Small Observation ROV with military functions. One of them is Minesweeper ROV. The study consists the thruster design of ITB SHRIMP-ROV as its main propulsion device. In the thruster design, we used and applied Finite Element Analysis for calculating structural strength and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for identification of fluid characteristic on thruster. All the testing at this stage is performed in the laboratory.

15 illus, 12 tables, 6 ref

010033   Muljowidodo K;Sapto Adi N;Budiyono A;Prayogo N (Mechanical Engineering Program, Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics Faculty Institut Teknologi Band, Ganesha 10, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, Email: muljo@bdg.centrin.net.id) : Design of SHRIMP ROV for surveillance and mine sweeper. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 332-7.

Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) is developed for various applications from civil until military requirement. One of the most important UUV missions is surveillance including mapping of marine resources and monitoring of the sea environment to prevent the destructive activities. Underwater security becomes more crucial for the country that's have thousands island. The study comprises the design of special Unmanned Underwater Vehicle, the SHRIMP-ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle). This UUV has special configuration and mechanism that can be functioned as a surveillance agent (observation UUV) and as minesweeper agent. The detail idea, design background and step by step of design methods were observed in this study.

11 illus, 3 ref

010032   Muljowidodo K;Rasyid M A;Sapto Adi N;Budiyono A (Mechanical Engineering Program, Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics Faculty, Institut Teknologi Ban, Ganesha 10, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, Email: muljo@bdg.centrin.net.id) : Vision based distance measurement system using single laser pointer design for underwater vehicle. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 324-31.

As part of a continuous research and development of underwater robotics technology at ITB, a vision- based distance measurement system for an Unmanned Underwater vehicle (UUV) has been designed. The proposed system can be used to predict horizontal distance between underwater vehicle and wall in front of vehicle. At the same time, it can be used to predict vertical distance between vehicle and the surface below it as well. A camera and a single laser pointer are used to obtain data needed by our algorithm. The vision-based navigation consists of two main processes which are the detection of a laser spot using image processing and the calculation of the distance based on laser spot position on the image.

13 illus, 5 ref

010031   Mukund M (Chennai Mathematical, Institute H1 SIPCOT IT Park, Padur PO, Siruseri-603 103, Email: madhavan@cmi.ac.in) : Model checking automated verification of computational systems. Resonance 2009, 14(7), 667-81.

ACM Turing Award for 2007 was awarded to Clarke, Emerson and Sifakis for their invention of model-checking, an automated technique for verifying finite-state computing systems. Describes the central ideas underlying their approach.

4 illus, 6 ref

010030   Mohit;Gupta D V;Sharma P K (Mathematics Dep, College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee, Email: mohit2692003@yahoo.co.in) : Transient solution fo generalized finite birth-death process. Int J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2009, 4(1), 95-104.

Transient single server queueing model with finite birth-death process is considered. The transient distribution of the number of customers in the system and the expected length of the system for a finite birth and death process are derived by solving the system of differential-difference equations using Laplace-Transforms and finding the inversion through the properties of tridiagonal symmetric matrices. Some numerical comparisons are made with the randomization method.

8 tables, 10 ref

010029   Maran P;Sornakumar T;Sundararajan T (Mechanical Engng Dep, Thiagarajar Coll of Engng, Madurai) : Numerical studies on convection in GTA weld pool. Indian Weld J 2008, 41(2), 42-7.

Weld pool convection strongly influences the behaviour of molten metal in the melt pool during fusion welding of metals. The temperature and velocity fields in the melt pool are largely affected by different driving forces causing weld pool convection. Variations in the heat input during welding have significant effects on the peak temperature, maximum velocity in the melt pool and weld bead geometry. Buoyancy, electromagnetic and surface tension are the major driving forces. In the present work, the effects of weld pool convection on weld bead geometry of stainless steel during Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) welding have been studied for individual and combined driving forces. A two dimensional finite volume model has been used to simulate the welding process. The model uses a modified Gaussian heat distribution to provide the three dimensional effect of linear welding.

5 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

010028   Maini P K;Karmakar D;Jha B K;Chaudhuri S K; Chakrabarti S (R & D Centre for Iron & Steel, SAIL, Ranchi-834 002) : Light weight props for underground mine support system. Steel India 2008, 31(1), 14-17.

Timber props are used extensively for support sytem in underground coalmines. Efforts have been made at RDCIS to achieve efficient solution for mine support through use of suitable material and design optimisation studies. Weight reduction of more than 20% has been achieved by using SAILCOR, a high strength atmospheric corrosion resistant steel coupled with optimised geometrical dimensions of section. This has led to development of safer steel props for use in underground coal mines to support overhead rock mass.

3 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

010027   Maheshwari B K;Nath U K;Ramasamy G (Earthquake Engineering Dep, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Influence of liquefaction on pile-soil interaction in vertical vibration. ISET J Earthquake Technol 2008, 45(1-2), 1-12.

During strong earthquake shaking, loose cohesionless soils below the water table develop high pore water pressures and liquefy leading to significant degradation of strength and stiffness. In such soil stratum, pile foundations may undergo substantial shaking while the soil is in a fully liquefied state and soil stiffness is at its minimum. An available numerical model formulating the pore pressure response directly from observed data on uridrained tests has been used to study the liquefaction phenomenon. The Winkler soil model has been used to model the pile-soil interaction. Combining these two models, a formulation to predict the response of a pile in liquefiable soils in axial vibration is developed. It is observed that the response of a single pile due to axial vibration in liquefiable soil is significantly greater than that in non-liquefiable soil, particularly at higher frequencies.

11 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

010026   Kumar R H;Antony A J (Mechanical Engineeirng Dep, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Maralur, Tumkur-572 105, Email: rhkmechssit@gmail.com) : Progressive combustion in SI-engines-experimental investigation on influence of combustion related parameters. Sadhana 2008, 33(6), 821-34.

The fuel heat release rate which virtually controls the combustion process is dependent on the 'Mass-Fraction-Burnt (MFB)'. In the research work, a 'logistic model with conditional variability in MFB', has been developed for precise simulation of combustion in SI engines as the model has built in routines to take into account such factors as location of spark plug, single/dual spark plugs, intake generated swirl, combustion chamber geometry (associated with Bore/Stroke ratio), etc. A major contribution of this paper is that new and improved models for the 'overall combustion duration', and 'ignition delay/flame development angle', taking into account primarily the influence of compression ratio on the overall combustion process in SI engine have been developed. Taylor's original equation for estimating the overall combustion duration has been modified by including a logistic equation for the error term and incorporating it in the original equation. Ignition delay as proposed by Keck et al has been modified by incorporating a polynomial of 3rd order into the original equation. The empirical correlations that have been proposed in this paper may serve to be the starting point for simulation of 'photodetonation concept' to simulate HCCI combustion which is presently the hot research work in the area of pre-mixed combustion. A program in Turbo-C++ has been developed for the complete simulation of SI engine combustion, taking into account the conditional variability effect, variable specific heats of burnt gases, dissociation of gases at high temperatures, progressive combustion phenomena, heat transfer (based on Woschni's equation), gas exchange process based on ID-steady gas flow equation employing Taylor's mach index of 0.6 for valve design.

9 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

010025   Kumar N;Dash S;Tyagi A K;Raj B (Materials Science Div, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: nkumar@rambler.ru) : Thermal dynamics-based mechanism for intense laser-induced material surface vaporization. Pramana J Phys 2008, 71(3), 529-43.

Laser material processing involving welding, ablation and cutting involves interaction of intense laser pulses of nanosecond duration with a condensed phase. Such interaction involving high brightness radiative flux causes multitude of non-linear events involving thermal phase transition at soild-liquid-gas interfaces. A theoretical perspective involving thermal dynamics of the vaporization process and consequent non-linear multiple thermal phase transitions under the action of laser plasma is the subject matter of the present work. The computational calculations were carried out where titanium (Ti) was treated as a condensed medium. The solution to the partial differential equations governing the thermal dynamics and the underlying phase transition event in the multiphase system is based on non-stationary Eulerian variables. The Mach number M depicts significant fluctuations due to thermal instabilities associated with the laser beam flux and intensity. A conclusive amalgamation has been established which relates material surface temperature profile to laser intensity, laser flux and the pressure in the plasma cloud.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

010024   Kalayanaraman R;Thillaigovindan N;Kannnadasan G (Mathematics Dep, Mathematics Section Faculty of Engineering and Techno, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar) : Single server queue with fuzzy service time distribution function. Int J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2009, 4(1), 85-94.

Single server fuzzy queue is analyzed using a general approach based on Zadeh's extension principle. Probability generating function for the number of customers is derived in Fuzzy environment for this queuing model, whose arrival process is Poisson and service time distribution is a fuzzy function. Particular cases are deduced and a numerical study is also carried out.

5 ref

010023   Kadam A;Oza G;Nemade P;Surti A;Shankar H (Chemical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: kadam76@yahoo.co.in) : Sorption properties of pathogens on natural materials. J envir Biol 2009, 30(5), 641-6.

Presence of pathogens in high numbers in waste water is a cause of concern. Techno economic feasibility has restricted the conventional and non conventional treatment approaches for pathogen removal. Despite prolific use, carbon adsorption technology remains an expensive treatment process. The present study investigates the use of rice husk (RH), saw dust (SD), groundnut shells (GS) as natural agro-residues and partially weathered deccan trap basalt (PWDTB) for their sorption capacities and desorption pattern for two indicator organisms viz. Escherichia coli K12 and Staphylococcus aureus. Sorption experiments were carried out at flow-rate of 1.5 bed volumes perhour(bv hr^{-1) for cell suspension volume of 4,8, Wand 32 bed volumes. PWDTB have shown high sorption coefficient and log removal lorE. coli K12 whereas GS have shown high sorption coefficient and log removal for S. aureus. PWDTB have shown maximum desorption constant and log retention for E. coli K12 whereas G Shave shown maximum desorption constant and log retention for S. aureus during desorption experiment. Retention pattern suggest that adsorption is partially irreversible for almost all the materials used. It suggest that PWDTB in combination with RH and/GS could help in removal of pathogens from waste water.}

2 illus, 4 tables

010022   Joshi S A;Bodhe S K (CE Dep, PICT, Pune Univ, Pune-411 043, Email: sarang.joshi2002@gmail.com) : MPEG-4 VLC organization and searching algorithm. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2010, 2(4), 35-47.

The variable length codes (VLC) used by MPEG-4 (ISO/IEC 14496-2/10) during streaming are embedded in the descriptors. The VLC received by the decoder are first searched in VLC tables before encoding. The descriptors and coded video object plans (VOP) are embedded with metadata VLC and data content specific VLC such as Transform-Coefficients (T-Coefficient) VLC, Context adaptive VLC (CAVLC) such as num. VLC, LEVEL VLC, coded block pattern chrominance (cbpc), coded block pattern luminance (cbpy), motion vector difference (mvd) VLC. This research paper presents the VLC organization scheme and searching algorithm, S^{3 KEYTAG (Sorted Searching Strategy using Tag Keys), associated with pre-decoding VLC searching in MPEG-4. Reduction in the search cost generated due to reference of location (ROL) in VLC tables is focused using VLC organization and searching algorithm. The 4:2:0 video data simple profile is considered for the research purpose. The results of VLC table reorganization and searching using S'KEYTAG algorithm are presented.}

4 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

010021   Jayaraman M;Sivasubramanian R;Balasubramanian V;Lakshminarayanan A K (NO, Mechatronics Engg, Kongu Engng Coll, Perundurai, Erode) : Optimization of friction stir welding process parameters to weld cast A356 aluminium alloy Taguchi's design of experiments approach. Indian Weld J 2008, 41(2), 34-41.

Presents an application of Taguchi's Design of Experiments, to identify the optimum setting of process parameters to maximize the tensile strength of friction stir welded cast A356 aluminium alloy. The quality of weldments in friction stir welding (F5W) process mainly depends on the factors such as tool rotational speed, welding speed and axial force. Taguchi's orthogonal array L'7' signal to noise ratio (SIN) and Analysis of Variance (AN OVA) are used to find the optimum levels and the effect of process parameters on tensile strength. To correlate the process parameters and the measured tensile strength, a mathematical model has been developed by multiple linear regression analysis. The mathematical model is found to be very useful to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded cast A356 aluminium alloy. The optimum conditions to get maximum tensile strength are tool rotation speed of 1000 rpm , welding speed of 75 mm/min and axial force of 5 kN .

8 illus, 8 tables, 22 ref

010020   Jayanthu S (Mining Engg. Dep, NIT, Rourkela-Orissa) : Importance of strata behaviour observations vis-a-vis experimental trials in underground mines. Indian Min Engng J 2007, 46(4), 32-9.

This emphasizes the need of extensive strata behaviour observations in experimental trials of innovative mining concepts in the present era of observational approaches preferred over, and many a times considered as safe adjunctive tools, to the numerical/analytical analysis of problem situations in mines. Rate of convergence of advance workings in depillaring panels has been widely believed by many Indian miners to be a reliable indicator for warning of goaf falls. The limitations of the warning limits, interpretation of the convergence data is hardly understood by many practicing front line supervisors or the advisory persons leading to misconception on strata mechanics and confusion in taking the decisions on safety of the workings and the face workers. Many accidents in depillaring panels in recent times are self revealing and emphasize the need of proper education to the concerned on the applicability of the existing guidelines and further studies require for the purpose. Numerical model studies and Field experimental studies were conducted on strata behaviour with special reference to convergence and stress variation during an experimental trial of extraction of pillars with cable bolts as major support system in 6.5 -8.0 m thick coal seam. Variation of stress, Convergence velocity and acceleration based on continuous monitoring data showed distinct anomalies and potential for better understanding of strata mechanics during pillar extraction. A suitable plan of instrumentation is also presented for generation of adequate data on strata behaviour during experimental trials of various innovative indigenous methods of extraction with a view to improve safety. productivity and conservation.

3 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

010019   Javaid S;Ansari S I;Khalid M M (Statsitics & Operations Research Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Email: shakeel.jd@operamail.com) : Multi-objective stochastic linear programmming problem when b_i's follow general form of distributions. Int J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2009, 4(1), 47-58.

Probabilistic or stochastic programming is a framework for modeling optimization problems that involve uncertainty. The basic idea used in stochastic optimization is to convert a stochastic model into an equivalent deterministic model. In this paper a multi-objective probabilistic linear programming problem has been considered when right hand side vector follows general form of distributions, which contains many distributions such as Power Function distribution, Pareto distribution, Beta distribution of first kind, Weibull distribution, Burr type XII distribution and Cauchy distribution.

7 ref

010018   Jan H Y;Lin C L;Huang C H;Hwang T S (NO, Graduate Institute of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng, Taichung 40724, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: chunlin@dragon.nchu.edu.tw) : Robust motion control design for dual-axis motion platform using evolutionary algorithm. Sadhana 2008, 33(6), 803-20.

Presents a new approach to deal with the dual-axis control design problem for a iriechatronic platform. The cross-coupling effect leading to contour errors is effectively resolved by incorporating a neural net-based decoupling compensator. Conditions for robust stability are derived to ensure the closed-loop system stability with the decoupling compensator. An evolutionary algorithm possessing the universal solution seeking capability is proposed for finding the optimal connecting weights of the neural compensator and PID control gains for the X and Y axis control loops. Numerical studies and a real-world experiment for a watch cambered surface polishing platform have verified performance and applicability of our proposed design.

13 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

010017   Husaini M;Samad Z;Arshad M R (School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, Email: zahurin@eng.usm.my) : CFD simulation of cooperative AUV motion. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 346-51.

Cooperative AUV performance and efficiency is directly related to its power efficiency. The power consumption for this type of underwater vehicle is influenced by its motion requirement since most of the power is spent for thruster propulsion. Drag force is known as the main parameter in resisting the body motion. In the present study, the behavior of this force is studied by using computational fluid dynamic approach (CFD). Two position arrangement of cooperative AUV was chosen to study the drag variation. First, the distance effect between two AUV was investigated to represent the basic position arrangement of cooperative AUV. Second, the effect of different position arrangement was also investigated. The comparison between distance and position arrangement is discussed in this paper. Present study elucidates that the distance behind the leading AUV does not give much effect to the drag force, but the position arrangement indicated significant influence.

7 illus, 5 ref

010016   Hur M;Kang T;Chan W L;Choi J M (Department of Aerospace Informatin Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea, Email: byeblue@konkuk.ac,kr) : H_∞ controller design of an ostraciiform swimming fish robot. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 302-7.

Proposses is a design of a robust controller for a fish robot. A simple third order model is used to develop the feedback controller. With proper weighting functions augmented for loop shaping, a robust controller is obtained using H-infinity control methodology. Frequency analysis shows that the proposed controller is very robust, having gain margin of 17.3 dB and phase margin of 44.8 degrees, respectively. The stability robustness and performance analysis is done using step input and uncertainties of damping, and natural frequency. The step disturbance and measurement noises are also considered. The simulation results show that the proposed controller keeps the stability and performance even though there are a little degradation of them as uncertainties increase. The experimental result also demonstrates that the controller works well in a real fish robot. Thus it is expected that the proposed controller can be used effectively in real environment with model uncertainties and disturbances.

13 illus, 22 ref

010015   Handoko Y;Riyanto B;Nazarudding Y Y;Leksono E (Engineering Physics Dep, Institut Teknologi Bandung, JI. Ganesa 10 Bandung 40132, Indonesia, Email: yeffry@unikom.ac.id) : Designing embedded fish sensor for underwater robot. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 308-15.

Commercial fish finders have already been known and widely used in so many real applications. However, sometimes these kinds of instrument are not suitable for underwater robotic or submarine robot applications. The size and the interfacing features are not designed to meet the requirements of underwater robot application purposes. This system relies on an Artificial Neural Network implemented on an embedded microcontroller. By using a proximity ping sensor widely used in mobile robot with some dedicated signal preconditioning and processing of extracted features with the proposed algorithm, a fish detection and classification system has been realized. The proposed system gives satisfactory achievement with respective maximum values of 100% for detection and 94% for classification. Also the existence and the type of fish can be known and the behavior of group can also be revealed by statistically interpretations such as hovering passion and sparse swimming mode.

8 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

010014   Guuntekin E;Uner B;Karakus B (Forest Products Engineering Dep, Faculty of Forestry, Suleyman Demirel Univ-32260, Isparta, Turkey, Email: eguntekin@orman.sdu.edu.tr) : Chemical compositon of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stalk and suitability in the particleboard production. J envir Biol 2009, 30(5), 731-4.

Study examined chemical composition of tomato stalks and their possible feasibility in the production of particleboard. Three-layer experimental particleboards with density of 0.53, 0.63, and 0.73 g cm^{-3 were manufactured from tomato stalks using certain ratios of urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), thickness swelling (TS) properties of the boards were evaluated, and a statistical analysis was performed in order to examine possible feasibility of these stalks in commercial particleboard manufacturing. The experimental results have shown that production of general purpose particleboard used in dry conditions using tomato stalks is technically viable. The results of the study demonstrate that tomato stalks can bean alternative raw material source for particleboard industry. Use of agricultural waste such as tomato stalk can help solving waste management problems and contribute conservation of natural resources.}

4 tables, 25 ref

010013   Gupta I;Dhage S;Rakesh Kumar (NO, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, 89/B, Dr. A.B. Road, Worli, Mumbai-400 018, Email: indranig1@rediffmail.com) : Variations in water quality of Mumbai coast through multivariate analysis techniques. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(2), 170-7.

Multivanate statistical techniques, such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to evaluate the temporal/spatial variations in marine water quality of Mumbai and to identify pollution sources. Hierarchical CA grouped 12 sampling sites into three clusters of similar water quality characteristics. DA gave the best results both spatially and temporally. It provided an important data reduction as it used only four parameters (DO, Total coliform, Ammonical nitrogen and pH) affording 100% correct assignment in temporal analysis. For spatial DA, DO and temperature; Feacal strptococii, DO and Total coliform; temperature and phosphate were used for summer, monsoon and winter seasons respectively. DA gave 100% correct assignment in spatial analysis except for summer season, step wise mode DA rendered 91.6% correct assignment. PCA resulted in four factors explaining 81.4% of the total variance. The first factor obtained represents organic pollution from domestic waste water. The second factor represents natural pollution which includes the surface run off. The third factor represents nutrient pollution whereas the fourth factor represents seasonal effects of temperature.

6 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

010012   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.iisc.ernet.in) : Aerobasics-an introduction to aeronautics, IX. Airplane propulsion. Resonance 2009, 14(7), 650-66.

An airplane needs a propulsive device to overcome drag. A piston engine driven propeller was the first solution to this problem and was developed rapidly during the early days of aeronautics. The jet engine was invented during the Second World War and quickly replaced the piston engine which is now used only on very small aircraft. Variants of the jet engine were later developed to improve the performance and economy. Currently the turbofan or bypass jet engine is the dominant type of engine in use. The turboprop is a variant which is suitable for lower flight speeds. In this article we describe the general principles of operation of the different propulsive devices and indicate the range of flight conditions. All engines are noisy during operation. Noise is annoying and affects a large number of people on the ground near airports. Considering this, a small section on engine noise is included at the end.

7 illus, 3 tables, 1 ref

010011   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engng Dep, Indian Institute of Sci, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.lisc.ernet.in ) : Aerobasics - an introduction to aeronautics. VI.Air soils and wings in subsonic flow. Resonance 2009, 14(2), 191-203.

Studies of the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils presented in the previous part and extends it to wings at subsonic speeds. The effects of high-lift devices and spoilers are considered and their application indicated. The effects of wing sweep and finiteness of aspect ratio are analysed.

^iia10 illus, 2 ref

010010   Govinda Raju S P (Aerospace Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Sci, Bangalore-560 012, Email: spg@aero.iics.ernet.in) : Aerobasics - Introduction to aeronautics. VI. Aerodynamic forces on simple bodies. Resonance 2009, 14(1), 19-31.

Aerodynamic forces and moments on an airplane configuration under various flight conditions are of primary concern in aeronautics. These are best understood by first studying the forces/moments on simple body shapes which go towards constituting the airplane configuration.Study as the aerodynamic properties of some simple body shapes indicated by the terms bluff bodies, streamlined bodies and airfoils.

^iia7 illus, 5 ref

010009   Ghosh P K;Dorn L;Vakumaran K.De;Hofmann F (Metallurgical & Materials Engng Dep, Indian Inst of Technol, Roorkee, Roorkee) : Influence of welding parameters and shielding gas on arc characteristics and behavior of metal transfer in GMA welding of mild steel. Indian Weld J 2008, 41(2), 23-33.

The effects of welding parameters under Ar+18%C02 and argon gas shielding on arc characteristics and behaviour of metal transfer in GMAW using mild steel filler wire have been studied by video-graphy of arc environment. The measured root diameter, projected diameter, length and deflection of arc as well as the transferred droplet diameter at the time of detachment along with the estimated arc stiffness have been measured and correlated to the welding parameters under different gas shielding. It has been observed that the arc characteristics with respect to its shape, stiffness and spreading over the weld characteristics significantly vary with welding current and arc voltage giving due consideration to the shielding environment. The use of argon gas shielding appreciably reduces the arc deflection and enhances the DR, DP and L with respect to that observed under Ar+18%C02 gas shielding.

15 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

010008   Dubey S N (Engineering Mathematics Dep, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Sciences, Jabalpur-482 003) : Estimate of the rate of convergence of (N,c,d) means of Fourier-stieltjes series. Int J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2009, 4(1), 37-45.

Elucidates the quantitative behaviour or the rate of convergence of the Fourier-Stieltjes series of F. In order to study this quantitative aspect of the series; we have not used its partial sums but on the contrary invoked its generalised partial sums for the sake of generality. In a nutshell, studies the rate of convergence of Fourier-Stieltjes series by employing (N, c, d) means of its partial sums.

2 ref

010007   Dubey S N (Engineering Mathematics Dep, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Sciences, Jabalpur-482 003) : On the degree of approximation of functions by (N,P_n) means. Int J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2009, 4(1), 31-6.

Concernes with the determination of the degree of approximation of the function f(x) belonging to the class Lip (a, p) (p > 1, 0 < α < 1) by the approximant t_n(f, x), i.e. the (N, p_n) transform of the Fourier series of f(x). The chief object of is to generalize the famous results of Alexits [1] and Bernstein [2]. This generalization is fully justified when one takes P_n ≈ n^δ, p_n ≈ n^δ-1 (0 < 5 ≤ 1) for (C, δ) means and p_n = 1 ∀ n for (C, 1) means respectively.

4 ref

010006   Dhariwal A (Civil Engng Dep, Faculty of Engng, J.N.V. Univ, Jodhpur-342 011, Email: drdhariwal@sancharnet.in) : Incorporation of waste matrixes into building materials in the context of regulatory framework. Asian J chem envir Res 2009, 2(1-2), 21-9.

An attempt has been made to identify the issues related to utilisation of hazardous waste in building materials. Typicallym, the effectiveness of the building materials incorporating hazardous wastes is evaluated based on the physical properties (such as strength, density, permeability, porosity and durability of the materials). While utilising the wastes in building materials, due consideration should be given to the impact of these waste on human and environment during construction, while in use, and even after its life span of the material, along with its physical parameters. Broadly, the techniques for incorporation of waste matrixes in building material range from detoxification, stabilisation, solidification to vitrification. Selection of any particular technique calls for careful consideration of the issues associated with containment required, costs of processing increase of bulk volume, handling of waste-bearing materials, the amount of waste to be handled, location and environment where the building material is going to be used, method of transportation, storage and pre-treatment (if any). It is also important to consider waste compatibility to avoid detrimental effects during manufacturing and using of waste bearing BMs such as heat generation, release of toxic materials, toxic gases, fire, explosion, etc.

2 tables, 12 ref

010005   Deepak S R;Ananthasuresh G K (Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: sangu@mecheng.iisc.ernet.in) : James watt and his linkages. Resonance 2009, 14(6), 530-43.

James Watt's name is synonymous with steam engines but there is another equally impressive facet to his technical accomplishments in the areas of design and manufacture of machines. In this article, we highlight his contributions to the design of linkages, which are assemblies of rigid bodies that perform intricate mechanical motions. The linkages described here range from the ones that can draw a straight line to those that can replicate three-dimensional objects through purely mechanical movements.

13 illus, 3 ref

010004   Das A;Krishna Kumar (Mathematics Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: kumar@phy.iitkgp.ernet.in) : Model for modulated and chaotic waves in zero-Prandtl-number rotating convection. Pramana J Phys 2008, 71(3), 545-57.

The effects of time-periodic forcing in a few-mode model for zero-Prandtl-number convection with rigid body rotation is investigated. The time-periodic modulation of the rotation rate about the vertical axis and gravity modulation are considered separately. In the presence of periodic variation of the rotation rate, the model shows modulated waves with a band of frequencies. The increase in the external forcing amplitude widens the frequency band of the modulated waves, which ultimately leads to temporally chaotic waves. The gravity modulation, on the other hand, with small frequencies, destroys the quasiperiodic waves at the onset and leads to chaos through intermittency. The spectral power density shows more power to a band of frequencies in the case of periodic modulation of the rotation rate. In the case of externally imposed vertical vibration, the spectral density has more power at lower frequencies. The two types of forcing show different routes to chaos.

8 illus, 23 ref

010003   Chan W;Kim B;Kang T (Artificial Muscle Research Center, Konkuk Univ, Seoul 143-701, Korea, Email: 10segrity@gmail.com) : Energy efficiency study of an ostraciiform fish robot. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 296-301.

The ostraciiform swimming mode utilizes the caudal fin flapping to achieve piscine propulsion with turning maneuverability. Mechanism can be mimicked and implemented in underwater vehicles and it is necessary to know the energy efficiency of this swimming mode for durability consideration. Present study consists the energy efficiency of a servomotor actuated ostraciiform fish robot through power measurements. The power consumption of actuator (servomotor) was measured directly through an electronic circuit. Power dissipation in hydrodynamic drag during swimming was obtained indirectly from the swimming velocity. Different flapping frequency and amplitude settings were applied to explore the relationship between the flapping condition and efficiency.

11 illus, 16 ref

010002   Buvanashekaran G;Manoharan S (Welding Research Institute, BHEL, Tiruchirappalli-620 014) : Study of the effect of electron beam welding parameters for austenitic stainless steel joints. WRI Jl 2008, 29(4), 12-19.

Austenitic stainless steel is one of the most preferred material both in engineering and domestic applications because of its unmatched properties of corrosion resistance and other mechanical properties at low cost. Hence, it becomes essential to develop alternative fabrication technologies to suit the requirements of various industries. Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is one of the most versatile joining processes for obtaining consistent high quality welds. In this work, the effect of EBW parameters like acceleration voltage, beam current and welding speed on output responses like depth of penetration and bead width is studied. The 3 input parameters are varied at 3 levels, resulting in 27 experiments. The output responses are analysed using the mathematical equations derived. Based on this analysis, suitable input parameter window for square butt joining of AISI304 grade stainless steel sheets is predicted. The EB welded samples with the above parameters are subject to tensile and bend test to assess the strength and quality of the joints. Metallurgical analysis showed good integrity of the EB welded joints.

15 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

010001   Budiyono A;Kartidjo M;Sugama A (Aerospace Engineering Dep, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea, Email: agus@konkuk.ac.kr) : Coefficient diagram method for the control of an unmanned underwater vehicle. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 316-23.

The operational demand for unmanned underwater vehicles has been growing rapidly in the recent past. For long range operations, such as oceanographic exploration and surveying, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) which are equipped with on-board power and advanced control and navigation, have more promises to carry out tasks with the minimum operator intervention. Unlike other fixed platforms, autonomous underwater vehicles are particularly of interest due to their ability to provide continuous spatial and temporal observations. The safe operation of AUV relies on its autonomous navigation and control system. The paper is concerned with the synthesis of control system for an autonomous underwater vehicle using a coefficient diagram method. CDM is an algebraic approach applied to polynomial loop in the parameter space, where the so-called coefficient diagram is used as the means to convey the necessary design information and as the criteria of good design. The effectiveness of the control technique is demonstrated through a number of automatic control designs for motions in the longitudinal mode of AUV Squid, an autonomous underwater robotic designed and developed at Institut Teknologi Bandung.

9 illus, 6 ref

010000   Budiyono A (Aerospace IT Fusion Dep, Smart Robot Center, Konkuk University 1 Hwayang-Dong, Seoul 143-701, Korea, Email: budiyono@alum.mit.edu) : Advances in unmanned underwater vehicles technologies : modeling, control and guidance perspectives. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 282-95.

Recent decades have witnessed increased interest in the design, development and testing of unmanned underwater vehicles for various civil and military missions. A great, array of vehicle, types and applications has been produced along with a wide range of innovative approaches for enhancing the performance of UUVs. Key technology advances in the relevant area include battery technology, fuel cells, underwater communication, propulsion systems and sensor fusion. These recent advances enable the extension of UUVs' flight envelope comparable to that of manned vehicles. For undertaking longer missions, therefore more advanced control and navigation will be required to maintain an accurate position over larger operational envelope particularly when a close proximity to obstacles (such as manned vehicles, pipelines, underwater structures) is involved. In this case, a sufficiently good model is prerequisite of control system design. The paper is focused on discussion on advances of UUVs from the modeling, control and guidance perspectives. Lessons learned from recent achievements as well as future directions are highlighted.

10 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

009999   Bhaskar Babujee J;Joshi A (Mathematics Dep, Anna Chennai Univ, Chennai, Email: baskarbabujee@yahoo.com) : Wiener number sequence for sequence of planar graphs. Int J appl mathl Analysis Applic 2009, 4(1), 109-16.

Structure of a chemical compound usually represented by molecular graph where atoms are represented by vertices and the chemical bonds are represented by edges, It has been found that many properties of chemical compound are closely related to some topological indices, the Wiener index is the most important one. It is defined as the sum of shortest distance between every pair of vertices in G. Obtains Wiener polynomial for planar graph Pl_n with maximal number of edges and also discuss the inverse Wiener index problem for the same graph.

1 illus, 6 ref

009998   Balaji C;Thaseem T (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: balaji@iitm.ac.in) : Example of bayesian inference in thermal sciences. Resonance 2009, 14(12), 1171-82.

This article explains the method of Bayesian inference in the estimation of parameters. An account of how Bayesian inference can be adapted in a simple case of parameter retrieval in thermal sciences is explained.

5 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

009997   Arshad M R (Underwater Robotics Research Group (URRG), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering Campus, U, 14300 Nibong Tabal, Penang, Malaysia, Email: rizal@eng.usm.my) : Recent advancement in sensor technology for underwater applications. Indian J Mar Sci 2009, 38(3), 267-73.

Underwater environment is the new frontier for major future discovery for the benefits of the world at large. The vastness of the oceans mirrored the vast potentials that lie beneath it. In order for scientist and researchers to explore these vast resources, newer and better sensing technology is pertinent. Of course, any sensor module would not be of any use if there are no reliable platforms to take them to the bottom of the oceans or any water column. Currently, there are underwater robotic platforms that can navigate down to more than 6000 meters. But, there are limitations which need to be addressed. In general, the advancement of sensing technology has always preceded most, if not all, major discoveries in the field of science and technology. The efforts into developing sensors must take into consideration the inherent environmental limitations for underwater applications such as the corrosive nature of sea-water, bio-fouling, limited energy resource module, pressure resistant enclosure, data transfer reliability and the dynamic nature of the ocean itself. The research into producing acceptable sensor system/modules will require close international collaborations. The whole range of potential measurement and sensing requirements also may disrupt the proper development of a robust and reliable sensing system/module. Underwater sensor technology can be divided into the acoustic, or non-acoustic based sensing. The major problem of acoustic-based sensors is that they are very prone to noise. Because acoustic signal are mechanically-actuated signal, the dynamic nature of the underwater medium disrupts the signal quality. On the other hand, the non-acoustic sensors are very application-specific, and must be tailored made for specific applications. The utilizations of MEMs-based underwater sensor system are a major future scope of research. MEMs-based sensor will optimize the cost of material and energy, particularly. One other potential dimension of underwater sensor development is the bio-inspired system approach. The existing biological system around us, especially in the oceans, is a rich depository for ideas and solutions to the man-made problems. Bio-inspired sensor system is not just about trying to imitate the living system, but synergize the current available technology with what nature is showing.

39 ref

009996   Anoop M B;Balaji Rao K (NO, Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR Campus, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Email: balajiserc1@yahoo.com) : Determination of bounds on failure probability in the presence of hybrid uncertainties. Sadhana 2008, 33(6), 753-65.

A fundamental component of safety assessment is the appropriate representation and incorporation of uncertainty. A procedure for handling hybrid uncertainties in stochastic mechanics problems is presented. The procedure can be used for determining the bounds on failure probability for cases where failure probability is a monotonic function of the fuzzy variables. The procedure is illustrated through an example problem of safety assessment of a nuclear power plant piping component against stress corrosion cracking, considering the stochastic evolution of stress corrosion cracks with time. It is found that the bounds obtained enclose the values of failure probability obtained from probabilistic analyses.

6 tables, 2 tables, 18 ref

009995   Akgul M;Kirci H (Forest Products Engineering Dep, Faculty of Forestry, Duzce Univ, Duzce-81620, Turkey, Email: mehmetakgul@duzce.edu.tr) : Environmentally friendly organosolv (ethanol-water) pulping of poplar wood. J envir Biol 2009, 30(5), 735-40.

In this study, pulp production from the fast growing plant, poplar, was examined for organosolv pulping with or without catalysts. In order to find the optimum cooking conditions, 18 different cooking experiments were carried out. The effect ofethanol ratio, cooking time as well as catalyst was studied. It was observed that even at lower temperature (90°C), cooking without catalyst was able to cause sufficient defiberization. It was seen that the increasing proportion of catalyst and cooking temperature resulted in an increased delignification. However in the case of using 0.02% acid catalyst pulp yield and viscosity were lowered to an unacceptable level. The most important cooking factors were found to be the proportion of acid catalyst. Furthermore, the delignification performance was found to be depending on the pH of the black liquor. In a result, the optimum pulp properties were obtained by cooking at 180° C for 90 min with 50 % ethanol mixture without catalyst. The pulp yield was noted as 44.49%, viscosity was 892 cm^{2 g-1and the kappa number was 67.}

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

008922   Surendra Kumar S;Sensarma P S (NO, Samsung India Software Operations Pvt. Ltd., Byrasandra, Bangalore-560 093, Email: surendra.ks@sumsung.com) : Multi-band shunt hybrid active filter with reduced sensor count. Sadhana 2008, 33(5), 629-41.

A Shunt Hybrid Active Filter (SHAF) is an attractive option for realizing low-cost harmonic compensation solutions. This paper proposes a SHAF with multiple harmonic compensation capability using a single Voltage Source Inverter and reduced sensor count. This strategy is apt for harmonic filtering solutions where low cost is the exclusive priority. In this paper, a new estimation approach is proposed to obviate requirement of a large number of sensors. Multiple Synchronous Reference Frames (MSRF) and low pass filters are used to measure 5th and 7th har-monic components separately from load as well as filter currents. Individual current controllers are designed for the 5th and 7th harmonic currents. Control is realized in the synchronously rotating, orthogonal (dq) reference frame. Performance of the controller is validated through simulation, using realistic plant and controller models. Experimental results are provided to corroborate the analytical and simulation results.

12 illus, 18 ref

008921   Sunitha K;Ratna Kumar P;Sridhar S (Membrane Separations Group, Chemical Engineering Div, Indian Institue of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: sridhar11in@yahoo.com) : Synthesis and characterization of PVA/PVP blend membranes for the dehydration fo acetone by pervaporation. J Polym Mater 2008, 25(2), 245-58.

Novel blend membranes of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were synthesized and tested for dehydration of acetone solvent. The membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study surface and cross-section morphologies. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Wide angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) experiments were carried out to understand the intermolecular interactions and crystalline nature respectively. Thermal stability of the blend was assessed by Differential Scanning Calohmetry (DSC). Sorption studies revealed that the blend membranes had greater affinity towards water. Effect of feed composition on flux and selectivity of 4: 1 PVA/PVP blend was evaluated. For the feed composition of 10 wt.% water and a vacuum of 0.5 mm Hg a high selectivity of 6531 was observed at a flux of 0.0317 kg/m^2.h.

8 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

008920   Sinha S;Deb N K;Mondal N;Biswas S (Electrical Engineering Dep, Central Calcutta Polytechnic, Kolkata-700 014, Email: ccp_sumitasinha@rediffmail.com) : Differential induction machine : theory and performance. Sadhana 2008, 33(5), 663-70.

Theory and performance of a differential induction machine, which is a special type of induction machine having two shafts projected from the two ends of a single stator Application of a differential load on the two shafts cause them to run at different speed as a motor, which permits true differential movement and thus can meet the requirements of a differential drive in an electric vehicle. The machine is also capable of regeneration in the differential mode. This paper presents the construction of the above machine and performance of the same based on experimental results from a laboratory prototype. The equivalent circuit of the motor has been presented and verified experimentally.

10 illus, 2 ref