015179   Nayak M R (NO, , ) : Academia-Industry-Research and developement laboratories: A need for collaboration. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2017, 7(1), 34-5.

The aerospace manufacturing schemes are facing several challenges and threats from the emerging new areas. Future markets will favour the manufacturers who demonstrate responsible behaviour with regard to innovative Research and Development processes and practices by meeting the. international standards. Systems engineering is becoming a key area with the trend driven by system complexities and the need for optimal integration. There is a growing risk that the present tools will soon be outdated and inadequate for the future. Future engineering will play a lead role in identifying innovatively proven processes, products and solutions. The transition to sustainable manufacturing is done in the context of increasingly complex manufacturing processes and connected enterprises.

015178   Nasar A H (NO, , ) : Speed estimation of high-speed hysteresis motor based on extended kalman filter. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2016, 6(1), 34-44.

High-speed hysteresis motors are used in special industries such as medical centrifuges and gyroscopes. In spite of that they are synchronous motors; in some situations they may work in asynchronous speed. So, for reliable performance of hysteresis motor, closed loop control strategies are employed. On this way, speed/position of rotor must be known. Due to difficulty of using the speed sensors in high-speed hysteresis motor drives, employing the speed estimation and sensorless control techniques are more valuable. On the other hand, dynamic model of hysteresis motor is more complicated than other motors due to nonlinear characteristics of rotor's material. So, to estimate the state variables of nonlinear and uncertain model of hysteresis motor, this paper uses extended Kalman filter as a powerful and robust estimator to gain the rotor speed and flux. The satisfied simulation results confirm that proposed extended Kalman filter estimates the rotor speed and rotor flux accurately, and it has good static and dynamic performance.

015177   Nandujith P J;Vasantha Kumari K G;Sushanth S; Blesson K;Prasad M S;Raghu N (NO, , ) : Design and fabrication of a piezo actuated flapping mechanism for a micro aerial vehicle. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2017, 7(1), 28-33.

The main purpose of this work was to spear head research and development in Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) especially in the development small flapping wing systems which can greatly be used for defense as well as surveillance purposes. This project focused on the - 236 - development of a flapping wing mechanism with a wing span of just 3 cm using a piezoelectric bimorph actuator.

015176   Nandu P J;Prasad M S (NO, , ) : Aerodynamics and kinematics modeling of a double articulated flapping wing system through the rigid body approach. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2017, 7(1), 13-27.

The current model for kinematics and aerodynamics of a flapping wing system with double articulation is introduced by using strip theory approach based on blade element theory, which is complex. This research helped to formulate the model for kinematics and aerodynamics of a flapping wing system with double articulation using the rigid body approach and also use the model for the selection of motor, battery and the other electronic components to create an efficient an optimized design.

015175   Moorthi P V P;Singh S B (Civil Engineering Dep, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333 031, Email: sbsingh@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in) : Mesoscale modelling of concrete: need of including rheological parameters. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2017, 83(1), 37-49.

Concrete is a highly complex and heterogeneous material which limits the characterization prediction reliability of the concrete by experimental investigations. To obtain a deeper knowledge about the behavior of the concrete, better understanding of mesoscale constituents of the concrete need to be analyzed. Interaction of different constituents and their parameters manipulating the microstructure is not strictly considered for computing macroscopic performance of the concrete. For realistic simulation of macroscopic performance of concrete, those disregarded parameters need to be examined and included for computational analysis, since mechanical behavior and characterization of concrete are highly influenced by mesoscopic structural arrangement of the concrete ingredients. Characterization of different components of the concrete is made by finite element meshing the individual component with desired approach to vitalize effective computational analysis. This paper reviews different mesoscale modelling approaches and recommends the need and inclusion of rheological parameters in mesoscale models.

1 table, 95 ref

015174   Monir M F;Das S;Roychowdhury P (NO, , ) : Study on wireless sensor network deployment and lifetime maximization of wireless sensor nodes in natural gas pipeline monitoring system. J Commun Engng Syst 2016, 6(3), 7-16.

Leakage in Natural Gas Pipeline is a very common problem that may lead to economic losses, environmental hazards and pollution. Therefore. the maintenance and security monitoring of the natural gas pipeline has remained a big concern for many years. In the recent times, implementation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) - 235 - has become very popular. This is due to the low cost and sustainability of WSNs. Since, the implementation of WSNs in different applications has increased rapidly; the energy consumption of WSN's has also become an important part of study as nodes are powered by battery. In this paper, an architectural model of WSN implementation will be presented. This model can be used for identifying the leakage or other kind of damage monitoring in gas/oil pipelines as well as a process of lifetime maximization of the operating nodes. Moreover, we have studied the effectiveness of equal distance placement scheme, based on Ideal power model and Tmote power model, for WSN's lifetime maximization in gas pipeline monitoring system.

015173   Modi G R;Gandhi P P;Patel N D (NO, , ) : Comparative analysis of phase frequency detector for phase-locked loops. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2017, 7(1), 18-28.

This paper presents phase frequency detector using different gates like AND, NOR and NAND and comparative simulation result analysis is carried out. The simulation is carried out using 0.18 μm CMOS process technology with supply voltage 1.8 V. NAND based PFD has lowest power consumption then other and it is 4.2587 μW at 1 GHz Frequency and dead zone to 18 ps which means having approximately zero dead zone problem. So, it is suitable for low power application.

015172   Lakshmi B V;Satish Kumar B (NO, , ) : Low-power design of content addressable memory using master slave match line architecture. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2017, 7(1), 29-34.

Content Addressable Memory (CAM) is a storage unit used for faster accessing of lookup table that reduces processing time for search operation. It is mainly used very-high-speed searching applications like computer networking devices. The MAC address table is implemented with a CAM so that the destination port can be easily detected by reducing the switch's latency. CAM gets its high speed of operation by parallel search mechanism. This paper proposes a CAM with master slave match line architecture. It uses a 128 ' 8 CAM with reduced voltage swing to minimize power consumption. Complete memory is searched simultaneously for decreasing the time needed for search operation. Hence, computational time gets reduced appreciably. The performance of CAM is estimated by computing the power consumption and match delay. The results are analysed and compared for various match cases. HSPICE along with Cosmoscope is used to simulate and view the. waveforms respectively.

015171   Lakhani M;Gopani P (Production Engineering Dep, Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, Anand, Gujarat, Email: lakhanimilan75@gmail.com) : Establishment and developement of Titanium Welding facility. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2017, 7(1), 10-12.

Titanium and most titanium compounds are promptly weld capable, utilizing a few welding forms. Legitimately made welds in the as-welded condition are malleable and, in many situations, are as consumption safe as base metal. Titanium is perceived for its high quality to-weight proportion. It is a light, solid metal with low thickness. Titanium welding isn't care for typical welding because of its temperament of material. To decide the different parameter and testing technique for welding which will give best weld quality with ideal welding parameter for titanium.

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

015170   Kuye A;Ini D C (NO, , ) : Some properties of briquettes produced from sawdust and different binders using a fabricated hydraulic piston press. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2017, 8(2), 17-23.

This paper describes a fabricated briquettes hydraulic piston press and some properties of the briquettes produced from sawdust when it was used. The press consists of three basic components: the main frame, the mold and a hydraulic jack fitted with pressure gauge. The parts are readily available in Nigeria and relatively cheap. The piston press was used to produce briquettes at 120 bar compaction pressure using composite sawdust and different cassava based binders. The sawdust particle sizes were also varied. Both, the density and the ash content of the briquettes produced were found be dependent on the sawdust particle size. The flue gas emission from the combustion of sawdust briquettes was found to contain 18.6-56.5 ppm of carbon monoxide (CO), 0.19-0.8 ppm of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and 0.01-0.54 ppm of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), These properties make the briquettes suitable for domestic cooking and possibly for industrial heating.

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015169   Khan A K (NO, , ) : Novel approach for 3D floor planning in VLSI with minimum dead space using a new topological structure. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2017, 7(1), 6-17.

Floor planning is a key issue in VLSI physical plan. The floor planning issue can be defined as that a given arrangement of 3D rectangular pieces while limiting reasonable cost capacities. Here, we are focusing on the minimization of the aggregate volume of 3D bite the dust. In this paper, another initial topological structure is presented utilizing weighted coordinated chart of a floor planning issue in 3D VLSI physical plan. In any case, here the principle question is whether this structure is compelling (or not). For this, the. possibility of another calculation is proposed to limit the volume of 3D bite the dust in floor planning issue utilizing this new representation procedure, ft is intriguing to see that our proposed structure is likewise proficient to ascertain the aggregate volume and position of the dead spaces if they exist. The trial consequences of the new calculation are appeared in the following.

015168   Khalid S (Air Traffic Control, Airport Authority of India, New Delhi, Email: saifullahkhalid@outlook.com) : Comparison of simulations results of fuzzy logic, Neural Network and conventional scheme based controller for SAF in constant frequency Aircraft system. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2017, 7(1), 1-8.

SRF control strategy for finding reference currents for active power filters have been optimized using artificial neural network, fuzzy logic control and their performances have been evaluated. The acute analysis of comparison of the compensation capability based on THD and speedwell be done, and recommendations will be given for the choice of technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are shown, and they will undoubtedly prove the importance of the proposed control technique of aircraft shunt active power filter.

8 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

015167   Kate M;Goen A (NO, , ) : Co- planar waveguide circular ring microstrip patch antenna ofe WLAN applications. J Commun Engng Syst 2016, 6(3), 1-6.

A printed circular microstnp patch antenna with a four rectangular shape strip and co planar rectangular ground plane has been proposed. Four rectangles of dimensions 4.8mm x3mm are arranged in such a manner to achieve both the WLAN frequency band. The band widths of 341 MHz and 414 MHz are achieved having a resonant frequency of 2.37 GHz and 5.45GH/ respectively. This antenna is printed on the glass epoxy (FR4 lossy) of dielectric substrate with relative permittivity (?r) of 4.3, thickness of 1.6 mm. Other parameters such as directivity, antenna gain, radiation pattern are also analysed with, different values of ground plane length. The proposed antenna simulation result is capable of operating over the 2.187-2.527 GHz frequency band and 5.234-5.643 GHz frequency band, which cover the - 233 - 2.4/5.2 GHz, WLAN operating bands.

015166   Kantli M H;Shettar B M;Bujurke N M (Mathematics Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad-580 003, Email: bujurke@yahoo.com ) : Jacobian free newton-GMRES method for analysing combined effects of surface roughness and couple stress character of lubricant on EHL line contact. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2017, 83(1), 175-96.

Pressure profiles, film shapes and details of Petrusevich pressure spike have been calculated for isothermal, steady and compressible EHL of line contact for moderate to high loads and speeds. The lubricant is a couple stress fluid model and a rough surface is with dents/bumps (local features) and waviness. Governing equations are discretized on uniform grid. For the solution of resulting system of algebraic equations a novel numerical scheme, Jacobian free Newton-GMRES with wavelet based preconditioners, is used. The minimum film thickness increases for larger values of Lm, and couple stress parameter. Pressure spike shrinks and it is of much smaller order (its height as well as spread) for larger values of Lm for moderate values of a, amplitude and l, wavelength respectively.

10 illus, 2 tables, 84 ref

015165   Kadam H B;Shinde S V (NO, , ) : Study of conversion of vibration energy into electric energy. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 0000, 8(2), 40-4.

In the upcoming time, there is a serious threat on fossil fuels like diesel, petrol and natural gases, because a/I these fuels are non-renewable forms of energy. These source of energy depleted very rapid rate and after some decades they completely exhausted, so we should have to prepare to face this challenges. Alternative energy will become increasingly important as fossil fuel supplies inevitably run out or environmental damage sparks consumer awareness. Vibration energy (most waste form of energy) is one of the best alternative energy sources which can produce electric energy. Piezoelectric devices, used for harvesting the vibration energy of roads and walkways due to traffic, can produce electrical energy that is predictable (based on traffic patterns), and locally storable. There is a piezoelectric material which used for converting mechanical pressure (vibration) into electrical energy. Piezoelectric material works on the principle of the charge output signal proportional to the applied force or pressure. This review paper gives us an overall idea about conversion of vibration energy into electric energy and its application.

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015164   Joshi P;Sheth C (NO, , ) : Closed loop control of multi level inverter tied with 415 V ac source using SV-PWM for renewable energy. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2016, 6(1), 53-65.

In this work 415 V AC source is interfaced with three-level diode clamped it/verier in which renewable energy source is used as a DC source, solar energy is used which is most popular renewable energy source. The obtained DC from the solar irradiation is fed to MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) to utilize voltage at maximum power (DC). The perturb and observe technique is used in this work to track voltage at maximum power. The obtained DC is given to multilevel inverter to convert it into AC by making inverter switches (IGBTs) ON and OFF periodically. To make the switches ON and OFF the space vector pulse width modulation (SV-PWM) technique is used and by using PI controller and PLL (Phase Locked Loop) the close loop system is obtained by interfacing with 415 V AC which is also known as grid tied system. Without a filter, the % THD of line voltage is 30.94% and with the incorporation of filter in the system the %THD of line voltage drastically reduces to 5.39%. The modelling of the entire system is performed through MATLAB/Simulink in this work. The paper also presents the comparison of the results of line voltages for the proposed system with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and SVPWM techniques.

015163   Jithin Raj;Bahuleyan H;Ramesh V;Vanajakshi L D (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600 036, Email: lelitha@iitm.ac.in) : Soft computing based traffic density estimation using automated traffic sensor data under Indian conditions. Curr Sci 2017, 112(5), 954-64.

Traffic density is an indicator of congestion and the present study explores the use of data-driven techniques for real time estimation and prediction of traffic density. Data-driven techniques require large database, which can be achieved only with the help of automated sensors. However, the available automated sensors developed for western traffic may not work for heterogeneous and lane-less traffic. Hence, the performance of available automated sensors was evaluated first to identify the best inputs to be used for the chosen application. Using the selected data, implementation was carried out and the results obtained were promising, indicating the possibility of using the proposed methodology for real time traveller information under such traffic conditions.

12 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

015162   Hamza B;Uwanta I J;Mohammed A;Moreh A U; Argungu G M;Abdullahi S;Namadi S;Umar S;Bala A (Physics Dep, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, Sokoto, Nigeria) : Thermo-physical property test on clay bricks molded with different organic additives. Int J appl Sci Engng Res 2017, 6(2), 42-7.

Clay brick is one of the most important items used in the construction of houses in many of the African villages and cities. For this reason in this work an attempt is made at studying various clay bricks molded using clay and different organic additives (Neem leaves, Cow dung, Saw dust, and Rice husk) that are commonly found in the local communities. This study analyses the various thermal and physical properties of the bricks and it was found that the content of the organic additives do affect both the thermal and the physical properties of the clay brick.

3 tables, 16 ref

015161   Gupta S K;Singh M;Sharma H D (NO, , ) : Enhancement of ATC using UPFC under deregulated environment. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2016, 6(1), 66-72.

Available transfer capability is the most important factor for the the identification of power transfer from gencos to discoss. In a deregulated power system, power producer and customer share a common transmission network for wheeling of the electric power. This may cause violation of line flow, voltage and stability limits and thereby undermine the security limit. To improve the available transfer capability of the system FACTS controller are used. UPFC is the potential FACTS controller which is used to enhance ATC under deregulated environment. The optimal location for connecting FACTS controller and the amount of voltage and angle to be injected need to be calculated. Here a hybrid technique is proposed to identify the optimal location for connecting UPFC and the amount of voltage and angle to be injected in the system. The neural network is used to identify the optimal location for connecting UPFC in the system and bees algorithm is used to identify the amount of voltage and angle to be injected in the system. The result shows the significant improvement in ATC and reducing total power losses in the system.

015160   Frederick F F R;Sharma U K;Gupta V K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: sheebu4174@yahoo.com) : Influence of end anchorage on shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using CFRP Composites. Curr Sci 0000, 112(5), 973-81.

The article presents an experimental study on the influence of various end anchorage systems on the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams using externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (EB-FRP) composites. Two different end anchorage techniques namely self-end anchorage (SEA) and sandwich anchorage (SWA) were used. This study mainly focussed on evaluating the effectiveness of these anchorages to eliminate the conventional fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) debonding failure. A total of twelve R.C. T-beams with different strengthening techniques using CFRP including control beams were used. The test results show improved shear strength and better energy dissipation over conventional technique; this authenticates the influence of end anchorage and its effectiveness in improving shear resistance. Also, the enhanced FRP strain at failure proves that the anchorage employed improves the efficacy of FRP strengthening in terms of ductility and damage tolerance.

13 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

015159   Dinakaran C (NO, , ) : Novelty of cascaded inverter based two stage power conditioning systems for constant wind power applications. J Pwr Elect Pwr Syst 2016, 6(1), 1-11.

Wind energy has proved to be the most promising renewable energy source because of its environmental friendly nature. Wind energy can be generated by harnessing the kinetic energy of atmospheric air. The present concern towards wind - 230 - turbines is to increase the size of turbine in order to harvest more energy and also to reduce cost of per megawatt capacity. This paper proposes a 2-stage power conversion technique. The first stage converts variable DC voltage from wind turbine with the help of universal bridge rectifier into fixed DC voltage using boost converter that operates under the voltage mode control technique. During the next stage, the output from the first stage is fed to a three phase, cascaded multilevel inverter embarrassed by level shift sinusoidal pulse width modulation system with the intention of converting fixed DC to three phase AC which drives three phase AC loads resourcefully. In this method, the overprotective of boost converter as well as the firing pulses for cascaded inverter are generated with a digital controller of field programmable gate array (FPGA).

015158   Das N K;Pradhan J;Mondal B C;Roy A;Naser Z A; Pradeep Kumar (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, , 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: nkdas@vecc.gov.in) : Indigenous developement of a millikelvin refrigerator at VECC, Kolkata. Curr Sci 2017, 112(5), 1023-8.

Technologies related to production of millikelvin temperature have been developed and tested in the laboratory. All the critical components were assembled to make a complete dilution refrigerator. The refrigerator was successfully run and commissioned in VECC. The system involves several advanced cryogenic concepts especially the capillary impedance and heat exchanger. A temperature to the tune of 50 mK has been achieved. This is the first development of its kind in India, and likely to usher a new wave in the research arena of advanced cryogenics.

6 illus, 4 ref

015157   Chowdhary S;Jaitly R;Bajpai S (NO, , ) : Voice over Wi-fi employing SIP (Session Initiation Protocol). J Commun Engng Syst 2016, 6(3), 32-4.

In the recent years, VoIP and SIP based calling has been emerging as a new innovation and a master technology in reducing all over cost of communication and secure calling among various MNCs and other management based calling centres. Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWi-Fi) emerged after voice over IP (VoIP) and manifests to be a useful technology. It acts as a substitute to usual coaxial cable phone system. The purpose of this research is to design and implement a telephony program that uses Wi-Fi in an end to end link or WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) as a means of communication between mobile phones at zero cost. The breakthrough in Vo Wi-Fi may severely alter the cell phone business in the upcoming future due to its lower cost, flexibility and portability. We have briefly discussed on each aspect including, virtualization, SIP, CentOS, softphones and Wi-Fi which are very much engaged in designing the layout as well as in implementation of the idea behind this research. We have also given the future prospects of VoWiFi and its deployment in the various companies.

015156   Chandra N;Ghosh J K (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: naveenchandra0408@gmail.com) : Cognitive method for building detection from high resolution satellite images. Curr Sci 2017, 112(5), 1038-44.

In recent years, high-resolution satellite (HRS) images have become an important source of data for extracting geo-spatial information. A deep - 229 - understanding of human cognitive capabilities is required in order to automate the method of information retrieval from HRS images. The aim of this study is to emulate human cognitive processes by integrating cognitive task analysis for information extraction from HRS images. First, the preliminary knowledge about the cognitive processes which human beings acquire during the interpretation of satellite images is collected. Then, knowledge is represented in the form of rules which are based on the visual interpretation of the images by the human beings. During knowledge elicitation these rules are used to extract buildings from HRS images utilizing the mixture tuned matched filtering algorithm. Later, the method is tested using 14 HRS images of an urban area. The average of precision, recall and F-score is computed as 79.45%, 64.34% and 70.28% respectively.

3 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

015155   Bala M S;Aminu S;Sadik U;Safana A;Usman A I (NO, , ) : Design and construction of solar still-solar water heater hybrid for small scale application. J Alternate Energy Sour Technol 2017, 8(2), 11-16.

Solar still-solar water heater hybrid for small scale application has been designed and constructed and tested in this study. The construction began with designing and developing isolated units of single-slope solar still, solar water heater and water storage tank separately. These were then coupled together to form the hybrid system. To test its efficacy, the hybrid was subjected to perform distillation alongside a conventional type single-slope solar still of the same dimensions under the same atmospheric conditions for seven days. At the end of the experimental test, it was discovered that the highest water and glass temperatures (55 and 43°C) were recorded for the hybrid still as against the conventional still with 45 and 38°C for water and glass respectively. The average daily cumulative yield of distilled water obtained from solar still-solar water heater hybrid was found to be 440 ml and that of conventional single slope solar still was 155 ml. It was concluded that the performance of hybrid still is greater than that of conventional still of the same dimension under the same operating conditions.

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015154   Almas S;Kabir M H (NO, , ) : Human tracking and positioning in semi outdoor area using ultra sound positioning system. J Commun Engng Syst 2016, 6(3), 23-31.

In this thesis, we introduced the indoor and semi outdoor location determination problem. The localization accuracy metrics are the mean error per pixel and the room averaged mean error. We have tried to assess the accuracy of the algorithm, as the location and the number of BSs varies, path loss exponent n value changes. By measuring RSS and mean error of our proposed system, it is concluded that the number of BS must be greater than or at least seven. By calculating and measuring the average mean error of all pixels of the proposed system and reducing the value of AME by increasing BSs, we have made our system more efficient than other systems and we have deployed this technique in a semi outdoor environment instead of only indoor.

015153   Abhilash K S;Rakesh R;Tanmaya H J;Vinayaka M S;Sanjay H M (NO, , ) : Design and analysis of shear fitting used in fin and fuselage attachment of a basic trainer aircraft. J Aerospace Engng Technol 2017, 7(1), 36-40.

Design of an airplane is complex as it has six degrees of freedom once it is set to fly; hencedealing with forces during flight becomes crucial. The structure of the plane should also with stand great 'g' force during the flight of the aircraft. The wing generates lift as the planemoves in the air, which counteracts the weight of the plane. The empennage structure will provide stability to the aircraft. Hence, - 228 - the attachments for wing and empennage connected to fuselage should be strong enough. Fin, which is a fixed surface used to transfer the loads, is attached to the fuselage structure through fin-fuselage attachment. The bending moment and shear loads from the fin are transferred to the fuselage through the attachments joints. Shear attachment design is carried out based on various types of failure incurred in the lug analysis and followed by analysis of the shear attachment. Finally, the results are compared with the classical calculations and analysis of the shear attachment.

014014   Yulianto M E;Kusumo P;Hartati I;Wahyuningsih (Diploma III Programme of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Indonesia, Email: hartatiprasetyo@gmail.com) : Subcritical water extraction of gingerol from Zingiber officinale. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 738-43.

Zingiber officinale contains various active components. One of the active compounds that exhibit many pharmacological effects is gingerol. Considering the health benefits offered by active compounds of Zingiber officinale, recently many researchers are searching and investigating the right choice of the extraction and separation techniques. Hydrothermal extraction is a new promising technique that gaining many interests from researchers over its numerous benefits. The investigation of subcritical water extraction of gingerol as one of the active constituent of Zingiber officinale was the objective of this research. Experiments were carried out at temperature of 130-140°C, at a fixed pressure of 2 bar, and samples were taken every 10 minutes to be further analyzed. The research - 207 - showed that gingerol content of the extract was up to 5% obtained from subcritical water extraction carried out at a temperature of 130 minutes, the pressure of 3 bar and extraction time of 20 minutes.

5 illus, 21 ref

014013   Yadav S K;Vyas V K;Anand P;Majhi M R;Pyare R (Ceramic Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221 005, Email: sandeep.rs.cer.2006@gmail.com ) : Destructive and non-destructive properties of cobalt oxide substituted 1393 bioactive glass. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 935-43.

This study is based on two types of tests; the first one is destructive and second is non-destructive. The mechanical properties of the sample were measured without destruction of the sample since the biomaterials were costly prepare. In this study, cobalt oxide containing 1393 bioactive glass of general molar composition [53-X) SiO₂-6Na₂O- 20CaO-4 P₂O₅-12K₂O-5MgO+XCoO)] (where X = 0 to 1.65 mol %) was melted in an alumina crucible (99.7%) in an electric furnace at a temperature of 1400°C with air as furnace atmosphere. The structure of bioactive glass was evaluated using FTIR and XRD techniques. The destructive tests like micro hardness, compressive. Flexural strengths and the non-destructive tests of elastic moduli were carried out. It was observed that substitution of cobalt oxide for silica in 1393 bioactive glass improved its density, compressive and flexural, micro hardness and elastic properties.

10 illus, 42 ref

014012   Yadav H L;Jamal A (Mining Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, (BHU), Varanasi, Email: hiralalyd@gmail.com) : Removal of lead (II) from synthetic solution by adsorption onto coal mining waste material. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 1062-7.

Coal/metals, mining, ore processing, and smelting activities pollute water resources with heavy metals all over the world. In this paper, mine waste materials (sandstone) obtained from nine site was used for the uptake of Lead (Pb) ions from the synthetic solution. Laboratory analysis was conceded to study the effects of adsorption parameter like, pH, temperature, contact time, adsorbents dose, on Lead adsorption; the obtained experimental data showed that adsorption of waste materials had a higher adsorption capacity at shorter contact time at pH 5.0. The present invetigation demonstrates the sandstone as mine waste materials can be effectively utilized for the treatment of Lead (II) laden synthetic solutions by adsorption process.

9 illus, 1 table, 52 ref

014011   Yadav H L;Jamal A (Mining Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, Email: hiralalyd@gmail.com ) : Treatment of acid mine drainage using a sandstone column. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 891-6.

Acid mine dranage (AMD) or Acid rock drainage (ARD) from mining industry poses worldwide severe environmental problems including India also. In this study, heavy metal removal was tested in AMD samples collected from the Gorbi abandoned coal mine (India), having iron concentrations of 75 mg/L. Sandstone was collected from mine sites and converted into powders form and used as low-cost adsorbent in a column to treat acid mine drainage (AMD) obtained from the inactive Gorbi opencast coal mines (Singrauli coalfields, NCL). The pH value of the pit water sample improved from 2.48 to 3.90, along with the removal of, 100% total iron, Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), 71% of the electrical conductivity, 73% total dissolved solids and 50% of the salinity.

5 illus, 57 ref

014010   Tripathi P;Siddiqui A H (Mathematics Dep, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda Univ, 32-34, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida-201 306, Email: padmesh01@rediffmail.com) : De-noising electroencephalogram (EEG) signal using iterative clipping algorithm. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(1), 497-502.

Signal de-noising has been a topic of great interest for a long period. EEG is used to detect the neurological diseases. In the process of EEG recording, signal is contaminated due to several factors. Hence, for analysis of EEG signal in order to detect the diseases, it is necessary that signal must be de-noised first. Here, de-noising of signal is expressed as an inverse problem with total variation. This is an optimization problem. The solution of this optimization problem is obtained by using the iterative clipping algorithm. In this article, iterative clipping algorithm is used for de-noising EEG signal. To measure the performance of method, signal to noise ratio(SNR) and root mean square error(RMSE) have been calculated. It has been observed that the approach used here, works well in de-noising the EEG signal.

5 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

014009   Sundara Raman R;Narayanan G S;Manoharan N; Sendilvelan S (Mechanical Engineering Dep, AMET University, 135, East Coast Road, Chennai-603 122, Email: sundararaman792@gmail.com) : Experimentation on emission analysis of a compression ignition engine run with biodiesel. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 944-51.

In this research esterified Rice Bran Oil (RBO) and non-esterified RBO was investigated for its performance as a diesel engine fuel. In this context experiments were conducted on a single cylinder water cooled diesel engine with diesel, RBO, preheated RBO and biodiesel (esterfied RBO). Performance parameters like thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emissions such as smoke, particulate matter, unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen have been measured. The performance of the engine with diesel has been used as the basis for comparison. In the existing work, it is detected that the NOx and unburned hydrocarbon emission reductions and carbon monoxide, particulate emission and smoke intensity upsurges utilizing biodiesel in a diesel engine.

3 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

014008   Sudha V;Kumar D S (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-620 015, Email: vsudha@nitt.edu) : Performance analysis of PAPR reduction in OFDM system using SLM with lehmer sequence. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(7), 415-18.

Selected mapping (SLM) is one of the popular peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction technique used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In conventional SLM (CSLM), the amount of PAPR reduction depends on the design of phase sequences and the number of phase sequences. With that motivation, a new deterministic random phase sequence generation method using Lehmer Random Generator (LRNG) for SLM has been proposed. If the receiver knows the LRNG parameters used for generating the phase sequence at the transmitter, then it can be easily regenerated at the receiver to recover the original OFDM signal. Therefore, the receiver no need to maintain the entire phase sequence set as required in CSLM. The simulation result shows that the proposed sequence provides same PAPR reduction and BER performance as CSLM under different modulation techniques.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

014007   Srilatha K;Pavithra S;Vincent N;Venkatesh S; Vigneshwa A S;Lakshmi M J (Electronics and Communication Engineering Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Tamilnadu, Chennai, Email: srilatha169@gmail.com) : Image segmentation using MRF novel level set method. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2017, 14(1), 445-51.

The most difficult task in the segmentation of the image is to obtain the segmentation by avoiding almost all the noises within less span of time. The images which are extracted will be from any domain i.e., medical, natural, radar etc. In the proposed method the MRF (Markov random field) algorithm for the process of segmentation is implemented. In this algorithm two methods in parallel fashion are used. The two methods which are used is AMG (Algebraic multi grid) and SFM (Sparse random field). The AMG is used for increasing the time step and SFM will be used in decreasing the computation domain. In the novel level set method it considers that the neighboring pixels also fall in the same region. The noises also will be reduced in this method when it is compared with the existing methods. By using this method, the images of 500*500 sizes also can be segmented. In this technique the number of iterations will be less when compared to the existing systems. The images of many domains can be segmented by using this proposed algorithm i.e., Medical images, noisy images, synthetic aperture radar images (SAR) and natural images. The SAR, natural and noisy images are applicable only in the real-time.

4 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

014006   Shanthi S;Elangovan K (Civil Engineering Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Wom, Coimbatore-641 108, Email: sshanthicivil@gmail.com) : Comparison of landslides susceptibility analysis using AHP, SMCE and GIS for Nilgiris district, India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(4), 802-14.

In this study first locations of past occurrence were identified and an inventory form were created and integrated to GIS to derive landslide inventory map predictors. Secondly predictors causing landslides were identified from report of past landslides. Thirdly thematic maps of the identified predictors namely geomorphology, geology, drainage, rainfall, lineament, road, railway, soil, land use/land cover, slope and aspect were derived - 204 - using Geographical Information System (GIS). Finally based on relative importance of factors and their categories influencing landslide susceptibility weights and ratings of predictors were calculated using two multi criteria approaches namely Analytical Hierarchy processes (AHP) and Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). Weights and rating obtained for factors and predictors were overlayed using weighted overlay tool of GIS software to generate LS map with classified five zones namely very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Using field check and Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) the LS map were validated, using validate location set Area Under the Curve (AUC) AHP of 95.98% and SMCE of 98.86% were determined.

10 illus, 3 tables, 80 ref

014005   Sethupathi N;Vikramprasad K;Maadeswaran P (Physics Dep, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts College, Namakkal-637 002, Email: sethupathi2011@gmail.com) : Efficiency factors and equations of various solar water heaters and their relative field components. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 778-83.

Solar water heater (SWH) is cheap and eco-friendly human development system in the modern era. SWH is used in both homes and industries. This review paper is an overview of different types of SWH efficiency calculations, determination of thermal values like ethalpy, heat loss coefficient etc. It is a comprehensive and consolidated review of the solar energy equations needed for researchers in various nations. This paper provides the development of SWH's efficiency equations and also covers SWH's various components efficiency and the technology to understand the values of SWH equations and its various construction schemes.

4 illus, 29 ref

014004   Sengar S H;Chavda T V;Singh A (Renewable Energy Engineering Dep, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dediapada, Navsari, Dist. Narmada-393 040, Email: shsengar@nau.in) : Development and evaluation of plastic based solar still for production of distilled water. J appl nat Sci 2017, 9(1), 427-34.

Solar still was developed and evaluated at Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dediapada. The average yield of distilled water in developed solar still varied from 1055-1498 ml/m 2 -day during winter and summer where as in already developed still varied 1350 to 1550 ml /m 2 day. Thermal efficiency of developed solar still was found as 20 per cent. The physicochemical analysis was carried out to examine the effect of distillation on tap water. A drastic reduction in the TDS, Chlorides, Calcium hardness and magnesium hardness, dissolved silica was observed through solar distillation. The payback period of the unit was only 6 months and after that period the unit produced net profit. The manufacturing cost of this developed solar still was only Rs. 1640/- which was totally manufactured in plastic material so no any corrosive material came in contact for changing the property of distilled water as output. Cleaning of solar still could be easily carried out by just removing the w shape dome of developed device which cannot be possible in available solar still in market.

5 illus, 6 tables, 14 ref

014003   Sendilvelan S;Bhaskar K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, University, Chennai-600 095, Email: sendilvelan.mech@drmgrdu.ac.in) : Performance studies on diesel engine using blends of coconut de-oiled cake and methyl esters of Jatropha. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 1043-9.

Increasing environmental concern, depleting oil and natural resources are the driving forces in promoting biodiesel as an alternate fuel. Vegetable oils are considered as good alternatives to diesel as their properties are comparable to diesel and at present biodiesel are commercially produced from vegetable oils by esterification processes. Since most of these oils are edible, its cost restricts the usage. The de-oiled cakes after crushing the seeds contain around 2% of oil with less fatty materials has been considered in this study, by complementing with diesel fuel. The fuel is prepared by adding dry coconut de-oiled cake (Coc) powder at 15 percent by weight with diesel, and methyl esters of Jatropha (MEJ), while Jatropha seeds which are transesterified and blended with diesel in 15% percent. Experimental results reveal that the fuel has the potential - 203 - in reducing the smoke levels, carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon emissions simultaneously along with a marginal increase in brake thermal efficiency and oxides of nitrogen.

7 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

014002   Sendilvelan S;Bhaskar K (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dr. M.G.R. Educational, and Research Institute, University, Chennai-600 095, Email: sendilvelan.mech@drmgrdu.ac.in) : Reduction of NOx and opacity from diesel engine with dimethyl carbonate and isopropyl alcohol. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 844-51.

The major problem with the diesel engines is the presence of particulate matter that is present in the exhaust emission. The addition of oxygenated additives into fuel oil is one of the possible approaches for reducing this problem. This work aims at to reduce the exhaust emission from the diesel engines using two fuel additives: Dimethyl Carbonate (C₃H₆O₃) and Isopropyl Alcohol (C₃H₈O) blends with diesel fuel in the concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% by volume. The result showed that by using these fuel additives the percentage of opacity and carbon monoxide in the engine exhaust was reduced. Oxides of nitrogen slightly increased during the part load conditions.

10 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

014001   Saji J;Kamal S (NO, , ) : GDI logic implementation of variable sized CSLA architectures using 45 NM SOI technology. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2016, 6(1), 78-88.

Carry select adder (CSLA) is an efficient adder used in modern processors. But, the CMOS logic implementation at the transistor level makes it complex. The use of smaller transistor size has shrunk the overall design but the transistor count was retained. Hence, in this paper the transistor level implementation of variable sized CSLA architecture is done using gate diffusion input (GDI) logic. This implementation drastically simplifies the CSLA in terms of the transistor count which also helps in reducing the power. The variable sized CSLA and the modified variable sized CSLA using binary to excess-1 converter (BEC) are designed using 45 nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) transistors. A comparative analysis of both GDI and CMOS logic designs are carried out based on the transistor count and power, where the SOI based GDI logic circuits have an upper hand. Further, the variable CSLA using BEC in SOI based GDI logic outperforms the conventional CSLA architecture.

014000   Rajesh Prabha N;Edwin Raja Dhas J (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Tamilnadu-629 180, Email: gramanan1987@gmail.com) : Effect of TIC and MoS₂ reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites on microstructure and thermogravimetric analysis. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 729-37.

In the prevailing work Aluminium alloy AA7075 become bolstered with numerous percentages of TiC particles via the usage of high energy stir casting method additionally added with MoS2 as hybrid composite material. The characterization became achieved through Tensile, EDS, SEM, XRD, and TGA. The mechanical behaviors like hardness, tensile and thermal evaluation have been investigated. In this work revealed that the addition of TiC improves the damage resistance of aluminium composites. The outcomes confirmed that the mechanical residences, along with tensile electricity, spectrum examine expanded with the aid of the proportion of TiC present within the samples when compared with base aluminium alloy. The outcomes of composites have a higher composition in addition with A17075. The SEM-XRD analysis found out the occurrence of TiC in the metal matrix. The best composition of hybrid composite become found with nine 9wt% TiC composite in comparison to different compositions.

7 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

013999   Raikwal P;Neema V;Verma A (NO, , ) : Cluster based sleep transitor approach for low power 6T SRAM cell. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2016, 6(1), 41-8.

The demand of high density VLSI circuits has been increasing as the size of ICs is becoming small day by day. It has been seen that, to reduce active power dissipation in memory, the supply voltage reduction is necessary. Lowering the supply voltage is one of the most straightforward and effective ways to suppress the energy consumption because reducing the supply voltage could reduce the dynamic power and leakage power remarkably. The static power dissipation occurs in an idle mode of the circuit. In this paper, the analysis has been carried out on simple 6T SRAM cell using NMOS sleep transistor and current flowing through the sleep transistor in active and sleep mode has been taken out as well as the effect of changing the width of sleep transistor has been compared. In this work, a technique called 'clustering technique' has been proposed to reduce the active power requirement and the simulation has been done on 4X1 SRAM cell. In this work first of all, the power dissipation of 4X1 SRAM cell without sleep is taken out. Then, the clustering technique is applied in which, first of all the cells are connected to an individual sleep then the sleep is shared between the two cells and after that all the four cells are connected to only one sleep. Therefore, the result with clustering technique shows an improved result than an individual sleep when connected to the SRAM cell. In this work, the SRAM cell without sleep transistor dissipates more power during different states as compared to SRAM cell with an individual sleep transistor. SRAM cell with sleep dissipates 26.65% less power during write '1' operation, 59.34% less power during hold operation and 16.74% less power during read operation. In clustering technique it has been further reduced, during write '1' operation the cell dissipates 49.09% less power, while write '0' operation it consumes 66.29% less power, during read operation it dissipates 42.67% less power as compared to the SRAM cell without sleep transistor.

013998   Prajapati J A;Patel M L (NO, , ) : Switched capacitor based RC filter. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2016, 6(1), 32-40.

Today we know that demand for Low voltage, low power integrated circuits are used to the growing the portable equipment in all market including telecommunication, computers and customer electronics with smaller size. The low voltage need for ICs is also motivated by the new dip submicron CMOS technology scaling that required all transistors of smaller size. In current years, a lot of researches were done on designing switched capacitor filters for low supply voltage. The primary reason is that SC filters achieve high filter accuracy with low deformation.SC filters that can operate with a single 1-V supply in standard CMOS Process have been designed using the switched Op- Amp technique without any clock voltage multiplier or low threshold voltage. Advance, the execution of passive building blocks like resistors, inductors, etc. on layout by implementing SC network. Latest advances in monolithic SC filters have significant impact on voice band communication systems where they found wide acceptance because of their low cost and high precision.

013997   Pannucharoenwong N;Benjapiyaporn J; Benjapiyaporn C (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen Univ, Thailand, Email: chaben@kku.ac.th) : Industrial utilization of tubular ice production facility towards energy optimization using the study of initial parameters in production. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(7), 433-7.

This research is concerned with the research in developing a utilization method of a tubular ice production industry using the study of initial parameters effecting the efficiency of production. The experimental parameters studied includes the inlet water temperature, the average freezing surface temperature, the average ambient air temperature and the average ambient tubular ice machine room temperature. The inlet water temperature was found as the most significant parameter among the studied parameters. After consideration, a box type heat exchanger was created to reduce inlet water temperature. The device had been installed in a 50 ton tubular ice production machine as a prototype. This research displayed that the device could significantly reduce the inlet temperature, reduce the production time per batch, increase the production capacity, and increase the cooling load as well as the coefficient of performance (COP). The results were satisfying reduction in energy consumption as well as a short payback period of five months. The piloted results are a guideline for energy conservation and optimization for other ice factories.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

013996   Packialakshmi S;Ambujam N K (Civil Engineering Dep, Sathyabama University, Chennai-600 119, Email: bagyaram@gmail.com) : Peri-urban to urban groundwater transfer and its societal implications in Chennai, south India. Indian J agric Res 2017, 51(2), 135-41.

Aquifer of the peri-urban/rural area of Chennai Metropolitan Area in Tamil Nadu acts as a source of informal water market, and a huge amount of water is transferred and marketed by entrepreneurs, such as private water suppliers and packaged water industries. Water transfer from agricultural to non agricultural uses is not only common in India but most of the water starved developing countries experience it. It - 200 - leads to temporal and spatial changes in the groundwater quantity and quality, and generates the inequity and affordability issues in accessing the water especially to the peri-urban poor. The paper analyzed the above issue with a case study conducted at Perumbakkam, a Chennai peri-urban village. The multivariate statistical analysis of field findings has been conducted in the peri-urban village for understanding the socio-economic implications of the groundwater market. The study identifies the major findings due to the prevailing informal groundwater market and emphasizes the institutional mechanism through regulatory and legal measures to protect the resource base and conservation and restoration mechanism to replenish the depleting resources.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

013995   Nallusamy S;Logeshwaran J (Mechanical Engineering Dep, Dr. M G R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai-600 095, Email: ksnallu@gmail.com) : Experimental analysis on nanolubricants used in multi cylinder petrol engine with copper oxide as nanoparticle. Rasayan J Chem 2017, 10(3), 1050-5.

Now a day's nanoparticles are extensively used to increase the thermal conductivity, heat transfer rate and tribological properties of the engine lubricant by adding nano additives to form nanofluids. Accumulation of nanoparticles in engine lubricant may reduce friction with the improvement of the lubrication characteristics. In order to reduce the friction and wear lubricants are used, but still, the fuel consumed for frictional losses is about ten to twenty percentages of the total fuel supply. This research work focuses on the preparation of nanolubricants by selecting suitable commercial engine oil, biodegradable oil and nanoparticles based on tribological performance for multicylinder petrol engine applications. The copper oxide nanoparticles and SAE15W40 commercial engine oil and punga oil as biodegradable oil used. The nanolubricants were prepared by adding nanoparticles to the base oils with 0.1% concentrations. From the results it was found that, SAE 15W40 with 0.1% copper oxide is the best nanolubricants for the applications multi cylinder petrol engine.

5 illus, 37 ref

013994   Musalgaonkar G;Shrivastava A;Singh S;Acharya A (NO, , ) : Simulation study of tapered shape finFET. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2016, 6(1), 21-31.

During recent years, nonplaner tri-gate (TG) field-effect transistors (FETs) such as FinFETs have been extensively studied for the enhancement of electrostatic control and suppression of short-channel effects (SCEs) in the sub50 nm regime. As the device scaled, it is observed that the shape of the rectangular FinFET becomes tapered shape. This paper presents the design and analysis of a tapered-shaped FinFET. By varying the sidewall inclination angle of a rectangular FinFET, a tapered shape FinFET has been obtained. This structure has been studied by taking different inclination angles. Various parameters such as drain current, conduction band energy, and ION/IOFF has been calculated. It is observed that the tapered shape FinFET gives better performance and reduced corner effect as compared to the rectangular FinFET.

013993   Meng X;Chen C;Bai M;Zhang Z;Cheng C;Ma B;Li J (Institute of Marine Engineering, Physics Dep, Dalian Maritime Univ, China, Email: mindong_bai@163.com) : Effect of hydroxyl radical on harmful microalgae: a potential technology for treatment of ship's ballast water. Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(4), 725-34.

In this study, the effects of hydroxyl radicals on harmful microalgae in ballast water were investigated experimentally. Using an improvised ballast water treatment system, large concentrations of .OH were produced and subsequently dissolved in ballast waters of different salinities which are high salinity seawater (HS) and low salinity seawater (LS) in order to eliminate the microalgae. The results show that the outcome of the treatment system fully meets the requirements of G8. At total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations of 0.41 mg/L and 0.93 mg/L, the maximum concentration of killed algae was observed as 0.5 x 10³ cells/mL and 1 x 10⁴ cells/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the .OH efficiently decomposed most organic matter, resulting in an - 199 - improvement of the ship's ballast water quality. These results conform to the D-2 ballast water discharge standard of IMO and validate the .OH as an effective, rapid way of killing algae in the course of conveying the ship's ballast water.

8 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

013992   Malwadkar S S;Mendre W M;Agarwal S S (NO, , ) : Hardware implementation of configurable multi image fusion. J VLSI Des Tool Technol 2016, 6(1), 6-15.

Multifocus images make it difficult to describe a scene accurately. Hence, the fusion of two or more images forms a good solution in order to obtain a new image containing more appropriate description of the scene than any of the input images. This paper presents a method of image fusion which uses stationary wavelet transform and fuzzy logic. By overcoming the disadvantages of discrete wavelet transform such as downsampling and shift variance, SWT gives a good quality image after fusion. First, the source multifocus images are decomposed using SWT and depending on appropriate fuzzy rule, images are combined to get better quality image. FPGA implementation of the system on Xilinx Virtex5 forms very effective method for image fusion of multifocus images as it uses less FPGA resources like number of slice registers, number of slice LUTs, number of block RAM and number of bonded IOBs.