047347   KUMAR A, PATYAL A (Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, CSK HP Agricultural Univ, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh - 176 062, Email: dratul9@gmail.com) : Impacts of intensive poultry farming on ?one health? in developing countries: challenges and remedies . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 100 - 11.

During the recent past, poultry sector has shown immense adaptations to meet the ever-increasing demand for safe meat and eggs. However, this growth has been accompanied by structural changes within the industry which has led to emergence of various environmental and public health concerns ranging from water, air and soil pollution to ecological imbalances, biodiversity losses and occupational health and safety hazards. This paper analyses the environmental and human health impacts of intensive poultry production and various technical strategies to mitigate these issues.

1 table, 65 ref

047346   ABDULRAHMAN R F, ABDULLAH M A, KAREEM K H, NAJEEB Z D, HAMEED H M (Pathology and Microbiology Dep, Univ of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, Email: rezheen_fatah@uod.ac) : Histopathological and molecular studies on caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats in Duhok City, Iraq . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 134 - 40.

Caseous lymphadenitis is an infectious bacterial disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. This study is aimed to estimate the frequency of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats and to compare with the results of bacteriological analysis, histopathology and molecular diagnosis of suspected cases. In this study, 22 (2.1%) suspected cases of caseous lymphadenitis were diagnosed clinically from 1090 sheep and goats slaughtered at Duhok abattoir. The study showed grossly affected mediastinal lymph node was congested and highly oedematous compared to other lymph nodes. Histopathological examination showed presence of abscess in the centre of affected mediastinal lymph node. Based on standard bacteriological methods, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was the only causative agent isolated from all suspected cases. The confirmation was performed by amplification of the target genes of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis including 16S rRNA, rpoB and pld. The results showed successful amplification of 16S rRNA, rpoB and pld among all suspected cases. Overall, the results of this study showed that the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still the main causative agent of CLA in sheep and goats. The results also revealed molecular and histopathological studies together could be used to identify Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis directly from cases of CLA from sheep and goats. Further studies including study of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility together with phylogenetic analyses are recommended to be done in the future for better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen in Duhok city.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

047345   MIDDAY M, GHOSH J, PRADHAN D K, MAITY D (Botany Dep, Univ of Calcutta, Kolkata - 700 019, West Bengal, Email: debmaity@yahoo.com) : Folk-medicinal uses of allium sikkimense baker (alliaceae) in Sikkim Himalaya . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 217 - 20.

Allium sikkimense Baker(Alliaceae), wild garlic is used as a substitute of commercial garlic (Allium sativum L.) by the Lachenpa community of Thangu-Lachen regions of North Sikkim. Traditionally, it is used in treatment of common cold and cough, diarrhoea, gastritis, in breathing problem, to cure body pain and to keep body warm in severe cold. The traditional as well as non-conventional uses of this species are reported here. The exploitation of this species through bioprospecting for sustainable development is recommended. Conservation measures to save this rare Allium in its natural habitat are highlighted.

1 illus, 24 ref

047344   MATIAS F BR, PASTORANO J H, SALINAS M B S (Central Luzon State Univ, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, Email: fbrmatias@clsu.edu.ph) : Fecal bacteria crude extracts from philippine native chicken (gallus gallus domesticus) show antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 210 - 6.

Generally, the study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fecal bacteria isolated from Philippine native chicken against Staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, this study measured the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts from fecal bacteria cultured at different time intervals, and compared with selected antimicrobials against S. aureus. A loopful of isolated fecal bacteria was cultured in nutrient broth at different time intervals (6, 12, 18, and 24 h). After each time interval, the broth culture was centrifuged at 6,000 rpm for 15 min and the cell-free supernatant (crude extract) was collected. Sterile filter paper discs were impregnated with a total of 30 ?l crude extracts and placed on spread plate culture of S. aureus on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar, including selected antimicrobials discs (2 ?g clindamycin, 5 ?g enrofloxacin, and 10 ?g penicillin V), then incubated at 37 ?C for 18 to 24 h. The zones of inhibition were measured using a Vernier caliper and compared. The crude extracts of fecal bacteria from different breeds of Philippine native chicken have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus as shown by various sizes of zone of inhibition. The Banaba breed had the greatest number of isolates with zone of inhibition. The crude extracts that produced zone of inhibition were significantly higher compared to selected antimicrobials - clindamycin and penicillin V, but significantly lower compared to enrofloxacin.

2 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

047343   SURESH K P, PATIL S, INDRABALAN U B, SRIDEVI R, KRISHNAMOORTHY P, RAJAMANI S, ROY P (ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informa, Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Email: sureshkp97@rediffmail.com) : Evolutionary analysis and detection of positive selection of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of h5n1 avian influenza from chicken, duck and goose across Asia . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 169 -78.

Outbreaks of very high pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) viruses are being reported in poultry in almost all countries including Asia. It has been reported that the spread is very fast and found that this virus is spreading in avian species since several years. In this study, the evidence of positive selection prominent to mutations was analyzed for the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) nucleotide sequences of H5N1 avian influenza from chicken, duck and goose across Asia. H5N1 avian influenza viruses are being a severe risk to the public health. Detection of positive selection sites in Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) genes will help to trace the evolutionary path of these viruses from different poultry hosts. The positive/ diversifying selection (dN/dS (w) >1) was found to be showing significant signals in mutation of HA and NA genes and is evolving rapidly. The cumulative dN/dS (w) ratio was found ranging from 0.21 to 0.23 in HA gene and 0.16 to 0.25 in NA gene of Avian Influenza Virus from chicken, duck and goose. Furthermore, statistical Bayesian model methods were applied to interpret the genetic diversity of H5N1 strain, the evolutionary rates were ranging from 2.36x10-3 to 5.19x10-3 in HA gene and 2.28x10-3 to 6.25x10-3 in NA gene from chicken, duck and goose respectively, which revealed a rapid evolution in these viruses with respect to their genetic ancestor. Substitution rates and selection pressure in these three different hosts indicate that their dynamics of mutation and replication remain similar among the species studied and are important for evolution.

7 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

047342   SINGH P, VERMA P K, SHARMA P, SOOD S, RAINA R (SKUAST, R S Pura - 181 102, Email: drpawankv@yahoo.co.in) : Effects on antioxidant system of cardiac tissue following repeated oral administration of arsenic, quinalphos and their combination in wistar rats . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 141 - 7.

Prevalence of insecticides and toxic metals in nature is a potential threat to mammalian well being. Simultaneous exposure to co-existing environmental toxins can severely impair cardiovascular health possibly by compromising cardiac antioxidant system. The present study was conceptualized to determine the consequences of concurrent exposure to arsenic and quinalphos on antioxidant status of cardiac tissue in rats. Fifty-four adult Wistar rats of either sex were randomly allocated to nine groups of six rats each. Animals were subjected to either individual or simultaneous oral administration of quinalphos (1/100th or 1/10th of LD50) and arsenic (50 or 100 ppb) incorporated in drinking water, for 28 days. Significantly (p<0.05) declined cardiac antioxidant biomarkers viz. total thiols, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione reductase along with increased (p<0.05) malondialdehyde levels indicated oxidative damage to heart following simultaneous administration of higher doses of quinalphos and arsenic when compared not only to control rats but also to rats exposed to either toxicant. Likewise, significant reduction in activity of cardiac acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was seen in rats co-exposed to higher doses of quinalphos and arsenic. These results show that simultaneous co-exposure to arsenic and quinalphos particularly at their higher doses imposed severe cardiac oxidative stress in rats as reflected by reduced antioxidant biomarkers, increased lipid peroxidation and reduced AChE activity.

2 tables, 37 ref

047341   SUBRAMANYAM V, HEMADRI D, PHANIKASHYAP S, HIREMATH J, PATIL S S, ROY P (Jain Univ, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: divakar.hemadri@icar.gov.in) : Detection of torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) in clinical specimens of pigs with classical swine fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and porcine circovirus 2 infections . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 162 - 8.

Torque teno sus viruses (TTSuVs) have never been implicated in direct causation of any disease; however, their role as cofactors in precipitation of certain disease conditions is gaining some support. Considering the spurt in the number of outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections and classical swine fever (CSF) in India, we have investigated the extent of association of TTSuVs with the above said viruses by PCR. The TTsuVs were detected in 53% and 26.22% of CSFV-PRRSV-PCV-positive and apparently healthy negative tissue samples respectively. In serum, these were detected respectively in 29.60% and 21.42 % of CSFV-PRRSVinfected and apparently samples. The results obtained for the tissue samples is in concurrence with the observations of previous studies which reported higher prevalence of TTSuVs in CSFV-PRRSV-PCV-positive clinical specimens as compared to the healthy ones. This is the first report of co-infection of TTSuVs with CSFV, PRRSV and PCV from India. Future works are needed to establish pathogenic role of TTSuVs through experimental studies.

3 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

047340   ATABO S M, UMAR A A, SHEHU S A, ABUBAKAR A A (Veterinary Anatomy Dep, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, Sokoto, Nigeria, Email: mohakosh@yahoo.com) : Comparative ossification of the skull in three Nigerian breeds of sheep: An alizarin technique . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 195 - 203.

This study describes the ossification time, sequence, and morphogenic pattern of the neuro-cranial and viscera-cranial bones of the skull in three Nigerian breeds of sheep. A total number of four hundred and ninety (490) wasted fetuses were collected from abattoirs. The heads of the fetuses were severed and processed using the Alizarin technique. The ossifying bones were identified, and their morphology was mapped using FastStone Image software. In the three breeds of sheep, the neuro-cranial and viscera-cranial bones developed via intra-membranous ossification. Generally, bony spicules appeared to radiate from the ossification centers of the skull bones faster in Yankasa than Balami and Uda. The frontal, parietal, and the zygomatic process of frontal bones were the first of the neuro-cranial bones to begin ossification. The premaxilla, zygomatic, and maxilla were the first of the viscera-cranial bones to begin ossification. The earliest morphogenic pattern of the neuro-cranium, the occipital condyle was comma-shaped, the parietal and frontal were irregular, and the zygomatic process of temporal bones and frontal process of zygomatic were finger-like projections. Whereas among viscera-cranium, the premaxilla, nasal, and zygomatic were spindle-shaped, the maxilla and lacrimal were triangular and cube-shaped in all the three breeds of sheep. The ossification centers of the skull bones started from the calvarium and developed faster in Yankasa and the shape of the developing bones-varies as the bone spicules radiates and fetuses advanced with age. The temporal and interparietal ossification did not occur in the 1st and early 2nd trimester fetuses (42-67 days of gestation) of the three breeds of sheep. It was concluded that the frontal and premaxilla were the first bones of the skull to ossify and ossification of the viscera-cranium occurred earlier in Yankasa than in Balami and Uda and the ossification centers of all the neuro-cranial bones and nasal bones were eccentric.

10 illus, 1 tables, 23 ref

047339   KUMARI G D, PUSHPA R N R, SUBRAMANYAM K V, RAO T S, SATHEESH K (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, NTR Coll of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, Email: deepu.angrau@gmail.com) : A comparative assessment of haemagglutination assay and polymerase chain reaction in detecting canine parvovirus from fecal samples . Explor Anim Med Res 2020, 10 (2), 204 - 9.

The present study was aimed to lay the basis for a comparative study of the diagnostic tests namely haemagglutination assay and polymerase chain reaction for their efficacy in detecting the Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) from fecal samples. A total of 342 samples (vaccinated 61 and unvaccinated 281) were used for the comparative assessment of the diagnostic assays. Out of 342 samples tested for haemagglutination assay, only 71 were positive and they were further confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition assay. Polymerase chain reaction detected 234 samples positive for Canine parvovirus indicating that PCR is more efficient than haemagglutinating test in detecting the parvovirus from the fecal samples.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

047337    YAKUBU A S, JIBRIL A (Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, Sokoto, Nigeria, Email: yakubu.abubakar@udusok.edu.ng) : Surgical management of an open orchiectomy following traumatic unilateral testicular evisceration in a 2 year old nigerian local dog. Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13(2), 29 - 36.

Testicular trauma results from a direct blow to the testis. Testicular trauma may occur with multiple and diverse mechanisms. But, blunt trauma is the most common, particularly in athletes. Testicular trauma is relatively uncommon in animals. It is defined as an injury to the testicle as a result of blunt trauma, penetrating abrasion or degloving trauma through the scrotum and scarcely envisaged in canines. This case report is aimed at describing the clinical findings, treatment and outcome of testicular evisceration in a 2 year old Nigerian male dog as a result of trauma. The injury described in this report could be as a result of bite during mating by other competing dogs around. This case is unique in that the clinical history and the severity of the condition of the scrotal wound and the eviscerated testicle indicated a complete rupture and soiling of the parietal tunica vaginalis, which is the layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the testicle. The spermatic cord and the epididymis were intact. The case was managed by surgical exploration of the trauma site and tissues followed by bilateral orchidectomy under general anesthesia. The patient was premedicated using 0.02mg-kg atropine, then sedated with 0.5mg-kg xylazine. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with 10mg-kg Ketamine. Orchidectomy was carried out on both testes by ligating and transecting the spermatic cord through the traumatic opening. The traumatized scrotal skin was sutured and the sutures were removed 14 days post-surgery. The patient recovered uneventfully. This case highlights that despite the low reported incidence of traumatic injury, it should be included among other causes of scrotal diseases in canines.

1 tables, 24 ref

047336   YAKUBU A S, AFAR S J, SULAIMAN F, ABUBAKAR A A, ELSA A T, KENE R O C, ONIFADE K I, ADEYANJU J B (eterinary Surgery and Radiology, Univ of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue Nigeria, Email: yakubu.abubakar@udusok.edu.ng) : Hematological and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol anesthesia in red sokoto goat of Nigeria. Anim Sci Rep 2020, 13(2), 16 - 27.

Propofol is a unique non-barbiturate, non-steroid, short-acting general intravenous anaesthetic agent associated with rapid and smooth induction and rapid recovery. Earlier studies have indicated the adverse effect of propofol anesthesia on hematological parameters, contributing to immune suppression in dog. Propofol has also been reported to cause depression of respiratory function due to reduction of sensitivity of respiratory centre to carbon dioxide and tissue oxygen uptake in goat. The high cost of anesthetic agents, especially general or intravenous anesthetics, lack of technical know-how of endotracheal intubation and paucity of suitable anesthetic agents limits the ability of the surgeon to perform invasive surgery successfully in goats. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of propofol anesthesia on the hematological and cardiopulmonary parameters in Red Sokoto goats of Nigeria for possible adoption in routine invasive surgical procedures in small ruminants due to non-availability of information on this aspect. Five apparently healthy female Red Sokoto goats weighing between 17-25 kg were used for the study. Propofol was used for induction of anesthesia with 4mg/kg body weight for 10 seconds and maintained at 0.4 mgkg-1min-1 by continuous infusion for 60 minutes. Hematological and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded before anesthetization (T0) and subsequently at 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 30 (T30), 45 (T45), and 60 (T60) minutes after anesthetization, and 1 hour post recovery (T120). The mean onset of propofol anaesthesia was found to be 20.6 ? 2.6 seconds. All the animals showed prolapsed third eyelid, whereas the tail, palpebral, deglutition and auricular reflexes were abolished. The goats showed no outward signs of excitement. Endotracheal intubation was difficult. Onset of action was rapid, so also the time of recovery. Hematological parameters in the study included Haematocrit (PCV %) value, Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count, Hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC),and White Blood Cell (WBC) Count. Cardiopulmonary parameters included rectal temperature, respiration rate, pulse rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and oxygen saturation level (SpO2). The result of the present study did not reveal significant (P>0.05) alteration in hematological indices and cardiopulmonary parameters before anesthetization (T0), during anesthesia (T5-T60) and after recovery from anesthesia (T120). It is concluded that induction of propofol anesthesia at 4mg/kg body weight and maintenance at 0.4mg/kg/minute for surgical interventions in Red Sokoto goats triggered rapid onset and smooth perpetuation without detrimental hematological and cardiopulmonary consequences during anesthetization and post-recovery.

2 tables, 55 ref

047326   PARVEEN S, SAQIB S, AHMED A, SHAHZAD A, ZARISH N, AHMED N (Infection prevention and Control Dep, Pakistan Kidney and Liver institute & Research Center (PKLI & RC), Lahore - Pakistan, Email: namalik288@gmail.com) : Prevalence of MRSA colonization among healthcare-workers and effectiveness of decolonization regimen in ICU of a Tertiary care Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 38 - 41.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the nasal cavity and to determine the effectiveness of decolonization regimen among health care workers working in the Intensive care unit (ICU) at a Tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period of June, 2018 to August, 2018. A total of 46 healthcare workers were screened to see the prevalence of MRSA in the nasal cavity. Samples from the nasal cavity were collected using sterile swabs, and processed for bacterial cultures. The samples were inoculated on Blood agar and chocolate agar and then incubated at 37? for 24 hours. After the incubation period, petri plates were checked for the growth of S. aureus (MRSA). After identification of colonizers, five days decolonization regimen of nasal mupirocin ointment and Chlorhexidine based body wash was used and repeated cultures were done to check the effectiveness of this regimen. IBM SPSS version 25 was used to check the statistically significant relationship between prevalence of MRSA colonization with profession and gender. Among the total 46 participants, 6 (13%) were found MRSA colonizers, 12 (26.08%) showed Methicillin- Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and remaining 28 (60.8%) showed no growth of S. aureus. The prevalence of MRSA colonization was found highest in nurses i.e. 66.67%, 16.67% in doctor and 16.67% were in respiratory therapists. The success rate of treatment regimen was 83.33%. Results of the present study showed that the prevalence of MRSA was high in our setting but effectiveness of decolonization treatment regimen is similar to the worldwide success rate.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

047325   ASIF M, NAWAZ S, BHUTTA Z A, KULYAR M F E A, RASHID M, SHABIR S, KHAN M K, QADIR M M (Univ of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Email: doctorzeeshan94@gmail.com) : Viral outbreaks: A real threat to the world. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 008 - 19.

Global public health is facing significant challenges in terms of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. The world is facing a new public health crisis emergence and spread of Coronaviruses outbreaks especially COVID-19 after nine deadliest viral outbreaks including Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Rabies, HIV, Smallpox, Hantavirus, Influenza, Dengue and Rotavirus. Coronaviruses (enveloped non-segmented positivesense RNA viruses) belong to the Coronaviridae family, broadly distributed in humans as well as in other mammals. In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak was reported in the Wuhan, Hubei province of China. WHO confirmed that COVID-19 is associated with Huanan seafood (Wuhan). COVID-19 virus outbreak is more dangerous than its ancestors MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Although the case fatality rate is lower, it has alarmed the world because of its rapid spread during this era of the modern world where the whole world is connected through different channels of trade. As the world is already facing economic challenges, underdeveloped countries are not capable of facing such challenges, and this outbreak may become worse than ever before.

2 illus, 2 tables, 126 ref

047321   TANWEER A, BANO A, FATIMA W, JAVED H (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Dep, Univ of the Punjab, Lahore - Pakistan, Email: abidammgpu@gmail.com) : Hyperhomocysteinemia: The independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Adv life Sci 2020, 8(1), 001 - 7.

Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and associated with primary causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. Association between Hcy and CVD has been a question for biologists over the last five decades. The circulating levels of Hcy can be increased by defects in enzymes involved in the metabolism of several B and therefore for homocysteine. Although researchers have yielded conflicting findings on the link between homocysteine and CVD risk, but there is convincing evidence on link between B vitamin deficiencies and increased CVD risk. This review identifies the research conducted on this subject matter and provides a framework for the factors associated with Hcy and CVD.

61 ref

040515   AGRAWAL N, TIWARI A (Community Medicine Dep, Shri Shankara Institute of Medical Sciences, Durg - 490 023, Chhattisgarh, Email: dranjanatiwari3@gmail.com) : Determinants of home delivery among mothers in urban and rural Vadodara District, Gujarat, India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(2), 159-63.

Maternal health is severely affected by home deliveries because it contributes to maternal mortality, especially if home births are not made safer. The present study aimed to assess the determinants of home delivery among mothers in urban and rural Vadodara district, Gujarat. This community‑based, cross‑sectional study was carried out during April 2017–July 2017. The mothers who delivered at home and hospital in urban and rural Vadodara district between April 15 and March 16 were included in the study. A semi‑structured questionnaire was used for interviewing all the mothers. Information regarding sociodemographic and obstetrics characteristics of mothers was recorded. The study finding was presented in the form of frequencies and percentages, and the association was found with Chi‑square test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The present study was carried out among 138 mothers, of them, 71.7 % were in the age group of 20–25 years. The mean age of mothers was 24.5 ± 4.4 years. The analysis of sociodemographic and obstetric factors revealed that mothers age more than 25 years, mothers from nuclear family, illiterate mothers, late antenatal care registration by mothers, mothers not registered in Janani Suraksha Yojna/Chiranjeevi Yojana scheme, and prior experience of home delivery by mothers were significantly associated with home delivery (P < 0.05 each). This study highlighted that several sociodemographic and obstetrics determinants related to mother were associated with home delivery in the study setting. Taking these findings into consideration, it is recommended that appropriate maternity services should be designed with a special focus on poor, uneducated, and multiparous women as well as it should ensure early registration of pregnancy for every pregnant woman. Institutional delivery should be encouraged and advocated among mothers having all previous deliveries at home.

1 table, 24 ref

040514   UPADHYAY R, GOHEL B M, CHUDASAMA R K (Community Medicine Dep, PDU Government Medical Coll, Rajkot, Gujarat, Email: drbmgohel@gmail.com) : Determinants of myocardial infarction in Saurashtra region, Gujarat: A case–control study. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(2), 154-8.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a multifactorial noncommunicable disease. The study was conducted with an objective to assess the role of various sociodemographic and clinicoepidemiological determinants of MI. The cases and controls were selected in the ratio of 1:1 and were group matched for age, sex, and type of residence. Cases of MI were selected from the intensive coronary care unit of the medicine department at a tertiary care hospital, Rajkot, for 1 year. Controls were selected from the general population of Rajkot district. Information was collected in pretested pro forma using the interview technique. total of 406 cases and equal number of controls were enrolled in the study. Several risk factors identified for MI included illiteracy, upper socioeconomic class, family history of MI, Type A personality, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obese or overweight, high waist–hip ratio, low intake of leafy vegetables, low intake of fruits, and history of acute life event for the past 1 year. On applying logistic regression model, these factors were also identified as independent determinants for MI. The findings confirm the role of conventional risk factors for MI and also highlight the role of sociodemographic factors such as illiteracy, higher social class, low intake of leafy vegetables and fruits, and history of acute life event.

3 tables, 27 ref

040513   NISHA B, MURALI R (Community Medicine Dep, Saveetha Medical Coll and Hospital, Thiruvallur - 602 105, Tamil Nadu, Email: drnishacm2014@gmail.com) : Impact of health education intervention on breast cancer awareness among rural women of Tamil Nadu. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(2), 149-53.

The most common cancer among Indian females is breast cancer. Limited access to early detection and treatment is responsible for more than half of the deaths, primarily in rural areas, where organized mammography screening is neither affordable nor feasible. Therefore, imparting awareness on breast health and breast self‑examination (BSE) is highly recommended. This study aimed to assess the impact of a health education interventional program on breast health awareness and BSE among rural women of Tamil Nadu. A quasi‑experimental study was conducted among 266 women. Apreinterventional survey was done using a pretested validated questionnaire. Amultipronged breast health education intervention was administered and its effectiveness was measured after 3 months using the same tool. There was a statistically significant (P = 0.0001) improvement in the knowledge of breast health, perceived susceptibility, and reasons for practice and proficiency of BSE practice of the interventional group from pre‑ to post‑test. After the interventional program, 71.8 % of increase in knowledge about breast health and BSE was observed. In addition, 64.7 % of the women practiced BSE compared to 7.14 % pretest. This study highlights the awareness needs by the women and application of extensive strategies to increase the acceptance of cancer screening programs.

1 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

040512   GUPTA S, TANEJA N, KAPOOR S K, KUMAR A (Public Health Dep, Amity Univ, Noida - 201 304, Uttar Pradesh, Email: drnehataneja12@gmail.com) : Comparison of mental health status of married and unmarried girls of late adolescent age in an urban slum of Delhi. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(2), 145-8.

Late adolescence age (16–19 years) is organized around central task of achieving an identity. In India, age at marriage for girls has been legally declared as 18 years, but many girls are married much before this age. Early marriage for girls can have profound psychological and emotional impacts. The aim was to study the impact of marriage on mental health of married girls of late adolescent age and to compare them with unmarried girls of the same age. A comparison study was conducted among girls of late adolescent age in an urban slum of North East Delhi. Background information was collected through oral questionnaire method. The mental health of the study participants was assessed using validated tool “General Health Questionnaire‑12” and “Symptom Checklist‑90.” Education and economic status of participants and parents were significantly associated with early marriage. Majority of married girls were found to be associated with risk of developing mental health disorders.

3 tables, 21ref

040511   MATHUR M R, SINGH A, MISHRA V K, PARMAR P, NAGRATH D, WATT R G, TSAKOS G (Non-Communicable Diseases and Health Policy Dep, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon - 122 002, Haryana, Email: manu.mathur@phfi.org) : Socioeconomic inequalities in clustering of health compromising behaviours among Indian adolescents. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(2), 139-44.

The simultaneous occurrence of health‑compromising behaviors can accentuate the risk of noncommunicable diseases(NCDs). This study aimed to examine the existence and patterns of clustering of four NCD risk behaviors among adolescents and its association with social position. In addition, socioeconomic inequalities in the occurrence of clustering of NCD risk behaviors were also assessed. A cross‑sectional study was undertaken among 1218 adolescents (14–19 years old) in the city of New Delhi, India. An interviewer‑administered questionnaire was used to assess health‑compromising behaviors(tobacco and alcohol use, fruit/vegetable intake, and physical inactivity). Clustering was assessed using pairwise correlations, counts of clustering of health‑compromising behaviors, comparison of observed/expected ratios, and hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to test the associations of clustering with social position (education and wealth). The relative and slope indices of inequalities in the presence of clustering of behaviors according to education and wealth were estimated. Three major clusters of health behaviors emerged: (a) physical inactivity + lower fruit and vegetable intake, (b) tobacco + alcohol use, and (c) lower fruit and vegetable intake + tobacco + alcohol use. Pronounced clustering of health‑compromising behaviors was observed with lower educational attainment and wealth. The presence of clustering of health‑compromising behaviors was considerably higher among adolescents with lower educational attainment and wealth. The area of residence has an important influence on socioeconomic inequalities in clustering of NCD risk factors.

6 tables, 24 ref

042362   BAXI G, SINGH P, BASU S, KHA M U , PALEKAR T (Dr. D. Y. Patil Coll of Physiotherapy, Sant Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411 018, Email: poojassinghdpu@gmail.com) : Immediate effects of kinesio taping on lung functions, chest expansion and dyspnoea in COPD patients. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(1), 10.5958/0973-56.

Dyspnoea is a major symptom of COPD and an independent predictor of mortality. It is caused by mechanical alterations adapted by shortened or deconditioned musculature.There is insufficient evidenceregarding the efficacy of kinesio taping on the symptoms posed by respiratory conditions like COPD.This study investigates the immediate effects of kinesiology taping done for pectoralis major and rhomboid major, on chest expansion and lung functions along with dyspnoea. By convenient sampling, 30 stable COPD patients with mild to moderate stage affection as per GOLD criteria, and having complaints of dyspnoea were randomly divided in two groups. Group A received kinesio taping along with conventional physiotherapy, group B was the control group where only conventional physiotherapy exercises were given twice a day for 3 days. Eligible patients were assessed for their lung functions, chest expansion and dyspnea. Data analysis within the groups as well as between the groups was done using the WINPEPI and PRIMERsoftware.Between groups comparison for lung functions showed significant improvement (p<0.05)for FEV1, FVC and PEFR. Pre and post comparison ofrespiratory rate and SpO2 between the groups showed significant improvement (p<0.05). There was a significant improvement in the experimental group which suggest that kinesio tape application is beneficial in improving lung function and reducing rate of perceived exertion.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

042361   BR G, KRISHNANUNNI S (Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiorapy Dep, KAHER’s Institute of Physiorapy, Belagavi, Karnataka) : Effect of fast tempo vocal and instrumental music on cardiovascular parameters, perceived exertion and stress rate during high intensity interval training in asymptomatic subjects: A randomized clinical trial. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(1), 10.5958/0973-56.

ACSM defines physical activity as bodily movement that is produced by contraction of skeletal muscle. Music is said to be a sensory modality that can have effect on exercise. purpose of study was to study outcome of music with faster tempo and instrumental type, on cardiovascular, RPE, mood, stress and enjoyment thus improving observance to HIIT in asymptomatic subjects. By random sampling method 40 subjects, male and female (20-30 years) with minimum to moderate amount of physical activity were selected and a two week trial with treadmill was done. Participants were be divided into 2 groups for HIIT: group A with fast vocal music and group B with instrumental music. Mood and stress was assessed pre and post using Abbreviated Profile Of Mood State (POMS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) respectively, RPE was taken over time using Borg scale respectively, enjoyment was assessed post HIIT using Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES ). Statistical significance was found in heart rate in vocal group, mood and enjoyment in both groups with a p value of < 0.005. present study of 2 weeks concluded that vocal and instrumental music had significant effect on heart rate, stress, enjoyment, mood during high intensity interval training.

5 tables, 18 ref

040508   KUMAR B, PAUL U K, PAL D K (Urology Dep, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata - 700 020, West Bengal, Email: urologyipgmer@gmail.com) : Perception of doctor–patient relationship in the present time from the viewpoint of doctors: A qualitative study at a tertiary health care center in Eastern India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 100-3.

Doctor–patient relationship has gone through some troubled times in the recent past. Quality data regarding this is lacking in the Indian setting. The study aim was to find the perception of doctors regarding doctor–patient relationship. The study was conducted at a tertiary health‑care center in West Bengal. It was a qualitative study including in‑depth interviews and focus group discussions(FGDs). The study comprised of in‑depth interviews (IDI) of thirty residents and three FGDs, involving 33 residents. Data analysis was performed manually by deductive approach. Descriptive “codes” of the text information were done. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines were followed. Doctor–patient relationship was perceived as of mutual trust and respect. Overburdened doctors, impatient patients, unrealistic expectations from the treatment, and lack of infrastructure were some of the agreed‑upon factors for the strained relationship. A combined corrective effort is needed to salvage the current situation. A healthy doctor–patient relationship is instrumental in the holistic picture of health care. Doctors, patients, administration, and media have shared causation to the problem and have equal responsibility for its amendment.

15 ref

040507   SIVAPRAGASAM R, RAJINI S, RAJALAKSHMI S, PRIYANGA K, RAJESH V, PRIYADHARSHINI R (Community Medicine Dep, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institue of Medical Sciences, Puducherry - 605 502, Email: sivapragasam66@gmail.com) : A community based cross sectional study about the quality of life in postmenopausal women in rural Puducherry. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 96-9.

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) of postmenopausal women, in the rural areas of Puducherry and to find the associated factors. A cross‑sectional study was done in the rural field practicing area of SLIMS, Puducherry. The sample size was 172 based on the previous study, and simple random sampling technique was used. The women who were receiving hormonal treatment, having chronic illness and those who refused to participate were excluded from the study. The sociodemographic information and menopause‑specific QOL questionnaire were used, and data were analyzed using the SPSS 21. In this study, mean age of the postmenopausal women was 61 ± 7.5 years, 42.4 % belonged to socioeconomic status (SES) Class IV. The prevalence of one or more symptoms of vasomotor, psychological, and sexual domains were 23.8 %, 87%, and 68 %, respectively. We found an association between SES and both vasomotor and psychological symptoms. Furthermore, age and psychological symptoms were associated. The menopause‑related symptoms had a negative effect on the QOL of postmenopausal women. The study can help in creating awareness and also in helping in educating women for early identification of the frequent menopausal symptoms.

3 tables, 15 ref

042360   GOHIL D, SWAMI A, BAXI G, TAI Z, EDGAONKAR R, PALEKAR T (Dr. D. Y. Patil Coll of Physiotherapy, Pune) : Effectiveness of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization in management of athletes with gleno-humeral internal rotation deficit. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(1), 10.5958/0973-56.

Athletes involved in overhead sports show limited ROM for internal rotation and increased external rotation. This condition of Gleno-humeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) increases risk of shoulder injuries in athletes and need active management. Current interventions include static stretching, muscle energy techniques and warm-up exercises. Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) has been hypothesized to lengthen the tissue and improve range by breaking adhesions in soft tissues, there is lack of research showing its effects in athletes with GIRD. This study explores the effectiveness of IASTM in athletes with GIRD following a three week protocol. Thirty athletes with GIRD were enrolled in the study by purposive sampling. They received intervention of IASTM with M2T Blade for posterior shoulder musculature and capsule, on alternate days for three weeks. Pre and post-intervention measurements for gleno-humeral ROM for internal rotation, external rotation and horizontal adduction using goniometry; and Apley’s scratch test were noted. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test. IASTM significantly improved ROM for internal rotation from 40.1±5.76 to 74.17±8.28 (p<0.001). There was significant improvement in horizontal adduction ROM from 90.47±10.12 to 105.5±8.02 (p<0.001). No significant difference was found for external rotation. Statistically significant changes were found on Apley’s scratch test as well (p<0.001). Three weeks intervention of IASTM using M2T Blade is effective in improving ranges and flexibility of athletes with GIRD.

3 tables, 21 ref

044466   MASTHI N R R, JAHAN A (Community Medicine Dep, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, Email: dr.afrazjahan@gmail.com) : Junk food addiction across generations in urban Karnataka, India. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 65-71.

Junk food consumption is progressing from being just an unhealthy life style habit to a full-fledged addiction. Objectives: To assess the health problems related to junk food habits; To assess the burden of addiction to junk food using a novel junk food addiction scale and to describe the alternate diets followed. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among people across three generations: Generation X, Millenials and Generation Z residing in urban Karnataka, India. Using convenient sampling, a sample size of 500 subjects were selected. Addiction to junk food was assessed by a novel Junk Food Addiction Scale developed for the study. Result: All 500 study subjects had consumed either junk/street/fast/instant food any time in the past 1 year. A total of 211 (42.2%) subjects reported acute health problem and 182 (36.4%) chronic health problems following junk food consumption. The burden of junk food addiction was found to be 80 (16%) [CI (95%): 13.32-18.68] of which majority 70 (14%) had mild addiction. The prevalence of different fad diets followed for 3 months or more was 137 (27.4%).Conclusion:Junk food addiction was observed in more than one tenth of the subjects. Majority had mild addiction and observed equally between Millennials and Generation Z. Obesity, habits and gadgets had independent effects on junk food addiction. More than one forth subjects followed fad diets.

28 ref

042359   DAS D, VENKATESAN.R (Musculoskeletal and Sports Dep, The Oxford Coll of Physiotherapy, Begur Road, Hongasandra, Bangalore) : Dynamic sitting exercise versus spinal extension exercise on pain, lumbar mobility and quality of life in adults with mechanical low back pain. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(1), 10.5958/0973-56.

Now-a-days it is seen that busy work schedule and unhealthy environment leads to discontinuity in exercising despite of awareness and knowledge of its effectiveness on problems like low back pain. There are many factors including improper posture, over loading, immobility, trunk muscles weakness leads to mechanical low back pain in adults. Exercises of various types have been used in managing low back pain. Hence there is a need to find out a single functional and effective exercise for such problems so that they can be done anytime during work and without any equipment which is also economical. Thirty adults aged between 20-30 years participated in this comparative experimental study. After underwent physical screening for selection criteria mechanical low back pain followed by simple randomization participants were divided into group A and group B. Group A and group B received dynamic sitting and spinal extension exercise respectively for thrice a week for six weeks. Pre and post values were assessed using outcome measures Visual Analog Scale for pain, MMST used for lumbar mobility and Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire for quality of life. In comparison of post test scores of outcome measures evidenced that the reduction of pain score, improvement in lumbar mobility and quality of life scores. There were significantly improvement among the adults with mechanical low back pain treated with Dynamic sitting exercise (DSE) than treated with Spinal extension exercise (SEE). 6 weeks of dynamic sitting and spinal extension exercise can prevent in pain and improvement in lumbar mobility and quality of life in adults with mechanical low back pain.

2 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

040506   YUVARAJ B Y, MANE V P, ANILKUMAR L, BIRADAR M, NAYAKA V, SREENIVASAMURTHY R (Community Medicine Dep, Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences, Koppal - 583 231, Karnataka, Email: vijaymane01@gmail.com) : Prevalence of consumption of smokeless tobacco products and exposure to second hand smoke among women in the reproductive age group in a rural area of Koppal, Karnataka. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 92-5.

Tobacco use is one of the most important causes of death and disease globally. Nearly one-third of the population in India uses tobacco, and smokeless form is culturally acceptable even among women. (1) To estimate the prevalence of consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products among women in the reproductive age group in the study setting. (2) To determine the various factors associated with the consumption of SLT. (3) To estimate the prevalence of exposure to second-hand smoke among the study participants. A cross‑sectional study was conducted in the field area of primary health center Irkalgad, Koppal in March 2018. A cluster sampling technique was used and a total of 829 women were included. Data were collected using pretested and semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using the Epi info software version 3.5.4 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America). The prevalence of consumption of SLT products was 17.85 %, and the most common product consumed was tobacco with betel quid. Tobacco consumption was found to be significantly associated with age, literacy, marital, and employment status of the study participants. The present study concludes that SLT consumption is high among women in the reproductive age group in the study setting and identifies multiple determinants for effective planning of interventions.

2 tables, 20 ref

040505   CHERIAN V, DUGG P, KHAN A M (Community Medicine Dep, Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital Univ Coll, New Delhi -110095, Email: khanamirmaroof@gmail.com) : Prevalence of pet dog ownership in an urban colony of East Delhi and awareness regarding canine zoonotic diseases and responsible pet ownership among dog owners. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 89-91.

India has lowly prioritized pet‑associated zoonosis as a public health priority because data regarding the same and the susceptible population involved are sparse. To find the proportion of pet dog ownership in a settled urban colony of East Delhi and to assess awareness regarding canine zoonotic diseases and responsible pet ownership. This was a cross‑sectional descriptive study of 700 participants in an urban colony of East Delhi. The proportion of pet dog owners was 5.4 %. Only one‑third (34.2 %) of the respondents were aware that pets are a source of disease. Amajority of pet owners (86.8 %) identified rabies as a disease caused by the bite of only stray dogs. The proportion of responsible pet owners was 39.4 %. Only one‑tenth of surveyed households had registered their pet with the local municipal authorities, despite such registration being a compulsory requirement by law. This study provides us with a better understanding of the lacunae in awareness of zoonotic diseases and its preventive measures among pet owners. All pet owners have a responsibility to ensure that their pets are healthy and free from disease.

1 table, 19 ref

044464   SHARMA S N, SINGH R, KUMAWAT R, SINGH S K (Ministry of Health & FW, 22 - Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, Email: drsns.nvbdcp@gmail.com) : Guidelines for vector surveillance and its control at international airports and ports in India. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 38-60.

International Health Regulations (IHR) were brought into consideration during 1969 to which all the member states were required to notify to WHO any specific disease outbreaks/ public health emergencies of international concern within 24 hours through focal point, maintain sanitary standards at international borders and PoE as prescribed under IHR. In May 2005, the Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly adopted the new International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005), which came into force in July 2007. In the IHR, state parties are requested to designate airports, and ports that shall develop core capacities requirements, and where justified for public health reasons, may also designate ground crossing. To prevent the threat to Yellow Fever, Zika, Dengue/DHF, KFD, CCHF, Plaque etc., although efforts are being made to address the issue of prevention and control of vector borne diseases, yet lot is to be done in terms of infra-structure strengthening, capacity building, proper planning, implementation and strict monitoring and supervisions at all levels at the grassroot level. An attempt has been made in this regard to address the issue of vectors of Dengue/DHF, Zika, Yellow Fever and Rodents, flies and cockroaches. The guidelines regarding vector surveillance and control may be used as a basis for at PoEs i.e. International airports/ seaports. The development of a management plan for preparing and performing vector surveillance and applying public health measures within the framework of the 2005 IHR is the need of hour and should be a main focus. The primary aim of developing these guidelines is to assist public health authorities at PoE in strengthening core capacities and managing vector surveillance and control programmes by providing technical guidance and skills  on the optimal use of resources, planning, monitoring, and decision-making.

14 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

040504   SATHIYANARAYANAN S, KUMAR P, RAO C R, KUMAR A, KAMATH A, KAMATH V (Community and Family Medicine Dep, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri ? 520 008, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sathiya@aiimsmangalagiri.edu.in) : Prevalence of maternal measles antibody and its associated factors among infants in coastal Karnataka, India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 83-8.

The current recommendation in India to commence first dose of measles immunization is at 9 months of age. The effectiveness of measles vaccination is greatly impacted by the level of maternal measles antibody (MMA) during infancy. To find the prevalence of MMA and to study the maternal and infant factors associated with persistence of MMA among the infants in a Indian rural community. Dried blood spot sample was collected before vaccination among infants aged 9 months and above when they came for first dose of measles vaccine to assess measles‑specific maternal IgG antibody titers by enzyme immunoassay. Maternal and child factors influencing persistence of MMA were collected by interviewing the mothers. Association between various factors affecting seropositivity was tested using univariate logistic regression analysis and strength of association is reported as risk ratio with 95 % confidence interval. Based on the qualitative estimation among all the recruited children (250) in the study, 4 (1.6 %) infants showed the presence of MMA whereas 25 (10 %) of children had MMA on quantitative estimation. The effect of maternal factors, child nutrition, and sociodemographic factors on the presence of MMA was not found to be statistically significant. The prevalence of persistent MMA (IgG titer ≥200 mIU/ml) among the infants aged 9–12 months was 10 %. The choice of vaccinating infants at the end of 9 months for the first dose of measles vaccine is justified as the remaining (90 %) of infants were susceptible for measles infection at this age.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

040503   AGRAWAL T, BHATTACHARYA S, LAHARIYA C (International Business Economics and Finance Dep, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: c.lahariya@gmail.com) : Pattern of use and determinants of return visits at community or Mohalla clinics of Delhi, India. Indian J Chem Technol 2020, 45(1), 77-82.

Mohalla or Community Clinics of Delhi, India, have made primary care accessible, equitable, and affordable for women, elderly, and children in the underserved areas. To understand the population subgroups which use these clinics and to analyze why people use these facilities and the determinants of the return visits for health seeking. This was a community‑based cross‑sectional study, with primary data collection from 25 localities across Delhi. A pretested semi‑structured interview schedule was used for data collection. Two regression models were used for data analysis: a linear probability model to understand the factors contributing to the use of these clinics and a probit regression model to understand the determinants of return visits to these facilities. Four hundred ninety‑three ever‑married women residing in study settings were included. The age of beneficiaries, marital status, distance from the clinics, and awareness about the services were found to be positively associated with the use of Mohalla Clinics. The proximity to households, waiting time at clinics, interaction time with the doctor, perceived performance of doctor, and effectiveness of treatment influenced the decision on a return visit for care seeking. Improved information on service provision, proximity to the facility, assured provision of doctors and laboratory services, and increased patient–doctor interaction time have the potential to increase the use and return visits to these Community or Mohalla Clinics. The lessons from this study can be used to design government primary health‑care facilities in urban settings, for increased use by the target populations.

4 tables, 23 ref

040502   BEGUM J, ALI S I, PANDA M (Community Medicine Dep, Great Eastern Medical School, Srikakulam - 532 484, Andhra Pradesh, Email: irfanrocksmbbs@gmail.com) : Introduction of interactive teaching for undergraduate students in community medicine. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 72-6.

There is lack of interest in the subject of community medicine among undergraduate MBBS students leading to poor understanding of community problems and drastic fall in preventive, promotive component of health care. To evaluate effectiveness of interactive teaching learning (ITL) over traditional teaching learning (TTL) methods in creating interest in the subject. 1. To identify the need of interactive teaching among students. 2. To know the perception of students towards it.3. To know the views and opinion of faculties towards it. An interventional study at NRIIMS, Vishakhapatnam. After need assessment survey, under graduate MBBS students were randomly allocated to study (A) and control groups (B). 2 topics were taught using ITL 1& 2 in group A and TTL in group B. After a washout period of 15 days, 2 other topics were taught using ITL3 & 4 in group B and TTL in group A, which was followed by assessment. Feedback from students and faculties were taken at the end of session. 82 % of students felt significant need of interaction in classroom. There was an increase in performance of students in the intervention group in terms of better scores (>75 % score) which was found to be statistical significant in all the four sessions (P value are 0.0230, 0.0058, 0.0075, 0.0034 for TPS, BS, CBS, PTP respectively). Students were satisfied, so as the faculties with the implementation of ITL module. Student performance was increased. Overall satisfaction was good among students and faculties

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

040501   MISHRA D K, TRIATHY N K, MAHANTY B, BUDA B, BEHERA M K (Community Medicine Dep, Hi?Tech Medical Coll and Hospitals, Bhubaneswar - 751 025, Odisha, Email: drnkt1979@yahoo.com) : To study smoking violations through global positioning system enabled mobile app, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 66-71.

The Government of India has formulated the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) to implement measures to ensure that effective protection is provided to nonsmokers from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke. Bhubaneswar is the capital city of Odisha, India, was declared as “Tobacco Smoke Free City” in 2010. For strengthening the implementation of the COTPA Act, an effective regular assessment is needed, and hence, an observational study was planned to assess the current violations of Tobacco Smoking in Bhubaneswar. In this observational study, 416 different places were chosen from four different zones of Bhubaneswar. Data were collected with the help of Mobile enabled global positioning system (GPS) technology and pretested structured questionnaire. In this study, 52.88 % places were found to be having smoking violations. The study shows maximum violations have occurred in public places(90.89 %) followed by transit places (75 %). Violations were found to be very low in government buildings, educational, medical institutes, and hotel/ restaurants. The average number of smokers in the city was found to be 4.90/place and the average number of smokers was found to be 4.37/ public place. In this study, GPS‑enabled Mobile App can be used to identify the different locations, where a violation of law occurs. This may help administrators to properly plan and implement the law. Even though Bhubaneswar was declared “Tobacco Smoke free city” in 2010, it is still lacking behind in fulfilling the implementation of law, to reduce Second Hand Smoking.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

044462   SARIN A, SARIN A (MR International Institute of Research and Studies, Delhi-NCR, Email: dr.anilsarin@gmail.com) : Coronavirus disease (covid-19): Spread, awareness and strategic containment. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 22-31.

Whenever, there is introduction of new medicine, medical intervention, new technology, studies, research, etc., world feels excited. The reason for this excitement is that everyone feels that lives will become better on this earth. On the contrary, the world of 21st century has been caught unaware from the dreadful Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), that is killing thousands of people every day irrespective of their economic or social status, and affiliation to developed, developing and under-developed countries.  While writing this paper, the unfortunate death toll due to COVID-19 is highest in USA, known as strongest nation of the world due to its economic, military and technological development. This paper is an attempt of understanding the awareness level of people towards the precautions for containing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in India through the engagement and integrated approach of Indian Government; based on the factors - social distancing, washing hands effectively and frequently, staying at home. On the basis of conducting survey and analyzing the data related to awareness (towards the precautions to combat this dreadful virus) of people in India, the results show that the government was able to make people aware in the shortest time. The awareness of public about the precautions and utility of lockdown proved useful resulting in much lessor causalities in India in comparison to the countries which delayed in taking these initiatives. Indian model of confining the virus seems to be valid till the appearance of COVID-19 treatment.

17 tables, 33 ref

040500   SHENOY R D, SINDGIKAR S P, SHENOY V, UPPOOR R, RAO R, SINGH S (Paediatrics Dep, NITTE (Deemed to be Univ), Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: rathika.shenoy@nitte.edu.in) : Pregnancy outcome in occupational tobacco exposure: A cohort study from south India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 54-9.

Women constitute a significant labor pool in the Indian tobacco industry as bidi (hand‑rolled cigarette) rollers. On an average, they roll around 600 bidis/day and are exposed to 120 g of tobacco and 3 g of nicotine. Bidis do not have chemical preservatives or stabilizing agents, and therefore, the rollers are exposed only to nicotine by handling and inhalation. The study objective was to assess pregnancy outcome in these women with occupational tobacco exposure. A prospective cohort study of bidi‑rollers(n = 177) and women with no tobacco exposure (n = 354), followed up for pregnancy outcome, neonatal anthropometry, and nicotine absorption by cotinine assays. Adjusted risk and adjusted mean differences with a 95% confidence interval were derived. Outcomes included increased adjusted risk for gestational hypertension (3.54 [1.21, 10.31]; P = 0.021) and fetal growth restriction (2.71 [1.39, 5.29]; P = 0.004). Risk for prematurity was not statistically significant (1.81 [0.74, 4.45]; P = 0.194). Lower adjusted mean difference of birth weight (−104 g [−177, −31]; P = 0.005), length (−0.4 cm [−0.8, −0.1]; P = 0.006), and head circumference (−0.4 cm [−0.6, −0.1]; P = 0.002) were seen with increased risk for small for gestational age (1.75 [1.12, 2.73]; P = 0.015). Nicotine absorption was evident in one‑third of maternal and cord blood estimations. Occupational passive tobacco exposure results in adverse pregnancy outcome.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

040499   JANARDHANA N, MANJULA B (Psychiatric Social Work Dep, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Email: janardhannimhans@gmail.com) : Parental group interventions for parents of children with mental health problems admitted in a tertiary care center: An experience from India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 48-53.

Families play a critical role in their children’s development and learning. Parents’ understanding of their child’s illness has a significant impact on the parent–child relationship and helps them to have realistic expectations. The objective of this study is to understand the use of parental‑group intervention for making parents understand the problems of the children and to develop skills to deal with the problems. A six‑session parental‑group intervention module was developed and tested. Data from the group session were collected for 6 months and have been analyzed. Majority of the parents appreciated the intervention program as it led to skill‑building and understanding of the mental health problems among children. Demonstration was liked most of the parents (74) parenting skills and stress management (71 parents); 68 parents liked session on school‑related issues; 60 parents liked session on developmental disorders; 54 parents liked session on emotional and behavioral problems. Group‑based parenting programs are found to be effective in improving the overall psychosocial health of parents and the emotional and behavioral problems of children and adolescents as a result of better parenting.

3 tables, 25 ref

040498   WARDANI D W S R, WAHONO E P (Public Health Dep, Lampung Univ, Bandar Lampung 35145, Indonesia, Email: dyah.wulan@fk.unila.ac.id) : Spatio temporal dynamics of tuberculosis clusters in Indonesia. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 43-7.

Stratification of social determinants leads to clustering of low socioeconomic communities, which then leads to spatio‑temporal tuberculosis (TB) clusters. While previous studies have investigated spatio‑temporal TB clusters, few have reported on the dynamics of them and the characteristics of social determinants. To investigate the spatio‑temporal dynamics of TB clusters in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, from 2015 to 2016, and to identify the characteristics of population density and percentage of poverty of the clusters. A cross‑sectional study was performed to analyze the spatio‑temporal dynamics of TB clusters. The sample consisted of 705 TB patients (2015) and 1134 TB patients (2016), registered in 30 community health centers in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Geographical coordinates of the TB patients’ residence were collected using Geographical Positioning System. Secondary data, consisting of population density and the percentage of poverty, were obtained from the subdistrict office in the region under investigation. Data were analyzed with space–time permutation model using SaTScan software. Spatio‑temporal dynamics of TB clusters were found in 2015 and 2016, including the number of significant clusters, TB cases within the clusters, as well as locations and sizes of the clusters. All the clusters were found to have similar social determinant characteristics: medium–high population density and low–medium percentage of poverty. TB control programs in countries with a high TB burden and low social determinants should consider the spatio‑temporal dynamics of the TB cluster and its social determinant characteristics for a better TB’s intervention.

4 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

040497   SAMUDYATHA U C, CHAUDHARI V, CHAUHAN N, DAMOR R, KOSAMBIYA J K, MUNSHI R (Community Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll, Surat, Gujarat, Email: ucsamudyatha@gmail.com) : Restructuring the modified faine’s criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis in monsoon: A study from south Gujarat. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 36-42.

Clinical and epidemiological variables in the modified Faine’s criteria offered low validity in our study setting. Restructuring and validating modified Faine’s criteria for leptospirosis to better suit health scenario of south Gujarat. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of derivation cohort (1216 suspected leptospirosis cases) admitted at a tertiary care hospital of south Gujarat (2007–2015) that significantly correlated with confirmed leptospirosis were used in binary logistic regression to derive scoring models and receiver operating characteristic to determine cutoff values. Validity and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were estimated in validation cohort (82 cases, 2016–2017) and algorithm for diagnosis was prepared. Screening model consisted of the presence of conjunctival suffusion, calf tenderness, raised serum creatinine, headache with conjunctival suffusion and/or jaundice, and dyspnea/meningism. Area under curve (AUC) for screening model was 0.590 (standard error [SE] ±0.017) and cutoff score $\ge$ 9 gave sensitivity 79.16 %, specificity 50%. The confirmatory model consisted of laboratory parameters, namely polymerase chain reaction, immunoglobulin M ELISA, and microscopic agglutination test and gave AUC 0.998 (SE ± 0.001), sensitivity 89.58 %, specificity 85.29 %, positive predictive value 89.58 %, and negative predictive value 85.29 % at cutoff score ≥ 100. Net sensitivity of algorithm was 98.27 % at the point of screening (screening model and rapid test) and net specificity 87.89 % at the point of confirmation (screening followed by confirmatory model) in validation cohort. Simultaneous use of screening model and rapid test gave NRI 81.25 % and sequential use of confirmatory test gave NRI 47.18 % compared to corresponding parts of the modified Faine’s criteria.

2 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

040496   KOKIWAR P R, NIKITHA P (Community Medicine Dep, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana, Email: kokiwar@gmail.com) : Efficacy of focused group discussion on knowledge and practices related to menstruation among adolescent girls of rural areas of RHTC of a medical college: An interventional study. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 32-5.

Learning about menstrual hygiene is vital part of health education for adolescent girls so that they can continue to work and maintain hygienic habits throughout their adult life. The aim is to study the efficacy of focused group discussion (FGD) in comparison to didactic lecture method (DL) on knowledge and practices related to menstruation among adolescent girls of rural areas. Community‑based interventional study was carried out among 260 adolescent girls. Knowledge and practice were assessed with the help of questionnaire preintervention. During intervention, 130 girls in DL group were given DL and 130 girls in FGD received FGD. After 2 months, all 260 girls were contacted. Their knowledge and practices were assessed using same questionnaire. Yates corrected Chi‑square and Student’s t‑test was used. Both methods were equally effective in increasing mean knowledge and practices score (P < 0.05). On comparison of mean postintervention scores between the two groups for knowledge, the FGD method was found to be superior (P < 0.05) but not for practices (P > 0.05). FGD was more effective than DL method for knowledge related to menstruation but not for practices.

3 tables, 11 ref

040495   STALIN P, MANIKANDAN M, ANTONY V, MURUGAN N, SINGH Z, KISKU K H, PURTY A J, VASUDEVAN K, CHERIAN J, BABU V et al (Community Medicine Dep, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry - 605 014, Email: stalinmedico@gmail.com) : Identifying and addressing factors contributing to pretreatment loss to follow up of tuberculosis patients referred for treatment from medical colleges in Pondicherry: An implementation research. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 27-31.

In India, there is no feedback regarding 34 % of tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed and referred from medical colleges for treatment to peripheral health institutions (PHIs). The aim of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the new intervention package, developed based on qualitative study in reducing pretreatment loss to follow‑up (PTLFU) of all TB patients diagnosed and referred for treatment from medical colleges to PHIs. An intervention was developed based on the findings of in depth‑interviews conducted among different stakeholders such as TB patients who did/did not report, service providers working in four medical colleges in Pondicherry. Intervention consisting of phone calls, home visits, etc., was implemented for a period of 6 months. The baseline and endline proportion of TB patients for whom feedback received was determined from the available records (Revised National TB Control Program State Task Force Quarterly reports). Patient’s ignorance, lack of faith in healthcare system, side effects and social stigma, unpleasant experience in hospitals, poor accessibility to directly observed treatment, short‑course centers, drugs shortage, poor coordination between program and hospital staff were the risk factors for PTLFU. At baseline, the proportions of feedback received about TB patients referred for treatment from medical colleges to PHIs was 46 %. After the initiation of interventions, it increased to 61 % and 66 % in the first and second quarters of 2017, respectively. Risk factors for PTLFU were multi‑factorial related to both patient and health system. Simple, feasible interventions such as phone calls and home visits to TB patients were effective in reducing PTLFU.

4 tables, 11 ref

044460   SHARMA S N, SINGH S K (Ministry of Health & FW, 2 Sham Nath Marg, Delhi, Email: drsns.nvbdcp@gmail.com) : Challenges and threats due to deadly corona virus in India and dealing it with social vaccine (distancing)- The only weapon. J Commun Dis 2020, 52(1), 7-13.

The whole world is, presently, reeling under a serious crisis due to wide spread of a very unique and deadly corona virus. It is said to have originated from China and spread over more than 200 countries across the world. There have been reports of high mortality and morbidity in China, Spain, Italy, USA, UK and France due to wide spread of this dangerous and contagious disease. Unfortunately, this war is being fought by the frontline warriors i.e. doctors, nurses, health workers, sanitary staff but, with no real weapon presently, as no drug or vaccine has been found effective to deal with this deadly virus. The spread/ transmission cycle is very fast due to its very highly contagious nature and fast multiplication. Though, India has made all concerted efforts from the very beginning with all proactive actions and preparedness to deal with the situation due to coronavirus, yet it is becoming a Challenging task in some hotspots due to lack of social distancing or lockdown by some people in the community. The first phase of lockdown in the whole country started on 25th March for 21 days in order to break down the chain of transmission. However, due to its spread in some hotspots, it has been extended for another 19 days so as to well control the clusters and to prevent further spread. In an address to the Nation, Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon. Health Minister of India stressed the need of social distancing and lockdown as comprehensive strategy for prevention and break the chain of transmission for coronavirus and term social distancing as “social vaccine” besides other measures being taken for diagnosis and treatment. An attempt has been made in this manuscript to describe the challenges and threats caused by deadly corona virus in India with the benefits of social vaccine (distancing)-the only weapon to prevent and break the transmission.

21 ref

040494   GOWDA G, THENAMBIGAI R (Community Medicine Dep, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru - 560 070, Karnataka, Email: thena1488@gmail.com) : A study on respiratory morbidities and pulmonary functions among traffic policemen in Bengaluru city. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 23-6.

Air pollution is a major public health problem in the present Indian cities, due to unplanned urbanization and increased use of vehicles. Traffic policemen, due to the nature of their job and working atmosphere, are more prone to develop respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rhinitis, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and others. The objective was to find out the respiratory morbidities and to assess their pulmonary function using computerized spirometry among traffic policemen in Bengaluru city. A cross‑sectional study was conducted for a period of 6 months (from January 2018 to June 2018) in randomly selected traffic police stations in South Bengaluru, Karnataka. A pretested, semi‑structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the demographic profile, duration of exposure, smoking history, allergy/asthma history, and the use of personal protective measures. Pulmonary function test (PFT) was done to assess the lung function using computerized spirometry. Data were entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 version. A total of 217 traffic policemen were included in the study. The mean duration of working in the traffic department was 5.9 ± 6.6 years (mean ± standard deviation). Among them, 101 (46.5 %) used personal protective measures. Allergic rhinitis was reported by 38 (17.5 %) individuals, and 28 (12.9 %) individuals had chest symptoms(cough and breathing difficulty). Among them, 44 (20.3 %) experienced exacerbation of these symptoms at the workplace. Observed mean values of all parameters in the PFT were less than their predicted (expected) values. There was increased burden of respiratory problems and lower lung volumes and flows among traffic policemen.

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

040493   CHAUHAN P A, BHALANI K D (Community Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll, Bhavnagar - 364 001, Gujarat, Email: kdbhalani@gmail.com) : Evaluation of maternal health services being provided to the high risk mothers of Bhavnagar District, Gujarat. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 18-22.

Despite substantial progress on maternal and child mortality, neither the Millennium Development Goal 4 nor 5 targets could be met. The global maternal mortality ratio declined by 44 % between 1990 and 2015, short of the targeted 75 % fall. The objective of the study is to evaluate the maternal health services being provided to the high‑risk mothers (HRMs) of Bhavnagar district. It was a cross‑sectional study conducted among the HRMs of Bhavnagar district during the period from March 2017 to August 2018. A total of 90 HRMs were selected and interviewed. All the HRMs were measured for blood pressure and weight; tested for hemoglobin, blood group, and HIV; and examined for pedal edema. None of the HRMs were tested for sickle cell anemia. In the best performing primary health centers (PHCs), all the HRMs were tested for venereal disease research laboratory and hepatitis B surface antigen as against 79.5 % of the HRMs from the worst‑performing PHCs. About 47.7 % of the HRMs from the worst‑performing PHCs and 13.3 % of the HRMs from the best‑performing PHCs made <4 antenatal care (ANC) visits. For most of the ANC services, reason for nonreceipt of the service as given by the HRMs was “service not offered.”

4 tables, 7 ref

044459   PAUL A S, VINCENT J, SAJU C R, RAFI M M ( Community Medicine Dep, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, Email: chippyme93@gmail.com) : A study on larval indices of aedes and risk for dengue outbreak in a rural area of Thrissur District, Kerala. J Commun Dis 2020, 1-6, 1-6.

Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals in the world. Their ability to carry and spread disease to humans’ cause millions of deaths every year. Knowledge regarding the bionomics of mosquito is utmost important for developing control measures. Dengue is one of the most important and fastest re-emerging arboviral diseases, with 2.5 billion people living in areas of risk. The larval indices are easy to assess and gives the mosquito density. This study was done to calculate standardized larval indices over a period of 5 months, to determine the major breeding sources for mosquitoes, to study the seasonal trends in larval indices in a rural residential area under Kaiparambu Panchayat of Thrissur district, Kerala. A cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 5 months (June-October) in the houses under ARCH (Amala Rural Community health) programme of Amala Institute of Medical Sciences-Kaiparambu  panchayat  of  Thrissur  district.  A  house  to  house  survey  was done and every water holding container-indoor and outdoor were counted,  searched  for  larval  presence,  collected  and  assessed.  Each  Larvae collected was examined and species identified. Descriptive statistics was done manually to quantify the percentage of positive containers obtained. A total of 581 houses were surveyed, 223 had larval presence. The entomological indices were respectively accounted as Container Index=29.03; House Index=49.1; Breteau Index=80.3 in June and CI=19.8; HI=32.6; BI=34.7 in October. There was seasonal variation in the indices. The commonest species of mosquito identified was Aedes albopictus. The area has high risk for mosquito borne disease outbreaks, with seasonal variations and rainfall patterns. With adequate preventive measures, it can be avoided.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

040492   SINGH S K, SHARMA S K, SIDDHANTA A (Mathematical Demography and Statistics Dep, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai - 400 088, Maharashtra, Email: santoshiips88@gmail.com) : Major correlates and socioeconomic inequalities in hysterectomy among ever married women in India. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 12-7.

This article focuses at the prevalence of hysterectomy, its major correlates, and the socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of hysterectomy among women in India. It used data from 527,865 ever‑married women interviewed in 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey‑4 from 601,000 households across 640 districts in the country. The economic inequalities in the prevalence of hysterectomy have been analyzed using poor–rich ratio and the concentration index (CI) in addition to the adjusted effects of major correlates through multiple logistic regression. Unadjusted (9.3 %) and adjusted prevalence of hysterectomy (odds ratio [OR] =7.3; P < 0.001) are significantly higher among women aged 40 and above. Women from rural areas (OR = 1.2; P < 0.001) and those who were formerly married (6 %) were more likely to have undergone hysterectomy. Over two‑thirds of hysterectomies were conducted in private health‑care facilities, where 51 % reported that excessive menstrual bleeding was the main reason for hysterectomy. The value of poor–rich ratio (0.79) and CI (0.121) clearly depicts that hysterectomy is more inclined to be concentrated among middle‑to‑richer class of women in India. Private health‑care sector should have standard regulatory practices to deliver more efficient, accountable, and sustainable maternal health‑care services.

1 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

040491   YADAV A, DEVGAN A, SHAW S C, DUDEJA P (Pediatrics Dep, Armed Forces Medical Coll, Pune - 411 040, Maharashtra, Email: drscshaw@rediffmail.com) : Maternal ability to correctly detect significant jaundice in Indian neonates. Indian J Community Med 2020, 45(1), 8-11.

The ability of mothers to correctly detect jaundice in their newborns is largely unknown. The objective was to ascertain the ability of mother to correctly detect the presence of significant jaundice in her newborn. This cross‑sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India from February 2015 to July 2016. All inborn neonates more than 34 weeks’ gestation were included. Congenital malformations, perinatal asphyxia, neonatal sepsis, readmission after discharge, and isoimmunization were excluded. A total of 505  inborn newborns were independently assessed by the mother and the treating pediatrician for significant jaundice every day till discharge. Each newborn underwent total serum bilirubin estimation on suspicion of significant jaundice by either of the two or at discharge, whichever was earlier. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value of maternal detection of significant jaundice was 51.47 %, 88.33 %, 39.29 %, and 92.12 %, respectively. Mothers have poor sensitivity and PPV to detect significant neonatal jaundice in the Indian population.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

042358   KULKARNI S, ADHIKARI S, SUNIL KUMAR K S, MUKKANNAVAR P (SDM Coll of Physiotherapy, Karnataka, Dharwad) : Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder among postmenopausal women: A cross sectional study. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Postmenopausal women are subjected to various health issues amongst which the musculoskeletal conditions are most prevalent. Various studies have been done to find out the prevalence of numerous menopausal symptoms but, there are very few studies done especially in India to evaluate the burden of various musculoskeletal disorders using standardized questionnaire. To find out the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among postmenopausal women. A total 351 postmenopausal women were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria from S.D.M College of medical sciences and hospital, Dharwad. Data was obtained on sociodemographic and region wise musculoskeletal pain using standardized Nordic questionnaire. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among postmenopausal women was found to be 56 % with mean age of onset of menopause as 46 yrs. Region wise analysis of musculoskeletal pain among postmenopausal women showed back (57 %) and knee (72 %) pain to be most prevalent. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in postmenopausal was considered to be higher in this part of India. Most of the postmenopausal women are affected with musculoskeletal pain mainly in the back and knee regions and the causes for the same are multifactorial among Indian population.

1 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

042357   SAKUNKARUNA S, SAKUNKARUNA Y, SAKULSRIPRASERT P, MONGKONPATTARASUK A , YOTSUNGNEON S, LASKIN J J (Mahidol Univ, MT, USA, Email: sutida.min@mahidol.ac.th) : The effect of kinesio taping on gait parameters in osteoarthritic knee patients: randomized controlled trial. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

To evaluate the effect of Kinesio taping facilitating technique on Vastus medialis oblique and gracilis muscles regarding gait parameters in osteoarthritic (OA) knee patients. Twenty-six OA knee patients randomly assigned into two groups; Kinesio taping group (50 % tension facilitating technique applied on vastus medialis oblique and gracilis muscles) and placebo groups. Subjects were assessed gait parameters with the modified six-minute walk test by self-adjusted speed on the force distribution measurement systems (FDM-T) for three occasions: before, immediately and 48 hours after taping. Two-way repeated ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Significant increases of step length, stride length and cadence were found immediately after Kinesio taping with p-value 0.008, 0.015, 0.042 respectively. As well as after 48 hours the Kinesio taping group had significant improvement (p-value < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrated that the Kinesio taping for osteoarthritic knee can improve walking pattern as shown in gait parameters and speed. The Thai Clinical Trial Registration (TCTR) number: TCTR20180503003.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

042356   KIATKULANUSORN S, LUANGPON N, TUDPOR K (Burapha Univ, Muang, Chonburi, Thailand-20131) : Increased upper and lower trapezius muscle activities during rest in side-lying position in young adults with forward head posture. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

Forward head posture (FHP) is a problem with muscle imbalance around neck and shoulder girdle. The FHP might be a silent threat for young adults in their later stages of life. An impact of the FHP on muscle activities in upright posture has been well established; however, how it influences neck and shoulder muscle activities in side lying-position has been still elusive. This study was aimed to investigate electrical muscle activities (% maximum voluntary contraction, % MVC) on both upper and lower sides of 4 neck and shoulder muscles—sternocleidomastoid (SCM), upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT) and lower trapezius (LT) using surface electromyography (EMG) in 34 participants (normal head posture (NHP) group, aged 21.24±0.97 years old, n=17; and FHP group, aged 20.83±1.20 years old, n=17). Each participant performed side-lying position with a self-selected pillow for 5-min of acclimatization and another 12-min for EMG recordings. Results showed that there was no significant difference between %MVC on upper and lower sides of all muscles in both groups. In contrast, the % MVC of the trapezius muscles on the upper side of the FHP group were significantly higher than the NHP group i.e., 1.26±0.76 vs 0.79±0.44 in UT; and 3.06±1.86 vs 1.74±1.14 in LT, respectively. Despite symmetrical activation of bilateral muscles can be seen in both groups; however, the FHP could induce over activation of UT and LT while resting in side-sleeping position. Therefore, selective technique to minimize muscle activation during resting position might be required as preventive regimen for this group of young adults.

3 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

042355   ESCALERA G C, OZAMIZ N, GARCÍA S R D A (Neuroscience Dep, Basque Country Univ, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Lejona, Vizcaya, Spain) : Effects and benefits of physical therapy in the mood, quality of life and cognition psychological and cognitive effects of physical therapy. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther 2020, 14(2), 10.37506/ijpot..

The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of aerobic physical exercise program in the affective, quality of life and cognition aspects. This study included a sample of 40 participants with some physical pathology. All patients answered some questionnaires about clinical symptomatology (STAI, BDI, EUROqOL - 5D) and cognition (WAIS – IV). This battery test was performed before the intervention and after 10 weeks. The intervention was aerobic physical exercise consisting of an elliptical bicycle and walking on a static tape for a total of 45 minutes, three days a week. To evaluate the results, the statistical software IBM SPSS 23 was used. Values indicated a significant improvement in the affective and quality of life tests as well as higher scores in the cognitive tests once the physical exercise was performed. The results showed that aerobic physical activity improves cognitive qualities, affective status and perception of quality of life. The results show very positive possibilities for this field and for its more assiduous implementation as complementary therapy in some physical pathologies.

1 tables, 25 ref