045637   SARI L M, HAKIM R F, MUBARAK Z, ANDRIYANTO A (Oral Medicine Dep, Syiah Kuala Univ, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, Email: lizameutiasari@unsyiah.ac.id) : Analysis of phenolic compounds and immunomodulatory activity of areca nut extract from Aceh, Indonesia, against Staphylococcus aureus infection in Sprague-Dawley rats. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 134-40.

The aim of the study was to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of areca nut extract. The phytochemical content and phenolic composition of the extract were also determined. An extract of areca nut was prepared using 96 % ethanol and subsequently screened for phytochemical content using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The immunomodulatory activity of the extract was tested in 35 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into four groups: One control group and three experimental groups in which the rats received 500, 1000, or 1500 mg/kg of oral areca nut extract biweekly (BW). The extract was orally administered 14 days before the intraperitoneal challenge with Staphylococcus aureus (1×108 CFU/mL). On the 14th day of the experiment, rats in all the four groups were sacrificed. Measurement of the levels of red blood cells, hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophil, and macrophages were recorded. The activities of serum glutamate oxalate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, urea, and creatinine were also determined. Areca nut was found to contain an alkaloid, tannin, and flavonoid compounds. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of catechin as the major compound along with quercetin. Administration of areca nut extract in rats infected with S. aureus produced a significant increase in the concentration of WBC but did not affect Hct, Hb, and other cell types. Among the different doses tested, 1000 mg/kg BW was found to be most effective in cellular immunity models. No harmful effects on the liver and kidney functions were observed. The antioxidant activity of areca nut might be attributed to the presence of catechin and quercetin. Administration of areca nut extract increased the number of WBCs and improved the activity and capacity of macrophages significantly in rats infected with S. aureus.

2 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

045636   LESTARI D A, OIKAWA T, SUTOPO S, PURBOWATI E, SETIAJI A, KURNIANTO E (Animal Science Dep, Diponegoro Univ, Central Java- 50275, Indonesia, Email: kurniantoedy17@gmail.com) : Effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 gene on growth traits of Kejobong goat and its growth analysis. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 13(1).

This study aimed to identify the effect of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene on growth, to uncover the genetic marker at the IGF1 gene, and to predict growth performance by analyzing growth models of Kejobong goats based on their genotype. DNA and records of body weight (BW) and body measurements (BM) of Kejobong goats were collected, the IGF1 gene was amplified from the DNA template by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the PCR products were then sequenced to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to analyze the association between SNP and growth traits. Four non-linear growth models were analyzed using non-LMM to describe the growth model and to compare the growth within genotypes. An SNP at intron 4 (g5752G→C) genotyped into GG and CC was significantly associated with BW and BM. Goats of genotype GG had a significantly higher BW and BM (p<0.05) than those of genotype CC. Growth analysis showed that the von Bertalanffy model was the most fit for describing BW, the Brody model for chest width and hip height, the Gompertz and Logistic models for heart girth, and the von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models for hip width. An SNP at intron 4 of the IGF1 gene was associated with the growth trait and was usable as a genetic marker candidate for improvement of growth traits of Kejobong goats while von Bertalanffy model provides proper and accurate estimates of parameters to describe the growth performance of Kejobong goats.

3 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

045633   DHALIWAL N K, NARANG D, CHANDRA M, FILIA G, SINGH S T (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: deeptivet@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of adenosine deaminase activity in serum of cattle and buffaloes in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 110-3.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis. bTB causes severe economic losses resulting from livestock deaths, chronic disease, and trade restrictions. Determination of serum levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme produced by monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes, has been used in the diagnosis of human TB. This study aimed to evaluate the role of ADA enzyme activity in the diagnosis of bTB. In this study, a total of 100 animals (cattle and buffaloes) were screened for bTB by comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) test and in serum samples obtained from 100 screened animals, ADA seric activity was evaluated using ADA-MTB kit procured from Tulip Diagnostics. A total of 18 animals were positive TB reactors by CITT, 8 were positive by IFN-γ, and 4 animals were positive by both CITT and IFN-γ. The average ADA value of bTB-positive animals either by CITT, IFN-γ, or both CITT and IFN-γ was 12.55 U/L, 14.8 U/L, and 18.36 U/L, respectively, in CID negative, it was 10.57 U/L and in IFN-γ negative, it was 10.59 U/L. The average ADA value of bTB-positive animals positive either by CITT, IFN-γ, or both CITT and IFN-γ was more than the average ADA value in animals negative for bTB by either of the tests.

2 tables, 21 ref

045632   NARCANA I K, SUARDANA I W, BESUNG I N K (Udayana Univ, Bali- 802 32, Indonesia, Email: wayan_suardana@unud.ac.id) : Molecular characteristic of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Sumba Island at East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 104-9.

This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolates originated from Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The isolates of P. multocida stored in frozen storage were cultured in blood agar as a selective medium and identified conventionally. Molecular tests were initiated by DNA isolation and then followed by polymerase chain reaction tests with specific primers for the determination of P. multocida serotype A or B. Positive strain of serotype B was then confirmed molecularly using 16S rRNA gene primer and followed by the sequencing of nucleotides. The study showed that both P. multocida isolates from Sumba island, i.e. PM1 is isolated from East Sumba district, while PM2 isolated from West Sumba district have 99.6 % homology. Both isolates also known have 99% similarities with P. multocida originated from India, Britain, and Japan, respectively. The isolates share the same clade in the phylogenetic tree. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a high similarity of P. multocida serotype B:2 isolated from Sumba island with the Indian isolates although the sample size is very small. Therefore, further molecular studies like multilocus sequence typing, VNTR need to be performed using a larger number of samples to establish the genetic relatedness observed in this study.

5 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

045631   SICKINGER M, ERTELD E-M, WEHREND A (Justus-Liebig-Univ of Giessen, Giessen- 353 92, Germany, Email: marlene.sickinger@vetmed.uni-giessen.de) : Fertility following uterine torsion in dairy cows: A cross-sectional study. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 92-5.

Dairy cows with uterine torsion often are susceptible to reduced fertility resulting in more costs and effort to restore the economy of those cows. The aim of our study was to examine and evaluate the possible associations between uterine torsion and consequent uterine involution disturbances, on the one hand, and between the degree and duration of uterine torsion with fertility parameters, on the other hand. Within 1.5 years, 115 dairy cows (German Browns, German Holsteins, and German Fleckvieh) that were suffering from uterine torsion were examined to evaluate the incidence of involution disturbances of the uterus and to examine the fertility after calving. Statistical analysis included correlation analyses between the degree and duration of torsion and fertility parameters (days open, days to conception, conception rate and services per conception, and intercalving interval) as well as incidence of involution disturbances. The study revealed no statistically significant correlation between uterine involution and degree of uterine torsion. However, involution processes were significantly correlated to the time of the expulsion of the fetal membranes. Days to conception and intercalving intervals were significantly influenced by the presence of uterine torsion. Concerning fertility after uterine torsion, it was shown that reduced fertility is associated with the duration of uterine torsion (p=0.02) and time to drop of fetal membranes (p=0.02) but not with the degree of torsion (p=0.27).

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

045630   BARMAN N N, PATIL S S, KURLI R, DEKA P, BORA D P, DEKA G, RANJITHA K M, SHIVARANJINI C, ROY P, SURESH K P ( Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Assam Agriculture Univ, Guwahati, Assam, Email: sureshkp97@gmail.com) : Meta-analysis of the prevalence of livestock diseases in north eastern region of India. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 80-91.

The study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of livestock diseases in North Eastern Region (NER) of India, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data. The articles used for the study were retrieved from PubMed, J-Gate Plus, Indian Journals, and Google scholar, R open-source scripting software 3.4.3. Metafor, Meta. The Chi-square test was conducted to assess for the heterogeneity, forest plot (confidence interval [CI] plot) is a method utilized to present the results of meta-analysis, displaying effect estimate and their CIs for each study were used for searching and retrieval of livestock diseases prevalence data in India using a search strategy combining keywords and related database-specific subject terms from 2008 to 2017 in English only. The prevalence of various livestock diseases are foot-and-mouth disease (21 %), bluetongue (28 %), brucellosis in bovine (17 %), brucellosis in caprine (2 %), brucellosis in porcine (18 %), brucellosis in sheep and goat (3 %), babesiosis (6 %), theileriosis (26 %), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (1 %), porcine cysticercosis (6 %), classical swine fever (31 %), Porcine circovirus (43 %), and Peste des petits ruminants (15 %). This information helps policymakers to take appropriate measures to reduce the disease burden.  This study indicates that the overall prevalence of various livestock diseases in NER of India.

13 illus, 1 table, 123 ref

045630   BARMAN N N, PATIL S S, KURLI R, DEKA P, BORA D P, DEKA G, RANJITHA K M, SHIVARANJINI C, ROY P, SURESH K P ( Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Assam Agriculture Univ, Guwahati, Assam, Email: sureshkp97@gmail.com) : Meta-analysis of the prevalence of livestock diseases in north eastern region of India. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 80-91.

The study aimed to determine the overall prevalence of livestock diseases in North Eastern Region (NER) of India, through a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data. The articles used for the study were retrieved from PubMed, J-Gate Plus, Indian Journals, and Google scholar, R open-source scripting software 3.4.3. Metafor, Meta. The Chi-square test was conducted to assess for the heterogeneity, forest plot (confidence interval [CI] plot) is a method utilized to present the results of meta-analysis, displaying effect estimate and their CIs for each study were used for searching and retrieval of livestock diseases prevalence data in India using a search strategy combining keywords and related database-specific subject terms from 2008 to 2017 in English only. The prevalence of various livestock diseases are foot-and-mouth disease (21 %), bluetongue (28 %), brucellosis in bovine (17 %), brucellosis in caprine (2 %), brucellosis in porcine (18 %), brucellosis in sheep and goat (3 %), babesiosis (6 %), theileriosis (26 %), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (1 %), porcine cysticercosis (6 %), classical swine fever (31 %), Porcine circovirus (43 %), and Peste des petits ruminants (15 %). This information helps policymakers to take appropriate measures to reduce the disease burden.  This study indicates that the overall prevalence of various livestock diseases in NER of India.

13 illus, 1 table, 123 ref

045629   ABDELRAHMAN N, EL-BANNA R, ARAFA M M, HADY M M (Chemistry and Toxicology Dep, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt, Email: nohaabdelrahman212@gmail.com) : Hypoglycemic efficacy of Rosmarinus officinalis and/or Ocimum basilicum leaves powder as a promising clinico-nutritional management tool for diabetes mellitus in Rottweiler dogs. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 73-9.

This study examined the impact of dietary fortification with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and/or basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves powder on glycemic status of dogs. Forty-five Rottweiler dogs were assigned to five experimental groups and fed an experimentally processed extruded basal diet that was either fortified or not fortified. G1 was fed the basal diet without any fortification (negative control); G2 was consumed the basal diet supplemented with a commercially available synthetic palatant (positive control); G3 was provided with rosemary fortified (at 0.05 %) basal diet; G4 was provided with a basil fortified (at 0.05 %) basal diet; and G5 was offered a rosemary and basil fortified (each at 0.025 %) basal diet. G4 and G5 exhibited a positive impact on growth performance traits. Dogs in G3, G4, and G5 showed significant decreases in serum glucose levels in comparison to dogs of the control groups (G1 and G2). It was clear that the inclusion level of 0.05 % of basil leaves powder showed the greatest hypoglycemic action. Indeed, G4 dogs showed a reduction in blood glucose at a percentage of approximately 31 % followed by G5 and G3 groups (16.25 % and 14 %, respectively). Furthermore, basil leaves inhibited the amylase enzyme activity. Both insulin and cortisol levels in G4 dogs were increased and reduced compared to controls, respectively. In addition, dietary fortification with rosemary and/or basil significantly increased glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels, while values for malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased. It could be concluded that dietary fortification of dog diet with rosemary and/or basil leaves powder at 0.05 % separately or 0.025 % in combination might be used as promising modulators of blood glucose levels as well as cliniconutritional management tools for the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus in dogs.

5 tables, 22 ref

045628   SALEM N Y, ABDEL-SAEED H, FARAG H S, GHANDOUR R A (Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Dep, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt, Email: potta_amr@hotmail.com) : Canine demodicosis: Hematological and biochemical alterations. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 68-72.

One of the most common cutaneous infections seen in veterinary canine practice is canine demodicosis. Demodicosis is a parasitic skin infection with a possible impact on acute-phase proteins (APPs) and oxidantantioxidant balance. This study aimed to estimate the possible alterations in hematological, biochemical, oxidant-antioxidant, and APP (C-reactive protein [CRP] and albumin) profiles in naturally infected dogs with demodicosis. This study enrolled 21 dogs that were divided into two groups: The control group including 7 apparently healthy dogs and the diseased group including 14 dogs with generalized demodicosis. Demodicosis was confirmed through microscopic detection. Blood samples were collected for the estimation of CBC, total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and CRP levels. Significant reduction in red blood cells along with significant elevation in white blood cells was recorded in the diseased group compared with the control group. There was also significant elevation in MDA, TAC, SOD, and CRP levels along with significant reduction in GSH-Px and CAT levels in the diseased group. Based on these findings, a relationship between canine generalized demodicosis and oxidant-antioxidant disequilibrium could be suggested. Evidence of this relation manifested in the elevation in MDA and SOD levels and reduction in GPx and CAT levels as a consequence to the release of ROS resulting from Demodex infection. CRP elevation is expected in canine demodicosis.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

046812   DHAHIR N M, MOHAMMED S H (Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq, Email: nawaf.mohammed99@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of an education program for elementary school teachers regarding post-traumatic stress disorder among pupils in Mosul City. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194465.

The ability of teachers to recognize and respond appropriately to the emotional and social needs of their pupils plays a key role in promoting pupils’ mental health. In the absence of teachers’ supportive roles, some susceptible pupils may experience unrecognized sadness, despair, and/or anger. As a result pupils can get low academic performance, and loss of control over their lives. Therefore, teachers must be involved in specific education programs and training sessions about common childhood mental health disorders, especially post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, ensuring that the majority of teachers have benefited from such programs is an important aspect. The study objective is to construct and evaluate an education program for elementary school teachers about post-traumatic stress disorder among pupils. A Quasi-experimental design was carried out through the present study with application of pre and post-tests approach. The study sample consisted of (60) teachers participated voluntarily in the study. Teachers were randomly selected from (60) elementary schools inside Mosul (Mosul is the second largest city in Iraq). The study subjects were divided into two equal groups of (30) teachers, study group which was exposed to the education program, while the control group was not exposed to the education program. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version-25. The results reveal that there are statistically significant differences in teachers’ knowledge regarding all (PTSD) related knowledge domains in comparison between pre and post tests for study group compared with control group. The study concludes that there is a considerable acquisition in teachers’ knowledge regarding post-traumatic stress disorder following program implementation. The study recommends to construct and apply such mental health education programs in most Iraqi governorates elementary schools. 

4 tables, 8 ref

045627   FERDOUS M R A, AHMED M R, KHAN S H, MUKTA M A, ANIKA T T, HOSSAIN M T, ISLAM M Z, RAFIQ K (Pharmacology Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh, Email: rafkakoly.24@gmail.com) : Effect of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on residual status in broiler soft tissues. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 61-7.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of discriminate and indiscriminate use of oxytetracycline on hematological parameters, residual status in soft tissue of broiler and of thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status. Eighteen, day-old male broiler chickens were purchased and were divided into three different groups (control group, discriminate group, and indiscriminate group). The control group received no antibiotics. The discriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water for 5 consecutive days, and 10 days’ withdrawal period was maintained before sacrifice. The indiscriminate group received oxytetracycline 1 g/L drinking water till the sacrificed day. Blood samples were collected before sacrificing for hematological analysis. After sacrificing liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples were collected for analysis of oxytetracycline residues in raw soft tissues. Since meat is used to cook by traditional method in Bangladesh before consumption that is why positive meat samples were cooked by traditional cooking method to evaluate the thermal effect on oxytetracycline residual status as well. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was done for screening of oxytetracycline residues in soft tissues.  Mean differences of total erythrocyte count (million/mm3 ), hemoglobin estimation (gm %), and packed cell volume (%) estimation were not statistically significant among the groups. TLC analysis of raw samples showed 100 % positive results of all samples collected from the indiscriminate group. In contrast, samples collected from the discriminate group were negative for oxytetracycline residues. In the control group, all samples were negative for oxytetracycline residue. There was a significant (p<0.05) relationship of oxytetracycline residues among three different groups for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle samples. Positive liver and muscle samples from the indiscriminate group were subjected to thermal treatment by traditional cooking method of Bangladesh. Oxytetracycline residues had found in cooked meat, liver, and juice part, suggesting that antibiotic residues disseminated to juice part from flesh part after cooking. Evidence suggests that proper maintenance of withdrawal period would minimize oxytetracycline residues in broiler soft tissues, whereas antibiotics retained in soft tissues of broiler in case of indiscriminate use. Traditional cooking does not change oxytetracycline residual status in edible tissues. Therefore, awareness regarding the proper maintenance of withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment of broiler is one of the best strategies which may positively reduce the risk of antimicrobial drugs residue in meat.

1 illus, 6 tables, 37 ref

046811   FARAJ T A, MUHSIN S S (Sulaimani Univ, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq) : Assessment of self-esteem among patients with major depressive disorder in Sulaimani City. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 0.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194464.

Major depressive disorder has been associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Many researchers have been sought complex association between depressions with self-esteem. The levels of severity of such factors can play role in the causes, recovery and predictor of depression. The main objective of this study is to assess the levels of self-esteem. A quantitative descriptive design, conducted at psychiatric clinic in Ali Kamal medical consultation center in Sulaimani City. A non-probability, convenient sampling was recruited of 150 patients with major depressive disorder attending the psychiatric clinic. The data were collected from December, 21st, 2017 to April 1st, 2018 by the researcher of current study through the utilization of structured Face-to-Face interview guided by the questionnaire. The result shows that the patients with major depressive disorder experience low self-esteem. The study conclude that high self-esteem value on its own the strongest significant factor may represents emotional source and possibly used to handle or cope with depressed mood by the patients. 

6 tables, 30 ref

046810   AL-ZOBAIDY M, MOSTAFA A, HUSSIEN Z, REDAH M H, ADNAN T, MOHAMMED H (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: mohammed.a@comed.uobaghdad.edu.iq) : Prevalence of stress and coping behaviors among medical students at University of AL-Qadisiyah. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194463.

Studying medicine, particularly, creates considerable deal of stress. Therefore, the aim of current study was to evaluate prevalence of stress and coping behaviors among medical students. Descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted at AL-Qadisiyah Medical School from October to December 2018. The target population was 4th- and 5th-years medical students. Data were collected using Arabic versions of three self-reported questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Participation rate was 70 % and participants aged 19 to 26 years. Also, the most common stressors were “academic-related stressors” and the most frequently used coping behvior was “problemsolving behavior”. The academic and clinical settings at AL-Qadisiyah Medical School were percieved stressful. 

2 tables, 26 ref

045626   ABDELBASET A E, HAMED M I, ABUSHAHBA M F N, RAWY M S, SAYED A M, ADAMOVICZ J J (Animal Medicine Dep, Assiut Univ, Assiut- 71526, Egypt, Email: adamoviczj@missouri.edu) : Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and the associated risk factors in sheep and pregnant women in El-Minya Governorate, Egypt. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 54-60.

The cosmopolite protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, has a significant economic and medical impact. Cats traditionally play a predominant role in the disease maintenance cycle; however, humans can be infected as a result of milk and meat consumption of Toxoplasma-infected livestock. In addition, infected pregnant women, even symptomless, can pass the disease to their unborn fetus. The limited clinical records and absence of specific national educational programs in countries like Egypt underscore the need for periodic toxoplasmosis disease evaluation. Here, we identified T. gondii seroprevalence among sheep and pregnant women and the associated risk factors in El-Minya Governorate, Egypt. Materials and Methods: Using peripheral blood, we detected T. gondii-specific antibodies in 151 sheep and 96 pregnant women sera from El-Minya Governorate using latex agglutination and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The impact of different environmental and behavioral risk factors identified with in-person interviews and serology results on acquiring toxoplasmosis was statistically analyzed. The overall toxoplasmosis seroprevalence was 39.1 % and 22.9 % in sheep and pregnant women, respectively. Significantly higher seroprevalence was correlated with increasing sheep age and geographical location. Nonetheless, no statistical significance was found based on abortion history and pregnancy status of the examined sheep. Exposure factors important for pregnant women included pregnancy trimester, contact with cats, and the habit of eating undercooked sheep meat, which all had a statistically significant association with Toxoplasma seropositivity. The current study confirms increased antibodies against toxoplasmosis in both sheep and pregnant women in El-Minya Governorate and a clear association between women’s age, contact with cats, and the habit of eating undercooked sheep meat and seroreactivity to T. gondii. These results strongly suggest the need for a more comprehensive epidemiological study and public health awareness education for toxoplasmosis.

1 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

046809   JWAID S H, GATA A M (Middle Technique Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Comparison study of major Thalassemia, Thalassemia intermedia of Iraqi patients and control groups for effectiveness of liver enzymes. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194462.

Beta-thalassemia is an autosomal recessive disease caused by absence or reduction in the synthesis of the β-globin chain, which is one of three special scientific types, thalassemia grand, secondary and medium. In Iraq, the β-thalassemia is a real problem due to the lack of medicines and equipment during the exclusive periods of wars and insecurity. The aim of this study is to evaluate some liver enzymes among Iraqi thalassemia and β-thalassemia patients and the volunteer group. The study included 100 patients (57 females and 43 males) who were divided into two groups (53 with major thalassemia and 47 with moderate thalassemia), with an average age ± SD (14.28). The study also included 30 healthy individuals (16 males and 14 females) with average age of 15.25 years as a control group. The groups were matched by gender and age and had the same geographical and socio-economic status. The colorimetric methods were used to estimate the values of serum transaminases (GOT, GPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). There were no statistically significant differences between primary thalassemia and the control group regarding, mean age, sex, WBC count and serum serotonin, while there was statistically significant differences between thalassemia (grand) and thalassemia (mean) compared to control groups (P=0.001) in regard to (GPT), (GOT), bilirubin and (ALP) values.

2 tables, 16 ref

046808   DAWOOD H A, AL-MARZOOK F A, OMRAN R (Adult Nursing Dep, Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq) : Genetic polymorphisms of catalase enzyme with hypertension patients in Babylon governorate. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194461.

Oxidative stresses are affected in an inequality among the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system’s capability to voluntarily purify responsive intermediates or simply healing the causing destruction. Catalase was an antioxidant enzyme that acting a most important role in monitoring hydrogen peroxide focus at human cells. H₂O₂ is dissolved in H₂O and O₂ by CAT, Protecting the oxidative stress cells. It has proposed which helpful polymorphism moves the enzyme action within the gene coding catalase enzyme, thereby reducing safety against oxidative stress. Between February and October 2018 a total of thirty-five patients and fifteen control subjects were gathered. The genotyping of catalase were achieved consuming polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in addition to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). We tend to determine no significant difference within the genotype frequencies of catalase among patients with hypertension and controls using the P=0.06, OR =7.36 (0.77-69.5)).

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

045625   SITI AISIAH, PRAJITNO A, MAFTUCH M, YUNIARTI A (Brawijaya Univ, East Java- 65145, Indonesia, Email: sitiaisiah@ulm.ac.id) : Effect of Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud. leaf extract on hematological and histopathological changes in liver and kidney of striped catfish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 47-53.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of different doses of Bangkal (Nauclea subdita) leaf extract on hematological and histological changes in kidney and liver of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Catfish were experimentally infected with A. hydrophila at a dose of 108 cells/mL through intraperitoneal injection, and the hematological and histological changes in the kidney and liver of catfish against the pathogen were observed. Not all concentrations of N. subdita caused a toxic effect in striped catfish. The clinical symptoms of catfish after infection with A. hydrophila and treatment with N. subdita leaf extract included morphological and behavioral changes. N. subdita leaf extract reduced mortality caused by A. hydrophila. Treatment with N. subdita leaf extract was effective in reducing the inflammation by decreasing the activity of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The Hb and Ht levels of catfish significantly decreased after exposure to 108 cells/mL of A. hydrophila and increased significantly after N. subdita treatment. Necrosis percentages in the kidney and liver also decrease after N. subdita treatment. The results indicate that N. subdita leaf extract stimulates the immunity and increases the resistance of catfish to A. hydrophila. N. subdita leaf extract may be used as a potential source for future drug development and food applications.

4 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

046807   AL-MUSAWI K M, SHAWQ A H, MAJEED Z, ZAID S, IBRAHEEM H (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: adraa.hussein@gmail.com) : Risk factors for congenital anomalies in neonatal intensive care unit in Baghdad City. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194460.

To assess the possible risk factors of congenital anomalies and its patterns in Baghdad city. A cross sectional design carried out in NICU at two main governmental pediatric hospitals in Baghdad city. Sixteen newborns medically diagnosed with congenital anomalies were involved at time of data collection. The instrument of the study concerned with newborns and their mothers’ data related to the possible risk factors that may lead to congenital anomalies. The data were analyzed by using SPSS program. The result of the study revealed that (60 %) of neonate were boys, and (48.3 %) was preterm. For systematic body anomalies (30 %) documented for gastrointestinal system, (26.7 %) cardiovascular and (23.3 %) central nervous system. The result also showed (66.7 %) of mother > 34 years, (61.7 %) with BMI ≥30, (56.6 %) with hypertension, (63.3 %) anaemic, (60 %) self medication, (80 %) have positive family history, (58.3 %) lived near mobile station, (56.6 %) consanguinity, (70 %) did not take folic acid, (65 %) with low socioeconomic status. Most common anomalies were gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and central nervous system. Elder mothers, increased BMI, chronic diseases, consanguinity, positive family history, and low socioeconomic status were related to increased incidence of congenital anomalies. Increased health awareness about the antenatal check up, concern about neonatal exam for early diagnosis, and folic acid supplements during pregnancy period.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

045624   ADHAM D, MORADI-ASL E, ABAZARI M, SAGHAFIPOUR A, ALIZADEH P (Public Health Dep, Ardabil Univ of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran, Email: moradiasl83@yahoo.com) : Forecasting head lice (Pediculidae: Pediculus humanus capitis) infestation incidence hotspots based on spatial correlation analysis in Northwest Iran. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 40-6.

Pediculus humanus capitis has been prevalent throughout the world, especially in developing countries among elementary students and societies with a weak socio-economic status. This study aimed to forecast head lice (Pediculidae: P. capitis) infestation incidence hotspots based on spatial correlation analysis in Ardabil Province, Northwest Iran. In this retrospective analytical study, all cases of head lice infestations who were confirmed by Centers for Disease Control office have been studied from 2016 to 2018. Head lice infestation incidence hotspots in the province should be detected based on general G statistics in ArcMap GIS10.4.1. Furthermore, MaxEnt.3.3.3 model was used for modeling the high-risk areas. The prevalence rate of pediculosis was 14.90/100,000 populations. The general G statistics revealed that the head lice infestation in this study area has a high cluster pattern. The analysis showed that the Parsabad and Germi counties were identified as a head lice infestation incidence hotspots. Statistical and spatial analyses of head lice infestation incidence showed a significant positive correlation with head lice infestation incidence hotspots and the altitudes (15-500 m), annual temperature range (14-16.5 °C), and slope and average diurnal temperature (12-18 °C). The results of this study showed that the most ecologically suitable areas of head lice occurrence were identified in two hotspots (Parsabad and Germi) in the Northern areas of Ardabil Province (Parsabad and Germi counties); in the borderline of Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

5 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

046806   AL-HILALI K A, MOSA M J, HUSSEIN A A (Nursing Dep, Alsafwa Univ, Karbala, Iraq) : The role of hyperglycemia and coexisting hypertension in the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type II diabetes mellitus. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194459.

Diabetic nephropathy (D.N) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and now the most common cause of end stage renal failure ESRF worldwide but especially in developed countries. The aim of the study is to know the role of hyperglycemia and co-existing hypertension HTN in the development of D.N. among patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus(DM). One hundred and twenty one diabetic patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study. Sixty six patients were females and fifty five were males. Besides full history and physical examination data were collected according to a format. At the end, these data were collected and analyzed statistically. The average age was (54± 2.1) year , female to male ratio 66 to 55 (1.2:1) the number of patients with hyperglycemia was 90. Average random blood sugar R.B.S was 259 ± 1.6 mg/dL. number of patients with hypertension was 71, the average of systolic blood pressure BP was 158 ±  6.1mmHg and diastolic was 10.2 ± 1.1, the average duration of D.M. was (10.5 ± 4.2) year, the average of glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1c was 9.8 ± 2.1. the number of patients with D.N was 77. The data showed that hyperglycemia and co-existing of hypertension were major risk factors in the development of D.N. among patient with type II D.M.

6 tables, 31 ref

046805   AMEER Q J, MADLOL N A B (AL-Qasim Univ, Al Qasim, Iraq) : Molecular detection of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica based on Amoebapore C gene in fecal samples of camels from Babylon Province, Iraq. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194458.

The attention in the current study was payed to the identification of pathogenic Entamoebahistolytica(PEH) using molecular techniques targetedtheamoebapore C (AP-C) gene in fecal samples of camels from Babylon province, Iraq. Fifty, 50 camels, fecal samples were collected and analyzed in a laboratory using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to detect the amplification of the AP-C gene. The results demonstrated that 28 (56 %) out of 50 samples were positive for the presence of the AP-C gene. The findings showed high efficiency rate (99.7 %) of the current used technique in detecting the gene in the fecal samples of camels.The present work provides interesting data about the current presence of the pathogenic Entamoebahistolytica in the feces of the tested camels from Babylon Province, Iraq.

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

045622   MPOFU T J, NEPHAWE K A, MTILENI B (Animal Sciences Dep, Tshwane Univ of Technology, Pretoria- 0001, South Africa, Email: mpofutj@tut.ac.za) : Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in communal goats from different agro-ecological zones of South Africa. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 26-32.

A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the epidemiology of common gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) infections affecting goats in South Africa as influenced by agro-ecological zone (AEZ), sampling season, and the age and sex of animals. Materials and Methods: A total of 288 goats (101 male and 187 female) were randomly sampled during winter and summer in areas representing four AEZs (arid: 80; semi-arid: 76; humid: 62; and dry sub-humid: 70) of South Africa. Fecal samples from each animal were collected from the rectum, and the presence of GIP eggs was determined using a modified McMaster technique. A sample was considered positive when a minimum of one GIP egg was detected under the microscope. Fecal cultures were prepared, and infective larvae were collected and identified. The data were analyzed by MiniTab17 (2017) using the FREQ procedure, and the association between the independent factors and the prevalence of various GIPs were evaluated using the Pearson Chi-square test (p0.05) association was observed for the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and S. papillosus. A significant (p0.05) association between the other GIPs and sampling season. The prevalence of Eimeria spp. infection was higher in winter (34.0 %) than in summer (26.0 %). Conclusion: AEZs and goat age are the most important risk factors influencing GIP infections in South African communal goats. These epidemiological parameters are important for outlining effective parasite control management systems against these GIPs in goats.

4 tables, 62 ref

046804   AZIZ K M, ALI S A (Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq) : Determination of the critical care nurses knowledge toward enteral tube feeding in AL-Hilla Teaching Hospitals. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194457.

Patients with serious illness who admitted to the critical care unit almost have a complex nutritional needs commonly require intensive nutritional care as part of the metabolic reply to disease and injuries. The knowledge of nurses and their practices toward enteral nutrition act effectively on the clinical outcome of the patients. To evaluate the effectiveness of enteral tube feeding protocol sessions upon nurses knowledge. Quasi-experimental study conducted in the critical care units in AL – Hilla Teaching Hospitals, from the period (Sep.2018 to Aug .2019). Non-probability (purposive) sample were assigned to achieve the objectives of the study, (60) nurses divided to control and trail group, special questionnaire prepared to collect the data which divided on to three parts. The validity of the questionnaire obtained by review of (11) experts in the different filed, correlation used as statistical method to calculate the reliability of the study questionnaire which recorded as (r=0.76), which is statically acceptable. The presented that most of the study sample were male, between (22-26) years old, 14(56.0) and 19(95.5) were married most of them were bachelor degree holders. Implementation of un educational program to the nurses’ who caring to patients schulalted to tube feeding record significant improvement in the nurses’ level of knowledge.

3 tables, 13 ref

045621   OBEIDAT M D, OBEIDAT B S, NUSAIRAT B, AL-SHAREEF R (Animal Production Dep, Jordan Univ of Science and Technology, Irbid- 221 10, Jordan, Email: mdobeidat@just.edu.jo) : Fattening performance and carcass traits of Baladi and Shami-Baladi kids. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 21-5.

Goat is considered very important ruminant animals that are raised in Jordan; however, the production of the local breeds is low to moderate, and thus, some genetic improvement programs could have a positive effect on the performance of the local breeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crossing Baladi (BB) goat with Shami. A total of 30 newly weaned goat kids (15 BB and 15Shami-Baladi [SB] kids) were evaluated for growth performance and carcass traits. The trial lasted for 77 days (7 days for adaptation and 70 days for data collection). Feed intake was measured on a daily basis; body weight of kids was measured at the beginning of the study and biweekly thereafter. At the end of the trial, kids were slaughtered to examine carcass traits. Dry matter intake, initial weight, final weight, and average daily gain (ADG) were not affected by kid’s breed type. In addition, breed type of kids showed no significant effect on feed efficiency (feed:gain). Hot and cold carcass weight and dressing percentage were also not affected by kid’s breed type. Kid breed type had no significant effect on shoulder, rack, and legs percentages. However, SB kids had a higher loin cut percentage compared to BB kids. In addition, Musculus longissimus depth was higher for SB kids. Results of this study indicate that crossing SB goat breeds did not have a significant effect on either growth performance or carcass traits. Further studies using reciprocal cross may reveal different results.

5 tables, 20 ref

046803   HUSSEIN H S A, HADI K R, ALAWI S H (Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq) : Psychological factor affecting on performance thinking among the pupils: Mentally or spiritually concerned with the aspects in students’ acquisition. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194456.

The study adopted the experimental approach as a methodology for conducting research, The experimental design was adopted with partial adjustment to adjust the research variables, before applying the experiment, the researcher compared the two groups for the purpose of obtaining accurate and objective results in the following variables (The chronological age calculated in months, half-year grades, parental achievement) the researcher prepared the implementation requirements of plans, objectives and tests for the two research groups, after completing the experiment, the researcher applied the research tools to the two research groups . After correcting the students’ answers, each student received data for the experimental group and the control, the data were statistically processed by the TEST for two independent samples and showed, and the experimental group studied according to the fruit tree strategy was superior to the control group that was studied in the normal way in the variable scholastic achievement.

1 table, 17 ref

045620   GRAY M J (Massey Univ, New Zealand, Email: mail.mgray@gmail.com) : A descriptive study of ciguatera fish poisoning in cook islands dogs and cats: Demographic, temporal, and spatial distribution of cases. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 10-20.

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most common form of seafood toxicosis reported in humans worldwide. Dogs and cats are also susceptible to CFP, but there is little published and much unknown about the condition in these species. This study aimed to document the demographics of canine and feline cases of CFP, to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of cases, and to compare the incidence of animal and human CFP in the Cook Islands. Six years of medical records from the Esther Honey Foundation Animal Clinic (the only veterinary clinic in the Cook Islands during the study period) were reviewed to identify cases of CFP. The study variables included the date of presentation, species, age, sex, neutering status, and village/locality. A total of 246 cases of CFP were identified, comprising 165 dogs and 81 cats. The sexes were equally represented; however, within each sex, entire animals outnumbered those that had been desexed. Cases occurred year-round, with slightly higher numbers recorded in spring. Annual case numbers trended downward over the study period. Cases were documented in all regions of Rarotonga and also one outer island (Aitutaki). Fewer cases were seen in areas with a narrow (400 m) lagoon. This study documented epidemiologic patterns of canine and feline CFP cases for the first time. Based on the results, further investigation is warranted to establish whether desexing has a protective effect against CFP.

6 illus, 9 tables, 58 ref

045619   ABD EL-RHMAN M M, ABO EL-HASSAN D G, AWAD W S, SALEM S A H (Preventive Medicine Dep, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Giza, Egypt, Email: mariammagdy_85@yahoo.com) : Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt. Vet World 2020, 13(1), 1-9.

The present study was aimed to investigate the epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt from 2016 to 2018 based on the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) in carrier or previously infected animals, by determination of antibodies against non-structural protein (NSP), implementation a pilot study on circulating FMDV serotypes and assure the efficacy of locally produced inactivated trivalent vaccine. A total of 1500 sera were collected from apparent healthy vaccinated cattle and buffaloes from three Egyptian geographical sectors, representing ten governorates. Determination of FMD antibodies against NSP was carried out using 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Serotyping of the circulating FMDV and assure the vaccine efficacy was performed using solid-phase competitive ELISA. The 3ABC ELISA test revealed 26.4 % and 23.7 % positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies in cattle and buffalo sera, respectively. The highest positivity was in Delta Sector among both cattle 42.3 % and buffaloes 28.8 %. Serotyping of FMDV-positive NSP sera in El-Qalyubia Governorate for the circulating FMDV serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 2 was 52.2 %, 17.4 %, and 30.4 % in cattle and 31.8 %, 27.3 %, and 40.9 % in buffaloes, respectively. The overall protection level due to the vaccination program was 62.1 and 60.9 % in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, while the protective level of the FMDV serotypes O, A, and SAT2 included in the inactivated trivalent vaccine was 73.9, 84.6, and 63.8 % in cattle and 72.3, 82.3, and 63.5 % in buffaloes, respectively. The present study recommended full determination for the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains to attain maximum protection against the circulating viruses.

1 illus, 3 tables, 59 ref

046802   ALSHAIKHLY A W A R, MUSA Z A, QASIM B J, GHAZI H F, MOHAMMED W J (Pharmacy Dep, Al Rasheed Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : The distribution of Hepatitis C virus genotypes, viral load and antibody titer among Iraqi chronic hepatitis patients. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194454.

The infection by hepatitis C virus causedliver diseases such as:chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current study aims to investigate the rate of HCV genotypes, subtypes, viral load and antibody immune response among Iraqi chronic hepatitis patients. During 2012-2017 period seventy-hundred and twenty tow hepatitis patients were referred to Middle East Laboratory from Baghdad and other provinces asking for HCV viral load, its genotype and anti-HCV antibody determination. A cross six years records, HCV genotype 4 was the most prevalent among Iraqi chronic hepatitis patients (46.68 %), then genotype 1 (37.12 %).There is notable changes in HCV genotypes distribution especially during 2017, where the genotype 1 predominantly found (52.63 %). Although, these genotypes were none significantly associated with gender, age, viral load or anti-HCV antibody. This recordindicates a recent change in the rate of HCV genotype 1 over genotype 4 infection in Iraqi chronic hepatitis patients.

2 tables, 40 ref

046800   AL-ESAWI S R, HASHIM A A, JABBER Z A, AL-ESAWI R W (Radiology Dep, AL-Sadder Medical City, Najaf, Iraq) : Sleep habits and physiological penal gland calcification (A magnified topographical evolution study). Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194452.

Physiological pineal gland calcification is a frequent finding in computed tomography brain (CT) and its volume, shape and density is variable. Melatonin is the main product of pineal gland, and its role in sleep is well documented. Two-hundred ten patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study done at AlSadder Medical City-Middle Euphrates Neuroscience Center (MENC)-Najaf; between February 2016 and December 2016. Several PGC parameters include PGC density, PGC volume and PGC cross sectional area were measured. We took their demographic information and their BMI and then questions about their sleep habits was applied to patients. the study group was (n=210) was referred for Brain CT for different reasons, mean age (43.9 years), of them male was (118), and female was (92) they represent (56.2 % and 43.8 %) respectively, that had insomnia was (85, 40.5 %), the mean of pineal gland calcification volume (mm³), density (Hu) and cross sectional area (mm²) was (57.5, 131 and 12.5) respectively. In this study there were a strong correlation between PGC density and age, male gender and use of diazepam and Sleep with light on at night & decreased hours of night sleep showed statistically significant correlation with PGC volume and thus on PG function.

5 tables, 28 ref

045618   MITTAL A, PUSHPAM D, BAKHSHI S (Dr B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, Ansari Nagar- 110 029, New Delhi, Email: sambakh@hotmail.com) : Management of advanced melanoma in the current era: A medical oncology perspective for the Indian scenario. Natl Med J India 2020, 33(2), 89-98.

Malignant melanoma is an aggressive malignancy with high recurrence rates after curative surgery and in advanced stages is characterized by resistance to conventional chemotherapy. With better understanding of the genomic landscape and mutational signature of these tumours over the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in management of melanoma using immunotherapy (anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies) and targeted drugs against BRAF and MEK. These drugs have shown survival benefits in both adjuvant and metastatic setting with patients being eligible for immunotherapy irrespective of any biomarker. However, these drugs have varying toxicity profiles and there are no studies comparing these two classes of drugs in either the adjuvant or metastatic setting leaving the question of sequencing open to clinical judgement. Moreover, availability and cost are issues that need to be considered before use of these drugs in the Indian setting.

3 illus, 6 tables, 98 ref

045617   JOSHI R, PAKHARE A, YELWATKAR S, BHAN A, KALANTRI S P, JAJOO U N (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal- 462 024, Madhya Pradesh, Email: rajnish.genmed@aiimsbhopal.edu.in) : Impact of community-based health insurance and economic status on utilization of healthcare services: A household-level cross-sectional survey from rural central India. Natl Med J India 2020, 33(2), 74-82.

Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is a health-financing mechanism based on voluntary membership, risk pooling, with a non-profit objective and relies on social capital as a driving force. It aims to improve equity in healthcare utilization in the community. We did this study to understand if CBHI schemes reach the poor, improve healthcare utilization and protect them from catastrophic health events. Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sevagram, located in Wardha district of Maharashtra, India, runs a variety of CBHI schemes in surrounding villages. Many households (HHs) have opted for these schemes. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all HHs of 35 villages and collected information about sociodemographics, inpatient healthcare utilization (in previous 5 years), outpatient healthcare utilization (in previous 1 year) and insurance status of the HHs. We derived wealth index based on 33 sociodemographic variables and classified HHs in quintiles of wealth index. We compared the distribution of healthcare utilization variables by insurance status and wealth index and used logistic regression to evaluate if health insurance independently improves healthcare utilization, after adjusting for confounders. Of a total of 7261 HHs surveyed, 2210 (30.4 %) were uninsured, 4153 (57.2 %) were insured under MGIMS CBHI schemes, and 898 (12.4 %) had family insurance either from MGIMS or other providers. Insured HHs had a higher wealth index compared to uninsured. Mean (SD) hospitalization episodes in an HH were 0.82 (1.75) among uninsured, 1.13 (1.56) in CBHI insured and 1.21 (1.55) in those with family insurance. Within each category, healthcare utilization was lower for poor HHs (lowest quintile of wealth index) and higher for affluent HHs (higher quintiles of wealth index). Among those who were hospitalized, catastrophic health events were less in CBHI insured (7.9 %) compared to uninsured (12.3 %). After adjusting for socioeconomic status and other confounders, our data suggest that participating in a CBHI scheme increased odds of utilization of inpatient services (OR 1.18; 95 % CI 1.04– 1.33) and protected from catastrophic health events (OR 0.52; 95 % CI 0.43–0.64). CBHI schemes improve healthcare utilization and protect against catastrophic health expenditure among those who get hospitalized. However, there also exists a socioeconomic gradient both in membership and in utilization of healthcare services favouring those who are more affluent

2 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref

046799   ABDULKAREEM A G, RAMZI Z S, RASHID J A (Pediatric Nursing Dep, Sulaimani Univ, Kurdistan Region, Republic of Iraq, Email: awayi.abdulkareem@univsul.edu.iq) : Quality of life of parents having cancer and non-cancer children: A comparative study. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194451.

Cancer is the second leading cause among children and the child and parents suffering from cancer also exhibit side effects of chemotherapy. The present study aimed to examine the issues with the quality of life of the parents having children with cancer as compared to those having children without cancer. Methods: This is an investigative and descriptive study that included a sample of 300 parents along with their children with cancer; registered to the Hiwa Oncology Hospital in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq and 300 other parents with their non-cancerous children; visited Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq. A questionnaire elaborated by the authors and the quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was applied. The biggest difference between the overall quality of life of a parent with child with cancer and the parent without a child with cancer, the majority of the mothers and fathers in the control group, their quality of life fall between high to very high than the case group. Thus, this study indicated the need for parental support while providing intervention to the child with cancer.

2 tables, 10 ref

045616   JAMES D, JIWANMALL M (Christian Medical Coll, Vellore- 632 004, Tamil Nadu) : Safety and efficacy of axillary block for emergency upper limb orthopaedic interventions, where there is no anaesthesiologist. Natl Med J India 2020, 33(2), 69-73.

Surgical healthcare across low- and middle- income countries is plagued with concerns over scarcity of anaesthesiologists. Orthopaedic surgeons working in such resource-limited settings are often caught in a dilemma to provide emergency orthopaedic surgical care without an attending anaesthesiologist. Therefore, an effective, low-risk solution is necessary to ensure safe emergency orthopaedic care. We evaluated the incidence of ‘anaesthesia- related complications’ and ‘intraoperative adjuvant medications’ for maintenance of adequate anaesthesia for patients who underwent emergency upper limb procedures at a remote mission hospital in rural central India, from June 2013 to June 2016. Emergency cases where there was no anaesthesio-logist were analyzed. Data were collected from the Hospaa 3 HMS software, orthopaedic surgical logbook and inpatient records from 2013 to 2016. Sixty-eight patients underwent an ‘axillary block’ for emergency orthopaedic procedures. Twelve (17.6 %) patients had partial block and needed adjuvant medications, 1 (1.4 %) patient developed ulnar nerve palsy with partial recovery. Seventy-six adjuvant medications were administered at a mean of 1.19 per patient during the intraoperative period.  Axillary regional block is an efficacious, low-risk anaesthesia for emergency orthopaedic procedures of the hand, forearm and elbow, in resource-limited settings where an anaesthesiologist is not available.

1 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

046798   AL-SHIBANI M Z, ASMAAEEL H S (Medicine Dep, Al-Qadisiyah Univ, Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq) : Study impact of hyperuricemia on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients admitted to CCU in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194450.

A possible direct link between SUA and AF has barely been addressed. Several studies have reported an association between SUA and AF. An increasing body of evidence suggests that SUA may represent a marker of AF risk. The association between SUA level and AF has been demonstrated. Moreover, Nyrnes A et al. found that serum uric acid levels in men are higher than in women throughout life, although SUA levels increase after menopause, and that baseline SUA was associated with an increased risk for future AF in both sexes. In addition, the occurrence of AF increases with age, and the fact that SUA levels in women, in contrast to men, increase with age may account for the higher risk estimates seen in women. To evaluate the possible association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation in patients admitted to coronary care unit. In this hospital based study, in order to explore the prevalence rate of hyperuricemia in patients with atrial fibrillation, the coronary care unit in Al-Diwaniyah teaching hospital was prospectively reviewed for newly admitted patients with atrial fibrillation during the period extending from April the 15th 2019 through July the 15 the 2019. A cross sectional study enrolled 191 patients with cardiac problems. The study result revealed 53.4 % of cases were males and 46.5 % were females; the male to female ratio was 1: 1.14. The mean age of all patients was 51.9 ± 4.6 years. The patients were examined and investigated for the presence of atrial fibrillation and then were divided into two groups, atrial fibrillation positive (20.5 %) and atrial fibrillation negative (77.5 %). Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with atrial fibrillation (P < 0.001) and the risk subjected by hyperuricemia was 3.5 in terms of odds ratio. There was significant association between hyperuricemia and presence of atrial fibrillation in patients admitted to CCU indicating that hyperuricemia is a risk factor for AF development. 

2 tables, 13 ref

045615   RUPANI M P, DAVE J D, PARMAR V B, SINGH M P, PARIKH K D (Community Medicine Dep, Government Medical Coll, Bhavnagar- 364 001, Gujarat) : Adverse drug reactions and risk factors for discontinuation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis regimens in Gujarat, Western India. Natl Med J India 2020, 33(1), 10-4.

The predictors for discontinuation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) regimens have not been studied in Gujarat. We aimed to find out the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and predictors for discontinuation of MDR-TB regimens.  We conducted this cross-sectional study in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat from September to November 2016 through home visits and personal interviews of 94 patients with MDR-TB. Sixty-nine patients with MDR-TB (73 %) reported ADRs. Tingling (42.6 %), headache (37.2 %), numbness (36.2 %), dizziness (34 %) and nausea (33 %) were the most common ADRs. Of the 94 patients, 7.4 % were compelled to think of discontinuing their treatment due to ADRs; 8.5 % had discontinued Cat-I/Cat-II regimen in the past; 11.7 % had discontinued their MDR-TB regimen in the past; 13.8 % had their drug regimen changed due to ADRs and 94.7 % had good adherence to their current regimen (took at least 80 % of their doses till date). ADRs were the reason for 75 % of the patients who discontinued their Cat-I/Cat-II regimen in the past and 64 % of the patients who discontinued their MDRTB regimen in the past. Tobacco chewing, poor adherence and thought of discontinuing an MDR-TB regimen due to ADRs were significant predictors for discontinuation on bivariate analysis. On multiple logistic regression, none of the predictors were significant.  The frequency of ADRs among patients with MDR-TB is high. ADRs were the primary reason for discontinuing MDR-TB drugs.

4 tables, 16 ref

045614   DABRAL S, MUKHERJEE S, SAHA N, MANJAVKAR S, KOHLI S (Pharmacology Dep, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi- 110 062, Email: smita.davari@gmail.com) : A survey of fasting practices and acceptance of an intervention for achieving control in diabetes during Ramadan. Natl Med J India 2020, 33(1), 5-9.

Many people with diabetes, who practise Islam, are passionate about fasting during Ramadan despite their medical condition and exemption from the religion. These patients are at risk of hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, dehydration and thrombosis. We evaluated the acceptability of an individualized management plan for such people. We conducted a survey to assess the knowledge and ability of patients to manage their diabetes while observing the fast during Ramadan. Then, the acceptance of an educational intervention was assessed among patients, which was provided 1 month before Ramadan. Patients were followed up at 2 weeks into and after Ramadan. Of the survey population, only 14.7 % of patients volunteered for pre-Ramadan assessment and 97.5 % of patients recollected suffering from symptoms suggestive or hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia. Following the intervention, 17 of 50 patients did not fast; 26 patients followed dietary advice, while 7 patients did not. Symptoms suggestive of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia were reported by 21 of 33 patients who fasted and 21 of 28 patients reported lower body weight. Insulin and hypoglycaemic drugs were changed from morning to evening dosing in 41 % of patients while 18 % of patients had their drugs stopped. An educational intervention generated awareness among the patients and helped 43 of 50 patients in making rational decisions about control of diabetes during Ramadan.

5 tables, 8 ref

046796   SAHIB N H, BAIEE H A, AL-MOSAWI H M A, AL-HUSSEINI Z A (Babylon Univ, Babylon, Iraq) : Knowledge attitudes and barriers of undergraduate medical students towards research in University of Babylon. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194448.

To evaluate the attitude and knowledge and barriers of a sample of Iraqi medical undergraduate students( in Babylon college of medicine and college of dentistry) toward research. Across sectional study was done using self-administered pretested questionnaire to measure the knowledge ,barriers and attitudes of students toward research. Two hundred eight students were responded to this study from Hammurabi medical college, and college of dentistry in the University of Babylon. Females constituted 67 %. The female to male ratio was 2:1. Regarding barriers to conducting research activities the study revealed that ( 55.3 % ) of the students had efficient internet connection and 1.5 % had no internet connection at home This study explained that the skill of English language writing is very low, only 5.3 % of them mentioned that they had very good skill of writing in 66.5 % mentioned that they had intermediate level of writing English. Regarding speaking English language (which is the language of training for the medical students) only one in fifth of them had good skill in speaking fluent English language. Regarding the attitude 73.3 % of the participants had positive attitudes and they mentioned that they are interested in conducting research during undergraduate training.

6 tables, 30 ref

042270   CHAKRABORTY R, SEN S (Assam Downtown Univ, Guwahati, Assam - 781 026, Email: saikat.pharm@rediffmail.com) : Nephroprotective activity of Pisonia aculeata L. leaf extract against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and renal dysfunction in experimental rodents. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(11), 770-6.

Pisonia aculeata L. (Nyctaginaceae), commonly called Devil's Claws or Pullback, is a folk medicinal plant of India. Herbal medicines due to lesser/no side effect, are being accepted by the society increasingly. Here, we investigated the protective effects of ethanol extract of P. aculeata leaves on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Cisplatin (3 mg/kg, i.p.) co-administered to vehicle and extract (200, 400, 600 mg/kg)-fed rats every 5^th day for 25 days. Serum level of urea, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phospholipid and cholesterol increased, whereas urine urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatinine clearance rate was reduced in cisplatin control group. Cisplatin also negatively alters electrolyte balance, Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and redox balance significantly. Treatment with extract for 21 days exerted beneficial effect and ameliorated urine and serum biochemical parameter to normal. Extracts induced a rise in Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, and ameliorated level of different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants positively, whereas lipid peroxidation decreased significantly. Ethanol extract (400 and 600 mg/kg) ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and other damaging effects caused by cisplatin evidenced by the change in its intrinsic biochemical/antioxidant properties. Taking into account these results, it can be assumed that P. aculeata leaves could be a future key candidate which may maximize the clinical use of cisplatin in the treatment of different cancer without nephrotoxicity.

1 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

042269   PARASURAMAN S, ZHEN K M, WEN L E, HEAN C K, BALAMURUGAN S, CHRISTAPHER P V, BANIK U (Pharmacology Dep, AIMST Univ, Bedong 08100, Malaysia, Email: parasuphd@gmail.com) : Effect of ursolic acid on olanzapine induced weight gain in Sprague Dawley rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(11), 760-9.

Antipsychotics used in the treatment of schizophrenia are known to cause weight gain. Phytoconstituents are used to manage such drug-induced weight gain. Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid commonly present in many herbs and fruits which are used in daily life. The effect of ursolic acid on antipsychotic-induced weight gain is not clear. Here, we investigated the effect of ursolic acid on olanzapine-induced weight gain in rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into six different groups viz., normal control, olanzapine control, betahistine (10 mg/kg), and ursolic acid 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg treated groups. All the drugs were administered once daily for 28 days orally. Except for the normal control group, all other animals were treated with olanzapine 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally to induce weight gain. During the experiment, animal’s behaviour variations were monitored at regular intervals. At the end of the experiment, blood sample was collected from all the experimental animals for biochemical analysis. Part of the brain, liver, heart, lung and kidney tissues were excised from the sacrificed animals and preserved in neutral formalin for histopathological studies. Ursolic acid showed a significant reduction in olanzapine-induced body weight gain on the rats. Increase in locomotor activity was also observed with the treatment of ursolic acid. Compared to ursolic acid, betahistine showed better tolerance against olanzapine-induced body weight gain.

7 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

042259   BHISE S S, RAO J R, HEGDE M V, KATYARE S S (Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ, Pune, Maharashtra - 411 043, Email: katyare_ss@yahoo.com) : Compositional alterations in erythrocyte membranes in Type II diabetes. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(10), 671-9.

Loss of erythrocyte membrane deformability is one of the most crucial factors in developing complications associated with Type II diabetes. The observed loss of erythrocyte membrane deformability could be related to structural changes in the membrane. In this context, here, we have made an attempt at gaining a better insight (quantitative as well as qualitative) into the protein and lipid contents in erythrocyte membranes and their interrelationships in Type II diabetes. Age matched control (n=12) and Type II diabetic subjects (n=22) were selected for this study. Morphological characteristics were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM study confirmed remarkable alterations in morphology of the diabetic erythrocytes. In diabetic erythrocytes following changes were noted: (i) Significant increase in membrane as well as cytosolic proteins with a marginal increase in phospholipids content; (ii) The membrane total lipids:protein, phospholipids:protein, cholesterol:protein and phospholipids:cholesterol (mole:mole) ratios decreased significantly; (iii). A reproducible decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Omega-3 index with increase in Omega-6:Omega-3 ratio in membrane fatty acids; and (iv) The SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that all membrane proteins increased in almost equal proportion leading to increased membrane protein content. The observed compositional and stochiometric changes in lipids, proteins and their ratios may underlie morphological alterations and loss of deformability.

3 illus, 5 tables, 39 ref

042232   RATAJCZAK-WRONA W, JABLONSKA E, GARLEY M, NOWAK K, DABROWSKA D, RADZIWON P (Immunology Medical Dep, Bialystok Univ, Bialystok, Poland, Email: wioletta.ratajczak-wrona@umb.edu.pl) : Regulation of NO production by MAPK dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSP) in human neutrophils exposed to N-nitrosodimethylamine. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(7), 437-44.

One of the enzymes responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production in neutrophils is the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Changes in its expression may result from the activation of different signaling pathways, including MAPK, which lead to activation of various genes, including DUSP genes. DUSP induce the negative feedback loop leading to MAPK deactivation through their phosphorylation. Our study assessed the role of DUSP1, DUSP10 and DUSP16 with the participation of MAPK in the iNOS-dependent NO production by neutrophils exposed to xenobiotic, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The obtained results suggest that N-nitrosodimethylamine enhances the expression of all tested proteins (except DUSP10) in the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of neutrophils. The JNK pathway inhibition resulted in an extenuation of iNOS, phospho-p38 and DUSP10 expression in the cytoplasmic fraction and DUSP1 expression in the nuclear fraction of neutrophils. Inhibition of the p38 pathway led to a lower expression of iNOS, DUSP16 and DUSP10 in the cytoplasmic fraction. No changes in the phospho-JNK and DUSP1 expressions were observed. With the results of this study we can conclude that DUSP are positive regulators of MAP kinases in NDMA-induced signaling pathway which lead to modulation of iNOS-dependent NO production in human neutrophils.

3 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

042224   FU C Y, FEN G X (Shanxi Datong Univ, Shanxi, China, Email: cao44140707070363@163.com) : Repression of autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy via RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathways. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(6), 375-80.

Activated RhoA and ROCK is associated with many cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as congestive heart failure (CHF), atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, the role of RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway in initiating diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the role of RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway in induction of DCM through autophagy suppression in diabetic rat animal models. Broadly, we investigated the potential role and mechanism of diabetes induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. DCM was induced by injections of streptozocin (STZ) in experimental Wistar rats. The experimental rats were randomized to be treated with fasudil and lentivirus carrying the RhoA cDNA. Haemodynamic changes, assessment of cardiac weight index, histopathological examinations, cardiomyocyte autophagy and expression of RhoA and ROCK2 mRNAs were compared between groups. The expression of RhoA and ROCK mRNAs was found significantly increased in cardiac tissues compared with control group. The RhoA overexpression significantly decreased the values of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), ±dp/dt_max and repressed autophagy. RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway repressed autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy indicating that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for DCM treatment.

3 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

046794   ALSIADI W A W, HASSAN A S, AL-YAWER M A (Medical Laboratory Technologies Dep, Bilad Alrafidain Univ, Baqubah, Iraq) : Fasting versus non-fasting in assessing lipid profile and complete blood picture. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194446.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the world’s leading cause of death and represents a serious global health problem. The general recommendations to operators in the prevention of CHD should include complete lipid profile testing, that is Total Cholesterol(TC), Total Triglycerides(TG), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL). Recent recommendations have supported non-fasting lipid assessment. On the other hand, classification of dyslipidemias was derived in fasting samples, and cohort studies and clinical trials have performed fasting assessments. The aim of this study was to evaluate fasting versus non-fasting in measuring lipid profile & complete blood picture. A total of 80 female were divided into four groups of 20 female each. The 1st three groups were fasting for 4, 6,14 hours respectively and the 4th group was non-fasting. Blood samples were taken from these females for biochemical & hematological investigations. The lipid profile parameters were measured using Synchron CX4 clinical system Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA. Complete Blood Picture was measured by using automated hematological analyzers BC-3000 plus (Hamburg, Germany). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS( Statistical Package for Social Sciences) number 22. Biochemically, for TC,TG & VLDL, it was found that fasting 6 , 14 hours gave significant differences (P< 0.05) when compared with non-fasting group while there were non-significant results for the mean level of HDL & LDL between groups . Regarding hematological assessment, there were non-significant differences between groups in measuring Hemoglobin, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelet counts. Since non-fasting may weaken the accuracy in diagnosing some forms of hyperlipidemia, we proposed that laboratories & organizations should also offer measurement of fasting triglycerides according to clinical situations , as in the case of very high non-fasting triglyceride concentration.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

046793   LEFTA R M, AL-KHALIDE E K, AL-JEBORY M K A (Community Health Nursing Dep, Al-Ameed Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Seroprevelance of toxoplasmosis gondii infection among pregnant women in Karbala Governorate 2014-2017. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194445.

To determine the prevalence for toxoplasmosis gondii infection among women pregnant and to find out between the relationships prevalence for toxoplasmosis gondii infection and risk factors among women pregnant and demographic data. A cross sectional study design was Carrie out of the study. A total of pregnant women are 500 attending antenatal clinic at Teaching of AL-Hussain Hospital in karbbla were selected by purposive sample for the study. The data collection process was initiated for the period of February 1st, 2018 through March 23th, 2018. The data collection are from medical recording in laboratory of hospital to identify about result of test and number of women’s that attendant for laboratory and check among Testing for Toxoplasma gondii serology (IgM and IgG). The diagnostic test is according to stander IgG its positive have more than 0.9 and IgM is positive have more than 0.8. This is table that the show of the study results for demographic data for study sample that indicate age groups are (16-21) years are majority 33.3 % within age groups. Regarded with (IgM) test are half of the study sample negative (51.8 %) and (IgG) test is positive most of the study sample (95.8 %).

3 tables, 18 ref

042217   COTA D L, MISHRA S, SHENGULE S A, PATIL D (KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KLE Univ), Belagavi - 590 010, Karnataka, Email: bt.sanjay@gmail.com) : Assessment of in vitro biological activities of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. bark extract and Arjunarishta in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(5), 306-13.

Alternative or complementary therapies for several inflammatory disorders have gained considerable acceptability and popularity in recent years. The Arjuna tree, Terminalia arjuna Roxb. (Combretaceae) holds antidiarrheal and antioxidant potential useful in management of inflammatory gastro intestinal ailments. Here, we evaluated the possible effect of T. arjuna hydroalcoholic extract (TAHA) and traditional Ayurvedic formulation Arjunarishta (AA) for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. The phytochemical profile of test materials was confirmed via investigation of total phenolic and flavanoid content and standardized by HPLC-PDA method. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Antimicrobial potential was tested against clinical isolates of IBD patients (HM95, HM233, HM251, HM615). Cytotoxicity was determined against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco2, COLO.205), whereas, cytocompatibility against normal rat intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) and mouse fibroblast cells (L929). Additionally, in vitro oxidative cell damage stress was estimated by lipid peroxidation biomarker. TAHA displayed higher antioxidant capacity as compared to AA formulation. Different sensitivities were observed against different study cell lines in dose dependant manner. Similarly, significant (P <0.05) enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in test materials and 5-FU treated colorectal adenocarcinoma cells was detected as compared to control cells. TAHA and AA exhibited antimicrobial activity against IBD associated clinical isolates. These findings provide biological evidence for therapeutic application of TAHA and AA in IBD and colorectal cancer treatment.

2 illus, 5 tables, 43 ref

042216   RECHRECHE H, ABBES A, IOVANNA J L (MSB Univ of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria, Email: horechre@yahoo.fr) : Induction of antioxidant mechanisms in lung during experimental pancreatitis in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2020, 58(5), 297-305.

Lung complications are the most common cause of death in patients with acute pancreatitis. In this study, we investigated how induction of mild acute pancreatitis could modify the course of lung inflammation, eventually, induced by a severe acute pancreatitis in rats. A severe and a mild forms of an experimental acute pancreatitis were respectively established by intraductal administration of sodium taurocholate to final dose of 50 g/kg body wt. and intra-peritoneal injection of caerulein to supramaximal dose of 40 g/kg body wt. We observed reduced levels of thiobarbiturate acid reacting substances when severe pancreatitis was preceded by the induction of mild pancreatitis. Moreover, mRNAs expression of both HSP-70 and Mn-SOD was increased in the lung. By contrast, the level of glutathione was reduced, but no change in the infiltration of neutrophils was observed. Therefore, we conclude that during the course of pancreatitis and its related lung inflammation, the pulmonary cells response involved in the expression of different protective proteins, including HSP-70 and Mn-SOD, which possibly improves the defensive mechanisms against inflammation in lung cells.

5 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

046791   IDAN H M, AL-ASWAD F D (Baghdad Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Measurements of horizontal condylar inclination by using Cadiax compact II in patients with TMJ clicking before and after different treatments modalities. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194443.

Temporomandibular joint can be defined as a small and complex joint in the body. The bony portions of the joint consist of glenoid fossa, mandibular condyle and articular eminence which is a part of the temporal bone. Between the two bony structures, the articular disc is found. Disc displacement characterized by alteration in the articular disc position (abnormal position) locating between the mandibular fossa and the head of the condyle. Clicking can be defined as a brief sounds that are created from the movements of mandible, associated with displacement of the disc with reduction. Remodeling of the joint or joint hypermobility can produce clicking like sounds. Horizontal condylar angle can be defined as an angle formed in the horizontal plane between the Frankfurt horizontal plane and a line connecting a point on the head of the condyle, in centric and protrusive position. Measurement of horizontal condylar inclination in patients with clicking using Cadiax CompactII before and after the treatment. The study sample consisted of seventy eight patients with disk displacement and thirty one as control subjects. Patients with intra articular joint disorders were divided into four groups according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (Group1-disk displacement with reduction. Group2-disk displacement with reduction with intermittent locking. Group3- disk displacement without reduction with limited opening. Group 4-disk displacement without reduction without limited opening). The study sample consisted of seventy eight patients with disk displacement and thirty one as control subjects. Patients with intra articular joint disorders were divided into four groups according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (Group1-disk displacement with reduction. Group2-disk displacement with reduction with intermittent locking. Group3- disk displacement without reduction with limited opening. Group 4-disk displacement without reduction without limited opening). : The differences of Horizontal condylar inclination recorded by non-invasive Cadiax CompactII device may be used in the diagnosis of disc displacement without reduction without limited opening. The different modalities of treatment used do not influence the horizontal condylar inclination. 

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

045552   MAHAJAN R, MAHAJAN A (Guru Nanak Dev Superspeciality Hospital, Tarn Taran, Punjab) : Biochemical effects of low gas flow anaesthesia with inhalational agent sevoflurane in patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery. JK Sci 2020, 22(4), 207-10.

The low-flow anaesthesia with sevoflurane is preferred in laparoscopic abdominal surgeries due to its advantage of less anaesthetic consumption, decreased atmospheric pollution and cost effectiveness.  To investigate the effects of low-flow anaesthesia with volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane on renal and hepatic functions in patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Forty patients with ASA I or II (American Society of Anaesthesiologists Classification) physical scores were included in the study to receive sevoflurane at a fresh gas flow rate of 1 L/min. Blood samples were obtained before anaesthesia and at 24 and 48 hours after the anaesthesia for serum biochemical analysis. There was no significant difference in renal and hepatic function tests 24 and 48 hours after laparoscopic abdominal surgery as compared to preoperative levels. Biochemical parameters were similar in the preoperative and post-operative period (p >0.05).

3 tables, 13 ref

046790   HAMAD M H, AL-BAKRI N, LABI A-R , MAHMOOD D A (Al Mustaqbal Univ, Babylon, Iraq, Email: haidermohammed031@gmail.com) : Effect of some alcoholic extracts in reducing the fat content of the liver tissue in rat. Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194441.

This research was carried out in rats in a special place of the laboratory of histopathological diseases in the period 6/9/2018 until 23/11/2018, this study to detect effect of the addition of the alcohol extract of ginger in the reduction of fat in liver tissue of rats. Eight groups and replicates for each group. The groups were homogenous in weights and were placed in 13 cages. Each group consisted of 10 rat and at 5 fares each. In the first treatment, rat were fed on regular feeding without adding and feeding rats in the second treatment sessions add to it the alcoholic extract of ginger in Turkey 150 mg / kg. The third group is the same as the normal food after adding the alcohol extract of ginger at a concentration of 300 mg / kg. The results of the study showed a high morale in the rates of reduction of fat in the liver tissue of rat fed on the alcohol extract of the ginger and improved the conversion factor of food by adding the extract of alcohol extract of each of the ginger. 

6 illus, 23 ref

046789   ABBAS H T, KHALEEL H I, MURAD I O, AL-KHASSAKI A I, ALALAWI A S (Al-Diwaniyah Secondary Dental Health Center, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq) : Thermal effects of laser assisted endodontic treatment on the external root surface of deciduous teeth (in vitro study). Med Legal Update 2020, 20(1), 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194440.

The aim of this study was to determine the possible temperature increase on root surface of deciduous human teeth after intra-root canal laser irradiation with different chopped modes to clarify the thermal safety of these modes. fifteen freshly extracted unrestorable deciduous molars were used. Immediately after extraction, teeth cleaned, root canal perpetrated, laser irradiation was done in mesial root using dual wavelengths 980/810 nm InGaAs diode laser (using a 200 µm fiber, 800mW output power. Room temperature were raised in the laboratory to 37C to simulate body temperature, for each tooth three chopped program were used successively: 25 ms on 75 ms off, 50 ms on and 50 ms off, and 75 ms on 25 ms off. Each round laser irradiated for 5 seconds then 10 seconds pause. At the very last second temperature was measured using infrared thermometer. This procedure for the three groups was repeated but with non-stop laser irradiation with no cooling intervals. It was concluded that 30/70 ms layout can be used safely to assist root canal disinfection.

6 tables, 15 ref