021661   Wang Y;Zhou K;Ji B K;Dong W;Li Y;Zhou M;Ye Y; Hu Q;Gao X (Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu, Kunming 650031, P.R. China, Email: huqiufena@aliyun.com ) : New isocoumarin from bark of Lindera caudatat. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3913-14.

A new isocoumarin, caudacoumarin D (1) was isolated from the bark of Lindera caudata. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D NMR and 2D NMR techniques. The antitobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity of 1 was evaluated. The results revealed that caudacoumarin D (1) showed anti-TMV activity with inhibition rate of 17.2%.

2 illus, 1 tables, 16 ref

021660   Wang Y;Wang B H;Lu B;Li P;Yang B B;Ji W Q; Meng Q Q (School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing Univ of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, P.R. China, Email: wbaohua1@163.com) : Analysis of volatile constituents from Abelmoschus manihost by GC-MS. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3684-6.

The volatile constituents from Flos Abelmoschus manihot were extracted from Flos Abelmoschus manihot by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 47 compounds were successfully identified. The major components of the volatile constituents in Flos Abelmoschus manihot included hexadecane, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-hexadecane (37.83%), pentacosane (13.49%), 9-octyl-heptadecane (9.78%), cedrol (3.07%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (2.79%), tetratetracontane (2.78%), cyclotetracosane (2.61%) and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.32%). The major components in volatile constituents were hydroxy compounds, acyclic alkanes, other arenes and sesquiterpenes.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

021659   Vishnu Kumar;Mahdi F;Singh R;Mahdi A A;Jawad K;Singh R K;Singh M (Biochemistry Dep, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Sarfaraz Ganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow-226 003, Email: vkawasthi@hotmail.com) : Cassia tora seeds extracts regulates lipid metabolism in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3484-9.

The hypolipidemic activity of Cassia tora (Chakvat, Chakunda) (Family: Caesalpiniaceae) seeds extract have been studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this model oral administration of seed extract (500 mg/kg bw.P.o.) for 15 days in diabetic-dyslipidemic rats exerted significant lipid lowering effect as assessed by the reversal of serum levels of total cholesterol, phospholipids, triglyceride, free fatty acids, protein and lipid peroxide. The decrease of lipids and apoprotein levels of Very Low Density Lipoprotein and Low Density Lipoprotein were followed by stimulation of plasma post-heparin lipolytic activity as well as lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities with increase in reduced glutathione. Lipid and apoprotein level of High Density Lipoprotein were also recovered partially on treatment with seeds extract. The results of the present study demonstrated antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities in seed extract of C. tora which could be used in prevention of diabetic dyslipidemia and related complications. The hypolipidemic activity of Cassia tora seeds was compared with a standard drug glibenclamide (600 μg/ kg body wt/ day p.o.).

25 ref

021658   Venkatesh G;Srinivasa Rao K;Siva Nagaraju T (Phamaceutics Dep, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Deshmukhi, Nalgonda-508 284, Email: Venktesh.gavini@gmail.com) : Formulation and characterization of controlled release bioadhesive nanoparticles encapsulated with neostigmine bromide. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3501-3510.

In the recent days targeted drug delivery has gained more prominence for various advantages like site specific delivery and controlled release from the formulations. Amongst the plethora of avenues explored for targeted drug delivery, bioadhesive nanoparticles backed foremost attention offering local drug delivery and controlled drug release solving problems like tissue damage and drug wastage. Formulating nanoparticles with mucoadhesive polymers may provide a significant increase in the gastrointestinal residence time. Neostigmine bromide is a cholinesterase inhibitor used for the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis and is given by conventional routes like oral and intra venous. Bioadhesive nanoparticles of Neostigmine Bromide using synthetic and semi synthetic polymers like Carbopol, HPMC and ethyl cellulose were prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation method. The nanoparticles were characterized for their preformulation and post formulation parameters like compatibility, particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology, in vitro mucoadhesion, in vivo bioavailability, drug release and stability studies. Out of six, formulations F₁ and F₄ showed the best results for different evaluated parameters of nanoparticles. Entrapment efficiency was found to be within the range of 66.37% and 94.82%. Percentage mucoadhesion was within the range of 71.38% and 99.41%. In vitro dissolution was carried out for 10 hours and the percentage drug release for all the formulations were in the range of 98.93% and 89.71%. In vitro studies conclude that carbopol based nanoparticles are better than HPMC based nanoparticles for the delivery of Neostigmine Bromide. In vivo studies showed that the formulations F1 and F4 showed promising bioavailability compared to orally administered tablet.

25 ref

021657   Vani P;Sreekanth D;Manjula P;Keerthi B; Kistamma S;Mohan B;Narshimha Reddy A;Mohan C H (Botany Dep, Raja Bahadur Venkata Rama Reddy Women's College, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: ch.mohan85@gmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation, antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of the endangered tree Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 21-5.

Commiphora wightii is an arid region plant, highly valued for its medicinally important guggul gum-resin as a source of guggulsterone. It is listed in IUCN's Red Data List of threatened plants and now it is becoming endangered. Gum resin it has been used in the Ayurveda science time immemorial for the treatment of variety of disorders such as inflammation, rheumatism, obesity and disorders of lipids metabolism. The present paper deals with phytochemical studies in antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of C. wightii. Qualitative analysis of C. wightii shows the presence of bioactive compounds such as Alkaloids Flavonoids, Phenols, Tannins, Steroids and Terpenoids were present in C. wightii except, Saponins and Carbohydrates. Study confirms the antibacterial activity of gum extract of C. wightii the extract found effective bacterial strain, the activity of gum extract antibacterial activity higher than in gram negative bacteria, gum had a broad spectrum antibacterial activity of compare to in gram positive bacteria is a plant with a variety of ethnic medicinal uses. Antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH free radicals which indicates the gum extract is very much of C. wightii can be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidant agent. This is valuable information for preparation of drugs in pharmaceutical industry and stresses the need for more intensive research since they play a great role in healthcare.

2 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

021656   Vali Pasha K (Biochemistry Dep, Yogi Vemana Univ, Kadapa-516 003) : Effect of intracerebral injection of FSH on glutathione, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and total sulfhydrill groups levels in pubertal and post pubertal rat brain. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 82-5.

Administration of FSH intra-cerebrally produced a significant decrease in hypothalamic glutathione levels in pubertal rats (42 days old), whereas there was no significant change in the hypothalamic glutathione levels of post-pubertal rats (45 days old) and without any significant change in the glutathione levels of cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem in pubertal and post-pubertal rats. Also, intra-cerebral injection of FSH induced a significant increase in total sulfhydril groups of hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and brain stem of pubertal and post-pubertal rats. FSH given intra-cerebrally produced a significant increase in γ- glutamyltranspeptidase of cerebral cortex in case of post-pubertal rats and cerebral cortex and cerebellum in case of pubertal rats. These results are suggestive of a neuroendocrine role for glutathione, especially its interaction with FSH in the central nervous system.

2 tables, 27 ref

021655   Unnikrishnan B;Gurumurthy D S (ITC Life Sciences and Technology Centre, Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Phase, Bangaluru-560 058, Email: bobyunni@rediffmail.com) : Progress on genetic modifications of pulp wood tree species relevance to India. Agric Rev 2015, 36(4), 265-76.

The major tree species grown for pulp and paper industry in India are eucalypts, poplars, casuarinas, subabul and acacias. There is a growing demand for pulp and paper products with minimum adverse effect on natural forest and environment. Genetic transformation in these pulp woods are aimed at enhancing growth, wood characteristics and stress tolerance. However, genetic transformation of trees is a time consuming process because of long life cycle, recent domestication status and recalcitrance to in vitro procedures. Though various instances of incorporating desired trait by transformations in trees have been reported, the effect of genetically modified trees on surrounding ecosystems need further studies. Efforts towards making transgenic trees should take in to consideration of alleviation of public concerns on pollen dispersal, contamination of wild germplasm and biosafety.

^iia84 ref

021654   Ukpabi-ugo J C;Patrick-iwuanyanwu K C; Azubuike-Izah F O;Obidike I J (Biochemistry Dep, Michael Okparab Univ of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267 Umuahia, Abia State) : Effect of different solvent fractions of Ocimum gratissimum (og) on some haematological indices of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 163-9.

Effect of different solvent fractions of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on some haematological indices on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats was conducted. The animals were divided into seven groups of five animals per group. Groups I and II served as normal and negative controls respectively. Group III received 100mg/kg b.w silymarin (SIL) and served as positive control. Group IV received 400mg/kg b.w ethanol fraction; Group V received 400mg/kg b.w ethyl acetate fraction; GroupVI received 400mg/kg b.w hexane fraction; Group VII received 400mg/kg b.w aqueous fraction. Selected haematological parameters such as Red blood cells(RBC), White blood cells(WBC), Packed cell volume(PCV) and Haemoglobin concentration were determined at the end of the study using standard experimental procedures. The findings of the study showed that there was no significant (p<62>0.05) difference in PCV, HB, and WBC concentration in negative control (PCM alone) when compared with normal control while RBC showed a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in negative control (PCM alone) when compared with normal control. However, groups treated with different fractions of OG showed a significant (p≤0.05) increase in PCV in group treated with ethyl acetate fractions when compared with negative control and also a significant (p≤0.05) increase was observed in RBC and HB in group treated with ethyl acetate, hexane, and aqueous fractions when compared with negative control. These findings suggest that different fractions of Ocimum gratissimum may be useful in normalizing deranged haematological indices as a result of paracetamol toxicity.

1 table, 24 ref

021653   Tudu N K;Pyne S K;Ghosh N (Nadia Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, P.O. Gayeshpur, Dist-Nadia, West Bengal, Email: drnktudu@gmail.com) : Comparative biometrics and performances of three colour varieties of Bengal goats in their home tract. Explor Anim med Res 2015, 5(2), 183-9.

A study has been done in Nadia district, West Bengal, India during January, 2010 to December, 2013 with specific objective to know the comparative biometrics and performances of three colour varieties of Bengal goats in their home tract. The results have been revealed that male goats were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) heavier than their female counterparts at all the age groups of three color varieties of Bengal goats studied viz., at birth and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age and also in all types of birth viz., singlet, twins and triplets. Results indicated that the effect of types of birth on birth weight and weight at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was also statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The effect of coat color (black, brown and white) on birth weight and subsequent body weight at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was significant (p ≤ 0.05), the weight of White Bengal goat being heavier followed by Brown Bengal goat and then Black Bengal goat at different stages of life. All the body measurements, viz., body length, height at wither, chest girth, ear length, horn length and tail length in three color varieties of Bengal goats were increased with age in both the sexes. The body measurements traits studied were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) between the male and female in all age groups of three color varieties of Bengal goats where males showed higher measurements than their female counterparts. All the body measurements traits were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different in all age groups among three color varieties of Bengal goats. White Bengal goats showed higher (p ≤ 0.05) linear measurements in all the traits in all age groups studied followed by Brown Bengal and Black Bengal goats.

3 tables, 10 ref

021652   Tabassum A;Ali A;Babar R;Mahboob T (Biochemistry Dep, Karachi Univ, Pakistan) : Phytochemicals screening and free radical scavenging potential of leaf and flower extract of Calotropis procera. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 47-50.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and to assess in vitro lipid peroxidation inhibitions and antioxidant activities of different fractions of dried leaves and flowers of Calotropis procera. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals constituent like steroids, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, coumarin, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides was performed by the well-known tests protocol available in the literature. Antioxidative efficacy was studied through DPPH, reducing power assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay in liver homogenate. The phytochemicals screening revealed the extract richness in Tannins, Flavonoid, steroids coumarin, and terpenoids. Strong antioxidant scavenging activities were observed in different fractions of leaf and flower extract. Leaf and flower extract of Calotropis procera showed lipid peroxidation inhibition against Thiobarbituric acid. From the results of the present investigation, it could be concluded that Calotropis procera extracts can be explored as a potential source for isolation of natural antioxidant.

6 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

021651   Sumathi S;Anuradha R (Biochemistry Dep, Sengamala Thayaar Educationl Trust Women's College, Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu-614 001) : In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Couroupita guianensis aubl. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(5), 5-8.

The nature has provided abundant plant wealth for all the living creatures, which possess medicinal virtues. Hence, the present study aims to open new avenues for the improvement of medicinal uses of Couroupita guianensis flower for the selected area for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard standard drug. The percentage of membrane stabilization for CGEF (Couroupita guianensis thanolic flower) extract, CGMF (Couroupita guianensis methanolic flower) extract and diclofenac sodium were done at different concentrations. The maximum membrane stabilization of CGMF extract was found to be 70.58±7.1 at a dose of 500μg/ml compared with CGEF extract and standard drug.

1 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

021650   Sofiane G;Wafa N;Ouarda D (NO, National Institute of Agriculture Research, Setif, Algeria) : Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids and tannins extracted from Polypodium vulgare L. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 114-22.

The presence of natural antioxidant in plants is well known. This paper reports the antioxidative, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids and tannins extracted from Polypodium vulgare L. Antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH radical scavenging test, however, the antimicrobial activity was tested against bacteria with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311; and fungi with Aspergillus niger 2CA936, Aspergillus flavius NRRL3357 and Candida albicans ATCC1024. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by inhibition of proteins denaturation test. The results show considerable antioxidant activity and very high antifungal capacities but a harmful inflammatory effect.

2 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

021649   Slougui N B;Mahammed M H;Rahmani Z; Baaliouamer A (Laboratoire BioGeoChimie des milieu desertiques, universite Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, route de Ghardaia, Ouargla 30000, Algeria, Email: slougui.nabila@gmail.com) : Composition of essential oils of six varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. grown in Algeria (Mustaaghanem: West of Algeria). Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3895-9.

Essential oils from six varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. grown in the west of Algeria (Mediterranean region) were identified by GC-MS chromatography using two different types of capillary columns: non-polar and polar. Chemotypes identified by the non-polar column are Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum basilicum purparescens opal, Ocimum basilicum minimum, Ocimum basilicum cinnamon, Ocimum basilicum (marcellais) and Ocimum basilicum citriodora are linalool-eugenol (37.6-33.5%), linalool-eugenol (40.2-24.4%), methyl eugenol-farnesene (β, E) (28.4-10.3%), methyl cinnamate (E)-linalool (37.2-28.2%), linalool (50.5%) and geranial-neral (21.5-17.5%), respectively. The analysis with polar column completes these results and confirms them.

2 tables, 26 ref

021648   Singh Y;Tripathi R;Guttula S;Patel S (Bioinformatics Dep, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: saty avani@iiita.ac.in) : Review on epidermal manifestation of pappiloma virus infection in human. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3146-50.

The Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) are non-enveloped, small DNA virus, which are responsible for worldwide problem. HPVS can be associated with different varieties of epidermal manifestations. It belongs to the Papovavirus family. On the basis of oncogenic potential these have been classified as high risk and low risk types of virus. Currently histopathological techniques are widely being used as the diagnostic method for the identification of HPV viral DNA. This article reviews the classification of HPVs and different methods used for the vaccination and diagnosis. The types includes common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, anogenital warts, anal dysplasia and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Vaccines are available for prevention of HPV infection, and recommended vaccination schedules have been outlined.

20 ref

021647   Siddiqui M F;Sadiq E (Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine (CRiMM), Lahore Univ, 1 km Defense Road Lahore, Punjab, Email: maria.pharmacist@gmail.com) : Resistance and senstitivity; competitive mechanisms of cisplatin. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3139-45.

In the battle against cancer, platinum drugs have contributed a lot so far but still the prerequisite is to mend their flaws e.g., resistance and reduced sensitivity. In addition to side effects, intrinsic and acquired resistance decreases the effects of cisplatin on cancer cells by lowering the formation of DNA adducts and subsequent DNA damage. Resistance against cisplatin includes; the increased DNA repair of cisplatin induced DNA adducts by MMR, NER pathways, increased tolerance, and interaction with cellular proteins instead of DNA resulting in cellular detoxification of cisplatin, and, decreased accumulation of drug due to abnormal role of efflux and influx pumps. With therapy of cisplatin survival pathways (Akt, MKPI) are also triggered, occasioning in the activation of NF-kb, XIAP that subsidizes to cisplatin resistance. Development of new platinum compounds that can combat with the intrinsic and acquired drug resistance would be the promising strategy in the cancer therapeutic field. Combination or adjuvant therapies of cisplatin with gemcitabine, etoposide, topotecan etc. have been shown to reduce the cellular resistance by upsetting the DNA repair pathways. Furthermore, use of kinase inhibitors along with cisplatin would hinders MAPK and other pathways that are usually actuated by oxidative stress prompted by cisplatin.

49 ref

021646   Shibu A;Dhanam S (PG Botany Dep, Arulmigu Palaniandavar College of Arts and Culture, Palani-624 601) : Phytochemical screening of Caulerpa racemosa collected from Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 40-5.

In recent years, the secondary metabolites (Phytochemicals) have been extensively investigated as a source of medicinal agents. The present study deals with phytochemical studies of hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of Caulerpa recemosa, collected from the south east coast of Tamilnadu, India. The preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out by Harbone and Kokate et al. method. The result of phytochemical screening of Caulerpa recemosa showed the presence of alkaloids, Terpenoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and phenols and the absence of anthraquinones and glycosides. The estimation of total phenolics, tannins and flavonoids were observed. On comparison with hexane and chloroform extract, the secondary metabolites such as phenols, tannins and flavonoids are abundantly present in ethanolic extract.

2 tables, 20 ref

021645   Sheta M M;Kikani K M;Kavathia P;Thakkar J; Rangnani T (Microbiology Dep, C.U.Shah Medicinal College, Surendranagar, Gujarat, Email: sheta.mehul@gmail.com) : Study of antimicrobial activity of Triphala and its individual components. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(5), 41-3.

Drug resistance has developed due to indiscriminate use of existing allopathic antimicrobial drugs and become a global health problem. This resistance problem demands renewed efforts to seek antimicrobial agents from other sources. Herbal Products of higher plants has antimicrobial compounds with possibly novel mechanism of action with minimum side effects. Triphala is a herbal formulation, consisting of equal parts of fruits of Amla (Emblica officinalis), Harde (Terminalia chebula) and Baheda (Terminalia bellerica). These are claimed to have antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial effects. Present study was aimed to identify antimicrobial effect of Triphala and its individual components against common bacterial isolates, Candida and to compare the antimicrobial effect of water and DMSO based extracts of it. Triphala and its components were dissolved in distilled water and also in DMSO to get a final concentration of 100 mg/ml. Suspensions of S. aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, Enterococci sp., Lactobacillus sp., E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Candida sp. were inoculated on Mueller Hinton agar (MHA). Wells were made on MHA plates and herbal extract (100 μl) were added in to it. After 18 hours of incubation at 35 °C, zone of inhibition surrounding wells were measured and recorded. We have observed antimicrobial activity of each component against most of organisms. It was also observed that triphala is having more antimicrobial effect compared to its individual components. We had not observed significant difference in antimicrobial effect between water and DMSO extracts of these herbal preparations.

1 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

021644   Sharma R;Chakraborty D;Gukpta P (Animal Genetics & Breeding Div, FVSc&AH, SKUAST-Jammu, R.S.Pura-181 102, Email: dibynedu_vet40@yahoo.co.in) : Bovine lactoferrin and its functions in animals. Agric Rev 2015, 36(4), 321-6.

Lactoferrin (Lf) was discovered in 1939 as "red protein from milk whey". Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) gene is located on Bos taurus autosome, long arm of chromosome no.22 (BTA 22q24) in cattle. Its size varies from 23-35kbp among different species. The lactoferrin gene consists of 17 exons and 16 introns ranging from 82bp (exon-1) to 225bp (exon-17). The presence of multiple regulatory elements within lactoferrin promoter contributes differential gene expression and variable content of lactoferrin in milk. The concentration of lactoferrin in normal bovine milk is about 0.02-0.2 mg/ml. The primary function of Lf lies in its role in iron metabolism including iron transport, storage and chelation. Lf exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria (gram-positive & negative), fungi, yeasts, viruses and parasites. Lf exerts bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. Its main contribution to antiviral defence consists in its binding to the cell membrane glycosaminoglycan, thus lactoferrin prevents viruses from entering cells and infection is stopped at an early age. More than 140 SNPs in this gene have been identified. Such a high variability in Lactoferrin gene implies that it may be used as candidate gene for screening animals also a marker of milk yield.

^iia1 table, 49 ref

021643   Sharath Chandra S P;Vishwaprakash Mahadimane P (Biochemistry Dep, Govn. Science College, Hassan-573 201, Email: biosharath123@gmail.com) : Effect of novel benzisoxazole derivatives against ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in Swiss albino mice: Cytotoxic and haematalogical studies. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3606-11.

The present study is to investigate the cytotoxicity properties and haematological indices of synthesized molecules (S1-S4) in comparison to the standard drug 5 fluorouracil which reflects the anticancer potentials of the above molecules. Cytotoxicity studies were performed by in vitro MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyl teterazolium bromide) assay. Haematological studies were done by drawing blood in the drug and synthesized molecules administered animals by retroorbital method. Haemoglobin, RBC, WBC, lymphocytes, Monocytes and Granulocytes counts were measured. All the above experiments were performed against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. The percentage cytotoxicity and percentage viable cell counts revealed anticancer properties of the synthesized molecules. RBC count indicated protection of cell membrane from destruction and the WBC counts along with lymphocytes, Monocytes and granulocytes also show the immunoprotective characteristics of the novel molecules. Thus it has been concluded that the synthesized molecules (S1-S4) if supported by further molecular studies may have a promising role to play as anticancer agents.

13 ref

021642   Sarkar S L;Saha P;Sultana N (Microbiology Dep, Jessore Univ of Sciences and Technology Jessore, Bangladesh) : In vitro evaluation of phytochemical components and antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of Tridax procumbens L. against pathogenic microorganisms. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 42-6.

Tridax procumbens Linn. is renowned for its traditional use as ayurveda in folk medicine all over the world. In this study, the plant was screened to ascertain its bioactive compounds and to determine the antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic microorganisms. Methanolic extract of the leaves of T. procumbens L. was examined at different concentrations on both bacteria and fungi by disc diffusion method and agar well diffusion method. Both gram positive and negative bacteria including E. coli, V. cholera, B. subtilis, B. cereus and S. aureus showed sensitivity to 250 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml plant extract except Salmonella typhi was resistant to both concentrations. Their zone of inhibition was within 8-14mm range in diameter for both concentrations. Several fungal species including C. albicans, A. niger and A. fumigatus were also tested for its susceptibility to methanol extract and showed significant value within the range of 9-15mm zone of inhibition with great potency against C. albicans. MIC and MFC was also determined at different concentrations to evaluate the efficacy of methanol extract. The findings of current study suggested that T. procumbens L. can be used as a potential source of alternative drugs in present days to combat the drug resistance phenomenon of different microorganisms.

2 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

021641   Sanusi J;Jibia A B;Runka J Y;Liadi S;Abubakar A A;Zurmi R U S (Isa Kaita College of Education, Federal Univ of Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria) : Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of violet plant (Securidaca longipedunculata Fres) on tested pathogenic bacteria. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3276-84.

This study was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of violet plant, Securideca longepedunculata leaves and root bark extracts against the pathogenic bacteria isolates of Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Disc diffusion method was used for antibacterial testing and Tetracycline drug at 250 mg/ml concentration was used as positive reference standards to determine the sensitivity of the strains. The results of the antibacterial activities revealed that the highest growth inhibition of the tested bacteria was recorded as 8.00±1.00mm at 250 mg/ml, followed by 7.67±1.15mm at 250 mg/ml and the least inhibition was 3.00±2.00mm at 100 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for E. coli and S. typhi were 124 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml respectively. The results showed significant effect (P <60> 0.05) of antibacterial activity; with the constituents of S. longepedunculata leaves and root bark extracts been used as potential antimicrobial agents in the management of microbial diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria species which may in turn be an alternative to chemical antibiotics. There is need to carry out sub-acute toxicity and determination of LD₅₀ to isolate, identify, characterized and elucidate the structure of the bioactive compounds and mechanism of action of S. longepedunculata extracts against many pathogenic bacteria.

32 ref

021640   Santhosh Kumar C;Ashok Prabu V (CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai, Tamilnadu, Email: vprabu37@gmail.com) : Nutritional value of Skeletonema costatum (Cleve, 1873) from parangipettai, Southeast coast of India. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3463-6.

Present aim to study the biochemical composition, i.e., protein, carbohydrate, lipid, ash, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen from Skeletonema costatum. The biomass of marine diatom (S.costatum) were collected from Parangipettai, Southeast cost of India. The lyophilized powder of S.costatum was used for biochemical analysis. The results of proximate composition showed that the percentage of protein was (12.12%), (carbohydrate 5.94%), (lipid 1.567%) and ash (2.96%). Totally 10 essential and non-essential amino acids were analyzed (24.49mg/g - 22.36 mg/g). The saturated mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids was (14.86%), (4.25%) and (10.86%). The vitamins and mineral content was 384.19 mg/g - 459.64 mg/g respectively and 1.627 microgram dry powder of Skeletonema costatum contained the ratio of Carbon (15.04%), Hydrogen (2.59%) and Nitrogen (3.17%) were present. The results of this research showed that S.costatum contained valuable nutritional values and we suggest that in future research on S.costatum can be use food for human.

18 ref

021639   Sahu R K;Rajesh T S;Pavithra K (Div of Molecular Oncology, ICPO-ICMR, 1-7 Sector 39, Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : Micropropagation and Agrokbacterium: mediated transformation of GUS gene in to Gymnema sylvestre antidiabtic plants. J med Pl Stud 2016, 4(4), 18-24.

Gymnema sylvestre is an herb plant of the tropical forest of Southern and Central India where it has been used as a naturopathic treatment for diabetes for nearly two millennia. Sanskrit Name: Meshasringi, Madhunasini or madhoolika, Hindi: Gurmar, Tamil and malayalam Name Sirukurinchaan, Amudhapushpam, Chakkarakkolli. Gymnema sylvestre is a stomachic, diuretic, refrigerant, astringent, and tonic. It has been found to increase urine output and reduce hyperglycemia in both animal and human studies. Gymnemic acids have anti-diabetic, anti-sweetener and anti-inflammatory activities. Gymnema is propagated by seed germination. One of the constraints in this conventional propagation is the very short span of seed viability. No alternative mode of multiplication is available to propagate and to conserve genetic stock of this useful plant. Tissue culture offers an effective alternative method for rapid multiplication of desirable clones. Gymnema was used for in vitro callus induction and Agrobacterium mediated transformation experiment. Which showed fast and high growth rate in the MS medium at 0.03mg/l concentration of 2, 4-D. The Agrobacterium tumefaciense strain LBA4404 has carrying Ti plasmid pK1W1105 was used for infection of callus. 1μl of 24hr culture of Agrobacterium was used for 30 sec. for the infection. Successful delivery of the GUS reporter gene was confirmed by 1mM X-gluc as histochemical substrate for staining of the callus. DNA was isolated from the infected callus by using 1.2%SDS (65°C) method and then presence of GUS gene was reconfirmed by using GUS gene specific marker in PCR amplification technique.

5 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

021638   Ravi Kumar G;Saxena S;Sahoo A P;Chaturvedi U; Satish Kumar;Santra L;Desai G S;Singh L;Tiwari A K (Molecular Biology Lab, Veterinary Biotechnology Dep, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-143 122, Email: gandham71@gmail.com) : Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to newcastle disease virus. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(3), 180-6.

Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of the major causes of economic loss in the poultry industry. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense enveloped RNA virus (Fam. Paramyxoviridae; Order Mononegavirales). In the present study three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-mediated fusion of lymphocytes sensitized to NDV Bareilly strain and myeloma cells. NDV possesses ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of avian species. All the three MAbs designated as 2H7, 3E9 and 3G6 caused hemagglutination inhibition of NDV by specifically binding to NDV. The reactivity for all the 3 MAbs on indirect ELISA was found to be significantly higher than the antibody and antigen controls. On flowcytometry of HeLa cells infected with NDV using the MAbs as primary antibodies, there was a significant difference in the percentage of cells showing positive fluorescence compared to the mock control. One of the MAbs (3E9) was found to react with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein on western blot.

2 illus, 30 ref

021637   Raveendranath D;Sri Rama Murthy K;Reddy A H; Uma A;Vijayalakshmi B;Ramesh B (Biotechnology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: darsi.ravindra@gmail.com) : Validation of multi residue method with mixture of multi-class pesticides in bitter gourd by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3445-51.

A new multi-residue method has been developed and validated for the routine analysis of 64 multi-class pesticide residues in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) by gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in a single run of 49.67 min. The method was successfully applied for the analysis 10 varieties of cucurbits (ash gourd, bitter gourd, little gourd, cucumber, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, snake gourd, water melon, gherkin and pumpkin). Samples were extracted by the application of a single phase extraction of 15 g of sample with 30 mL of acetonitrile, followed by a liquid-liquid partition formed by the addition of 1.2 g of MgSO₄. A dispersive solid-phase extraction with 0.4 g of primary secondary amine (PSA) was applied to clean up the extract. The method was properly validated and the values of some merit figures, such as recovery, precision, linearity, detection limit and quantification limit for each pesticide were calculated. The average recoveries in bitter gourd obtained for each pesticide ranged between 70-130% at three fortification levels (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg^-1). The percentage of relative standard deviation (% RSD) is lower than the 20%. The established limit of detection (LOD) is 0.001 mg kg^-1 and limit of quantification were (LOQ) 0.01 mg kg^-1.

1 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

021636   Rashmi T R;Murali S;Francis M S (Research Scholar, Botany Dep, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin, Kerala) : DNA barcoding of the selected Artemisia spp. using the five universal barcodes. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(4), 38-42.

The morphology based identification methods are usually time consuming and may sometimes lead to misidentification and may not always provide resolution at the species level. The phenotypic variability of the taxa may lead to misidentifications. In the case of plants, lack of vegetative states, make identification difficult. DNA sequencing has been used to explain evolutionary relationships for more than 20 years in molecular systematics. The aims of DNA barcoding include species identification of known specimens and discovery of unknown species for enhancing taxonomy for the good of science and society. Here, the study focussed on the DNA barcoding of the two species of Artemisia, which is reported from Kerala, namely, Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pampan. and Artemisia japonica Thunb. using the five universal barcodes namely rbcL, matK, ITS, ITS2 and trnH-psbA. All the five barcodes yield good quality sequences.

2 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

021635   Ramya B;Malarvili T;Velavan S (Biochemistry Dep, Rajah Serfoji Govt. College Autonomous, Thanjavur-613 005, Email: malarsai96@gmail.com) : GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in Bryonopsis laciniosa fruit extract. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3375-9.

The bioactive components of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruits have been evaluated using GC/MS. The chemical compositions of the methanolic extract of Bryonopsis laciniosa fruits were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography -Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. The GC-MS analysis shows that the most prevailing compounds were identified as Oleic Acid, Hexanoic acid, 2-Ethylcyclohexanone, 2-Methyltetracosane, 2-Undecenal, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, Octadecanoic acid, (2E)-2-Decenal.The compounds like Sulfurous acid, n-Nonaldehyde, 2-Hepten-3-ol, Decadienal, 3-Octenoic acid, 1-[2-(acetyloxy)ethyl]-3-oxooctyl acetate $$ acetic acid 3-acetoxy-5-oxo-decyl ester, 9-Octadecenoic acid, 2H-Pyran-2-one, Z,Z-4,15-Octadecadien-1-ol acetate were moderately present. The results confirm the presence of bioactive components which are known to exhibit medicinal value as well as pharmacological activities.

9 ref

021634   Rampogu S (Biochemistry Dep, Cachet Labs, Yousufguda, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Role of quassinoids as potential antimalarial agents: an in silico approach. Ancient Sci Life 2015, 35(2), 85-9.

The aim of the present experiment is to perform the protein-ligand docking for Pf- DHFR and Quassinoids and study their binding affinities. The software used for the present study is the discovery studio (Accelrys 2.1), Protein Data Bank (PDB), and Chemsketch. The protein for the present study was imported from protein data bank with the PDB Id, 4dpd and was prepared for docking. The ligands used for the study are the quassinoids. They were drawn using chemsketch and the 3D structures were generated. The docking was done subsequently. Molecular modeling technique was used for the protein-ligand docking analysis. The docking results showed that the Quassinoids Model_1 showed the highest dock score of 40.728. The present study proves the promising potential of quassinoids as novel drugs against malaria. The dock results conclude that the quassinoids can be adopted as an alternative drug against malaria.

4 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

021633   Rajeev Kumar;Singh A;Roy R K (NO, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur Kichha Road, Rudrapur, Udham Singh Nagar-263 148, Email: dranitaku@gmail.com) : Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evauation of some new 6-(3, 5-substituted-2-bromo/hydroxy phenyl)-1, 2, 4-triazine derivatives as anticonvulsant agents. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3490-3500.

6-(2-Amino-3,5-substituted phenyl)-1,2,4-triazines were prepared by refluxing semicarbazones or thiosemicarbazones in presence of sodium hydroxide solution. 6-(3,5-Substituted-2-bromophenyl)-1,2,4-triazine derivatives and 6-(3,5-substituted-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazine derivatives were prepared from 6-(2-amino-3,5-substituted phenyl)-1,2,4-triazine derivatives by sodium nitrite, hydrobromic acid, copper (I) bromide and sodium nitrite, sulfuric acid, respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectral data (FT-IR and H¹-NMR). Amongst synthesized compounds, some displayed significantly active profile against the electrically induced seizures at a dose of 30 mg/kg after 0.5 h. At the same dose level, one compound also showed activity after 4.0 h. Two compounds exhibited protection at dose level of 100 mg/kg after 0.5 h. At 4.0 h, two compounds persisted to reveal anti-MES protection at same dose, whereas two other compounds indicated to prevent seizure spread at a higher dose of 300 mg/kg after 4h. One compound displayed protection at 300 mg/kg after 0.5 h. The neurotoxicity screening data revealed that two compounds were exhibited neurotoxicity at a dose level of 300 mg/kg after 0.5 h. Screened compounds displayed 40.59, 56.88 and 66.61% increase in immobility time. Some compounds showed excellent anticonvulsant activity with no neurotoxicity and little CNS depressant effect and does not violated Lipinski's rule, making them potentially promising agents for treatment of epilepsy.

27 ref

021632   Quam N;Wu K;De Golier T (Biologicakl Sciences Dep, Bethel Univ, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, MN 55112) : Aqueous extract of castor seed (Ricinus communis) increase the contractile activities of mouse uterine tissues in vivo. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 40-5.

Administration of castor oil from seeds of Ricinus communis is a commonly cited herbal preparation used to induce labor. The ricinoleic acid found in castor oil is more polar than most fats and activates uterine EP3 prostanoid receptors. The purpose of this study was to determine if an aqueous extract from the castor seed would also demonstrate uterotonic behaviors, implicating ricinoleic acid's solubility in water. Aqueous extracts of castor seed were tested on isolated mouse uterine tissues in an organ bath. Increases in uterine contractile forces were observed, and at higher concentrations were greater than those produced by acetylcholine and similar to those from oxytocin. Results suggest that ricinoleic acid is present in aqueous extracts. Attempts to characterize uterine contractile responses were done with the understanding that the extract may contain a number of active constituents whose contributions may be synergistic, additive, or antagonistic to the overall tissue contractile response.

3 illus, 44 ref

021631   Priyanka S;Anupama D;Misna M;Jayan N;Reshma J;Reshma P R;Sana P A;Saranya K G;Vidya P V;Thomas L (Biosciences Dep, SNGIST Arts and Science College, Mankkapady, N. Parvur) : Phytochemical screening and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles of selected medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. J med Pl Stud 2016, 4(4), 1-5.

Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step, in the detection of the bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. In the present study, chief phytoconstituents of the four selected medicinal plants (Hemigraphis alternate, Phyllanthus niruri, Tinospora cordifolia and Vitex negundo) of different families were identified in order to relate their presence with bioactivities of the plants. Screening of the plants was performed using standard methods and resulted in the detection of the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, terpenes and alkaloids. Flavanoids were found in four of the selected plants and alkaloids were found in three of them except Vitex negundo. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from 1 mM AgNO₃ solution using aqueous extracts of four plants were done and the surface plasma resonance was measured using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. These results validate the exploitation of the studied medicinal plants, for further isolation of active principles and their application in medical and Cosmetics industries.

7 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

021630   Pant M (Biotechnology Dep, Graphic Era Univ, Dehradun-248 002, Email: himaniab@gmail.com) : Minimal cost micropropagation protocol for Dianthus caryophyllus L.- a commercially significant venture. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(3), 203-11.

In tissue culture, high production cost of the products restricts their reach. Though tissue culture is a major strength in floriculture it is marred by pricing issues. Hence, we developed a complete regeneration low cost micropropagation protocol for an economically important floriculture crop, carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Successful regeneration of carnation from nodal explants on cost-efficient medium indicates that psyllium husk, sugar and RO water can effectively replace the conventional medium comprising agar, sucrose and distilled water. The protocol can contribute to increased carnation production at comparatively reduced cost, and there by encourage wide scale adoption by the common growers.

4 illus, 7 tables, 57 ref

021629   Pandey M K;Alok Kumar;Singh R;Tripathi M (NO, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya, Vishwavidyala, Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh) : Scientific standardization of leaves of Chenopodium album L.. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 1-6.

India has a rich culture of medicinal herbs and spices, which includes Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and other traditional medicines but only very few have been studied chemically and pharmacognostically evaluated for their potential medicinal value. According to the World Health Organization, most populations still rely on traditional medicines for their psychological and physical health requirements. Chenopodium album L. (family Chenopodiaceae) belongs to the genus Chenopodium. It is also known as Fat-hen, Bathua, Vastukah, Chakvit. Bathua is a very famous herb used in spleenic disorders, dysentery, bleeding piles and intrinsic hemorrhages. The result of the physic-chemical parameters viz. loss on drying (9.2%), ethanol soluble extractive value (6%), water soluble extractive value (40%), total ash value (13.6) and acid imnsoluble ash value (6.40%). The present paper provides a detailed account of the scientific evaluation of Chenopodium album L. leaves. The study includes macro and microscopic characters, powder microscopic characteristics, HPTLC fingerprinting, preliminary phyto -chemical screening and physicochemical parameters. The information generated by this particulars study provides relevant pharmacognostical and physicochemical data needed for proper identification and authentication of Chenopodium album leaves.

14 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

021628   Pai S R;Upadhya V;Hegde H V;Joshi R K; Kholkute S D (Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Div, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Nehru Nagar, Belgaum-590 010, Email: drpaisr@gmail.com) : Determination of betulinic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from Achyranthes aspera L. using RP-UFLC-DAD analysis and evaluation of various parameters for their optimum yield. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(3), 196-202.

Achyranthes aspera L. is a well known herb commonly used in traditional system of Indian medicine to treat various disorders, such as cough, dysentery, gonorrhea, piles, kidney stone, pneumonia, renal dropsy, skin eruptions, snake bite, etc. Here, we used RP-UFLC-DAD method for determining triterpenoids betulinic acid (BA), oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) from A. aspera. Optimum yield of these compounds were studied and evaluated using parameters viz., method of extraction, time of extraction, age of plant and plant parts (leaves, stem and roots). Linear relationships in RP-UFLC-DAD analysis were obtained in the range 0.05-100 μg/mL with 0.035, 0.042 and 0.033 μg/mL LOD for BA, OA and UA, respectively. Of the variables tested, extraction method and parts used significantly affected content yield. Continuous shaking extraction (CSE) at ambient temperature gave better extraction efficiency than exposure to ultra sonic extraction (USE) or microwave assisted extraction (MAE) methods. The highest content of BA, OA and UA were determined individually in leaf, stem and root extracts with CSE. Collective yield of these triterpenoids were higher in leaf part exposed to 15 min USE method. To best of our knowledge, the study newly reports UA from A. aspera and the same was confirmed using ATR-FT-IR studies. This study explains the distribution pattern of these major triterpenoids and optimum extraction parameters in detail.

1 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

021627   Nikhila G S;Sangeetha G;Preetha T S;Swapna T S (Botany Dep, Univ College, Thiruvananthapuram-34, Kerala) : GC-MS analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the rhizome of Gloriosa superba L.. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 17-20.

The study focused on the evaluation of medicinally active compounds from tuber of Gloriosa superba by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). The rhizomes of the Gloriosa superba were collected, washed, shade dried and powdered. The methanol extract was prepared using soxhlet apparatus and the phytochemicals were screened from this crude methanol tuber extract of Gloriosa superba. The results indicated the presence of important secondary metabolites such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids, steroids and tannins. Further the extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy for the identification of biochemical components present in the rhizome. The results showed that the rhizome containing a wide range of medicinally active phytochemicals so that it could be used as a pharmaceutically potent plant.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

021626   Nantapap S;Sangrueng K;Nuntasaen N;Meepowpan P;Pompimon W (Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai Univ, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand, Email: wilart_p@hotmail.com) : Chemical constituents from aerial parts of Polyalthia evecta (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. Var. attopeuensis. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(4), 1705-12.

The first phytochemical investigation from aerial parts of Polyalthia evecta (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep. var. attopeuensis led to the isolation of six compounds, including two triterpenoids; stigmasterol (1) and β-sitosterol (2), two aporphine alkaloids; oxostephanine (3) and dicentrinone (4), one diureide of glyoxylic acid; allantoin (5) and one styryl lactone; goniothalamin (6). Characterization of all compounds was carried out by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. All compounds were previously isolated from Polyalthia, excepting dicentrinone (4) and goniothalamin (6) that are being reported for the first time from this genus.

1 illus, 42 ref

021625   Nandedkar P H;Mulani R M (DST-FIST & UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada Univ, Nanded, Maharashtra) : Phytochemicals and HPTLC studies of methanolic extract of different germplasms of Cordia dichotoma Frost f.. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 4-12.

Most of the traditional medicinal plants in India are not scientifically validated. Scientific evaluation along with traditional knowledge is essential to obtain effective drugs for commercial purposes. To estimate the amount of important secondary metabolites and to establish the fingerprint profile of Cordia dichotoma using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. Phytochemical estimation were carried out with standard graph method and HPTLC studies were carried out in one solvent systems, which showed different R_f value. Secondary metabolites profiling of the extract confirm about the presence of various phytochemicals. HPTLC finger printing of methanol extract of leaf bark and fruits revealed various peaks with Rf values in the range of -0.03 to 0.92. It can be concluded that different Rf value of various phytochemicals provide valuable clue regarding their polarity and selection of solvents for separation of phytochemicals. The study will help in future for identifying this plant for further research.

4 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

021624   Nagarjuna S;Arifullah M;Sanjeev Kumar A; Srinath B;Reddy K S;Reddy Y P (Pharmacology Dep, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Krishnam Reddy Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapur-515 721, Email: nagarjunaspharma@gmail.com ) : Evaluation of antioxidant and antiparkinsonian activities of Brassica oleracea in haloperidol-induced tardive dyskinesia. Int J Green Pharm 2015, 9(3), 143-9.

The present study was designed for 14 days administration of the plant extract then behavioral and biochemical parameters were estimated in the rats. B. oleracea was collected, dried in the shade, powdered, and subjected to the extraction by cold maceration using water and methanol mixture of H₂O/CH₃OH as a solvent. The extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Haloperidol model was selected for screening antiparkinsonian activity, and it was administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg i.p., for 14 days. Behavioral and biochemical parameters were estimated in all the groups. Statistical significance between more than two groups was tested using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni's compare all columns test using the computer-based fitting program. In groups treated with hydroalcoholic extract of B. oleracea (250 and 500 mg/kg p.o.,) decreased the elevated levels of lipid peroxidation in the haloperidol-treated animals and elevated the cellular defense mechanisms such as glutathione, further suggesting the role of free radicals in the pathophysiology of the haloperidol-induced extrapyramidal syndrome. This study reveals the use of B. oleracea in parkinsonian disease.

8 tables, 27 ref

021623   Murali S;Rashmi T R;Francis M S (Research Scholar, Botany Dep, Centre for Post-Graduate Studies and Research, Sacred Heart College, Thevara, Cochin-682 013) : Utility of ITS2 as a specific barcode for Aristolochia spp.. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(4), 43-8.

The genus Aristolochia includes medicinal plants and some are used as ornamentals due to their showy flowers. In many countries including India the plant is commonly used to treat snake bite and has great ethno pharmacological importance. DNA barcoding studies were carried out using the commonly employed marker genes rbcL, matK, psbA-trnH and ITS2 in four species of Aristolochia, Aristolochia indica L., Aristolochia tagala Cham., Aristolochia ringens Vahl. and Aristolochia krisagathra Sivarajan and Pradeep. Of this A. indica, A. tagala and A. krisagathra are native to India; A. ringens is native to South and Central America. A. krisagathra is reported to be endemic to India and is found restricted to the southern part of Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. No reports are available on the molecular aspects of this plant which makes the study relevant. It was found that among the four markers used, ITS2 showed higher variation percentage followed by psbA-trnH. The dendrograms obtained from ITS2 also backed the morphological observation.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

021622   Mohan B;Nayak J B;Sunil Kumar R;Shiva Kumari L P;Mohan C;Rajani B (Botany Dep, Univ College of Science Saifabad, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis of Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. An endangered medicinal plant. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 10-6.

The present paper reports the phytochemical and GC-MS analysis studies of an endemic endangered, climbing shrub. Decalepis hamiltonii. D. hamiltonii which belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae is a perennial slow growing medicinal shrub commonly called as "Maredu kommulu, Nannari kommulu". It is generally considered as a tubers root food mostly in the southern part of India. There is a growing demand for roots of D. hamiltonii in the pharmaceutical trade due to its use as a anti-inflammatory, degenerative diseases including atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, ageing, diabetes mellitus, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and others. In the present study the qualitative and analysis confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids and terpenoids. Quantitative estimation of flavonoids and phenols was also carried out and further analysis of the components present in it by GC-MS analysis. The roots were sequentially extracted by methanol. The extract showed the presence of all phytoconstituents studied. The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of ten major compounds. This study forms a basis for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds identified.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

021621   Mathew J J;Sajeshkumar N K;Kuriakose A C; Vazhacharickal P J (Biotechnology Dep, Mar Augusthinose College, Ramapuram, Kerala) : Studies on antibacterial properties of stingless bee honey fortified with plant extracts. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(5), 9-13.

Being the only available natural sweetener, honey has important role in human nutritional as well as medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to investigate different formulations of stingless bee honey with various plant extracts against five strains of bacteria which include Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus species, Proteus species and Pseudomonas species. The plant extract from turmeric, neem and Malabar nut plants were prepared using soxhlet extraction method, mixed with honey and even compared to respective water extracts. Zone of inhibition studies were conducted using bacterial strains grown on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA). Antibacterial activity of the honey was doubled using the fortification with neem extracts. Clear zone of bacterial inhibition ranging from 14.2 to 26.6 mm were observed for all microbial strains except Pseudomonas species. The formulation of honey with different plant extracts provides a promising results for the enhancement of antibacterial activity of honey.

5 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

021620   Marzouki H;Mighri H;Salah K B;Falconieri D; Piras A (NO, , Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia, Email: hanen_marzouki7@yahoo.fr) : Morphological, chemical and antibacterial characteristics of Laurus nobilis L. growing in Tunisia. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3838-42.

This study shows the variations between ten Laurus nobilis L. trees from different Tunisian localities in relation to the morphological parameters, composition of essential oils extracted from leaves and their antibacterial activity. Aggregation of trees according to their geographical origin seems not evident. Two main groups of populations were clearly separated according principally, to the leaves size and the inflorescences number. The leaves essential oil composition did not vary throughout the Laurus nobilis L. trees and all analyzed samples were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole, methyl eugenol and a-terpinyl acetate. Specially, oils rich in 1,8-cineole were demonstrated to have potent activities against the S. aureus and E. faecalis. Individual plant evaluation, however, remains the only way to effectively seek for well defined essential oil composition or specific combinations of morphological and analytical characters.

2 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

021619   Majumder S;Rahman M M (Botany Dep, Chittagong Univ, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh) : Effect of different plant growth regulators on in vitro propagation of Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.)- An aromatic and medicinal shrub. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 58-63.

An efficient and reliable micropopagation technique for Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) was developed using different explants and media. Shoot apex and nodal explants of field grown plants were aseptically cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentration and combinations of four plant growth regulators (PGRs,) namely IAA, NAA, BAP and Kn. Direct multiple shoot buds developed within 20 days in all explants in most media tested. The highest number of multiple shoot buds (4.20 ± 0.18) was obtain from nodal explants on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP+1.0 mg/l IAA. Multiple shoot buds underwent rapid elongation (5.60 ± 0.28) on elongation medium took place on MS media fortified with 1.5 mg/lBAP+1.0 mg/l IAA. Elongated shoot buds produced strong and stout roots in rooting media. Half strength MS media supplemented with1.0 mg/l IBA + 0.5 mg/l IAA was better for induction and proliferation (3.56 ± 0.10) of roots. 91% of plantlets were successfully acclimatized to ex vitro condition, exhibiting a normal development.

1 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

021618   Mahmud S;Alam M M;Ansari A;Rahman M M;Alam M K;Pramanik M K (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Islamic Univ, Kushtia-7003, Bangladeshs, Email: morshedbt@gmail.com) : Quality improvement of fresh-cut-fruits by gamma radiation for immune-compromised patients. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3306-13.

Immune-compromised patients are vulnerable to microbes, which are usually safe and sound for healthy individuals. The aim of this study is to provide a quality fresh fruits such as apple, grape, guava, pear and plum for immune-compromised personnel sing different doses of gamma radiation. Irradiation impacts on microbial number, in treated fruits were assessed and compared to sanitary microbial safety criteria for immune-compromised patients as suggested by IAEA. Fresh-cut fruits were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy) and microbial load was analyzed. Microbiological analysis showed that aerobic plate counts in case of guava, grape and pearwere4.53, 3.42 and 3.24 log CFU/g respectively which were eliminated at 1.0 kGy. Aerobic spores, except apple, were totally eliminated just at 0.5 kGy. Similarly, at 0.5 kGy, total Coli form in plum, pear, guava and apple, which were 4.43, 2.25, 2.0 and 1.04 CFU/g respectively, as well as pathogenic Listeria spp. 3.3 log CFU/gin guava were also eradicated. Staphylococcus aureus were detected only in fresh-cut guava in the level of 3.77 log CFU/g that was eliminated at 1.0 kGy. Yeast and mold found in processed plum and pear were about 4.0 and 1.47 log CFU/g respectively, were eliminated at 0.5 kGy. We found that radiation dose of 1.0 kGy fulfilled the microbial safety criteria for immune-compromised patients.

55 ref

021617   Li L;Xu W X;Liu C B;Zhang C M;Zhao W;Shang S Z;Deng L;Guo Y D (School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacolo, Kunming Medical Univ, Kunming, P.R. China) : New anthraquinones from Cassia fistula and its cytotoxicity. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3527-8.

A new anthraquinone, cassiquinone A (1), was isolated from the stems of Cassia fistula. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D- and 2D NMR techniques. Compound 1 was tested for its cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines (NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3 and MCF7) and compound 1 showed high cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF7 cell with IC₅₀ values of 8.2 and 6.5 μM, respectively.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

021616   Labyad N;Doro B;Elmarbet N S;Aluonsy M M; Kashmasi M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tripoli Univ, Libya) : Phytochemical antioxidant and antimicrobial study of Libyan propolis ethanolic extract. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(5), 1-4.

The propolis is a substance collected by bees from the leaf buds of several different kinds of trees. The chemical composition and biological activity of propolis has been reported to be variable between different geographical regions. The current study designed to investigate of chemical constituents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of propolis sample collected from area around Tripoli. The phytochemical analysis of the propolis extract display presence of compounds belonged to phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterol and coumarine. The results of TLC illustrate DPPH free radical scavenging potential of EEP as the color changed from violet to yellow. The 1mg/ml of EEP showed significant antibacterial effect against S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and S. poona, and lower effect against MRSA, K. pneumonia and E. coli However other concentration had lower activity against tested bacteria.

2 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

021615   Kulkarni K B;Patil A;Nagoba S N;Ladde S S (NO, Channabasweshwar Pharmacy College, Latur, Maharashtra) : Preparation and evaluation of controlled release of betaxolol hydrochloride ocular inserts. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3359-74.

The present work focuses on treatment of glaucoma by formulating ocular inserts of different polymeric combination and Betaxolol to enhance therapeutic effect through prolonging contact time with corneal surface, Betaxolol is a cardio selective (β1 adrenergic) receptor blocking agent. Ophthalmic betaxolol may be especially useful in the treatment of glaucoma in patient with pulmonary disease. Sustained drug therapies have more advantages than conventional. In the present study, an attempt was made to formulate sustained drug delivery system films for Betaxolol. In matrix type formulations for Betaxolol containing 10%, 12%, and 14% w/v of HPMCK4m and 14%, 16% and 18% w/v for Ethyl cellulose were Prepared by solvent casting method. And evaluated for their average weight variation, thickness, Drug content, In-vitro drug release and stability studies. An increase in average weight and thickness is due to increase in polymer concentration. IR spectral studies were performed to confirm the interaction of drug with excipients. IR spectrum revealed that there is no compatibility and no drug interaction. In vitro drug release Studies were performed by vial and pre hydrated cellophane membrane method. HPMCK4m F15 (14%) & F 21(18%) EC w/v exhibited maximum average weight (14.20 & 15.90 mg) and thickness of F15, F21, is 0.33, 0.43mm respectively. The drug content was ranging from 90% to 100%. The In vitro drug release studies showed that increase in polymer content decreases the drug release from ocular films. Formulations 16% and 21% w/v EC showed sustained and almost complete drug release and diffused (91.10%) over 14 hrs period was selected as an ideal formulation. Drug release from the occuserts by diffusion controlled mechanism. Stability studies conducted formulation. The formulation showed satisfactory physical stability at 25° C and 40°C at 60.

17 ref

021614   Kochuthressia K P;Jaseentha M O (Botany Dep, Carmel College Mala, Thrissur-680 732) : Phytochemical investigation of active compounds in Morinda citrifolia leaves. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 98-103.

Phytochemical screening is one of the necessary steps to find out the chemical constituents which leads the isolation of compounds. The study was designed to investigate the phytochemical screening of two different extract of Morinda citrifolia Linn Rubiaceae. The crude extracts obtained from the leaves of Morinda citrifolia in different solvents ethanol and aqueous extract were subjected to phytochemical study. Phytochemical studies indicated that Morinda citrifolia contained a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites.The phytochemical analysis of Morinda citrifolia shows the presence of all major phytochemicals of, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, flavanoids, phenols, proteins and amino acids. The present study clearly demonstrates the extraction and phytochemical screening of Morinda citrifolia leaf.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

021613   Khemuka N;Galib R;Patgiri B J;Prajapati P K (RS and BK Dep, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurved Univ, Jamnagar, Gujarat) : Shelf-life evaluation of Kamsaharitaki avaleha and its granules: A preliminary study. Ancient Sci Life 2015, 35(2), 96-100.

Raw materials were procured from Pharmacy, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar and utilized after proper authentication in pharmacognosy lab. The avaleha and its granules were prepared in the departmental laboratory following classical guidelines and subjected to accelerated stability studies. Both the products were found to be free from microbial contamination. Heavy metals were within the prescribed limit. Changes in physico-chemical profiles at different intervals are insignificant. On extrapolation of the observations, the shelf life of avaleha was found to be18 months and 27 months to the granules. Stability of granules was found to be comparatively higher than the avaleha. This observation may be exclusive to Kamsaharitaki avaleha. Studies on other avalehas and their granules need to be carried out to confirm this preliminary observation.

7 tables, 22 ref

021612   Khan F N;Zaidi K U;Khan F;Pandey M (Immunology Lab and Biotechnology Pharmacology Lab, Centre for Scientific Research & Development (CSRD), People's Univ, By-pass Road, Bhanpur, Bhopal-462 037, Madhya Pradesh) : Production of exo-biopolymer by submerged mycelial culture of a mushroom Podaxis pistillaris recovered from Bhanpur landfill area, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 218-29.

This study aimed at optimizing the medium for Podaxis pistillaris to enhance the yield of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and mycelial growth. Firstly, the spore printing and growth pattern of Podaxis pistillaris along with the optimization of suitable media was temperature and pH of the medium was determined. The results indicated the optimized medium as Potato Dextrose Broth. The higher levels of EPS were correlated with the level of cell growth in the optimum medium. The maximum biomass yield (2.1gm/L) and exo-Biopolymer (EPS)/ Polysaccharopeptides (PSP) production (4.6 gm/L) was found at an optimum temperature of 30° C and pH 5.32 in PDB. The obtained optimal media obtained maximum biomass and exo-biopolymer on 21st day of fermentation i.e. 7.79 gm/L and 0.56gm/L, respectively. Results obtained in this study would be beneficial for further study to enhancethe production of Podaxis pistillaris polysaccharides in large scale commercialized production.

6 illus, 68 ref