023484   Arikatti S;Murthy M M (Forestry and Environmental Sciences Dep, GKVK, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Bengalore-560 065, Email: shivaraj.ma@gmail.com) : Effect of anaerobic, partial aerobic and fully aerobic condition on electric power generation of microbial fuel cell (MFC). Biochem Cell Archs 2016, 16(1), 185-7.

MFC is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy by their catalytic reaction. An attempt was made to generate electricity by using cattle dung. Results revealed that, the distance between electrodes (zinc and carbon) had negligible or no role in voltage generation. Among the different concentrations of cattle dung with distilled water, 1:1 ratio of cattle dung slurry was found to be the best in terms of both maximum and stable voltage generation.Under different conditions of oxygen, voltage generation was maximum under anaerobic condition, followed by partial anaerobic condition.

1 table, 12 ref

023483   Antalan T D G;Aquino E P;Leoveras M E D C; Ocampo L C;Atabay E P;Leon A M D (Philippine Carabao Center Headquarters and Gene Pool, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippnines, Email: floaqunio@yahoo.com) : The effect of semen extender and storage time on the quality of spermatozoa collected from the excurrent duct of Philippines local chicken. J biol Engng Res Rev 2015, 2(2), 18-20.

The study was conducted primarily to determine the effect of AU and Lake's Low Temperature (LLT) extenders and to determine the effect of extended semen at 0 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours storage times. Twelve roosters were used for the collection of spermatozoa from the excurrent duct (epididymis and vas deferens) of Philippine local chickens. During the time of semen storage, a decrease in the number of motile, live, morphologically normal spermatozoa and an increase in dead and abnormal spermatozoa were observed. The LLT extender was found to be a more suitable extender because the number of live spermatozoa did not decrease as much as in semen diluted with the AU extenders. In addition, the best time storage determined was between 0 hour to 24 hours on both extenders, however, results showed that microscopic evaluation at 24 hours to 48 hours in LLT extender had comparable semen quality.

2 tables, 8 ref

023482   Ansori A N M;Supriyadi A P;Kartjito M V;Rizqi F;Adrianto H;Hamidah (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kampus C Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: arif.nma-12@fst.unair.ac.id) : Biolarvicidal effectivities of polar and non-polar extract fraction from kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaf against 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. J biol Engng Res Rev 2015, 2(2), 14-7.

Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the dengue endemic region and ranked first in ASEAN by the highest number of cases in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The use of chemical agents such as larvicides causes development of resistance, health, and environmental problem. Plant extracts with larvicidal activity from plants, which are easily available in large quantities and are safe for human needed to replace the chemical larvicides. The aim of this research was to obtain polar (methanol) and nonpolar (n-hexane) extract fraction from leaves of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) which are known to possess several insecticide and an effective biolarvicide. The experiment was designed as a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for comparative analysis. Polar and non-polar extract fractions of C. hystrix were tested with concentrations of 500 ppm, 1375 ppm, 2250 ppm, 3125 ppm, and 4000 ppm against the 3rd instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The experiment was replicated five times. The number of mosquito larvae mortality was calculated after 24 hours of treatment. The dead larvae were counted and the data was analyzed using probit. The results show that non-polar extract fraction from C. hystrix is more toxic and is an effective biolarvicide with LC₉₀ = 2,885 ppm compared with polar extract fraction from C. hystrix which has an LC₉₀ = 3,180 ppm.

2 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

023481   Ananthi T;Anuradha R (PG and Research Biochemistry Dep, S.T.E.T Women's College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu, Email: elangani576@gmail.com) : Bio efficacy of Michelia champaca Linn on membrane bound enzymes in ccl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(11), 4879-81.

Aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of flower extract of Michelia champaca on membrane bound enzyme (serum ATPase) levels on male albino rats. The membrane bound enzymes (Ca²⁺ ATPase, Mg²⁺ ATPase, Na+K+ ATPase) levels of methanolic flower extract of Michelia champaca at a dose of 300 mg/kg was evaluated during exposure to CCl₄. There was a significant decrease in membrane bound enzymes such as Ca²⁺ ATPase, Mg²⁺ ATPase, Na+K+ ATPase was observed in CCl₄ treated rats. Therapeutic treatment with plant extract has significantly ameliorated to near normalcy in the curative group. These results of the study concluded that Michelia champaca was found to be effective in preventing the biochemical abnormalities caused by toxins

19 ref

023480   Ali A;Khalil-UR-Rahman;Shahid M;Arshad M (Biochemistry Dep, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad-380 040, Email: bosalvee@yahoo.com) : Bioassays application for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of medicinal plant having considerable antioxidant potential. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(11), 3965-8.

The main focus of the present study was to explore antioxidant and toxicological profile of Silybum marianum. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of S. marianum was assayed using the diphenyl-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging and H₂O₂ induced DNA protection assay. The cytotoxicity of the plant extract was evaluated by hemolytic, brine shrimp lethality and mutagenic activity by Ames test. The percentage inhibition for DPPH ranged from 51 to 76 at concentration 10 and 100 mg/mL. The methanolic extract exhibited DNA protection on concentration dependent manner and complete protective effect was noted at concentration 10 μL/mL. Toxicological results showed that S. marianum was potent against hemolytic, brine shrimps and non-mutagenic against standard mutagens that indicated the presence of some bioactive components in the plant and possessed antioxidant activity that protects DNA against H₂O₂ induced oxidative damage. Thus, the results showed that S. marianum exhibited significant bioactive components with least side effects. The present investigation will provide better scientific basis for future pharmacological evaluation due to its novel nature. In vivo studies and identification of novel source of pure bioactive compounds will be performed in future studies.

2 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

023479   Aberomand M;Shushizadeh M H;Roozban S;Mohseni M;Aberomand M (Biochemistry Dep, School of Medical Sciences, Toxicology Research Center and Ahvaz Jundishpur Univ of Medical Scien, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: aberumand@yahoo.com) : Role of herbal plant medicines in type 1 and type II diabetic patients : A review. Biochem Cell Archs 2016, 16(1), 1-7.

Diabetes mellitus has been described in the early history and it is known to occur due to high blood glucose levels, caused by defects in insulin levels. In general, diabetes mellitus can be classified into two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, Type 1 diabetes) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, Type 2 diabetes), based principally upon clinical symptoms and, when possible, on more specific etiologic characterization. Diabetes mellitus is classified into two major types: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, Type 1 diabetes) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, Type 2 diabetes). In IDDM, there is destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas, with consequent insulin deficiency. At clinical presentation, IDDM is often associated with marked hyperglycemia and its attendant symptoms and signs: polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss. The cause of NIDDM is often a combination of resistance to insulin action and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion. The number of adults with diabetes in the world more than 360 millions in the year 2025. This disease is a syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia, cardiovascular disease, polydipsia and polyuria and causes complications to the eyes, kidneys, infection on feet, nerves and glycosuria,and acute complication of diabetes mellitus such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma, lactic acidosis and hypoglycaemia sometimes with drowsiness or coma. For thousands of years natural herbal have played a very important role in health care and averting of diseases as well as diabetes. In old script such as those written by Avicenna show that the blood sugar lowering effect of Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle) as a medicinal plant has been introduced. 150 years of chemical compounds that are released to the world. Comparison of chemical and herbal drugs indicate that the effects of chemical drugs have side effects are good, some of these effects remain for a lifetime. And even in some cases be transferred to the next generation, whereas the effects of herbal medicines are less effective and in many cases are very small and uncomplicated, In the past decade due to chemical agents for many problems that have developed in recent years, the trend has been increasing attention to drugs of plant origin. Herbal products and nutritional supplements are widely used to improve health or prevent disease. With the increasing prevalence of obesity and type II diabetes, impaired metabolism of carbohydrates and is prevalent in all societies glycemic control is important to reduce the problems caused by diabetes. If the effect of plant be determined in relation to obesity and diabetes, more people pay attention to it. These products are high and can have fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. Phenolic antioxidants from natural sources and digestive enzyme inhibitors as food sources can be used to treat diabetes. In worldwide is used the natural herbal medicine for the prevention of type II diabetes.

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

023478   Aberomand M;Sarkaki A;Farbod Y;Seadatfard S; Sharhani M;Rahim F (Biochemistry Dep, School of Mendicanty, Toxicology Research Center and Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ of Medical Scie, Ahvaz, Iran) : Evaluation the effect of chronic walnut dietary on hyperglycemia, LIPID profile and peripheral nerve conduction velocity in animal model of diabetes. Biochem Cell Archs 2016, 16(1), 29-31.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Walnuts (60%) on biochemical parameters, glucose and lipid profile in induced streptozotocin-diabetic rats. In the streptozotocin induced diabetic rats treated separately with diet of the seeds of Walnuts, the decrease in Cholesterol serum. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a diet inclusive of walnuts on blood sugar, lipid profiles with type 1 diabetes in rat. This was a parallel randomized controlled trial comparing three dietary advice groups each with 60% walnuts (Juglans regia): as low, modified and high diet. Low fat, and modified low fat inclusive of 60 g of walnuts per day. Blood lipids as wel as LDL. VLDL, HDL, Cholesterol, TG, Blood Sugar and Ncv were measured at 3, months. Data were assessed by repeated-measures of ANOVA. The walnut group (60% walnuts) achieved a significantly greater increase in HDL and decrease cholesterol, LDL and The p value of FBS, TG, and VLDL are 0.93, 0.80, and 0.75 respectively So, p values of these metabolites were not significant. Also nerve conduction velocity was not significantly.

7 illus, 11 ref

022466   Zhang S Q;Li J H;Liu Y F;Li Y Q (The Pediatrisc Dep, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou Univ, Zhengzhou, 450 052, PR China, Email: liyuqin856@126.com) : Quantitative determination of active constitutents in compound Yuping feng powder and their anti-asthma effects. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 227-31.

To establish a HPLC method for determination of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin and 5-O-methylvisammioside contents in Yuping feng powder, and study the therapeutic effect of Yuping feng powder on pediatric asthma. Mobile phase is methanol-water (35:65); Alltech C₁₈ (5 μm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm); flow rate is 0.8 mL/min; detection wavelength is 254 nm; injection volume is 10 μL; and column temperature is room temperature. Asthmatic children are randomly divided into two groups, all of whom are treated with prescribed dose of inhaled fluticasone propionate at 100<126>200 μg/d based on their conditions. Treatment group is given additional Yuping feng powder (containing 1 gm of crude herbals per gm) 1 bag (5 gm/bag, which contains 3 herbs, Radix sileris, Astragalus and Atractylodes) three times daily. One course of treatment lasts 3 months; and therapeutic effect is evaluated after a course of treatment. Good linearity is observed within a 0.0508 - 0.6096 μg range for prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, and a 0.0516-0.6192 μg range for 5-O-methylvisammioside. Therapeutic effect is evidently improved for asthmatic children in the treatment group after taking Yuping feng powder, with cure rate of 47.5%, and total effective rate reaching 90%, which are markedly higher than the control group. FEV (%) and PEFR change evidently before and after treatment in the treatment group; after treatment, both FEV (%) and PEFR increase markedly, and the differences are statistically significant. The method established herein is simple, accurate and specific, which can be used for quantitative determination of the preparation. Yuping feng powder is effective in treating pediatric asthma.

2 tables, 14 ref

022465   Wang S;Zhang K K;Huang X;Fan Y J;Yang L T; Yang Rui L (Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sugarcane Research Institute of Guangxi Acade, Nanning-530 007, Email: liyr@gxaas.net) : Cloning and functional analysis of thylakoidal ascorbate peroxidase (TAPX) gene in sugarcane. Sugar Tech 2015, 17(4), 356-6.

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is a key enzyme for active oxygen scavenging of higher plants, and it plays an important role in plants against abiotic stresses. In this study, a thylakoidal APX (TAPX) gene was cloned from sugarcane leaves by using RT-PCR technique, which was registered in GenBenk with the accession number JQ958327. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the new gene contained a 1,422 bp open reading frame and encoded 473 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight was 51.1 kDa, containing the typical functional area and heme binding sites of peroxidase gene family. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis showed the TAPX gene expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of sugarcane plant, and the highest expression level was found in the leaves. The TAPX gene was expressed in three exogenous stresses, i.e. polyethylene glycol (PEG), NaCl and H₂O₂. The expression pattern varied due to different regulatory mechanisms and the impact of low temperature stress on the expression is not significant. The TAPX gene was successfully expressed in E. coli. The TAPX gene excessive plant expression vector was built and transformed into tobacco with Agrobacterium-mediation, and transgenic tobacco plants were obtained. In conclusion, the TAPX gene was mainly expressed in the green tissue of sugarcane plant. It is presumed that TAPX gene is related with sugarcane resistance to osmotic stress. Further investigation on the biological functions of TAPX in sugarcane are warranted.

3 illus, 31 ref

022464   Vivek Kumar;Trivedi S P (Environmental Toxicology & Bioremediation Lab (ETBL), Zoology Dep, Univ of Lucknow-226 007, Email: sat060523@gmail.com) : Efficacy of lawsonia inermis leaves extract against copper (CU<. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 87-92.

Lawsonia inermis, commonly known as 'Henna' or 'Mehndi', is an evergreen, medium sized shrub of the family Lythraceae. The leaves paste of this plant has been traditionally used for dying hair, skin and nails. Besides, cosmaceutical usages, the plant also holds ample significance in traditional medicines. The present work is focused to screen the efficacy of ethanolic extract of henna leaves against copper (Cu⁺⁺), a known mutagen in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. In the experiment, fish were divided into six groups. Fish of group-1 served as control. Fish of group-2 and group-3 were exposed with 96h-LC50/10 of Copper sulphate and 3mg/l concentration of L. inermis, respectively. Fish of group 4, 5 and 6 were treated with 1mg/l, 2mg/l and 3mg/l concentration of L. inermis along with 96h-LC50/10 of Copper sulphate. The chromosome was prepared from fish kidney collected at multiple intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Copper sulphate, in its tested concentration induces chromosomal aberration in group-2, in a time dependent manner. However, on simultaneous exposure of fish with different concentration of L. inermis (1, 2 and 3 mg/l) along with 96h-LC50/10 of copper sulphate reduces the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. This reduction in chromosomal aberrations on introduction of L. inermis in group-4, 5 and 6 establishes the excellent protective potential of this plant extract in fish, C. Punctatus. Thus, present study opens new vistas for the conservation of fish biodiversity by employing indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) in the form of "Henna".

1 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

022463   Vishwakarma P;Singh P;Tripathi N N (Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Lab, Botany Dep, DDU Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: pooja.ddu@gmail.com) : Nutritional and antioxidant properties of wild edible macrofungi from North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(1), 143-8.

Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India is home to diverse form of macrofungi some of which are excellently edible and commonly used by local peoples as food and medicine. The nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of four wild edible macrofungi, viz. Calocybe gambosa, Calocybe indica, Macrolepiota procera and Tuber aestivum collected from different areas of Gorakhpur were evaluated. The total phenol content of each species along with some bioactive compounds was analysed. The nutrient composition of these macrofungi showed that they are rich source of protein and carbohydrate. Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, fibre, moisture and ash ranged from 31.40-49.05%, 41.25-65.00%, 0.27-1.08%, 6.41-17.97%, 54.75-76.97%, 2.64-10.34%, respectively on dry weight basis. Total phenol contents (major antioxidants components) ranged from 23.89-38.37GAEmg/gm in different macrofungi. Current study confirms that macrofungi are healthy source of food and medicine can also be use as alternative source of protein in human diet.

1 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

022462   Vidya V;Somayaji T Y;Pooja S;Patil S; Fernandes R;Krishna A P (Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte Univ, Karnataka, Email: apsnkrishna@yahoo.com) : Assessment of membrane stablization, antioxidant and thrombolytic potential of lutein- an In vitro study. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4478-83.

Lutein; an orange-red colored powder, insoluble in water; is a member of the carotenoid family, a xanthophyll pigment. Lutein was evaluated for its antioxidant property when dissolved in different solvents. Solvents used in the study were chloroform, ethanol, methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The antioxidant potential of lutein was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity, 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric anion reducing power assay (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays. It was also assessed for its antihemolytic and thrombolytic potential. Antioxidant property was compared to that of a standard (gallic acid). The antihemolytic property was assessed by the percentage inhibition of hemolysis in heat induced hemolytic assay and osmotic fragility test. The thrombolytic potential was evaluated by the percentage of clot dissolved by lutein in different solvents. Aspirin and trypsin were used as positive controls for antihemolytic and thrombolytic assays respectively. The results for total antioxidant capacity and FRAP were given in terms of gallic acid equivalents and the others were recorded as percentage radical scavenging activity of lutein. In comparison to gallic acid, the antioxidant property of lutein dissolved in various solvents was not very significant. It however showed antioxidant property in all the solvents and a moderate activity was seen when dissolved in chloroform and methanol compared to the other solvents. It was observed that lutein when dissolved in chloroform has shown to reduce heat induced hemolysis; though no significant difference was observed in hemolysis induced by hypotonic solution when compared to aspirin. The thrombolytic activity of lutein dissolved in ethanol was mild when compared to that of trypsin whereas lutein when dissolved in methanol and DMSO did not exhibit any thrombolytic property.

24 ref

022461   Verma P;Nath A (Cell Biology & Toxicology Laboratory, Patna Univ, Patna, Bihar, Bihar) : Modulatory role of Withenia somnifera root extract mixed pelleted feed on pesticide induced hepatic anomalies' in fresh water catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4243-51.

The pharmacological activity of Withenia somnifera commonly called Ashwagandha, a herb having multi-medicinal properties, was investigated against carbofuran exposed hepatic anomalies in the air breathing fish Clarias batrachus. Fishes were exposed to 1 mg/L carbofuran for three weeks to induce the toxic effects. These fishes were then fed with Withenia somnifera root extract mixed pelleted feed @ 10% of the total feed ingredients for the next 6th and 8th week respectively. The histopathological examination of hepatic tissues was done on light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Major changes attributed to the hepatic cells after carbofuran treatment showed irregular shape of hepatic cells, increased sinusoidal spaces, rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretary granules, dilated mitochondrial cristae and presence of kupffer cells. Amoeboid nucleus with increased heterochromatin material, granular nucleoplasm and enlargement of nucleolus, were some of the prominent histopathological alteration in the liver tissue after carbofuran toxicity at transmission electron microscope (TEM) level. The histopathological examination of liver cell of carbofuran exposed fish followed by administration of W.somnifera root extract mixed pelleted feed showed marked restoration of hepatic cell towards normalcy, maintaining nearly uniform shape with decrease in vacuolization, sinusoidal spaces and increased granulations. Aggregation of polyribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi body were distinctly visible in the hepatoplasm. Nucleus with uniform nuclear membrane, nucleolus and increased euchromatin material showed reliable sign of retrieving towards the normalacy. It can be concluded that WSR extracts promote the modulatory activity against carbofuran induced hepatic anomalies in fish.

39 ref

022460   Verma A;Sharma A;Shirkot P (Biotechnology Dep, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: ambikaverma9@gmail.com) : Production, purification and characterization of a thermophilic alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis MS12. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 69-75.

A thermophilic bacterial isolate MS12, producing extracellular thermostable alkaline protease was isolated from Manikaran hot water spring of Himachal Pradesh (India). This thermophilic bacterial isolate MS12 was studied morphologically and biochemically, followed by sequencing of its 16S rRNA gene. BLASTn search analysis of the sequence showed maximum identity with Bacillus licheniformis BCRC 11702 and the G+C content was found to be 55.6%. Bacillus licheniformis MS12 bacterial isolate was quantitatively screened for protease activity and it was found to show maximum thermostable protease activity of 4.7 U/ml. The optimum yield and the maximum protease activity was achieved at 24 hours of incubation period, with the pH 9.0 at 60°C. The desired protein was precipitated and purified from the crude extract by using ammonium sulfate (20-80%), Sephadex G-100 column and Anion exchange chromatography. The procedure yielded 3.63 mg protein with 29.04 fold purification with a percent yield 15.48% and molecular mass of the enzyme was determine to be 29 kDa by SDS-PAGE.

1 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

022459   Tufchi M;Rashmi;Jha S K;Singh N K (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: narendraksingh2@gmail.com) : Effect of opaque-2 allele on accumulation of tryptophan among backcross-derived introgressed progenies of maize. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 2015, 75(4), 453-8.

The tryptophan concentration of the 85 BC₂F_2:3 progenies derived from a cross between normal maize inbred line, Pant 10k1375 and o2 donor line, CML 161 were determined. The genic marker phi057 positive progenies showed significant variation for tryptophan concentration in BC₂F_2:3 progenies with tryptophan as low as 0.046 per cent in BC₂F_2:3-80, whereas BC₂F_2:3-78 possessed maximum tryptophan concentration of 0.082 per cent. Normal maize line Pant10k1375 possessed tryptophan concentration of 0.040 per cent whereas o2 donor line CML161 had tryptophan concentration of 0.089 per cent. All the BC₂F_2:3 progenies had tryptophan concentration higher than the normal maize inbred, whereas none of the progenies had tryptophan concentration higher than the donor line CML161. Twelve lines of BC₂F_2:3 populations had tryptophan concentration 0.075 per cent or more, the level used to determine quality protein maize. Variability in amino acid modifier genes in the background and/or the insertion of transposable element at the regulatory sites indicated by unusual segregation pattern of phi057 and umc1066 in backcross progenies could be the possible reasons for such high level of variation in tryptophan concentration. The progenies with tryptophan concentration <60> 0.075 per cent may serve as potential germplasm in development of quality protein maize hybrids.

4 illus, 22 ref

022458   Talreja K;Moon A (Biochemistry Dep, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur Univ, Nagpur-440 033, Email: moon.archana@gmail.com) : Brassica oleracea: a potent antioxidant therapeutic in health and disease. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4448-52.

Oxidative stress contributes towards initiation and progression of hepatic damage in a variety of liver disorders (e.g. Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, non alcoholic fatty liver disease amongst others). Hence, there is a great demand for the development of agents with potent antioxidant effect. There are various plant derived products which act as antioxidants. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the efficacy of Brassica oleracea extract as a hepatoprotective antioxidant. Brassica genus encompassing broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and radish, have received much attention, due to their glucosinolate content. Glucosinolates are hydrolysed by the endogenous enzyme myrosinase and their degradation products are reported to have anticancer activity. The FRAP assay (ferric reducing ability of plasma) is a simple test that has been employed in this study to detect the free radical scavenging activity of Brassica oleracea extract. The present paper discusses the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Brassica oleracea extract.

14 ref

022457   Tak A;Tak N;Sankhla I S;Meghwal R R;Gehlot H S (BNF and Stress Biology Lab, Botany Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 033, Email: hsgehlot@gmail.com) : Molecular characterization of nitrogen fixing Ensifer species from Vigna trilobata growing in alkaline soil of thar desert. Green Fmg 2016, 7(2), 300-4.

Thirty four bacterial strains were isolated from root nodules of native legume Vigna trilobata growing in the alkaline soil of Thar Desert. Phenotypically and genetically diverse bacterial strains were grouped on the basis of ARDRA and RAPD patterns. A representative strain from each RAPD group was chosen for further molecular characterization. 16S rRNA gene of three bacterial strains (VT3, VT9 and VT29) were sequenced and identified as Ensifer sp. which were 100% similar to each other and formed a separate clade from type strain Ensifer saheli LMG 7837^T with maximum sequence similarity of 99.5%. The symbiotic genes nodA and nifH of Ensifer strain VT29 was sequenced which showed incongruence with 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. The V. trilobata plants inoculated with isolated strains of Ensifer showed higher chlorophyll contents and biomass in glass house experiment. The present study suggested that V. trilobata is nodulated by fast growing species of Ensifer that are effective in increasing growth of host plants and are well adapted to alkaline soil of arid and semi-arid regions of Indian Thar Desert.

2 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

022456   Suradkar N G;Pawar V S;Shere D M (Food Science and Technology Dep, CFT, VNMKV, Parbhani, Email: nsuradkar21@yahoo.com) : Detection of phytochemicals in jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) pulp powder. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 197-9.

Detection of phytochemical in jamun (Syzygium Cumini) pulp powder was carried out on the crude methanol and ethanol extracts of Jamun pulp powder dried at various temperatures 60°C, 70°C, 80°C and control as raw pulp. Preliminary phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoid, reducing sugar and tannins and the absence of saponins, anthroquinoes as the chemical class present in the extracts. In this study we found that most of the biologically active phytochemicals were present in all the jamun pulp powder which dried at three different temperatures, when subjected to both methanol and ethanol extract. This study will definitely be helpful to produce jamun pulp powder at control temperature without loss of phytochemicals. Further to produce jamun pulp powder incorporated food products.

1 illus, 5 ref

022455   Sunil Kumar K N;Sangeetha B;Suchitra P; Ravishankar B;Yashovarma B (SDM Centre for Research in Ayurvedic and Allied Sciences, Laxminaryana Nagar, Kuthpady-574 118, Email: sunilkumarnarayanan@gmail.com) : Pharmacognosy and quality characterization of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) delile fruits. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 40-50.

Fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile syn. B. roxburghii Planch (Family Balanitaceae) is considered as source of Ingudi of Ayurveda. It is a thorny tree with ovoid pulpy drupe type of fruit. In Ayurveda, Ingudi bark, leaf and fruits are said to be beneficial as blood purifier, diuretic, in leprosy, poisoning, ulcers, worm infestation, leucoderma, anorexia and constipation. Seed extract is hypotensive and the seed oil is used for burns and freckles. The unripe fruits are cathartic and the ripe ones are used in whooping cough and skin troubles. The fruits are also reported to possess antihperglycemic activity. In the present study, systematic pharmacognostical evaluation of ripe fruits has been carried out as per standard methodologies used for drug standardisation. Macroscopical, microscopical and physico-chemical features of the fruit have been documented. Preliminary phytochemical investigations indicated presence of carbohydrates, coumarins, triterpenoids and saponins. HPTLC fingerprint profile has been developed for methanol extract of pulp using diosgenin as standard. The result obtained from standardization of fruit established set diagnostic tests to authenticate genuine fruits. These parameters can be utilized for rapid identification of the drug as whole and as powder.

5 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

022454   Sivakumar V;Mohan R;Rangasamy T;Muralidharan C (Chemical Engineering Dep, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, Email: vsiva1clri@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz.) nuts: Application in raw skin preservation for leather making. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 65-8.

The antimicrobial property of some plant materials is useful as an eco-benign option. The combination of Terminalia Chebula Retz. nuts powder (MP) and common salt (CS) has been employed for better action. The synergistic composition involving MP and CS in 1:1 ratio with 10% each (% w/w of raw skin) could provide short term preservation of raw skin/hide up to 45 days without any degradation of skin. About 40-50% (% w/w based on raw skin weight) CS is employed for short term preservation of raw hides/skins in leather processing. The present method based on natural products avoids CS by 75% and reduces significant total dissolved solids content/salinity in wastewater.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

022453   Singh S K;Prabhu A;Ajit Kumar (Dermatology and Venereology Dep, IMS, B H U, Varanasi-221 005, Email: drsatyendraderma@gmail.com) : Valacyclovir-induced urticaria without acyclovir hypersensitivity. Indian J Derm Vener Lepr 2015, 81(6), 611-12.

1 illus, 5 ref

022452   Singh B P;Sandhu S S;Kalia V K;Gujar G T; Dhillon M K (Entomology Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi-110 012, Email: mukeshdhillon@rediffmail.com) : Assessment of Bt trait purity in different generations of transgenic cottons. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(4), 237-44.

Adequate expression of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxins and purity of seeds of Bt-transgenic cottons are important for controlling bollworms, and thereby increasing the cotton productivity. Therefore, we examined the variability in expression of Bt toxin proteins in the seeds and in leaves of different cotton (Gossypium hirsutum (L.) hybrids (JKCH 226, JKCH 1947, JKCH Durga, JKCH Ishwar, JKCH Varun KDCHH 441 and KDCHH 621) expressing Bt toxins in F₁ and F2 generations, using bioassays against the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), and the lateral flow strip (LFS) test. Toxicity of Bt toxin proteins in the seeds of Bt-transgenic cottons to H. armigera correlated with their toxicity in the leaves in one-toxin Bt cotton hybrids. The Bt-F₁ and Bt-F2 seeds of JKCH 1947 were more toxic to H. armigera than those of JKCH Varun seeds. The seeds and leaves of F_1s showed greater toxicity than the F₂ seeds or leaves of one-toxin (cry1Ac) Bt cotton hybrids. However, no significant differences were observed for the two-toxin (cry1Ac and cry2Ab) hybrid, KDCHH 621. Toxicity of leaves to H. armigera increased with crop age, until 112 days after seedling emergence. The Bt trait purity in F₁ seeds of four two-toxin Bt cotton hybrids ranged from 86.7 to 100%. The present study emphasizes the necessity of 95% Bt trait purity in seeds of transgenic cotton for sustainable crop production.

2 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

022451   Shahana S;Shabana S;Hundekari G;Saifuddin M; Nikaljie A G;Yousuf S A (Kamala Nehru Polytechnic Pharmacy, , Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Email: shahanakalim@gmail.com) : Comparative study of hypoglycemic effects and antioxidant potential of polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced diabetic rats an alternative theraputic agent for diabetes management. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4381-90.

Comparative screening of Polyherbal preparations for anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity in rats. Materials and Methods: The blood glucose lowering activity of the Polyherbal preparation 1and 2 was studied in normal rats and alloxan-induced diabetic rats after oral administration at doses of 1.0 ml/kg body wt. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein method on 1,7, 15, and 23rd day. Biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, Liver Glycogen, Urea, Creatinine, LDL, Cholesterol etc were evaluated. Effect was also observed on antioxidant activity and learning and memory dysfunction in diabetes. The data was compared statistically using the one-way ANOVA method followed by the Dunnett test. Results: The Polyherbal preparation 1and 2 produced significant (P<60>0.05,0.01) reduction in the blood glucose level and other biochemical parameters in diabetic rats after 23 days of study compared with that of control and Metformin. They also have significant antioxidant activity effective in diabetic neuropathy and learning and memory dysfunction. Conclusion: The Polyherbal preparation 1 and 2 showed antidiabetic in diabetic rats. This preparation can be used as an alternative to anti-diabetic preparation. However, it requires further extensive molecular level studies for identifying mechanism of actions.

50 ref

022450   Shafi S (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Kashmir Univ, Hazratbal, Sinagar, Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir) : Green blood therapy in modern medicine. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(3), 497-503.

Triticum aestivum (Family Poaceae) commonly called as wheatgrass, is a plant that has immense medicinal potential and its juice (WGJ), known as green blood is largely used in the western world for the treatment of various health ailments. The knowledge about its medicinal potential is very less known in India although it is widely used. Its use has been termed as Green blood therapy. The present review is an effort to provide detailed information on the folkloric uses, chemical composition and pharmacological activities of the plant. This can provide a useful data for further research studies. Since very little clinical studies have been made on this very promising herbal drug, efforts are needed to conduct extensive studies on the Triticum aestivum both in experimental models and human subjects to develop wheat grass therapy with no side effects in prevention, cure and management of chronic diseases for which our modern systems have lost their hopes.

^iia33 ref

022449   Sethiya N K;Brahmbhat K;Chauhan B;Mishra S H (Pharmacy Dep, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Kalabhavan, The M.S. Univ of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: nscognosy2006@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of Ensete superbum (Roxb.) cheesman pseudostem. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 51-8.

The present study investigates preliminary pharmacognostic, phytochemical and antioxidant property of Ensete Superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman pseudostem. Macroscopical and microscopical features of the pseudostem have been documented. Presence of phytochemicals such as steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and sugar were tested by chemical tests and TLC method. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and complementary colorimetric methods (aluminum chloride method and 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method, respectively). Antioxidant was evaluated by using DPPH free radical scavenging activity, H₂O₂ and reducing power by FeCl₃. Pharmacognostic studies revealed presence of epidermis, hypodermis, vascular bundles, phloem fibres, sclereids ground tissue and stomata. Methanol extract of pseudostem showed highest concentration of phenolics and flavonoids and it also showed significant anti-oxidant activity (P<60> 0.05) when compared with standard. TLC fingerprint of plant extract is useful in characterisation of plant extract for standardization.

6 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

022448   Selvakumar P;Umadevi K (Marine Living Resources Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: bioselvas@gmail.com) : Biomass production of multipopulation microalgae in open air pond for biofuel potential. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(4), 271-9.

Biodiesel gains attention as it is made from renewable resources and has considerable environmental benefits. The present investigation has focused on large scale cultivation of multipopulation microalgae in open air pond using natural sea water without any additional nutritive supplements for low cost biomass production as a possible source of biofuel in large scale. Open air algal pond attained average chlorophyll concentration of 11.01 μg/L with the maximum of 43.65 μg/L as well as a higher lipid concentration of 18% (w/w) with lipid content 9.3 mg/L on the 10th day of the culture; and maximum biomass of 0.36 g/L on the 7th day of the culture. Composition analysis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was performed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). Multipopulation of algal biomass had 18% of total lipid content with 55% of total saturated fatty acids (SFA), 35.3% of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 9.7% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), revealing a potential source of biofuel production at low cost.

3 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

022447   Saxena S;Singh Y;Tiwari S;Chaturvedi M (1, 4. S.M.S. Govt. Model Science College, Gwalior, 474 002, Email: yogendrasinghbt@gmail.com) : Organogenesis study in maize (Zea mays) using seedling derived callus. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 121-3.

Maize (Zea mays) is a major cereal crop and perfect model monocot plant for studying genetics, genomics and molecular biology. Millions of people living in the tropical and subtropical zones of the world are largely dependent on maize for their survival. It is C4 crop with outstanding ability to maintain high rates of photosynthetic activity which is important for grain yield and biomass. Being a cross-pollinating species, it maintains broad morphological features, genetic variability and geographical adaptableness. So far almost all maize tissue culture and transformation involves the use of immature zygotic embryos as an explant source for regeneration. However, immature embryos are seasonally available and have strictly limited suitable duration of culture, 14-19 DAP. This imposes tedious routine tissue culture activities within the specified time frame and continuous planting for continuous supply of the immature embryos. In contrast, seeds are readily available throughout the year in large quantities.in present study attempts were made to study organogenesis from seeds of maize genotypes i.e. HKI-1126, HKI-287 on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinin (BAP) alone or in combination with Auxins (2,4-D). Result showed that HKI-287 genotype shows better germination and fast growth than genotype 1126.MS medium fortified with 2, 4-D (0.5mg/l) and BAP (2mg/l) gave normal callus initiation in five days. MS medium fortified with 2,4-D (1mg/l) and BAP (4mg/l) gave excellent callus initiation within three days.

1 illus, 28 ref

022446   Santos N K A;Viana G S B;Cunha W E M;Campos A R;da Costa J G M (Natural Products Research Laboratory, Regional Univ of Cariri, Brazil) : Essential oil from Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker (asteraceae) presents antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and sedative effects. Int J Green Pharm 2015, 9(2), 138-42.

The essential oil from Vanillosmopsis arborea (EOVA) Baker is rich in (-)-α-bisabolol. Investigations demonstrated its gastroprotective, larvicidal, and visceral antinociceptive activities. The present study aimed to elucidate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and sedative properties of the EOVA Baker in mice. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed using the abdominal constriction, formalin and carrageenan-induced paw edema models,respectively. The sedative property was detected by the open-field and sleeping time tests. Results were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. EOVA, after intraperitoneal administration, produced an inhibition of the acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. In addition, the same doses were able to inhibit both the early and late phases of the formalin-induced nociception. EOVA produced inhibition in the carrageenan-induced edema model, reduced the spontaneous motor activity and prolonged the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital. The experimental data demonstrated that EOVA showed antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory, and sedative activities.

3 tables, 12 ref

022445   Sai B N;Chand C V G;Rama Krishna G;Kumar A R; Reddy A J R;Vallabh V (Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Phytochemical and antidiarrhoeal activity of extract of Morinda citrifolia. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 138-40.

Diarrhoea is a condition that involves frequent passing of loose or watery stools. According to the Who, approximately 3.5million deaths each year are attributable to diarrhoea. Medicinal plants have been used as traditional remedy for diarrhoea for years long and there is renewed interest from the discovery of novel compounds from plants to fight against diarrhoea that also encourages studies on diarrhoea which include research on traditional herbs. The present study was designed to investigate antidiarrhoeal potential of combined 70% hydro ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia. Castor oil introduced diarrhoea in wister rats. Phytochemical screening of the plant extract for their active constituents was also carried out using standard procedures. Oral administration of combined hydro ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia significantly, and dose dependently delayed the onset of diarrhoea induced by castor oil and also significantly reduced the number of diarrhoeal episodes and number of animals exhibiting diarrhoea. The results were comparable with standard synthetic antidiarrhoeal drug, loperamide. Phytochemical screening also revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates as the major constituents. The results point out the presence of active principles in Morinda citrifolia possessing a promising antidiarrhoeal effect substantiate the use of herb non specific treatment of diarrhoea in folk medicine.

8 ref

022444   Sahu S;Pramanik K (Biotechnology and Medical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: kpr@nitrkl.ac.in) : Delignification of cotton gin waste and its optimization by using white rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 661-7.

The present study investigated the effect of fungal pretreatment on cotton gin waste by solid and submerged state of cultivation and screening potential fungus for delignification. Cotton gin waste was treated with white rot fungi namely, Trametes pubscens, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium to separate cellulose and hemicellulose components by degrading lignin from a complex mixture of the above three components using their secreted enzymes. In the delignification process, solid state cultivation (SSC) was found to be more effective than submerged cultivation (SMC). Among the four fungi used in the study, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus showed better result in achieving lignin removal of 55.2 and 40.2% in solid and submerged cultivation respectively. The corresponding cellulose and hemicellulose reduction was determined as 61.9 and 70% in SSC, whereas their value in SMC was 44% cellulose and 56.3% hemicellulose. The confirmation of delignification process with respect to fungal pretreated and untreated cotton gin waste was assessed using FTIR, XRD and SEM analysis. Optimization of parameters for Pycnoporus cinnabarinus further showed substantial improvement in lignin removal i.e., 60% in SSC at pH, shaking speed and temperature of 4.5, 138 rpm and 32°C respectively.

3 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

022443   Rituraj;Srivastava K K;Srivastava S;Alam T (Chemistry Dep, Vinoba Bhave Univ, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand) : In silico approach to identify new anti-HIV integrase inhibitor like leas by docking studies. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4484-90.

The Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)type-1 integrase is one of the most important target of highly active anti retrovirus therapy (HAART), due toits role to incorporate genetic information into the host DNA, so its prevention to its proper function results in very fine therapeutic effect for the treatment of all acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS), extensive research work on integrase inhibitors(INIs) haven't carried out till present due to complexities in research with integrase and a very few drug are known to inhibit integrase. Dolutegravir is a new 2nd generation Integrase inhibitor (INIs) in a short list of INIs, recently approved by FDA in the list of HAART, so herein we taken Dolutegravir as a reference structure for virtually identification of more/similar efficient drug like leads then Dolutegravir using three different PDB structures (4S3O, 3S3M & 3S3N) of Integrase having in different mutated state from PDB database 'RCSB' versus chemical compounds database 'ZINC' using Schrodinger and Discovery Studio software. Using molecular constraint search with similarity coefficient 'Tanimoto', 1,65,000 ligands were extracted out and further docking analysis resulted in some better efficient in docking properties and computed medicinal parameters have been reported, and, they may further undergo through high end extensive virtual investigation and beyond, in such research laboratory where adequate research facilities are available.

7 ref

022442   Ratnam K V;Lovalakshmi J;Tharun J;Sindhuja K; Vihitha K K;Sireesha K V B R;ShanthiKumari K L (Aditya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, , ADB Road, Surampalem-533 437) : Evaluation of invitro anthelmintic activity and anti bacterial activities of ethanolic bark extract of Annona muricata. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(3), 425-9.

In the current study, In-vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possibleanthelminthic and anti-bacterial activities of crude ethanolic bark extract of Annona muricata. The anthelminthic activity was tested on earthworms at a concentration of 100 and 150mg/ml and compared with Albendazole(20mg/ml) as the standard. The antibacterial activity was assessed by agar dilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Mycobacterium luteusat a concentration of 150 and 200mg/ml respectively. Gentamycin(20μg/mL) was used as a reference standard for antibacterial activity. The extract was found to show significant anthelminthic activity as compared to that of standard drug albendazole and also showed anti-bacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria in a concentration dependant manner.

4 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

022441   Rao S;Nadumane V K (Biotechnology Dep, Centre for Post-Graduate Studies, Jain Univ, Jayanagar, Bangalore-560 011, Email: kn.varalakshmi@jainuniversity.ac.in) : Evaluation of the anticancer potential of coffee beans: An in vitro study. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 266-71.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of the ethanol extract of raw coffee beans and identification of its active component. It was found that coffee bean ethanol extract, at concentration of 0.1μg/ml, has potent anti-proliferative effect against HeLa and PA-1 cell lines with decrease in percentage viability to less than 30% after 72 hrs of incubation. Partially purified green TLC fraction was also found to be cytotoxic to HeLa and PA-1 cell lines with reduction in percentage viability to 26.8% and 13.6%, respectively, after 72 hrs of incubation. The extract and the fraction were able to induce apoptosis and nuclear fragmentation in the cells as evidenced by DNA fragmentation assay and fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry analyses confirmed the ability of the green fraction to arrest the cells at G0/G₁- phase. Its non-cytotoxicity to human peripheral lymphocytes indicates its safety towards humans.

5 illus, 18 ref

022440   Rana F;Avijit M (Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, , 19, Knowledge Park-2, Institutional Area, Phase-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh) : Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Butea monosperma. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(2), 334-6.

Butea monosperma (Family :Fabaceae). This is a moderate sized deciduous tree which is widely distributed throughout India, Burma and Ceylon, popularly known as 'dhak' or 'palas', commonly known as 'Flame of forest'. The family Fabaceae compromises of 630 genera and 18,000 species. It finds use both medicinally and commercially with each part of the plant having utility. This plant species has been found to display a wide variety of biological activities. The plant is traditionally reported to possess astringent, bitter, alterative, aphrodiasiac, anthelmintic, antibacterial and antiasthmatic properties. Bark yield red juice known as 'Butea gum'or 'Bengalkino'. Its reported pharmacological properties include anthelmintic, anticonceptive, anticonvulsive, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, antiestrogenic and antifertility,antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antistress, chemopreventive, haemaggultinating, hepatoprotective, radical scavenging, thyroid inhibitory, antiperoxidative and hypoglycemic effects and wound healing activities. It is powerful astringent and is given in many forms of chronic diarrhoea. Seeds have anthelmintic property especially for roundworms and tapeworms. Flowers yields a brilliant yellow coloring matter due to presence of chalcones. Such herbal medicines may provide potential effect as of compared to the conventional available synthetic drugs, with less or no side effects.

1 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

022439   Rajeswari K;Sravani P;Areefa P;Ravi Kumar A; Jaya Rami Reddy A;Vallabh V (Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Phytochemical and anti diabetic activity of aqueous extract of Morinda citrifolia fruit in alloxon induced diabetic rats. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(1), 154-156.

The anti diabetic potential, effects of aqueous extract of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae) fruit in alloxaninduced diabetic rats was investigated. Aqueous extract of Morinda citrifolia fruit produced a significant anti diabetic activity at tested dose evels. Phytochemical Screening of extract and powder of Morinda citrifolia was tested for the presence of chemical constituents.

1 table, 11 ref

022438   Raghvendra;Tomar V;Chaudhary A;Mahendra Kumar;Umesh Kumar;Singh B (Biochemical Engg. & Food Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Synthesis of biodiesel from microbial algae. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 189-95.

Continued use of petroleum sourced fuels is now widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and the contribution of these fuels to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. Biodiesel derived from oil crops is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Unfortunately, biodiesel from oil crops, waste cooking oil and animal fat cannot realistically satisfy even a small fraction of the existing demand for transport fuels. As demonstrated here, microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels. Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oils but they do so more efficiently than crop plants. Oil productivity of many microalgae greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best producing oil crops. Approaches for making microalgal biodiesel economically competitive with petrodiesel are discussed.

43 ref

022437   Qadir A;Khan N;Singh S P;Akhtar J;Arif M (Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral Univ, Lucknow) : Nanotechnological approaches to herbal drugs used in cancer therapy. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4137-44.

In the last few years there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are obtaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and lesser side effects. Many traditional medicines in use and they are derived from medicinal plants, minerals and some organic matter. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000 plants, which are useful for medicinal purposes around the world. Among these 2500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are used commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world. This review focuses on herbal drug preparations of nanoformulation used in the treatment of different chronic diseases conditions in the world. This paper will discuss the benefits with use of herbal nanoformulation as Anti-cancerous activity. The application of nanotechnology is enhancement for the bioavailability and nanomization of herbal drugs like-nanocurcumin from Curcuma longa, nanovincristine from Vinca rosea, Podophylotoxin from Podophylum hexendrum, Taxol from Taxus plant etc. The nanocarriers have been made of safe materials, including synthetic biodegradable polymers, lipids and polysaccharides. Nanomedicines can be developed either as drug delivery systems or biologically active drug products. It is indicated that nanotechnology is one of the fastest developing of nanoformulation, the most potential and far-reaching high and new technology in current world. Nanoformulations is to increases the particles size and increase the surface area due to increases the bioavailability and reduces the side effect of herbal drugs and are useful for the treatment, diagnosis, monitoring and control of biological systems and have recently been referred to as nanomedicine.

56 ref

022436   Preetha M;Shanthi S (The Standard Fireworks Rajaratnam College for Women, , Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu) : Studies on photodegradation of bismarck brown and rhodamine B dye from aqueous solutions of their binary mixture by the synthesized iron oxide nano particles using sunlight and photoreactor. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(2), 343-49.

Photo degradation study has been most widely used in waste water treatments and it appears to be thebestmethod for theoverall treatment of dyestuff effluent. Photodegradation of Bismarck Brown and Rhodamine B dyes from aqueous solutions of their binary mixture was carried out usingsynthesized iron oxide nanoparticleas photocatalyst. The nano particles are produced by using the co-precipitation method. The optimum condition for degradation is obtained by varying the experimental parameters like concentration, dose, pH and contact time. The photodegradation was done by using different source of energy like solar radiation and ultra violet radiation. Solar degradation was carried out in direct sunlight and UV degradation was carried out using photo reactor. Thedegradation was carried out at differenttemperaturesso as to calculate the rate constant.The degradation ofboth dyes followspseudo first order reaction. These resultswill be helpful in designing effluent treatment plants in industries.

9 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

022435   Padmalochana K;Dhana Rajan M S (Biochemistry Dep, Sri Akilandeswari Womens College, Wandiwash-604 408, Email: kpadmalochana@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Sesbania grandiflora against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. Int J Pharm 2015, 2(2), 71-6.

A phytotherapeutic approach to modern drug development can provide many invaluable drugs from traditional medicinal plants. Medicinal plants have been considered as important therapeutic aid for alleviating ailment of humankind. Numerous plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of liver diseases. This present investigation was aimed to assessing the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous, ethanol and acetone extract of Sesbania grandiflora leaves against carbon tetra chloride (CCl₄) induced liver damage in albino rats. Silymarin as standard drug for comparing the activity. The activity was assessed by comparing the biochemical parameters in serum levels such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase of plant extracts treated group with carbon tetrachloride treated animals. Results showed, ethanolic extract treated group showed highly significant activity (p<60>0.001), where as aqueous extract treated group has shown the significant (p<60>0.01) action but less compared withethanolic extract, acetone treated group showed moderate action. Plant extracts restores biochemical enzymes and brings down to normal as compared to standard drug silymarin. This results shows and confirms the significant protective activity against CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

022434   Nisha P (Biochemistry and Biotechnology P.G. Dep, S.S.V. College, Valayanchirangara, Ernakulam, Kerala-683 556) : Cellulase production optimization using cellulolytic bacteria. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 262-6.

Cellulase enzyme is an important enzyme used in various industries and is very expensive one. Cellulase enzyme is easy to produce from micro organisms. Optimum environmental conditions are varies for each organism for the enzyme production. This study is aimed that, maximum cellulase enzyme production from Micrococcus spbychanging some of the environmental parameters, enzyme activity assayed by Di Nitro Salicylic acid method with glucose as standard. The parameters studies were incubation temperature, pH, different concentrations of CMC and incubation time. It was found that, the optimum parameters for higher production of Cellulase enzyme was at 37°C of incubation temperature, pH 8,1.5% of CMC and 72 hr of incubation time, 0.9490IU/L.

24 ref

022433   Nimmy M S;Kumar V;Singh A K;Jain P K; Srinivasan R (National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Expression analysis of a MATE-type transporter gene of Arabidopsis and its orthologues in rice and chickpea under salt stress. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 2015, 75(4), 478-85.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect the crop growth and productivity. Salt responsive genes belonging to MATE efflux proteins reportedly play a significant role imparting salt tolerance to plants. In the present study, AT5G52050, a putative salt responsive gene from Arabidopsis thaliana encoding MATE efflux family protein which functions as an antiporter and its orthologues in rice (LOC_Os02g45380) and chickpea (LOC101489496) have been identified. The expression pattern of these genes was validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In silico analysis of the upstream promoter regions of these genes revealed the presence of several conserved sequence motifs related to salt response either in single or in multiple copies. A phylogenetic analysis to understand the evolutionary relationship of MATE family genes in Arabidopsis, rice and chickpea revealed conservation of MATE family genes between dicots and monocots. The genes identified in this study may serve as promising candidates for further elucidation of the salt tolerance mechanism in plants.

5 illus, 4 tables, 2 ref

022432   Naidoo Y;Sadashiva C T;Naidoo G;Raghu K (School of Life Sciences, Univ of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa, 4000, Email: sada1hassan@gmail.com) : Antibacterial, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of the ethanolic extract of Ocimum obovatum E.Mey. ex Benth.. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(1), 57-61.

This study evaluated the potential antibacterial, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Ocimum obovatum E.Mey. ex Benth. The ethanolic extract of O. obovatum was tested in vitro against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp, and Escherichia coli) and Gram-negative (Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) strains of bacteria by the disc diffusion method. The maximum inhibition was against Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibition zone of 18 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract against the bacteria was also determined. A standard antibiotic disc with Chloramphenicol was used as the positive control. The extract was further tested for antioxidant activity using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) method which was then compared with standard butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Antioxidant activity was IC₅₀220±0.05μg/ml. Phytochemical screening of the leaves showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, fixed oils and fats, glycosides and terpenoids.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

022431   Nagarjuna R V;Krishna G J;Rao V K;Balaji C H; Prabhudeva M;Kumar A R;Reddy A J R;Vallabh V (Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Toxicity studies of extract of Morinda citrifolia. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 141-5.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of methanolic extract from leaves by determining its potential toxicity after acute and sub acute administration in mice. For the acute study, extract of Morinda citrifolia was administrated to mice in single doses given by oral route. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined up to7 days. In the Sub acute study, the extract was administered orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days to mice Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined at the end of 28 days of daily administration. The studies on sub acute toxicity reveals that no mortalities or evidence of adverse effects have been observed in mice following acute oral administration at the highest dose of 2000 mg/kg crude extract. In sub acute toxicity study daily oral administration of methanolic extract of 200 and 400 mg/kg Morinda citrifolia body weight of extract of Morinda citrifolia for up to 28 days did not result in death or significant changes in body weight, Hematological and Biochemical parameters were done and tabulated.

23 ref

022430   Mistry A;Ravikumar P;Pathare S (Pharmaceutics Dep, SVKM'sm Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W). Mumbai-400 056, Email: ankitam.1208@gmail.com) : Ethosomes: unique elastic vesicular carrier - an overview. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4129-36.

Ethosomes are phospholipid-based elastic vesicles which have a potential as novel topical and transdermal drug delivery systems. They are ethanolic phospholipids vesicles which can act as carriers for various medicaments. Ethosomes have gained importance in the area of research, because of their intensified skin permeation, better delivery of drug and increased drug entrapment efficiency. These systems are more efficient in delivering substances to the skin because of the presence of ethanol, which provides a net negative charge on the surface, which helps to avoid aggregation of vesicles due to electrostatic repulsion than either conventional liposomes or hydroalcoholic solutions in terms of quantity and depth. Ethosomes are simple to prepare and safe to use. This review attempts to compile the various aspects like mechanism of action, methods of preparation (Hot method, Cold Method, Dispersion method using rotary evaporator), advantages, limitations, characterization, applications in different conditions like Anti-inflammatory, Arthritis, Acne, Fungal infections, Bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, Diabetic condition, Scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, etc of reported ethosomal formulations for topical and transdermal use. Also, the patented literature has been tabulated.

43 ref

022429   Mishra N;Anil Kumar (Biotechnology Dep, Govt. V.Y.T.PG. Autonomous College, Durg, Chhattisgarh, Email: aimum_aishley@yahoo.co.in) : Oxidative stress among sickle cell disease kurmi (Chandrakar) population of Durg district, Chhattisgarh, India. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 61-7.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a disease of endothelial dysfunction in which the hemoglobin stabilizing capacity is impaired, making the RBCs more vulnerable to oxidative stress. In the present study we have screened Kurmi (Chandrakar) community (2034 subjects) of different age groups (10-20; 20-30 years; & 30-40 years) from Durg district of Chhattisgarh, India and found 5.06% as sickle positive and from them estimated the levels of antioxidant enzymes GSH, MDA; SOD; CAT; & GPx, in both sickle cell trait (SCT-HbAS) and sickle cell diseased (SCD- HbSS) individuals. Further found that both HbAS and HbSS individuals of all the age groups had significantly (p<62>0.05) impaired antioxidant defense system, among them individuals of age group 30-40 years with HbSS (SCD) were found worst sufferers. The study recommends supplementation of dietary as well as therapeutic antioxidants for the sickle cell patients of all the age groups for proper management of the disease.

3 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

022428   Mireille T T L;Marius M;Baptiste D J;Albert K (Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Phytopharmacology, Faculty of Science, Dschang Univ, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon) : Anti-nociceptive activities and toxicological profile of aqueous extract of leaves of Hibiscus asper. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 34-46.

This work was been carried out with the objective of evaluating the anti-nociceptive activities and the toxicological profile of the aqueous extract of the leaves of H. asper. For acute and subchronic toxicity, no case of death was recorded and no modification of behavioral parameters. The relative body weight of rats showed a significant decrease. The weight of the heart of rats treated with all doses showed a significant decrease. The level of ASAT in serum of rats treated with 1000 mg/kg dose showed a significant increase, while the level of hepatic ASAT of rats treated with 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses showed a significant decrease. The analgesic activity of extract on pain induced by acetic acid was significant at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg with maximum inhibition of 75.14% at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The extract at all doses significantly inhibited the two phases of pain induced by formalin. The analgesic effect of extract on pain induced by pressure was significant at 1h, 2h, 3h and 4h. The analgesic effect of extract on chronic inflammatory pain induced by formalin was significant on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5 thand 7th days of treatment. These results show that the aqueous extract of the leaves of Hibiscus asper can be considered as toxic, and that it possesses analgesic properties. The analgesic properties are at the same time peripheral and central; these analgesic properties could be due to flavonoids and polyphenols contained in the aqueous extract.

33 ref

022427   Mehboob A A R;Ramnath N S;Waghmode Chetan Satish (Quality Assurance Dep, D.S.T.S. Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Jule Solapur-1, Bijapur Road, Solapur-413 004) : Natural polysaccharides as drug targeting tool to colon: recent applications and future prospective. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(2), 440-55.

Colonic diseases like ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer are on rise due to variations in the dietary and lifestyle habits. Increase in prevalence of such diseases has augmented the interest of researchers in colon targeted drug delivery systems. Natural polysaccharide based drug delivery has emerged as one of the most successful approaches in this direction. Natural polysaccharides are the most commonly available plant ingredients with a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. They can also be modified in different ways to obtain tailor-made materials for drug delivery systems and thus can compete with the available synthetic excipients. Polysaccharidase producing microflora in the large intestine could facilitate the use of polysaccharides as the carriers for the drug delivery to the colon site to cure the local diseases of the colon because they can be degraded at constant rate of drug release. Polysaccharides have been applied to the area as controlled release systems with external coatings, matrices formation, gelling agent, as macromolecular and biodegradable carriers. The purpose of this review is to discuss the use of such natural polysaccharides for their potential as colon-specific drug carrier systems such as chitosan, pectin, chondroitin sulphate, cyclodextrin, dextrans, guar gum, inulin, amylose and locust bean gum.

15 illus, 7 tables, 39 ref

022426   Maran S;Subramanium P (Botany Dep, Nirmala College for Women, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanolic leaf extract of the endangered tree species, Hilegardia populifolia (Roxb.) Schott and Endl. Int J Green Pharm 2015, 9(2), 125-30.

The present study was aimed at to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of methanolic leaf extracts of the endangered medicinal tree species, Hildegardia populifolia on laboratory animal. The anti-inflammatory potential of the extract has been determined by using carrageenan, formalin and histamine induced paw edema assays in Wistar rats. Indomethacin was used as a reference drug. The analgesic activity was tested by using acetic acid induced writhing response and hot plate method in swiss albino mice. Aspirin and pentazocine were used as reference drugs respectively for these models. The oral administration of leaf extract at doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly (P <60> 0.05-0.01) inhibited the carrageenan, formalin and histamine induced inflammation. The acute treatment of the extract produced a significant (P <60> 0.05-0.01) antinociceptive effect in the animals of acetic acid induced pain and the animals tested in a hot plate method. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant may be safe for pharmacological uses. It is very clear that H. populifolia has both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and so may be used as pharmaceuticals.

5 tables, 37 ref

022425   Mann S;Satpathy G;Gupta R K (Univ School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Univ, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 078, Email: rkg67ap@yahoo.com) : Evalution of nutritional and phytochemical profiling of Baccaurea ramiflorak Lour. syn. Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Mull. Arg. fruits. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(1), 135-42.

The underutilized fruits Baccaurea ramiflora (Kusum) from the eastern region of India were investigated for nutritional composition, phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. A detailed nutritional characterization of the fruit demonstrated that it has the potential to act as good source of minerals along with other nutrients, dietary fibres, significant phenolic compounds and possesses antioxidant properties. The maximum phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol content were obtained as 32.78μg GAE, 71.67μg RE and 85.58μg RE respectively, per mg of methanol extract. Antioxidant activities (as IC50 value) of different extracts (as DPPH scavenging) ranged between 3.89 to 10.14 mg/mL and ABTS with a trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration (TEAC) recorded between 2.55 to 6.23 mg/mL, respectively. GC-MS screening of MeOH extract showed the presence of secondary metabolites and fatty acids. Analysis of volatile flavor showed lauryl alcohol as a major compound followed by the other monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes which are important in the cosmetics, flavour and fragrance industries.

3 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

022424   Makhlouf H;DiabAssaf M;Alghabsha M;Tannoury M;Chahine R;Saab A M (Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese Univ, Hadath, Lebanon, Email: antsaab@gmail.com) : In vitro antiproliferative activity of saffron extracts against human acute lymphoblastic T-cell human leukemia. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(1), 16-21.

Cancer is still considered as one of the most life threatening cause responsible for a huge number of annual deaths around the world. Particularly, leukemia is difficult to be cured. In this context, free radicals are one of the factors that cause or predispose to cancer. Hence, they should be controlled in the body by prophylactic or curative treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative effect against human acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia (Jurkat cell line) of the Lebanese saffron (Crocus sativus L.; Family Iridacea), and to detect which components of saffron are responsible for the growth inhibitor. Lebanese saffron decreased cell growth of Jurkat cells in a dose dependent manner. A mixture of crocin and safranal also decreased the number of Jurkat cells and the IC₅₀ value of this mixture was lower than that of the whole saffron extract.

3 illus, 36 ref