021611   Kavitha S;Prapagar K;Gunarathne G P (Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern Univ, Sri Lanka, Email: ckomathy14@yahoo.com) : Effect of different rate of dolomite application on tea leaf nutrient content. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1085-90.

A field study was conducted to identify the effect of different rate of dolomite on mother leaf nutrient content of Tea. Trail was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design consisting of five treatments in different rate of Dolomite (kg/ha/pruning cycle) namely T1 (Absolutely control), T2 (1000), T3 (2000). T4 (3000), T5 (4000), The data generated from the study was analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SAS statistical package. Treatment means were compared at probability p<60> 0.05 using LSD. This study shown there was no significant difference in major nutrient content in mother leaf (P, Ca, Mg, K, N), Trace element Fe and Al content also had no effect. Manganese content in mother leaf changed significantly, highest average mean value was obtained in control (2347 ppm).

2 tables, 17 ref

021610   Karunkaran G (Pharmacology Dep, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid Univ, Abha 61441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) : Cardioprotective role of methanolic extract of bark of Terminalia arjuna against in-vitro model of myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury. Ancient Sci Life 2015, 35(2), 79-84.

Rats, divided into three groups, and were administered with the methanolic extract of the bark powder of Terminalia arjuna (TAME) by oral gavage (6.75 and 9.75 mg/kg: 6 days/week for 12 weeks). Control and TAME extract treated rat hearts were subjected to in-vitro global ischemic reperfusion injury (5 min perfusion, 9 min noflow and 12 min reperfusion). Oxidative stress in MIRI was evidenced by, raised levels of myocardial TBARS and depletion of endogenous myocardial antioxidants GSH, SOD and catalase. Western blot analysis showed a single band corresponding to 72 kDa in homogenates of hearts from rat treated with both the doses. In the methanolic extract of the bark powder of Terminalia arjuna treatment groups, both the doses had better recovery of myocardial function, with significant reduction in TBARS, and rise in SOD, GSH, catalase were observed. The results of the present study suggest that the methanolic extract of the bark powder of Terminalia arjuna in rat induces myocardial HSP72 and augments myocardial endogenous antioxidants, without causing any cellular injury and offers better cardioprotection against oxidative stress associated with myocardial IR injury.

1 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

021609   Kamel M R;Nafady A M;Allam A E;Hassanein A M M;Haggag E G (Pharmacognosy Dep, Al-Azhar Univ, Assuit Branch, Assuit, Egypt) : Phytochemical and biological study of the aerial parts of Chrozopohora oblongigolia (Delile) Spreng. (Euphorbiaceae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 17-24.

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Chrozophora oblongifolia afforded four compounds isolated for first time from the species including: 1-octacosanol (1), lupeol (2), para-hydroxybenzoic acid (3) and methyl gallate (4), in addition to previously isolated compound, amentoflavone (5), were isolated from methylene chloride and ethyl acetate subfractions of methanolic extract of C. oblongifolia aerial parts. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of different physical, chemical and spectral techniques. The total extract and its subfractions showed variable in vitro antiviral activities against Herps Simplex Virus (HSV-1), where the methanol subfraction showed highest antiviral activity (68.1%) and n-hexane subfraction showed lowest antiviral activity (25.1%). Total extract and methanol subfraction showed significant wound healing activity on excision wound model in albino rats.

5 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

021608   Kamat S K;Barde P J;Raut S B (Pharmacology and Therapeutics Dep, King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical Co, Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Evaluation of the estrogenic activity of Indian medicinal plants in immature rats. Ancient Sci Life 2015, 35(2), 90-95.

After approval of the institutional animal ethics committee, 22 day old female rats (n = 54) were randomly allocated to 9 groups - Group 1 and Group 2: Vehicle controls, Group 3: Ethinyl estradiol, Group 4: Si (270 mg/kg), Group 5: Sr (270 mg/kg), Group 6: Cr (540 mg/kg), Group 7: Ta (270 mg/kg), Group 8: Ashokarishta (4 ml/kg), Group 9: Si + Sr (135 mg/kg). Variables studied were: Body weight, uterine weight, relative uterine weight, presence of vaginal opening, histomorphology of the uterus and total uterine glycogen content. Parametric data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the categorical data were analyzed using Chi-square test. All animals in the ethinyl estradiol group showed a significant change in all the variables. None of the individual test drugs, neither the marketed preparation produced change in any of the variables. The plant drug combination also did not produce a change in any of the variables studied except in histomorphology wherein it caused a slight increase in the height of the luminal epithelium of the uterus (P <60> 0.05 vs. Group 1). The plant drugs Si, Sr, Cr, Ta and Asokarista did not demonstrate estrogenic activity in the immature rat model. The plant drug combination Si + Sr showed questionable estrogenic activity which needs to be evaluated in further studies.

2 tables, 35 ref

021607   Kamat D V;Kamat S D (Microbiology Dep, Mithibai College, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400 056, Email: Kamats2@hotmail.com) : Bioremediation of industrial effluent containing reactive dyes. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1078-84.

With the rapid industrialization water pollution has become a major problem. Characteristics of industrial effluent depend upon the type of industrial raw material and the output of product. In the present study, 1000 m³/day effluent from a Textile Industry was successfully treated with the consortia of Microorganisms capable of degrading reactive dyes. The BOD and COD were reduced by 96.37% and 98.16% respectively with the retention time of 72 hrs. The aeration system consisted of diffused air. The MLSS was maintained at 6000 to 8000 ppm. The raw effluent had BOD in the range of 1700 to 1860 ppm while COD was 4500 to 5600 ppm and TDS in the range of 8000 to 10, 000 ppm. The extended aeration system gave better results than conventional system. The treated effluent was given one hour ozone treatment to further reduce BOD and COD. The biological treatment reduced the cost of chemical by almost 53% while sludge generation was reduced by 62%. Thereby making it highly economical. The treated effluent had no color, BOD less than 30 ppm and COD less than 200 ppm.

9 tables, 10 ref

021606   Kamal S;Akhter R;Tithi N A;Wadud M A;Narjish S N;Shahriar M;Bhuiyan M A (Phytochemistry Research Lab, Pharmacy Dep, Univ of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Biological investigations of the leaf extract of Spondias pinnata. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3351-8.

The present study was done to evaluate in-vitro membrane stabilizing activity with human RBC, in-vivo neuropharmacological activity including open field and swimming test, gastrointestinal motility and acute toxicity of different leaf extracts of Spondias pinnata in Swiss albino mice following oral administration. In-vivo GI motility test was done by charcoal induced anti motility test, acute toxicity study was done by investigating mortality/morbidity status of test animal and in-vitro membrane stabilizing activity was done with human RBC in both hypotonic and heat induced method. In case of in-vitro membrane stabilizing activity for hypotonic solution induced haemolysis, the ethanol extract inhibited 76.92% haemolysis of RBCs as compared to 85.42% produced by acetyl salicylic acid and during heat induced condition different organic soluble materials of S. pinnata demonstrated 76.68%, 77.19% and 74.83% inhibition of haemolysis of RBCs respectively whereas ASA inhibited 78.04%. In-vivo neuropharmacological activity showed significant (p<60>0.05) and (p<60>0.001) results when methanol 200 mg/kg, ethanol 200 mg/kg, chloroform 100 & 200 mg/kg extracts were administered to evaluate the rate of movement with time in dose dependent manner when compared with corresponding value of control group. In case of forced swimming test methanol 200 mg/kg, ethanol 200 mg/kg, chloroform 100 & 200 mg/kg extracts showed significant (p<60>0.001) and (p<60>0.05) results corresponding value of control group. Both the dosage of methanol and ethanol extracts of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg showed significant (p<60>0.05) and (p<60>0.001) results in gastrointestinal motility comparing with standard. None of the extracts showed any in-vivo acute toxicity effect on mice.

18 ref

021605   Kale S A;Bajaj V H (Statistics Dep, Dr. B.A.M. Univ, Aurangabad-431 004) : Optimization study of rifampicin orakl suspension formulation using central composite design of experiment model. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(8), 11-17.

In the present study, an optimization design of experiments was applied in evaluation of oral suspension formulation of Rifampicin. Rifampicin is a widely used antibiotic to treat a several types of bacterial infections like tuberculosis, leprosy, and Legionnaire's disease. Central Composite Design optimization design was used to study main and interaction effect of variables affecting CQAs. Impact of formulation and manufacturing process variables like hydrocolloid (%) and homogenization speed (rpm) was studied on critical quality attributes (CQAs) of Rifampicin oral suspension. Viscosity (cps) and content uniformity (% C.V.) were identified as CQAs of Rifampicin oral suspension.

4 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

021604   Joshi K (NO, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Rudrapur-263 148) : Cynoglossum L.: A review on phytochemistry and chemotherapeutic potential. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 32-9.

The genus Cynoglossum L. contains about 75 species found in hot and temperate regions of Asia, Africa and Europe especially in Taiwan, Turkey, India, Kenya and China etc. The plants are mainly perennial with wide uniformity in external morphology which makes it most difficult taxonomical genus to study. The plants contains mainly pyrrolizidine alkaloids of many types and used as traditional medicines by tribals and vaids for cough, burns, wounds, ear infection, antibacterial and sometimes as veterinary medicines. Some plants of this genus are scientifically validated for antioxidant, antihyperlipidaemic, antidiabetic, antifertility, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, analgesic and hepatoprotective activity.

4 tables, 35 ref

021603   Ji B K;Dong W;Wang Y D;Zhou K;Li Y K;Zhou M; Du G;Hu Q F;Ye Y Q;Yang H Y (Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu, Kunming 650031, P.R. China, Email: huqiufena@aliyun.com) : New isocoumarin from fermentation products of endophytic fungus of Aspergillus versicolor. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3915-16.

A new isocoumarin, versicoumarin D, was isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D NMR and 2D NMR techniques. Compound 1 was also tested for its cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines (NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3 and MCF7) and it showed high cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF7 cell with IC₅₀ values of 5.8 and 8.0 μM, respectively.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

021602   Islam B (Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar Univ, Tobruk, Libya, Email: badr51in@yahoo.co.in) : Petroleum sludge, its treatment and disposal. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(4), 1584-1602.

Petroleum sludge is a complex mixture containing different quantities of waste oil, waste water, sand, and mineral matter. Petroleum industries are responsible for the generation of large quantities of sludge, which is a major source of environmental pollution. Oily sludges are hazardous wastes according to Environment Protection Act and Hazardous Wastes Handling Rules. These sludges cannot be disposed off as landfill, even if they are de-oiled unless they are totally remediated. Sludges generated by petroleum industries accumulate in crude oil tanks, refinery products tanks, desalters, and elsewhere during oil production and processing. The sludges containing recoverable oil less than 40% are considered as low oil content sludges. These sludges have to be treated and made harmless before disposal. Bioremediation process can be used for this purpose. Generally, the refinery sludges contain oil content more than 40% and several methods are used to separate the oil, water and solids. The recovered oil is pumped back into the refinery process, while the solids and water are supposed to be treated before disposal. Several methods are available for processing and disposing of slop oil such as thermal, mechanical, biological, and chemical. Each method of processing has its advantages and disadvantages, and it is a common practice to utilize a combination of the four methods to maximize the output of usable oil from sludge. The first step in the process of disposing of the sludge is reclamation. In order to extract as much oil from the sludge as possible, a combination of chemicals and deemulsifiers is used. Topmost layers of oil are collected by the use of pumps and barges. The separation of the sludge is done with a centrifuge. The oil recovered is then delivered to a refinery or sold in the market. Hard particles, from which oil cannot be recovered, must then be disposed of. Hard particles are disposed of by the following ways: Incinerating unusable sludge (hard hydrocarbons-based substances mixed with water and emulsions) and harnessing heat and gases. Dehydration of sludge - the cleaned water is returned to the environment, and the hard particles are buried. Use of consolidating solutions for turning the sludge into a solid state. The solids can then be used in building projects. Use of Sludge as heat source. Biological remediation. The use of surfactants and emulsifiers will break up the old sludge and allow it to be removed from the container. Rhamnolipids, as a natural surfactant are useful in extracting these oil sludges and recovering them for use. These recovered sludges containing the rhamnolipid surfactants have most of the main properties of the original oil except for less viscosity.

^iia4 illus, 53 ref

021601   Ikese C O;Okoye Z C;Kukwa D T;Adoga S O;Lenka J L (Chemistry Dep, Benue State Univ Makurdi, P.M.B. 102 119, Nigeria, Email: chrisjieng@gmail.com) : Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens on blood coagulation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3391-5.

The effect of aqueous leaf extract of Tridax procumbens on blood coagulation was investigated in order to verify the claim that the said extract can be used to manage bleeding. This was done by examining the effect of the extract on bleeding time, the effect of graded amounts of the extract on clotting time as well as the effect of the heat-treated extract on bleeding time. These were performed using the Duke method, the Lee and white method and an adaptation of the Duke method to the heated extract respectively. In the bleeding time experiment, the mean bleeding time without adding the extract (control) was found to be 2.49 ± 0.02 minutes and the mean bleeding time upon addition of the extract was 1.40 ± 0.16 minutes thus achieving a 57% decrease in normal bleeding time. When graded amounts of the extract was used for the clotting time experiment and the result analysed by a correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient (r) was -0.99, indicating the existence of an almost perfect negative linear relationship between both variables. Thus it was found that the extract promotes blood coagulation. Also, the extract was found to retain its activity even after heating, thus suggesting that the active principle may be an inorganic molecule acting as a prothrombin activator in the clotting cascade, and not a protein.

11 ref

021600   Igara C E;Omoboyowa D A;Ahuchaogu A A;Orji N U;Ndukwe M K (Science Laboratory Technology Dep, Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic Unwana, Ebonyi State, Nigeria) : Phytochemical and nutritional profile of Myrraya koeningii (Linn) spreng leaf. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 7-9.

Murraya koenigii (Linn) Spreng has been used for flavouring and spicing of food since ancient time. Its medicinal value has also been identified. This work investigated the phytochemical screening, proximate composition, vitamin and mineral contents of the plant leaves using standard procedures. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of the bioactive constituents comprising flavonoid 7.43 ± 0.03%, phenols 4. 25 ± 0.04%, saponins 2.50 ± 0.01%, alkaloids 1.90 ± 0.01%, tannins 0.86 ± 0.02% and glycosides 0.11 ± 0.01%. The proximate composition was found to be as follows; carbohydrate 39.44 ± 0.04%, moisture content 23.42 ± 0.10%, crude fibre 6.30 ± 0.05%, ash content15.60 ± 0.21%, fats 6.48 ± 0.22% and protein 8.38 ± 0.02%. The analysis of the vitamin content showed the presence of vitamin A (β-carotene) 6.04 ± 0.02 mg/100g, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 0.04 ± 0.002 mg/100g, thiamin 0.89 ± 0.01 mg/100g, riboflavin 0.09 ± 0.001mg/100g, niacin 2.73 ± 0.02 mg/100g and vitamin E 0.03mg/100g. The plant leaf was found to contain some important minerals; Calcium 19.75 mg/100g, magnesium 49.06 ± 0.02 mg/100g, sodium 16.50 ± 0.21 mg/100g, potassium and zinc 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/100g each. Curry plant leaves contain some substantial amount of important phytochemicals which possess anti-oxidant properties and some nutritive vitamins and minerals thus supporting its use as medicinal plant and as food flavoring and spicing condiment.

4 tables, 20 ref

021599   Hadef D;Saidi M;Yousfi M;Moussaoui Y (Laboratoire Valirisation et Promotion des Ressources Sahaariennes, Universite de Ouargla, BP 511 route de Ghardaia, 30000 Ouargla, Algeria, Email: haderadji@yahoo.fr) : GC/MS analysis of essential oils of Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Origanum majorana L. grown in Eastern Algeria. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3575-8.

The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from the aerial parts (leaves) of Cymbogopogn schoenanthus and Origanum majorana L., grown in Eastern Algeria (35°24'15" N and 8°7'27" E), by hydrodistillation was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The components obtained were identified. The most important compound detected in leaves of Cymbopogon proxima L. was 4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol (cis) (15%) and most important compound detected in leaves of Origanum majorana L. was p-menth-1-en-4-ol, (R) (21%).

5 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

021598   Gupta P;Pooja;Pradip Kumar;Singh N (Biotechnology Dep, C.C.S. Univ, Meerut and BASE Association, Shastri Nagar, Meerut, Email: apekshagupta32@gmail.com) : Adsorption of copper metal by living aspergillus niger L. biomass. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1122-33.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove detrimental compounds. Among the pollutants which are discharged into water bodies, heavy metals are of most concern because other pollutants may be degraded by some microorganisms but metals cannot be degraded. In this study, adsorption of copper metal on living biomass of Aspergillus niger was investigated. 100 mg and 200 mg doses of living Aspergillus niger biomass and 10 minute contact time showed the most appropriate amount and duration for use in biosorption of copper effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity of 100 mg living biomass with respect to different concentrations of copper solution was observed as 95.66%, 91.33%, 63.91%, and 21.26% at 10ppm, 20ppm, 40ppm and 80 ppm respectively. In case of 200 mg biomass, as much as 98.43% metal removal was observed from the higher metal concentration (80ppm), The biosorption was gradually increased, but exceptionally, a negligible reduction was observed in biosorption from 65.95% at 10ppm to 51.72% at 20ppm. The adsorption isotherm studies indicate that Freundlich model is more suitable for describing the biosorption of 100 mg and 200 mg living Aspergillus niger biomass. The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption process follows a pseudo-first order model for both the doses of biomass of Aspergillus niger for Cu metal.

9 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

021597   Grover A;Gupta A;Chandra S;Kumari A;Paul Khurana S M (Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity Univ, Sector 125, Noida-201 301, Email: agrover@amity.edu) : Polythene and enviroment. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1091-1105.

Use of polythene is increasing day by day and now it can be seen that polythene is being used in almost every activity of life. It has been estimated that India's polythene demand is expected to increase by 129% by 2023. With the increased use of polythene, the pollution level caused by it will also be increased, affecting almost every kind of environment including terrestrial as well as aquatic biome. There are various methods for lowering down the polythene littering; having their own associated pros and cons. Among all other methods biological degradation appears to be the most promising method. Microbes utilize the polythene as source of carbon and use their enzymatic machinery to solubilize it. In this study an array of microbes have been studied for their biodegradation capacity of polythene.

4 illus, 2 tables, 75 ref

021596   Grajek K;Wawro A;Kokocha D (NO, Institute of Natural Fibers and Medicinal Plants, Ul. Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland, Email: katarzyna.grajek@gmail.com) : Bioactivity of Morus alba L. extracts- An overview. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3110-22.

Recently white mulberry has attracted a lot of interest as source of bioactive constituents used in phytopharmacy and in functional food formulation. In practice, active compounds are separated from plant material by extraction process using different solvents and extraction conditions. The most commonly solvents used for extraction are water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ether and their mixtures. The extraction yield can be improved by the use of high temperature, high pressure, pulse electric field, sonication and microwave treatment. The effects of solvent concentration, solvent/plant material ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time are here discussed. This review intends to summarize and discuss the biological activities of mulberry extracts with regards to prevention and treatment of civilization diseases. The effect of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, terpenoides, enzyme inhibitors and other substances on human health are presented. The mechanisms of anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-microbial, and antidiabetic effects are here discussed. It has also showed the protective effect of active compounds isolated from white mulberry on cardio-vascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

62 ref

021595   Goudarshivananavar B C;Vigneshwaran V; Somegowda M;Dharmappa K K;Pramod S N (NO, , Studies in Chemistry Dep, Sahyadri Science College (Aytonomous)) : Therapeutic potential of Polyathia cerasoides stem bark extracts against oxidative stress and nociception. Ancient Sci Life 2015, 35(2), 70-78.

Polyalthia cerasoides is a medicinal plant known for its ethnopharmacological importance. Despite this, investigation related to its therapeutic benefit is still unexplored. To evaluate the stem bark extracts of Polyalthia cerasoides for pharmacological activities relating to inflammation, nociception and oxidative stress using in vivo and in vitro models. Pet ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of the stem bark were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in rats. Anti-nociceptive activity in mice was assessed using thermally and chemically induced analgesic models. The free radical quenching potential of the extracts was initially analyzed using the in vitro DPPH photometric assay, Hydroxyl radical scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation assays. Then modulatory effect of the extracts on in vivo antioxidant system was evaluated by carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity and subsequent measurements of antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Peroxidase from the liver homogenate. Among the tested fractions, ethyl acetate extract had substantially inhibited the inflammation by 68.5% that was induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection whereas pet ether and chloroform extract showed only minimal inhibitory effect. Investigation of the anti-nociceptive activity revealed that the ethyl acetate fractions had significantly repressed the algesia in both the analgesic experimental models. In vitro and in vivo individual antioxidant assays demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction has strong free radical quenching potential which also restores the endogenous hepatic enzymes. The ethyl acetate fraction enriched with flavinoids and steroids from Polyalthia cerasoides stem bark has potent bioactivity to combat inflammation, ROS and pain. This needs further characterization for potential therapeutic applications.

5 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

021594   Gopalakrishnan A;Ram M;Kumawat S;Tandan S K; Kumar D (Pharmacology and Toxicology Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: dineshks17@ivri.res.in) : Quercetin acclerated cutaneous wound healing in rats by increasing levels of VEGF and TGF-β1. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(3), 187-95.

Quercetin (3,3',4',5,7-penthydroxyflavone)-induced biological effects have been beneficial in various disease conditions. In this study, wound healing potential of quercetin was evaluated in a time-dependent manner in open excision wounds in adult Wistar rats. Experimentally-wounded rats were divided into two groups namely, control and quercetin-treated. Wounds were photographed and the area was measured on the day of wounding and on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 post-wounding. The granulation/healing tissue was collected on days 3, 7, 11 and 14 post-wounding for cytokine/growth factor measurements and histology/immunohistochemistry studies. There was significant time-dependent increase in wound closure in quercetin-treated rats. Vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β<₁ expressions were significantly upregulated in quercetin-treated rats, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α level was markedly reduced. Interleukin-10 levels and CD31 stained vessels were markedly higher on day 3 and on day 7, respectively, in quercetin-treated rats. In H & E stained sections, quercetin-treated group showed less inflammatory cells, more fibroblast proliferation, increased microvessel density, better reepithelialization and more regular collagen deposition, as compared to control. The results suggest that topical application of quercetin promotes wound healing by effectively modulating the cytokines, growth factors and cells involved in inflammatory and proliferative phases of healing.

6 illus, 60 ref

021593   Ghosh S K;Pal S;Chakraborty N (Molecular Mycopathology Lab, Botany Dep, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata-700 118, Email: swapan.krghosh@yahoo.com) : Qualitative and quantitative assay of siderophore production by some microorganisms and effect of different media on its production. Int J chem Sci 2015, 13(4), 1621-9.

The production of siderophore by biocontrol agents (BGA) and plant growth promoting microbes (PGPM) is one of the important mechanisms for plant growth promotion and disease suppression. Microorganisms compete for iron by releasing siderophores. In this experiment, three fungi (Trichoderma viride-1 and T. harzianum-1 and Candida famata-1) and three bacteria (Bacillus subtilis-1, B. megatericus 1, Pseudomonas aeroginosa1) are taken for their evaluation as siderophore producer by both qualitative and quantitative assay. All fungi and bacteria gave positive response to qualitative assay. In quantitative assay, among the fungi, C. famata gave maximum (60.00%) siderophore while among the bacteria and fungi, P. aeroginosa yielded highest (80.50) percentage of siderophore. Moreover, effect of different media (MEB, NB, SMB, BRB and CCAB) on the siderophore production of P. aerogenosa was recorded where MEB supported maximum percentage of siderophore production (80.50%) but NB did not support. In modern science, production of pure siderophore in commercial way is very necessary as application of siderophore is in increasing trends in agriculture, medical science etc. Therefore, this work may be helpful for mass production of siderophore from microbes.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

021592   Garse H;Jagtap P;Kadam V (Pharmaceutics Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, Sector-48, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai-4000 614, Email: hashalgarse@gmail.com) : Solid lipid nanoparticles based gel for topical delivery of antifungal agent. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3571-9.

The aim of present work was to develop and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) based gel for topical delivery of antifungal agent. Bifonazole (BFZ) is an imidazole antifungal agent having broad spectrum activity against dermatophytes, moulds, yeasts, fungi and some gram positive bacteria. BFZ SLNs systems were developed by melt emulsification followed by ultrasonication technique using Precirol ATO5 as a solid lipid and Tween 80 as a surfactant. Developed SLNs were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug release profiles. Process and formulation parameters were optimized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out on SLNs to mark the changes in the drug and lipid modifications. The BFZ SLNs based gels were prepared using Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent. The SLNs based gels were evaluated for rheological parameters, in vitro drug release and permeation studies. In vitro antifungal study suggested that the SLNs based gel was more effective in inhibiting growth of Candida albicans. Thus the study concludes that SLNs based gel of BFZ gives a sustained release profile of BFZ and has the potential for treatment of topical fungal infections.

33 ref

021591   Gao W (School of Pharmacy, Henan Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P.R. China, Email: weigao415@aliyun.com) : Synthesis and characterization of dicobalt-iron complex (μ₃-S)FeCo₂(CO)₈(Ph₂< B>PMe). Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3517-18.

Treatment of the dicobalt-iron complex (μ₃-S)FeCo₂(CO)₉ (1) with a monophosphine ligand Ph₂PMe in CH₂Cl₂ produced the dicobalt-iron complex (μ₃-S)FeCo₂(CO)₈(Ph₂PMe) (2) in 41% yield. The new complex 2 was structurally characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ³¹P{¹H} NMR and ¹³C{¹H} NMR spectroscopy.

4 illus, 10 ref

021590   Gamallo J P M;Espere G;May D;Carillo C;Blanes D N;Abuda F G;Labarda H J;Madelo X M;Jumawan J C (Biology Dep, College of Arts and Sciences, Caraga State Univ, Ampayon, Butuan City, Philippines) : Evaluation of antiangiogenic property of Ocimum basilica ethanolic leaf extract by using duck embryo chorioallantoic membrane (cam) assay and its morphometric analysis. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(4), 22-6.

Angiogenesis is the formation of new vessels that sprouts from endothelium, where there is endothelial cell migration, tube formation and proliferation. The Ocimum basilica, is an important herb under the Family Lamiaceae housing the largest number of medicinal species known for its therapeutic significance. The setups were composed of a vitamin A as positive control, 90% ethanol as negative control, O. Basilica ethanolic leaf extract in 1 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL concentrations. The different concentrations were applied on the 8th day of incubation. The antiangiogenic effect of Ocimum basilica by taking the average number of branch points using CAM and was determined after two days. Results shows that angiogenesis was induced in the negative control while the inhibition of angiogenesis was significantly reduced with the O. basilica ethanolic leaf extracts. It also showed that the greater the dosage, the lesser the branched points observed. Thus, O. basilica ethanolic leaf extract might have a very promising antiangiogenic potential.

5 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

021589   Feng L;Cao Y K;Li Y;Song Z F;Huai Q Y (Marine college, Shandong Univ, Weihai 264209, P.R. China, Email: huaiqy01@163.com) : Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and antitumor activities of apigenin derivatives. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 2830-2.

Using nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid reacted with apigenin via DCC condensation to produce apigenin derivatives. Their chemical structure was confirmed by MS and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of the new compounds and raw materials were explored with Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter. while the antitumor activities of the new compounds and raw materials were explored with SH-SY5Y, MCF-7, HepG2 under the same conditions. The results show that apigenin derivatives have stronger antibacterial properties on Acinetobacter than Staphylococcus. The new compounds have the strongest antitumor activities on HepG2, followed by MCF-7 and relative weak activities on SH-SY5Y in vitro.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

021588   Farah Saeed;Ahmad M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow Univ of Health Sciences, Karachi- Pakistan) : Pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation of eight crude extracts used in complementary and alternative system of medicine. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 33-41.

The current study focuses the pharmacognostic evaluation of Arnica montana, Cicuta virosa, Digitalis purpurea, Sambucus nigra, Thuja occidentalis, Urtica urens, Arctostaphylos uva/-ursi and Apis mellifera. Microscopic and histological examination, color reaction tests; thin-layer chromatography and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy were carried out on crude extracts. Microscopic and histological examination exhibited the presence and absence of different cells or tissues (diagnostic characters). The presence of carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and tri-terpenes were detected in crude extracts of under studied plants and insect. In thin-layer chromatography (TLC) the presence of different chemical compounds were observed, their Rf values were calculated. Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of major functional groups in each extract. Each plant material was also observed under microscope and all major diagnostic characters were recorded.

18 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

021587   Farah F H (Pharmaceutics Dep, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman Univ of Science and Technology, Ajman PO Box-346, United Arab Emirates, Email: f.hamad@ajman.ac.ae) : Micro-electrophoretic mobility study of the influence of chlorpromazine hydrochloride on dimyrstoylphosphatidylcholine liposmes in diffrent media. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 45-53.

In this study, the possible influence of the model, cationic drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ-HCl) concentration on the micro-electrophoretic mobility of neutral large multi-lamellar dimyrstoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes was investigated in various media at both 25°C and 37°C. In addition the effect CPZ-HCl concentration on the micro-electrophoretic mobility of both positively charged DMPC/stearyl amine (ST) liposomes and negatively charged DMPC/dicetyl phosphate (DCP) liposomes were also investigated. The effect of pH on the micro-electrophoretic mobility of neutral positively charged and negatively charged liposomes in the absence and presence of CPZ-HCl in water and in 0.1M KCl at 25°C were also studied. Lastly, the influence of CPZ-HCl at concentrations known to cause anesthesia, on the micro-electrophoretic mobility of neutral, positively charged and negatively charged liposomes in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C was also investigated. Present study indicates that DMPC liposomes in water exhibited zero electrophoretic mobility over a wide pH range. DMPC liposomes acquired negative charges in 0.1M KCl, phosphate buffer (pH 6.0 and 7.4) and in human plasma (pH 7.4). The addition of CPZ-HCl shifted the mobility of neutral, positive and negative charged DMPC liposomes towards positivity. Linear relationship were observed between the electrophoretic mobility of DMPC, DMPC /ST, and DMPC /DCP liposomes as a function of CPZ-HCl concentrations known to cause anesthesia.

51 ref

021586   El Sharkawi F Z;Saleh S S;El Sayed A F M (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan Univ, Egypt) : Potential anti cancer activity of snake venom, bee venom and their components in liver and breast carcinoma. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3224-35.

The present study aimed to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of Snake venom (SV), bee venom (BV), combinations of their components and their apoptotic, cell death mechanisms in liver (HepG2) and breast (MCF7) cell lines. Cytotoxic effects of venoms, L-Amino acid oxidase (svLAAO), phospholipase A2(svPLA2), Melittin ( MEL) were tested against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines and IC50 was calculated. mRNA expression of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 was carried out. All the tested compounds had anti proliferative effects on the tumor cell lines with different potency. BV had a higher cytotoxicity against liver and breast cells (IC50=1.26 and 2.85 μg/ml) than SV (IC50=5.86, 13.05μg /ml). The cytotoxicity of svLAAO was much higher than SV with IC50 = 3.65 and 0.48 μg /ml. MEL showed a higher cytotoxic effect than BV against MCF7 cells (IC50=1.14 μg /ml). MEL when combined with svPLA2 gave a synergistic effect on the expression of P53 and Bax in the two cancer cells. Venoms combination had the least synergistic effect relative to other combinations. From our results it could be concluded that SV, BV and their major components are promising anticancer agents for liver and breast carcinoma. SvLAAO is the most effective and safe compound (than its crude venom) to be used as antitumor agent or in combination with chemotherapeutic drug. MEL is a good candidate for liver and breast cancer treatment, it could be used in combined form with svPLA2 or svLAAO.

66 ref

021585   Dwiti M (Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Lovely School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara, Punjab) : Analytical profile and In vitro antimicrobial activity on leaves of Marsilea minuta Linn. (Marsileaceae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(5), 26-32.

It is to establish the fingerprint profile of Marsilea minuta Linn. using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique and to investigate the antibacterial potentials of leaves of Marsilea minuta Linn. The TLC study was carried out in two solvent systems, which showed different R_f value and HPTLC study was carried out using methanol extract, compared with reference standard (β-sitosterol). The antibacterial activities of extracts of Marsilea minuta were tested against some medicinally important bacterial strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined in the extract using agar disc diffusion method. These plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as route in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.

18 illus, 11 tables, 7 ref

021584   Dubey T;Chorawala M R (NO, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gh/6, Sector-23, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-3802023) : Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) induced chronic liver injury in high fat diet fed rat-A possible model for non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3401-11.

Liver defend the PAMPs or DAMPs via regulation of innate immunity through modulation of "TOLL LIKE RECEPTORS and NOD LIKE RECEPTORS" A breakdown of tolerance may induce in appropriate immune response leads to acute and chronic liver diseases like NASH/NAFLD thus considered as disorders of immune response. HFD is itself a basic component for generating metabolic disorders and major source for formation of endotoxins in body through leaky gut and sensitization of the TLR4. NAFLD is one of the groups of disease which links the innate immunity through the metabolic disorder. Agonist of TLR4 - LPS is the primary and NLRP3 agonist MDP is secondary signal transducer for the sensitization of the Caspase activation cascade and TNFa activation serves as the proinflammatory cytokines in disease like NAFLD. The present study was elucidated to develop combinations of Lipopolysaccharide and Muramyl dipeptide induced experimental model of NAFLD in HDF fed rats. Various parameters such as body weight, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Direct Billirubin, serum triglyceride, weight of liver, and ratio of liver weight to body weight were done at the end of study. The established model was statistically evaluated by measuring significant changes in these parameters. The outcome of the study was found that the MDP alone is also a trigger for the development of NAFLD.

33 ref

021583   Dong W;Wang Y D;Zhou K;Ji B K;Li Y K;Zhou M; Hu Q F;Gao X M;Ye Y Q (Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu, Kunming 650031, P.R. China, Email: huqiufena@aliyun.com) : New dihydronaphtoquinone from the flowers of Rosa rugosa and its cytotoxicities. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3917-18.

A new dihydronaphthoquinone, rugosaquinone A (1) was isolated from the flowers of Rosa rugosa. Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D NMR and 2D NMR experiments. Compound 1 was tested for its cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines, NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3 and MCF7 and it showed potential cytotoxicity against NB4 and SHSY5Y cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 4.2 and 2.8 μM, respectively.

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

021582   Devi B;Singh A;Upadhyay R G (Biology & Environmental Sciences, College of Basic Sciences, CSKHPKV- Palampur-176 062, Email: drrgupadhyay11@gmail.com) : Chlorophyll and protein content variability in giloy [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers] under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Agric Sci Dig 2015, 35(4), 330-2.

A study of chlorophyll and protein content variability in giloy under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2008-2009. Survey was conducted and stem cuttings from base region of giloy were collected from twelve different altitudes of District Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). The pot trial was carried out in the main campus of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur by vegetative propagation through stem cuttings of the surveyed collections in the month of May-2008 for first seasonal growth. Significant variation was observed in chlorophyll content but variation was non-significant for protein content. Chlorophyll content of the plant varied from 14.51 (collection-4) to 23.03 (collection-9) μg/g. Protein content ranging from 9.97 (collection-4) to 14.04 (collection-11) per cent. Conclusively, based on overall performance collection-9, collection-11 and collection-8 emerged to be the best collections.

2 tables, 9 ref

021581   Davicino R;Peralta I;Martino R;Alonso R; Anesini C (Institute of Chemical and Drug Metabolism, Univ of Buenos Aires-National Council of Scientific and Technical Rese, Buenos Aires, Argenitina) : Preventive anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extract of Larrea divaricata Cav. and digestive and hematological toxicity. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3215-23.

Larrea divaricata Cav. commonly known as "jarilla hembra" is used in folklore medicine as anti-inflammatory. There was no scientific evidence justifying the medicinal use of the aqueous extract for inflammation diseases. Nowadays, there are two principal types of anti-inflammatory drugs: Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (corticosteroids) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which exert gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. In this work the preventive anti-inflammatory activity of L. divaricata aqueous extract (AE) in C3H/He mice was determined by carrageenan- induced inflammation and ear edema tests, also its toxicity on gastric tissues and on blood cells was studied. The chromatographic profile showed: nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as majority compound. AE exerted anti-inflammatory action without inducing gastric or blood cell toxicities. Also, it could modulate anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NDGA was not the compound responsible of the anti-inflammatory action. This work rescues the potentiality of AE as a gastric and blood cells innocuous anti-inflammatory agent and confirms its ethno- pharmacological uses.

26 ref

021580   Dave S;Modi H A;Jain N K (Life Sciences Dep, Gujarat Univ, Gujarat) : Assessment of anticancer properties of few medicinal plants. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 46-52.

Cancer is a major public health concern all over the world. Herbal medicines play vital role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Some medicinal plants have been proved very effective anticancer remedies and have been used since ages. However the drug formulations were not distinctly clear except after their proper effective assays within the system applied. Active compounds from plants such as Andrographis paniculata, Aegle marmelos, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Elephantopus scaber, Cistanche tubulosa have been reported in literature. Dried extracts prepared from these plants and their phytochemical analysis was reported. To check cytotoxic effects of the active compounds in the extracts MTT assay can be formulated. These plant extracts might possibly have effective significance on preventing cancerous tissues.

3 tables, 43 ref

021579   Das S;Mandal S C (Pharmacognosy Div, Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: scmandal1963@gmail.com) : Effect of process parameters of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) on natural product yield from onion peel. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3260-75.

Globally, more than 30% of the onion peels arises at the retail and purchaser levels, of which the post-harvest and dealing out level wastages report for the major share. So, studies on the characterization of unutilized fractions of the onion peels specify their potential candidature for reprocessing. Maximum preservation of these phytochemicals during extraction requires optimised process parameter conditions. A microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was considered for extraction of total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH scavenging activity from onion peels. The total phenolic capacity (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antioxidant activity percentage of extracts at optimised MAE conditions. The influence of six main extraction parameters on the extraction was modelled by using a second-order regression equation. The optimal MAE conditions were 210W microwave power, 15min irradiation time and 40 mL/g solvent to material ratio. Under the MAE optimised conditions, the recovery of TPC was 94.34 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (DW), TFC was 45.61(mg/g) and free radical scavenging activity 92.25%.When bioactive phytochemicals extracted from onion skin using MAE compared with UAE and CSE, it was also observed that the yield values in MAE extracts were higher than the other two extracts.

24 ref

021578   Das D;Chaurasia A;Shahu P;Mishra V K;Kashaw S K (NO, Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, Email: sushilkashaw@gmail.com) : Antihypercholestrolemic potential of omega-3-fatty acid concentrate in alloxan induced diabetic rodent. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3634-40.

Exhaustive study of scientific literature provides the initial evidence that omega-3-fatty acids the principal component of fish oil is responsible for exerting important biological effects when administered to population at risk of coronary heart diseases and diabetes mellitus. The main reason behind the study was to evaluate the anti-atherogenic properties of marine lipids in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Furthermore the current analysis endeavours to scrutinize the Hypoglycemic effects of the natural omega-3-fatty acids. Mice were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg. Treatment with appropriate dose of omega-3-fatty acid concentrate started 7days after alloxan injection. At the end of the selected period of study the blood glucose level, and lipid profile was evaluated and the data obtained was compared with normal control and positive control. All the data were subjected to due statistical evaluation. The omega-3-fatty acid treatment led to a significant dose dependent decline in the blood glucose content (P<60>0.05), along with crucial reduction in the lipid profile in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Also an improvement was observed in clotting time in the mice fed on the bioactive extract compared to the control mice. Preliminary studies suggest that omega-3-fatty acid concentrate demonstrates potential hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic efficacy in alloxan induced diabetic rodent model.

14 ref

021577   Daniel G;Krishnakumari S (Biochemistry Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : In vitro free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of Eugenia uniflora (L.) leaves. J med Pl Stud 2016, 4(4), 25-9.

Medicinal plants form a major source of raw materials for drugs for the prevention and treatment of ailments. Antioxidants play an important role in protecting against damage by reactive oxygen species. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of aqueous leaf extract of Eugenia uniflora as an antioxidant lead by using various in vitro models like superoxide radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay using standard procedures. IC50 values were calculated respectively. In all these studies, a significant correlation existed between concentrations of the extract and percentage inhibition of free radicals. These results clearly indicated that leaf extract of Eugenia uniflora could be a potential source of natural antioxidant and effective against free radical mediated diseases.

3 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

021576   Dahake P R;Kamble S I (Seed Technology Dep, Phulsing Naik Mahavidyalaya Pusad, Dist. Yavatmal, 445 204) : Study on antimicrobial potential and preliminary phytochemical screening of Lawsonia inermis Linn.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3344-50.

The disease causing bacteria have evolved the genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance to drugs used as therapeutic agents. The discovery of antibiotics to combat these pathogens marked a resolution in the 20th century. Unfortunately, because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine, certain strains of bacteria and fungi developed the ability to produce substances which block the action of antibiotics or change their target or ability to penetrate cells. One way to prevent antibiotic resistance is by exploring new bioactive compounds from traditional medicine which is not based on the existing synthetic antimicrobial agents. Phytochemicals from medicinal plants showing antimicrobial activities have the potential of filling this need, because their structures are different from those of the more studied microbial sources. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity from ethanolic extract against different life threatening pathogenic microorganisms and screening for various phytochemical constituents of Lawsonia inermis Linn. According to the results obtained from current investigation, ethanolic extract of Lawsonia inermis found to possess good antibacterial properties over a wide range of disease causing gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria. Phytochemical study reveals the presence of Saponins, Tannins, Steroids and Anthraquinones in the ethanolic extract.

24 ref

021575   Christinal J;Sumathi T (Medical Biochemistry Dep, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Univ of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113) : Bacopa monniera, a nootropic herb alleviates abnormal molecular and immunohistochemical changes evoked by chronic exposure of methylmercury in rat cerebellus. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3626-33.

Methylmercury (MeHg), a highly toxic environmental pollutant, induces oxidative stress and dysfunction in many cell types. Bacopa monniera is a perennial herb, and is used as a nerve tonic in ayurveda, a traditional medicinal system in India. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Bacopa monniera extract (BME) on MeHg-induced toxicity in rat cerebellum. Male Wistar rats were administered with MeHg orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. for 21 days. Experimentalrats were given MeHg and also administered with BME(40 mg/kg, orally) 1 h prior to the administration of MeHg for 21 days. After treatment MeHg induction caused increased level of Scgb3a1mRNA whereas the level was reduced by BME pretreatment. GPx4 expression was down regulated and HSP70 expression was up regulated in MeHg intoxicated group. Immunohistochemical changes were observed in TRxR1 and GFAP protein in MeHg induced group. BME pretreatment altered the expression of proteins and Immunohistochemical changes to near normal. These findings strongly implicate that BM has potential to protect brain from oxidative damage resulting from MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in rat.

39 ref

021574   Chatterjee S;Bhattacharyya S (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, NSHM Knowledge Campus, 124, B.L. Saha Road, Kolkata-700 053) : Schiff bases As a source of potent molecules with anti-cancer potential. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 86-97.

Versatile ligands which are prepared from the condensation of primary amines with carbonyl groups are called Schiff bases. Schiff bases are very important compounds in various fields, especially in medicinal and pharmaceutical fields because of their wide spectrum of biological activities. These are very effective against several cancerous cell lines. Schiff bases combines with different transition metals and produced complexes. These metal complexes displayed good anticancer properties.This review article summarizes the synthesis and anti-cancer activities of Schiff bases and its complexes.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

021573   Chahal K;Nema N;Shukla N P (Biotechnology Dep, Government Model Science College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Email: kavishakya@yahoo.com) : Immunomodulatory potential of a polyherbal preparation following activation of murine macrophages. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3521-7.

Five medicinal plants used in the traditional medicine of India, were selected for studying their immunomodulatory potential through the activation of macrophages, individually and in synergism. The plants were Boswellia serrata Roxb., Curcuma longa L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Tribulusterrestris L., and Tylophora indica (Burm f.) Merr. In the present study, strong stimulation of antigen specific and nonspecific immunity was evidenced by increase in phagocytic index, percentage inhibition of yeast digestion, macrophage activation and intracellular killing capacity of all the extracts individually and of their combination in murine model. All were found to increase in a dose dependent manner. The results provide scientific basis for widespread use of these plants and their combination as tonic for immunostimulation and chronic ailments.

18 ref

021572   Bulbul I J;Jahan N (Faculty of Dep, Pharmacy, Southeast Univ, Banani, Dhaka) : Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic leaf extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla against various bacterial strains. J Pharmac Phytochem 2016, 5(4), 53-7.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of methanolic extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (family: Rutaceae) leaf which possesses significant drug value. In vitro antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and total phenol content by Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent. The antioxidant activity of different concentrations of plant extracts were found to increase in a concentration dependent manner where the IC₅₀ value was 69.64 μg/ml compared to the ascorbic acid (27.02 μg/ml). The total phenol content was found in plant extract was 25.28 mg/g GAE. The antimicrobial assay was performed by disc diffusion method using kanamycin and nystatin as the standard. The highest antimicrobial action was found to be against Salmonella paratyphi (zone of inhibition with 22 mm). The MIC was carried out by the serial dilution technique where it showed highest inhibitory effect with minimum concentration of 16 μg against Salmonella paratyphi and Escherichia coli. The obtained results indicate that investigated plant could be potential sources of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents and can be used in the treatment of oxidative disorders and many infectious diseases caused by microorganisms.

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

021571   Bhat M R;Nair J S;Marar T (School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Univ, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, 400 614) : Isolation and identification L-asparaginase producing Salinicoccus SP. M KJ997975 from soil microbial flora. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3599-3605.

L-asparaginase is responsible for the hydrolysis of L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia. L-asparaginase is used as an effective therapeutic agent against lymphocytic leukemia. It also finds applications in food industry. Though much has been unraveled about LA, it may appears today that it is at the tip of iceberg and there is tremendous scope in screening of novel LA sources and studying their properties and applications. In the current study L-asparaginase producing bacteria were screened from forest soil of Vasai, MS, India. Modified M9 medium was used for screening the L-asparaginase producers. Out of the total 885 organisms screened for L-asparaginase production, one isolate was found to produce substantial L-asparaginase (15.94 IU/ml). This isolate was further identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing as a novel strain Salinicoccus sp. M KJ997975. This orange pigment producing isolate was found to be moderately halophilic and alkaliphilic. Not much literature is available on L-asparaginase producing gram positive alkalophilic and halophilc bacteria and this is the first kind of report on L-asparaginase producing Salinicoccus sp.

20 ref

021570   Begum N;Keshetti S;Vattikuti U M R (Univ College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Satavahana Univ, Karimnagar, Telangana, 505 001) : Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and COX-2 inhibitory activity of leaves of Organum vulgare. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(8), 18-21.

The study was conducted to investigate in vitro anti-inflammatory and COX-2 inhibitory activities of dried leaves of Origanum vulgare. For the present investigation, 300 μg / ml and 500 μg / ml of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts were used. The extracts were obtained by successive soxhlet extraction. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was studied by membrane stabilization of HRBCs. The percentage of membrane stabilization was compared with standard drug Diclofenac sodium at a concentration of 300 μg / ml and 500 μg / ml. In vitro COX-2 inhibitory activity was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. Methanolic extract at a concentration of 500 μg / ml showed significant membrane stabilization of 84.34% and 74.52% of remarkable COX-2 inhibition. The results observed thus, suggest that the methanolic extract of dried leaves of Origanum vulgare, possesses promising in vitro anti-inflammatory and COX-2 inhibitory activity.

2 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

021569   Bao X L;Yuan H H;Zhao H L;Fang X X;Sun B;Lan M B (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry and Research, East China Univ of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China, Email: minbolan@ecust.edu.cn) : Antioxidant synergisms between Cymbopogon citratus polyphenols and α-tocopherol in DPPH radical-scavening assay. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3188-96.

The synergistic antioxidant effects of polyphenols obtained from Cymbopogon citratus Stapf (Gramineae) by bioassay-guided fractionation, including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoorientin 2"-O-rhamnoside and isoorientin, with α-tocopherol were studied using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging assay. Combination index (CI) and isobolographic analyses were employed to detect any inducement of the antioxidant activity compared with the individual activities of polyphenols and α-tocopherol. The reaction kinetics were studied by monitoring the consumption of DPPH*, α-tocopherol and C. citratus polyphenols. It was found that synergisms could occur between the four respective C. citratus polyphenols and α-tocopherol in the radical-scavenging assay, which were dependent on the antioxidants involved and their ratios in the mixtures. Kinetic studies on the antioxidation process revealed that these synergistic effects were associated with the sparing effects of C. citratus polyphenols on a-tocopherol, which have been ascribed to the regeneration of a-tocopherol by the polyphenols.

5 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

021568   Bamba A;Yapi Houphouet F;Goueh G;Nazaire D B (Pharmacodynamics-Biochemical Lab, Faculty of Biosciences, FELIX Houphouet Boigny Univ of Cocody-Abidjan (Cote d'Ivoire), 22 BP 582 Abidjan) : Evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of the extract of Gomphrena celosioides. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(4), 1-9.

Gomphrena celosioides is a plant of traditional medicine known in Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ivory Coast to treat various diseases including liver disease. The hydroalcoholic extract of this plant is rarely the subject of pharmacological study. The objective of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract of Gomphrena celosioides (EEG). The experiments were performed on 5 groups of 6 rats according to the method of Kadifkova Panovka with some modifications. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce hepatic toxicity in rats. This Hepatotoxic causes a significant rise in liver enzymes and bilirubin by massive hepatocyte alteration rate. The rats were then treated by the EEG (250 and 500mg / kg body weight) and the silymarin (SIL) known for its hepatoprotective properties (100mg / kg body weight). The results showed that preventive treatment with EEG and SIL have no significant influences on body weight and relative liver weights of animals; however these treatments have caused a significant decrease in serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase (<60>0.05) compared to the negative control. with a protection of 84.56%, 86.79%, 86.67% for SIL and 46.29%, 46.22%, 49.87% for the EEG at a dose of 500 mg / kg; respectively for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase. This study reveals that the EEG possesses hepatoprotective properties more significant to 500mg / kg. But this protective activity of the liver of the EEG is statistically less than that of silymarin which is our reference molecule.

2 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

021567   Balagani P K;Chandiran I S;Jayaveera K N (Pharmaceutics Dep, Gokula Krishna College of Pharmacy Sullurpet, Nellore-524 121, Email: pavan.gkcp@rediffmail.com) : In vitro and In vivo characterization of glimepiride microparticles. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3558-62.

In the present investigation, controlled release microparticles of Glimepiride were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation technique using cellulose acetate as release retardant polymer. The microparticles were evaluated for In-Vitro release study and In-Vivo evaluation. The microparticles were subjected to In-vitro release studies by employing 7.8 pH phosphate buffer as dissolution medium. The rate of drug release from these microparticles followed zero order kinetics and the mechanism of drug release was governed by peppas mechanism. The exponential coefficient (n) value indicating that drug release followed non fickian mechanism. The in vivo performance of pure drug and optimized Glimepiride microparticles were evaluated in rabbits in a randomized cross-over design. The estimation of glimepiride in serum was carried out by HPLC method. The parameters such as maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time for peak plasma concentration (tmax), mean residence time (MRT) and area under curve (AU_{C0 - α}) were significantly (P<60> 0.001) differed following glimepiride microparticles compared to pure drug administration. The relative bioavailability of glimepiride was increased about five fold after microparticles administration as compared to pure drug. This may be due to the slow controlled release of Glimepiride. In the case of optimized Glimepiride microparticles administration, percentage blood glucose reduction was observed after 4.0 hrs and was prolonged over a period of 16 hrs. It was concluded that the Glimepiride microparticles administration, resulted in increased relative bioavailability and reduced frequency of administration.

8 ref

021566   Bakoriya R;Soni K K;Thomas T (Botany Dep, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Government Degree College, Ashta-466 166, Email: kapilsoni14@gmail.com) : Isolation and structural elucidation of bioactive compound from ethanolic extract of Cassia tora leaves. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3749-52.

Present study describes the isolation of extract from the leaves of plant Cassia tora (Linn.). During the present study, fresh leaves after shade drying was used for the isolation of extract using Soxhlet apparatus and percentage yield was obtained (3.22% in ethanol). Then, preliminary phyto-chemical screening of the extract was done and certain secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, glycosides, saponin, triterpenes, tannin and flavonoid were confirmed in the Cassia tora extract. Then thin layer and column chromatography of the extract was done and R_f value viz. 0.91, 0.96 and 1.00% were calculated and obtained fractions (CT1 to CT5) were tested on Wistar albino rats for wound healing activities. Active fraction of extract were sent to SAIF, CDRI Lucknow for spectral analysis viz. IR, UV, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and Mass for the detection/confirmation of bio-active compound present in the fraction and finally emodin was elucidated.

5 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

021565   Bakhle S S;Avari J G (Pharmaceutics Div, Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, R.T.M. Nagpur Univ, Mahatma Jyotiba Fuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Amaravati Road, Nagpur-440 033, Email: suparna_bakhle@yahoo.co.in) : Formulation and evaluation of solid self-micremulsifying drug delivery system for improved oral delivery of olmesartan medoxomil. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3285-98.

The present work aimed at formulating a solid self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (solid-SMEDDS) for Olmesartan Medoxomil with the objective of improving the aqueous solubility, dissolution and oral delivery of the drug. Liquid SMEDDS of the drug were formulated using Capmul MCM as the oil phase, Tween 80 and Phenoxide HCO-40 as the combined surfactants after screening various vehicles. The prepared systems were characterized for various physicochemical characteristics. Ternary phase diagrams were plotted to identify the area of micro emulsification. The optimized liquid SMEDDS was transformed into a free flowing powder using Neusilin US2 as the adsorbent. The physical state of the drug in solid self micro emulsifying powder was revealed by Differential Scanning Calorimetric and X- ray powder diffraction studies which indicated the presence of the drug in the dissolved form in the lipid excipients. These findings were supported by scanning electron microscopy studies which did not show the evidence of precipitation of the drug on the surface of the carrier. Moreover the droplet size of the micro emulsion formed from self microemulsifying powder remained same as that from the liquid SMEDDS. The dissolution of the drug was enhanced significantly from the SMEDDS formulation as compared to pure drug. Similarly the drug exhibited enhanced absorption from the SMEDDS formulation through rat intestinal segment compared to its suspension. Thus it can be concluded that a lipid based drug delivery system in the solid form can be successfully developed with the potential of enhancing the solubility, dissolution and oral absorption of the drug.

19 ref

021564   Badole S;Kotwal S (Univ Dep of Biochemistry, RTM Nagpur Univ, Amravati Road, Nagpur-440 033, Email: swatikotwal@msn.com) : Biochemical, hematological and histological changes in response to graded dose of extract of Equisetum arvense in adult female wistar rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3321-6.

Equisetum arvense, commonly known as field horsetail, is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Equisetum. Traditionally, Equisetum arvense is used as diuretic; anticoagulant, skin antiseptic, in kidney and liver related problems and gastric ulcers. E. arvense has also been suggested for the treatment of bone related disorders such as osteoporosis but the data is very scarce on its dose range and its influence on basic biochemical parameters. The present study was carried out to study its effect in female wistar rats at three levels of dose: L (30 mg/ kg of body weight), M (60 mg/ kg of body weight) and H (120 mg/ kg of body weight) for a period of 30 days. We report here complete blood count, LFT, KFT, blood glucose, total protein, and albumin and lipid profile. No toxic effects were observed in reference to clinical signs, body weight and organ weight. HBG, HCT, MCV, PLT, glucose and serum cholesterol, HDL and LDL level at H dose was found significantly different to Control group. Histology of liver tissue of all the three groups showed normal cellular architecture with prominent central vein compared. Histological examination of femur bone showed decreased trabecular width suggesting the toxic effect of extract at H dose. Thus from the study it can be concluded that E. arvense produces toxic effect in a dose dependant manner and that M dose of E. arvense (60 mg/ kg body weight) can be used as a therapeutic dose for further studies.

19 ref

021563   Azizuddin;Mustafa S;Khaliq S (Chemistry Dep, Federal Urdu Univ of Arts, Science & Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Campus, Karachi-75300, Pakistan, Email: azizpobox1@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial bioassay screening of 2'-o-ethylmurrangatin: a secondary metabolite obtained from Murraya paniculata. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(10), 3919-20.

2'-o-Ethylmurrangatin (1) is a secondary metabolite, which was obtained from the methanolic extract of Murraya paniculata. Compound 1 was screened for its antibacterial activities. It was found to have moderate activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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021562   Arun K P;Brindha P (Centre for Advanced Research in Indian Systems of Medicine, SASTRA Univ, Thanjavur-613 401, Email: kparunscientist@gmail.com) : Investigations into phenolic and alkaloid constituents of Jatropha tanjorensis by LC-MS/MS and evaluating its bioactive property. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3249-53.

Jatropha tanjorensis (Euphorbiaceae) leaves are used as a food and for various herbal medicines in India and African countries. But only diminutive information is available on the secondary metabolites and their correlation with its traditional uses. Reversed-phase Liquid chromatography with C18 bonded silica gel coupled to ultraviolet (UV) detection and mass spectrometer encompass of quadrupole mass analyzer with time-of-flight mass detection (micrOTOF-QII) was standardized for the identification of semipolar compounds in the extract. Total ion chromatogram (TIC) was processed using Hystar 3.2 software tools. Compounds were assigned by comparing their mass signals with compounds already reported and MS/MS spectral MassBank libraries. With this approach several compounds not reported previously from Jatropha tanjorensis were identified. The methanolic extract from leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis (MEJT) contained a complex mixture of 20 flavonoids predominantly as glycosides, with few aglycones. Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside-4'-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-2"-O-β-xylopyranosyl-β-g lucopyranoside, 6-c-hexosyl-8-c-pentosyl apigenin, cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside, 3',7-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone and 2'',3'',4',5,6'',7-hexa-O-methylisovitexin were found in the methanolic extract of J. tanjorensis leaves. The core aglycones of these flavonoids were identified as apigenin, luteolin, isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol. Few other bioactive molecules like rhein, benzamidine and derivative of ellagic acid were also identified. Apart from phenolic compounds few medicinally potent alkaloids like norharman, harmane, salsolinol and anabasine were also identified. To depict its biological activity against cancer cells, inhibition of proliferation assay (MTT) was performed on human skin carcinoma cells (A431) with an IC₅₀ of 58.53 μg/mL. The methanolic extract from leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis has shown potent antimicrobial activity against various strains of bacteria with an MIC of 7.8 μg/mL. The methanolic extract from leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis was also evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity through proteinase inhibition activity (IC₅₀ 166.2 μg/mL), inhibition of protein denaturation (IC₅₀ 165.4 μg/mL) and membrane stabilization (IC₅₀ 160.4 μg/mL). Antioxidant property was evaluated using reducing hydroxyl ion assay with an IC₅₀ of 46.43 μg/mL. Results acquired prove the potent efficiency of selected plant against various disease conditions progresses to cancer. Present study also provide the necessary information on the chemical composition of Jatropha tanjorensis, thus suggesting yet another ''authentication'' in the identification of the selected plant.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref