022423   Maheswari E;Saraswathy G R L;Santhranii T (Pharmacy Practice Dep, M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi Univ of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka) : Effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid as hepatoprotective and antioxidant. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 242-8.

The present study investigates the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on carbamazepine (CBZ) administered rats. 30 animals were divided into 5 groups. Animals in group 1 received drinking water orally and served as control, group 2 received CBZ 50 mg/Kg dissolved in water daily by oral gavage, group 3, 4 and 5 received (50, 100 and 200 mg/Kg) of ALA in 0.2% carboxy methyl cellulose respectively 1 hr prior to administration of 50 mg/Kg CBZ for a duration of 45 days. The levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, albumin and total protein were estimated to determine the hepatoprotective activity. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase and lipid peroxidation levels were estimated to determine the antioxidant activity. Histopathological examination was also done. CBZ increased the level of SGOT, GSH, catalase and increased lipid peroxidation. Administration of ALA reversed the CBZ induced hepatotoxicity. Histopathological examination revealed preservation of liver integrity in ALA administered rats compared to CBZ alone treated rats. The hepatoprotective effect of ALA was due to its antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals.

21 ref

022422   Lian Y;Lin G;Zheng Q (College of Life Science, Linyi Univ, Linyi Forestry Bureau, Linyi 276000, Chandong, China) : Tri-parental protoplast fusion of Brassica species to produce somatic hybrids with high genetic and phenotypic variability. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 2015, 75(4), 497-505.

Plating efficiencies and the plant regeneration frequencies of bi-parental fusion of Brassica campestris pekinensis with Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), B. oleracea L. var. italica with Ogura CMS, and Brassica juncea var. crispifolia were compared for illustrating the advantages of tri-parental somatic hybridization. The results showed that in the triparental fusion combination, 73 plants regenerated from 712 calli and the plant regeneration frequency was 10.3%, three or four times that obtained with the 2 fusion combinations. These hybrids were classified into 12 types based on morphology, and most showed intermediate characteristics between 2 or more of the parental species. The somatic hybiridity were confirmed by flow cytometry, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and PCR analysis, indicating that these regenerated plants were all true hybrids. Most of the progenies with normal pollen showed varied number of seed set after backcrossing with B. juncea. The high variability in the hybrids obtained illustrated that somatic hybridization may be useful in broadening existing Brassica gene pools and obtaining material for breeding.

5 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

022421   Kota P;Sammeta K;Panda J;Uma Rani M;Vishna R; Nagaraju K (NO, Raghu College of Pharmacy, Dakamrri, Bheemili, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh) : Comparative studies of central nervous system depressant activity on hydroalcoholic extract of Acalypha indica and Crotan bonplandianum. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 249-52.

The whole plant extract of Acalypha indica and Croton bonplandianum obtained cold extraction of mixture of ethanol and water was chosen for pharmacological screening. The Swiss albino mice are subjected to extract at 125 mg/kg to check the CNS depressant activity by actophotometer test. The test and standard were given orally. After 60 min. the animal are placed in to the actophotometer and observation were recorded at the interval of 90, 120 and 180 min. Acalyphaindica showed CNS depressant effect but Croton bonplandianum has no depressant activity.

13 ref

022420   Kirar V;Mehrotra S;Negi P S;Nandi S P;Misra K (Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi) : HPTLC fingerprinting, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial efficacy of Indian Himalayan lingzhi: Ganoderma lucidum. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4259-68.

Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst., known as medicinal mushroom and it contains several bioactive phytochemicals such as polysaccharides, nucleosides, alkaloids, coumarin, ergosterols, ganoderic acids, lactones, mannitol, organic germanium, triterpenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals which are well known for their pharmacological properties. In the present investigation adenine, adenosine and uracil content of the aqueous and alcoholic lyophilized extract of dried G. lucidum powder of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) were determined by HPTLC. Further, phytochemical analysis (total polyphenols, total flavonoids, reducing power, antioxidant potentials), antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy of both extracts against pathogenic strains like Vibrio cholerae, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus was also evaluated. The adenine, adenosine and uracil content of aqueous extract was found to be higher than the alcoholic extracts. Both extracts were identified as rich source of flavonoids, polyphenols, reducing power and antioxidants. A significant antimicrobial activity was observed in both the hydro alcoholic and aqueous extract against all the pathogenic strains tested with MIC value of 2-4 mg/ml for the hydro alcoholic extract and of 2-5 mg/ml for the aqueous extract. The present study concludes high pharmacological potential of G. lucidum.

36 ref

022419   Katiyar N S;Singh A P;Gangwar A K;Venkat Rao N (Sanjay College of Pharmacy, , Mathura, Uttar Pradesh-281 406) : Evaluation of carrageenan induced anti-inflammatory activity of stem extracts of Cuscuta reflexa (ROXB) in rats. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(2), 322-6.

Alcoholic (AESCR) and aqueous (AQESCR) extracts of stem of Cuscuta reflexa were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model in rats, and compared to the activity of standard drug, Ibuprofen. These extracts were given orally in a concentration of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bd.wt. before carrageenan injection. Both the extracts with medium and higher doses i.e. 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg have reduced oedema volume by 47.27%, 72.72% and 57.72%, 80.00% respectively at 5th h as compared to standard drug Ibuprofen 96.36%. Thus the present study revealed that the selected extracts of C. reflexa exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw oedema model in rats.

1 table, 13 ref

022418   Karun Kumar;Salman M T;Shukla V;Ahmad A;Verma V K;Rizvi D A;Kohli A (Pharmacology Dep, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: karun_kumar@live.in) : Comparative effect of agomelatine versus escitalopram on glycemic control and symptoms of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4304-9.

A bidirectional relationship exists between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression. There is dearth of research on comparative suitability of different antidepressants in people with T2DM and depression. To compare the effects of Escitalopram and Agomelatine on glycemic control and symptoms of depression in patients with T2DM and depression. We conducted a randomized, open label, parallel groups study. Patients diagnosed as T2DM with moderate to severe depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Score ≥ 14) were randomized to receive either Escitalopram (10 mg daily) or Agomelatine (25 mg daily) along with antidiabetic agents as per American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2013 guidelines. Depression was assessed using HDRS and Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Escitalopram group showed a significant reduction in FBG and HbA1Cvalues as compared to Agomelatine group at 1 and 2 months. HDRS scores of Escitalopram group were significantly lower than Agomelatine group at 1 and 2 months (8.85 ± 5.86 and15.6 ± 2.5 respectively). Similarly, Escitalopram group showed significantly lower MADRS scoresthan Agomelatine group at 1 and 2 months (13.6 ± 1.85 and 21.15 ± 2.34 respectively). Escitalopram seems to be better than Agomelatinefor glycemic control and ameliorating symptoms of depression in patients of T2DM and depression.

18 ref

022417   Jyothi S;Baliarsingh S;Pratiba K;Vijayakumari V;Nanda K;Tejomani M (Biochemistry Dep, ESIC Medical College and PGIMSR, Rajajnagar, Bangalore-10, Karnataka, Email: simantbaliarsingh@gmail.com) : T₃ is as good a pointer of creatine kinase levels in euthyroids as T₄ is in hypothyroids. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4491-5.

Hypothyroidism is one of the commonest metabolic diseases which afflicts females more than males and is often associated with myopathy. Reports on relationship of muscle-markers with thyroid hormones in the (a) euthyroid population in general and (b) hypothyroid population in India are scarce. A randomized case-control study on the female population for which 60 hypothyroids and 30 euthyroid controls were selected. Total triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and two muscle markers - lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured from serum samples using automated analyzers. CK was 71% higher and LDH 23.5% higher in hypothyroids than in euthyroid controls. CK correlated well with T₄ in hypothyroids (r= - 0.68, p<60>0.0001) and T₃ in euthyroids (r= 0.62, p= 0.003) but to a lesser extent with others viz. T₃ in hypothyroids (r= -0.46, p= 0.0002), T₄ in euthyroids (r= -0.49, p= 0.007) and TSH both in hypothyroids and euthyroids (r= 0.43, p= 0.0006; r= -0.40, p= 0.03 respectively). LDH correlated weakly with total T4 (p=0.28, r=0.03) in hypothyroids but showed no other statistically significant association. CK is satisfactorily indicated by total T₃ in euthyroid and T₄ in hypothyroid females. TSH is a weaker indicator.

16 ref

022416   Jianheng L I;Yajun Q;Junxiang Q;Hanqiu W U; Xiaoyu Y (College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Univ, Baoding Hebei-017 002, Email: lijanheng@hbu.cn) : Effect of am fungi and different selenium levels on the quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza BGE. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4174-80.

The effects of AM fungi on Salvia miltiorrhiza under different selenium levels was researched using pot technology. The results showed that inoculation of AM fungi significantly increased the plant height, root length, each part weight, chlorophyll, protein and selenium content of Salvia miltiorrhiza under the same selenium level, in addition, MDA and proline contents decreased significantly. It can be seen that AM fungi could promote the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza, enhance disease resistance and improve the uptake of nutrient elements. The contents of tanshinone IIA in inoculated plants were higher than non inoculated plants. While the selenium concentration was 40μg.ml^-1, the content of tanshinone IIA in inoculated plants was highest, that was 0.272%. The growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza, soluble sugar, MDA and the content of tanshinone IIA increased firstly and then decreased, but the contents of inoculated plants were higher than non inoculated plants, they reached the maximum at Se1(20μg.ml^-1)<126>Se2(40 μg.ml^-1). From that proper concentration was cooperated with AM fungi on improving the growth and accumulating of medicinal components. Selenium content in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge was positively correlated with selenium concentrations, but no obvious linear relationship, the distribution was more in the leaf than root. Inoculation of AM fungi on the Salvia miltiorrhiza had the best effect when the selenium concentration was 20<126>40 μg.ml^-1.

17 ref

022415   Jayapalan S;Natarajan J (Data Mining and Text Mining Lab, Bioinformatics Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore-641 046, Email: n.jeyakumar@yahoo.co.in) : Classification and domain analysis of protein kinases in hominids. Curr Sci 2016, 110(5), 828-38.

A comparative analysis of protein kinases encoded in the human genome and those of the closest evolutionary relatives such as chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan is made in the present study. Sequence comparisons of humans with their closest lineages are of considerable interest in order to understand the ambulatory mechanism behind the evolutionary relationship of apes. A total of 499, 478, 468 and 470 protein kinases from human, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan genomes respectively, which include both eukaryotic protein kinases and atypical protein kinases were analysed. Classification of their groups and families reveals the presence of three highly populated protein kinase families, namely STE20, CAMKL and CDK in the four genomes and also few unique protein kinases, namely ADCK2, ADCK3, BCKDK, CDK11A, C9orf96, PDK1, PDK2 and TAF1 in humans. Domain organization of each of the protein kinases in the four genomes shows the presence of frequently occurring domains such as SH2 domain, immunoglobulin-I set domain, phorbol esters/diacylglycerol binding domain (C1 domain), and SH3 domain in all four genomes, and unusual domain architectures for few human atypical protein kinases such as BCKDK, PDK1 and PDK2. This hominid-based comparative study will provide valuable insights into the similarities and differences between humans and three other non-human apes in kinome-level ranking and functional aspects and a base for experimental analysis on hominids in order to enhance our understanding on their specific biological roles.

2 illus, 7 tables, 43 ref

022414   Jain P;Bele D S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Indore) : Novel antimalarial agents and targets: an optimism over resistance. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 163-70.

Malaria is a complex disease with ample of host-parasite interactions. Due to long terminal elimination half-life, a shallow concentration-effect relationship, and mutations a drug becomes vulnerable to resistance development. Identifying and emphasizing new targets against malaria is surpassingly desired. These varied new targets will provide important new drugs in the future. P. falciparum 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase plays a role in isoprenoid biosynthesis in the malaria parasite, making this parasite enzyme an attractive target for antimalarial drug design. Erythrocytic schizogony is targeted by artemisinins. Interfering with the schizont stage and release of merozoites are potentially promising but unexploited strategies. Many compounds target a host cell enzyme rather than a molecule encoded by the parasite. As the objective of malaria treatment moves from control to elimination, targeting sexual development and sporogony are being extensively worked. Drugs that block the infectivity of the mature sexual form of the gametocyte will be particularly important. Protozoan aquaporins are increasingly recognized as potential drug targets for antiprotozoan drugs. It is hypothesized that Plasmodium aquaglyceroporin provides the pathway for glycerol uptake into the malaria parasite. Parasitic AQP is considered to be an attractive target for drug treatment since it has sequence differences compared to that of human AQP. As per WHO Malaria Report 2013, highly cost-effective strategies for antimalarial research are recommended. For the discovery of novel classes of drugs focus on cellular function as a system should be made rather than on the level of the single process or molecule.

43 ref

022413   Jain D P;Somani R S (Research Dep, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Mahal Jagtpura, Jaipur-302 001, Email: dilpeshjain@yahoo.com) : Silibinin, a bioactive flavanone, prevents the progression of early diabetic nephropathy in experimental type-2 diabetic rats. Int J Green Pharm 2015, 9(2), 118-24.

Silibinin, also known as silybin, is the major active constituent of silymarin reported myriad pharmacological activities. The present study investigates the protective effect of silibinin in diabetic nephropathy (DN) in experimentally induced type-2 diabetic rats. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed in Sprague Dawley rats, fed with high-fat diet for 2 weeks. Rats failed to compensate glucose load were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (35 mg/kg; i.p) and left untreated for 4 weeks.Thereafter, diabetic rats were orally treated with silibinin (40 or 80 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. A significant hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia were observed in diabetic rats as compared to control rats, and these changes were significantly restored in the silibinin treated diabetic rats. Further a long standing hyperglycaemia resulted in altered antioxidant system and induced DN, characterised by increased serum and urinary creatinine (P <60> 0.001), urea nitrogen (P <60> 0.001), creatinine clearance (P <60> 0.001) and urinary albumin excretion rate (P <60> 0.001) as well as decreased albumin (P <60> 0.01) and total protein (P <60> 0.001). Restoration of kidney functions and antioxidant system were observed in the diabetic rats treated with silibinin. Moreover, histopathological alterations in diabetic rats were restored towards near normal architecture with silibinin treatment. The present study indicated that 4 weeks of silibinin treatment may prevent the progression of early DN.

6 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

022412   Jagtap S;Satpute R (Elphinstone College, , Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of tuber extracts of Euphorbia fusiformis var. Khandallensis (Blatt. & Hallb.) Binojk. & N.P.balakr. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(3), 517-31.

Euphorbia fusiformis(Synonym: Euphorbia acaulis)is a rare medicinal herb belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Due to indiscriminate collection from naturalhabitat it has become endangered.The dried root powder and the fresh rhizome are used to increase the secretion of the mother's milk, while the tuber latex is applied to heal chronic wounds, skin diseases, liver disorders and diarrhoea. In the present study, phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the tuber extracts of Euphorbia fusiformis were evaluated. Phytochemical screening indicated thattubers are rich in a variety of primary and secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates, alkaloids, vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, saponins and minerals. Present investigation showsDPPH anti-scavenging activity in organic extracts such as methanol (56.47%), chloroform (10.23%), acetone (16.51%) and water (76.92%). The antimicrobial activity of tuber extracts against clinically isolated microbes like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Aspergillusniger. The study highlights the phytochemical and ethno-pharmacological significanceof Euphorbia fusiformis.

32 ref

022411   Hegde K;Divya K V (Pharmacology Dep, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valchil, Post-Farangepete, Mangalore-574 143, Email: khegde_sh2003@yahoo.co.in) : Evaluation of anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Sauropus androgynus leaves. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4375-80.

Anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Sauropus androgynous leaves was investigated against experimentally induced stress in rats using forced swimming endurance test and chronic cold restraint stress test. Acute toxicity study was performed and hydro-alcoholic extract of Sauropus androgynous leaves was found to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. Two doses 200 mg/kg (SALE-200) and 400 mg/kg (SALE-400) of the extract was subjected to the evaluation of anti-stress activity. The parameters like cholesterol, triglycerides and corticosterone were estimated to determine the anti-stress activity. The animals pre-treated with SALE-200 and SALE-400 significantly restored the altered biochemical and physical parameters, when compared with stress control group. In addition the histopathology of the adrenal gland also confirmed the anti-stress activity of the extract as the SALE-400 treated groups showed significant recovery and SALE-200 treated groups showed moderately significant recovery of architecture of the adrenal gland. However, the maximum activity was observed at 400 mg/kg bodyweight. The findings of the present study concluded that the hydro alcoholic extract of Sauropus androgynous leaves showed a significant dose-dependent anti-stress activity.

16 ref

022410   Gurnani N;Gupta M;Shrivastava R;Mehta D;Mehta B K (School of Studies in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vikram Univ, Ujjain-456 001, Email: gurnani.neelam1@gmail.com) : Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constitutents, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Capsicum frutescens L.. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 32-9.

Capsicum frutescens L. (Family Solanaceae) commonly used to make one of the most common spice, red peppers is also associated with multiple health benefits. In the present study, extract yield and phytochemical constituents of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of dried seeds of C. frutescens L. prepared by microwave assisted solvent extraction technique, also known as "Green extraction" were compared with the solvent extracts prepared by two common conventional extraction methods. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of all extracts were determined by using agar well diffusion method against three gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus MRSA), five gram negative bacteria (Escherechia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris) and two fungi (Candida albicans and C. krusei). Results were also compared with positive (Cotrimoxazole and Nystatin) and negative controls (Dimethyl sulphoxide). Solvent extracts prepared by microwave assisted method showed significant activity and n-hexane extract formed inhibition zone of 14.4 mm against P. aeruginosa, 20.0 mm against C. albicans, while ethyl acetate extract formed largest inhibition zone (15.0 mm) against C. krusei. Minimum inhibitory concentration evaluated by two fold serial broth tube dilution method ranged between 0.312 to 5 mg/mL.

1 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

022409   Guddeti V;Madhu Babu D;Nagamani B;Ratna Teja M;Sai Sravani M;Spandana C H (Pharmacology Dep, QIS College of Pharmacy, Ongole, Prakasam Dist, Andhra Pradesh) : Evaluation of anti inflammatory activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. flower extract in rats. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(3), 532-6.

Inflammation is a localized reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain as a result of infection, irritation, or injury. In traditional system of medicine Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn, Flowers powder exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, antitumor activity, anti implantation activity, in diabetic patients; a flower bud reduces level of blood sugar.Hence, the present study was aimed to explore the possible anti -inflammatory activity of leaves extract of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn in experimental animal models. For assessing of anti - inflammatory activity carrageenan induced paw edema model was used. Diclofenac was used as a standard reference for this model. Shade dried leaves of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn were powdered and subjected to Soxhlet extraction using alcohol and water. Hydroalcoholic extract was administered to the animals as suspension using 2% gum acacia for experimental purpose. Preliminary photochemical investigation of the hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linnreveals the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, Alkaloids, phytosterols, Phenolics, tannins and volatile oils. Hydroalcoholic extract of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linnflowerseither up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg did not produce any sort of mortality. In the treatment of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats, there was highly significant decreased paw volume when treated with Diclofenac and high dose of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis Linn leaves extract. This activity may be due to presence of flavonoids, phytosterols and tannins in extract.

7 ref

022408   Greenwell M;Rahman P K S M (Biotechnology Programme Leader, School of Science and Engineering, Teesside Univ, Middlesbrough-TS13BA, Cleveland, United Kingdom, Email: p.rahman@tees.ac.uk ) : Medicinal plants: their use in anticancer treatment. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4103-12.

Globally cancer is a disease which severely effects the human population. There is a constant demand for new therapies to treat and prevent this life-threatening disease. Scientific and research interest is drawing its attention towards naturally-derived compounds as they are considered to have less toxic side effects compared to current treatments such as chemotherapy. The Plant Kingdom produces naturally occurring secondary metabolites which are being investigated for their anticancer activities leading to the development of new clinical drugs. With the success of these compounds that have been developed into staple drugs for cancer treatment new technologies are emerging to develop the area further. New technologies include nanoparticles for nano-medicines which aim to enhance anticancer activities of plant-derived drugs by controlling the release of the compound and investigating new methods for administration. This review discusses the demand for naturally-derived compounds from medicinal plants and their properties which make them targets for potential anticancer treatments.

60 ref

022407   Gogoi B;Kakoti B B;Sharma N;Borah S (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Dibrugarh Univ, Assam-786 004, Email: barnali.gogoi88@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical evaluation of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham) sweet bark. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 59-64.

Pharmacognostic, physico-chemical and preliminary phytochemical studies of Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet (Family Lauraceae) bark was carried out. Physico-chemical parameters such as total, acid insoluble and water soluble ash value were determined. In microscopic studies, transverse and longitudinal section of bark and its powder characters were studied and characteristic features were established. Different extracts obtained by successive solvent extraction were tested separately for the presence of various phytoconstituents, viz. alkaloids, amino acids, carbohydrates, fats and fixed oils, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, gums, lignins, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. The present study of C. bejolghota bark will be useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters and information obtained can be used as markers in the identification.

6 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

022406   Gebremariam T;Abula T;Gebrelibanos M (Pharmacognosy Course and Research Unit, Pharmacy Dep, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle Univ, Mekelle-Ethiopia, Email: mebrahtomgs@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of root extracts of Euclea racemosa Subsp. Schimperi. Int J Pharm 2015, 2(2), 66-70.

Emergence of multidrug resistant strains of pathogens andadverse effects of antibiotics have lead rapid search for new antimicrobials. Medicinal plants have gained more importance as source of alternative and effective drugs. Euclea racemosa sub sp. schimperi (DC.) Dandy (Ebenaceae) has many traditional uses against infections and related disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial potential and identify major phytochemical groups in root extracts of E. racemosa. Root part of the plant was extracted by maceration using methanol, acetone and chloroform. Extracts were subjected to antibacterial screening against seven bacteria strains: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC215223), Streptococcus pneumonia (ATCC49619), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC19615), Escherchia coli (ATCC259292), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC70060), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), and Salmonella typhi (ATCC1912/R). Well diffusion method was used to perform antibacterial screening. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and phytochemical screening was also done on the extracts. Resultsindicated that the different extracts displayed significant (p<60> 0.05) antibacterial activities and the methanol extract was more active. Flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and triterpenes were detected in the root extracts of E. racemosa. Lowest MIC (300 μg/ml) was exhibited by methanol extract against S. pneumonia, and chloroform extract against S. typhi; and lowest MBC of 400mg/ml was displayed by methanol extract against S. pneumonia and S. pyogenes, and chloroform extract against S. pyogenes and S. typhi. It was also shown that the tested extracts seem to demonstrate bactericidal activities. Thus, it was concluded that root extracts of E. racemosa demonstrated antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria strains; and this may partly justify the traditional use of the plant against infection and related disorders.

6 tables, 11 ref

022405   Gao Q;Zhang C;Fan W;Niu D;Rong R;Li X;Miao L; Liu L;Liu G (College of Life Sciences, Agricultural Univ of Hebei, Baoding 071001, Hebei, China, Email: gzhliu@genomics.org.cn) : Sequence analysis of MIPS-1s gene isolated from the low-phytic-acid inbred line of maize Qi319 and characterization of its expression patterns. Indian J Genet Pl Breed 2015, 75(4), 459-67.

Myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) is a pivotal enzyme that initiates the first step of phytic acid synthesis. In the present study the MIPS-1s gene isolated was from an inbred line of maize Qi319 containing low contents of phytic acid (lpa). Its sequence and expression patterns were also characterized. Results showed that the full-length genomic DNA sequence of the MIPS-1s gene is comprised of ten exons and nine introns, with a length of 3596 bp, and an open reading frame of 1533 bp that encodes a protein with 510 amino acids. A single amino acid substitution was found, compared to the sequence of the inbred maize line B73. In silico promoter analysis revealed various ciselements that might contribute to the differential regulation of MIPS-1s. The expression patterns of MIPS-1s proteins in leaves, roots, flowers and developing seeds of maize were also investigated using western blot. It showed similar patterns compared to the control line (Chang 7-2), suggesting that the MIPS-1s protein plays similar roles in the process of maize development and growth. Notably, it was found that the control line had a dramatically higher abundance of MIPS-1s protein than did Qi319, in the developing seeds and especially during the early period. This strongly indicates that higher levels of MIPS expression should precede and/or accompany synthesis and accumulation of phytate.

6 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

022404   Ganesh Kumar C;Pradeep Kumar M;Gupta S;Shyam Suunder M;Rao K V M;Jagadeesh B;Swapna V;Kamal A (Chemical Biology Laboratory, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Div, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: cgkumar@iitc.res.in) : Isolation and characterization of cellulose from sweet sorghum bagasse. Sugar Tech 2015, 17(4), 395-403.

Sweet sorghum bagasse represents a potential low-cost biomass which can be valorized to produce different value-added lignocellulosic platform chemicals of economic importance. The focus of the present study is the pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse for efficient delignification, separation of pure cellulose and its structural characterization. Sweet sorghum bagasse was subjected to mechanical commutation followed by steam washing, organosolv extraction (methanol and toluene, 1:2) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment for efficient delignification. Chemical analysis revealed that cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content (per cent recovered) after different pretreatment was 720 g (98%), 6 g (1.1%) and 20 g (0.9%), respectively. Structural characterization of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse and recovered cellulose was performed using FT-IR, CP-MAS ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, XRD, and thermogravimetric analyses. The cellulose preparation obtained after chemical pretreatments had typical cellulose structure with high crystallinity as compared to the untreated substrate. SEM micrographs revealed the surface topography wherein the waxy layer on the surface of this material disappeared and the texture became thinner and striated. The pretreatment methods employed were able to produce cellulose of high purity with <62>98% lignin removal.

3 illus, 3 tables, 49 ref

022403   Desai S D;Hadimani G A;Bagoji I B;Biradar P; Nanjappaiah H M;Shivakumar Hugar (Shridevi Institue of Medical Science & Research Hospital, , Tumkur, Email: gavish.hadimani@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of phytoconstituents of methanolic root extract of Withania somnifera. J advd scient Res 2015, 6(1), 27-30.

The present research work was designed to identify the phytochemical constituents of methanolic extract of roots of Withania somnifera. Withania somnifera is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine, the traditional medical system of India. It is a member of the family Solanaceae. Therapeutic importance of the different parts of this plant has a long history. Fresh mature roots were shade dried at room temperature, coarse powdered and extracted with methanol by Soxhlet's extraction method. Thereafter, the extract was concentrated using rotary flash evaporator to obtain semisolid crude extract with the yield of 10.682%. Withania somnifera root extract was investigated for the presence of phytochemical constituents. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation of the Withania somnifera root extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, carbohydrates, tannins, steroids and starch.

1 table, 22 ref

022402   David P E;Benjamin S G L;de la Luz S G M; Sonia L G;Delia E A E A;Julieta L H;del Carmen V M M (NO, , Escuela Superior de Medicina Instituto Politecnico Nacional Mexico DF, Email: a_prey@hotmail.com) : Effect of neem (Azadirachta indicia A. Juss.) leaf extracts in human T lymphocytes. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(2), 219-22.

Nowadays some countries provide universal access for the anti-retro-viral therapy for people living with HIV; however, this population for several reasons, only takes traditional and complementary medicine or use it to complement their conventional treatment in order to keep and improve their health, and among the popular herbal remedies used by people living with HIV are neem leaf extracts. So that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic neem leaf extracts in human T lymphocytes. For the concentration of 1 μL of aqueous extract a cellular viability of 100% was observed, for the concentration of 10 μL of the aqueous extract a massive proliferative effect was observed of 417.89%, and for the concentration of 100 μL of aqueous extract was observed a cellular viability of 26.39%. In the case of the ethanolic extracts, they showed to be cytotoxic since the concentrations of 1 μL, 10 μL and 100 μL reduced the cellular viability to 67.17%, 51.65% and 10.22%, respectively. All the experiments were compared with the control. Due to the fact that some vegetable polymeric proteins, known as lectins such as concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin are polyclonal activators, also considered as mitogens due to the fact that they encourage T lymphocytes to commence cell division; we think the mitogenic effect-like that we observed in our aqueous extract may be as a consequence of the presence of lectins in it.

1 table, 24 ref

022401   da Silva Valerio E;Barbosa W L R;Finer R M; Muzitano M F;Araujo M H de;de Vasconcelos F;Teixeria F M (Programa de Pos-graduacao em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Instituto de Cien, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brasil, Email: fteixeria@macae.ufri.br) : Physicochemical characterization, microbiological quality control and toxicity evaluation of the hidroethanolic extract from Chenopodium ambrosioides linn.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4190-7.

Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn, member of the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to SUS (RENISUS), is used to treat different diseases and shows good potential to generate products of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System "Sistema Unico de Saude" (SUS). However, the use of herbal derivatives implies the control of their quality and the evaluation of their toxicity. Pharmacopeial tests were performed aiming at the physicochemical and microbiological characterization of leaves and extract of C. ambrosioides. The toxicity of the extract was assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) and acute toxicity was assayed in mice. The results showed that the leaves and the extract presented acceptable pharmacopeial parameters and the preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence mainly of saponins, terpenes, phenols and tannins in the hydroethanolic extract of C. ambrosioides. The microbiological evaluation of the extract indicated no apparent growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Although the extract showed cytotoxicity at high concentration, no signs of acute oral toxicity could be observed at the tested doses. These results, besides the partial Pharmacopeial characterization of C. ambrosioides, corroborate the literature data, regarding the cytotoxic potential. However, the results reported indicate that the use of this species is safe in appropriate doses.

42 ref

022400   Chifamba J;Dube A;Maponga C C (Zimbabwe Univ, , Harare, Zimbabwe, Email: chifambajoey@gmail.com) : Investigation of In-vivo penetration and distribution of nanometric TiO₂ in tropical albinistic skin by sequential adhesive tape stripping. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4181-9.

The non-invasive adhesive tape stripping technique was used to evaluate dermato-pharmacokinetics of nanometric titanium dioxide in tropical albinistic skin. Ten sequential strippings were conducted on exposure sites on the forehead, inner and upper forearms of three oculocutaneous albinism individuals 26+/- 4 years old, 15 minutes post dosing of 6.75mg/cm² of a 5% titanium dioxide cream specifically designed to retard actinic damage in albinistic persons. The strips were subsequently acid treated and analyzed for titanium content by ICP-AES. All the applied titanium was recovered from the surface and upper layers of the stratum corneum of all participants from all body sites. The average recovery of titanium was 98.50± 0.66%.No titanium was detected in strips 9 and 10 from all sites. On the inner forearm, on average 67.92± 0.95% titanium was localized on the surface (strip1and the cotton swab), 29.41± 0.60%was recovered in the upper stratum corneum strips 2-5. The small remainder was recovered from the lower strippings. On the upper forearms the average recoveries were 61.86± 0.72% Ti (surface), 34.29± 0.61% (upper stratum corneum). On the forehead the recoveries were 54.94± 0.34% (surface) and 40.55± 1.79% (upper stratum corneum). Our results confirm that nanometric titanium ions in treatments will not pose systemic exposure risks through skin penetration when used in tropical oculocutaneous albinism treatments. The results also confirm that albinistic individuals exhibit regional differences in skin profiles due to actinic exposure that influence dermato-pharmacokinetics.

22 ref

022399   Cherussery A V;Radha P G;Salim N;Jayaram K M (Botany Dep, Centre for Post Graduate Studies and Research, St. Joseph's College, Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, Email: nabeesasalim@gmail.com ) : Role of sucrose and raffinose in the desiccation sensitivity of Theobroma cacao seeds. Int J Pl Sci 2015, 10(1), 38-42.

Freshly collected seeds of cocoa were desiccated at room temperature and germination rate moisture content, soluble carbohydrates etc were analysed in the samples collected at regular intervals. Cocoa seeds are highly recalcitrant and total lose of viability occurs within 6 days of storage at room temperature. There is progressive deterioration of integrity of the membrane component of the cellular system during desiccation. This is manifested as the enhanced leakage of electrolytes from the tissues. A significant increase in sucrose content was observed in the cocoa seed tissues during desiccation. Raffinose content in the seeds declined rapidly during desiccation. Sucrose is suggested to have a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the cell membrane during dehydration. HPLC analysis of sucrose and raffinose through successive stages of desiccation does not impart tolerance to dehydration. This is because of the crystallization of sucrose and the deficiency of raffinose to ameliorate it. The sucrose to raffinose ratio is critical to seed viability in cocoa than their absolute quantum. When the ratio goes beyond 8:1 the viability of the cocoa seeds commence to decline rapidly.

3 illus, 25 ref

022398   Chandel V;Vaidya D;Kaushal M;Gupta A;Verma A K (Food Science and Technology Dep, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, Email: anilgupafst@gmail.com) : Standardization of eco-friendly technique for extraction of pectin from apple pomace. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 69-73.

Apple pomace, an industrial by-product generated from apple juice processing industries, is a good source of pectin. The method for pectin extraction has been standardized by autoclaving apple pomace flour for time intervals of 15, 30, 45 and 60 min at 121 °. The extraction of pectin by using autoclave at 121° for 60 min followed by precipitation with 95% ethanol was found optimum with pectin yield of 13.01% on dry weight basis and anhydrogalacturonic acid content of 43.21%. The pectin extracted by using eco-friendly method is characterized by equivalent weight (942.04), methoxyl content (4.32%), anhydrogalacturonic acid (43.21%) and degree of esterification (56.76%). However, autoclaving at 121 ° for 45 min also resulted in 12.97% pectin, but on the basis of anhydrogalacturonic acid (%) contents, the autoclaving of pomace for 60 min was optimized. The standardized method can be used to replace the chemical extraction procedure for commercial extraction of pectin from apple pomace.

1 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

022397   Chakravarty A;Yadava R N (Natural Products Laboratory, Chemistry Dep, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar-470 003, Email: rnyadava@rediffmail.com) : Antioxidant activity of new potential allelochemical from stems of Cassia siamea lam.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4230-5.

A new potential allelochemical (A) m.f. C₃₄H₄₂O₁₉, m.p 168-170 °C, [M]⁺ 754 (FABMS) along with two known compounds Scutellarin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (B), Luteolin (C) were isolated from methanolic extract of the stems of Cassia Siamea Lam. The structure of a new allelochemical (A) was characterized as 3,7-dihydroxy-5,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone-3-O-β-D-xylopyr anosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-O-< F128><97>-L-arabinopyranoside, on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, colour reactions and various chemical degradations. Compound A exhibited higher radical scavenging activity in the (DPPH) (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay system.

32 ref

022396   Brahma K;Triupura Sundari N;Meena Siddika Begum P;Ravi Kumar A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Pharmacognostic studies of Acalypha indica, acalypha Wilkesiana milk white and Acalypha indica, acalypha Wilkesiana milk white and Acalypha wikesiana tricolor. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(3), 646-8.

In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the Pharmacognostic studies of Acalypha indica Acalypha wilkesiana milkwhite and Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor. The leaves of the above plants were taken for the study of Pharmacognostic Studies in Evaluation of Acalypha indica Acalypha wilkesiana milkwhite and Acalypha wilkesiana tricolor.

4 ref

022395   Bindu A R;Sukumar M;Ravi T K (Pharm Sciences Dep, M G Univ, Cheruvandur Campus, Ettumanoor-686 631, Email: sindhuchandrasen@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic studies on stem bark of Cordia obliqua willd.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4354-61.

Cordia obliqua Willd var. obliqua. is a medium sized, broad leaved deciduous tree. It is found growing not only all over Asia but nearly the whole of the globe. Cordia obliqua (F. Boraginaceae) is traditionally used against fever, chest disease, leprosy, gonorrhoea and helminthes. Bark is bitter, mild astringent and tonic and used in general debility and convalescence. Decoction of the bark is used as a gargle in sore mouth. Juice obtained from the bark relieves severe colicky pains. Bark is anthelmintic, constipating, cooling, depurative and used in vitiated conditions of kapha, pitta and leprosy. In view of its medicinal importance, a complete study on macroscopic, microscopic characters and analytical parameters of stem bark have been made and presented. Histological studies were conducted by infiltration method. Anatomical features of the bark were studied using transectional, radial and tangential longitudinal sections. Powder characters were analysed and micrometrial measurements of the cells/tissues were carried out. Analytical parameters include ash values, extractive values and crude fibre content. Findings of this work are useful for compilation of monograph for the proper identification and quality control of the stem bark of Cordia obliqua.

11 ref

022394   Bhise S M;Kulkarni S B (Cosmetic Technology Dep, L.A.D. & S.R.P. College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activity of Luffa cylindrica (Linn) fruit extracts in non polar to polar solvents. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(3), 617-21.

Luffa cylindrica (Linn) commonly known as sponge gourd. It is a large monoecious climber. A tendril bearing herbbelonging to family Cucurbitaceae. The plant is widely distributed throughout India. Antioxidants are vital substances which possess the ability to protect the body from damages caused by free radical induced oxidative stress. The Present study was undertaken to analyze the presence of different phytochemical constituents and to evaluate antioxidant activity of L.cylindricafruit in petroleum ether,benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water extracts. All the extracts was testedfor1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and compared with L-Ascorbic acid as standard. The antioxidant activity of these extracts was investigated based on their ability to scavenge (DPPH) stable free radical. Phytochemical screening of L.cylindrica revealed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, alkaloid, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and resin. A higher percentage free radical scavenging was found for aqueous extract as compared to all other extracts.

23 ref

022393   Bhau B S;Bitupon B;Reshma A;Phukon P;Barbi G; Sarmah D K;Lal M;Wann S B (Plant Genomics Lab, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Group, CSIR- Northeast Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785 006, Email: bsbhau@gmail.com) : Influence of root-knot nematode infestation on antioxidant enzymes, chlorophyll content and growth in Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(4), 251-61.

Plants adapt themselves to overcome adverse environmental conditions, and this involves a plethora of concurrent cellular activities. Physiological experiments or metabolic profiling can quantify this response. Among several diseases of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Patchouli), root-knot nematode infection caused by Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood causes severe damage to the plant and hence, the oil production. In the present study, we identified M. incognita morphologically and at molecular level using sequenced characterized amplified region marker (SCAR). M. incognita was artificially inoculated at different levels of second stage juveniles (J₂) to examine the effect on Patchouli plant growth parameters. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and changes in the total phenol and chlorophyll contents in M. incognita was also evaluated in response to infection. The results have demonstrated that nematode infestation leads to increased peroxidase activities in the leaves of the patchouli plants and thereby, increase in phenolic content as a means of defence against nematode infestation. Chlorophyll content was also found decreased but no changes in polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity.

4 illus, 44 ref

022392   Bhatt Mehul K;Shah U (Pioneer Pharmacy Degree College, , Baroda) : Evaluation of anti-microbial activity of Ipomoea reniformis methanolic extract. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(3), 612-616.

The present study was conducted to investigate anti-microbial activity of Ipomoea reniformis methanolic extract against strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Tulsi plant is known to possess therapeutic potentials and have been used, by traditional medicinal practitioners, in cough, headache, neuralgia, rheumatism, diuretic, inflammation, troubles of nose and kidney, epileptic, seizures, purgative and anti-microbial.The extract was tested for its antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli. Inhibition of microbial growth was investigated using agar well diffusion method. HPTLC analysis of the extract was carried out for the presence of Scopoletin.

21 ref

022391   Bhatt D K;Jha A (Institute of Food Technology (A Center of Excellence), Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi-284 128, Email: dkbhatt2003@gmail.com) : Study of incorporation of therapeutic values of wood apple (Feronia limonia Swingle) in fruit bar. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4398-4405.

The wood apple (Feronia limonia), called as elephant apple, has several medicinal properties. It is antiscorbic (prevent scurvy), a disease caused by lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). It is an antidote for poison and also helps in curing sore throat. The objective of the study was to incorporate medicinal properties of wood apple in fruit bar, a well accepted food product. The fruit bar was prepared by using different proportions of wood apple and mango. Fruit bars were analyzed for chemical composition at monthly interval of one month storage at room temperature (16-35°C). Increasing trend in carbohydrate, acidity, TSS and reducing sugar was observed where as decrease in ascorbic acid, pH and total sugar was noted throughout the storage period. Organoleptic qualities of wood apple mango blended bar (50:50) were evaluated in comparison with control sample (wood apple fruit bar). The results on sensory parameters indicated that blended bar was superior in most of the quality attributes. Storage upto six months could be possible with wood apple mango bar and the results showed that the product remained safe microbiologically during storage and acceptable after 6 months of storage and no appreciable change was observed. It was found that the medicinal properties of wood apple can be consumed by the consumer by consuming fruit bar.

16 ref

022390   Bhardwaj A;Dwivedi H;Kymonil K M;Pareek A; Upadhyay S C;Tripathi C B;Saraf S A (Pharmaceutics Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarsi Das National Institute of Technology and Management, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: shubhini.saraf@gmail.com) : Solubility enhancement of Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. extract through a self dispersible lipidic formulation approach. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(1), 9-18.

Boswellic acids (BAs) are isolated from oleo gum resin of Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. and are reported to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activity with better tolerance and lesser side effects compared to NSAIDs. Pharmacokinetic studies of BAs revealed its poor absorption through oral route due to poor solubility. The present study was aimed to develop and characterize a lipid based drug delivery system of Boswellia serrata extract (BSE) to enhance the solubility and in turn, the oral absorption of BAs. Suitable compositions for lipidic formulation were screened via solubility and compatibility studies. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were used to evaluate the microemulsion existence area. The self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was characterized by solubility, clarity, drug precipitation, globule size, emulsification time and drug release profile. The optimal formulation of SMEDDS comprised of 37.5% Tween-80, 12.5% PEG-400 and 50% oil (Caprylic/capric triglycerides). The dissolution study in hydrochloric acid buffer pH 1.2 showed significantly improved dissolution of BSE-SMEDDS (<62>90%) compared to Plain BSE (practically no release) in 120 minutes. BSE-SMEDDS showed better anti-inflammatory activity than plain BSE in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. The developed formulation was found to have better solubility and can be used as a possible alternative to traditional oral formulations of BSE with potential applications.

3 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

022389   Bela R B;Malliga P (Marine Biotechnology Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Trichy-620 024, Email: malli62@yahoo.com) : Treatment of textile dye effluent using marine cyanobaterium Lyngbya sp. with different agrowastes and its effect on the growth of cyanobacterium. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 623-6.

The potential application of Lyngbya sp. BDU90901 for treatment of textile wastewater was investigated using different agrowastes namely sugarcane trash, corn waste, banana trunk fibre and ground nut shell. The mechanism trailed by cyanobacteria for colour removal was biosorption. Cyanobacteria Lyngbya sp. inoculated in textile effluent along with agrowastes survived and growth flourished with increased chlorophyll content of 106μg ml^-1 inoculated with Ground nut shell on 10th day of cultivation. The decolourisation efficiency of Lyngbya sp. was found to be 79.48%.

3 illus, 28 ref

022388   Bansal S K;Singh K V;Sharma H (Medicine Research Centre Dep (ICMR), , New Pali Road, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: karamvir@dmrcjodhpur.org) : Synergistic efficacy of Solanum xanthocarpum and Withania somnifera on larvae of mosquito vector species. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 633-8.

Synergistic larvicidal efficacy of methanol extracts from yellow ripe fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum (Schrad and Wendl.) and red fruits of Withania somnifera (Dunal) (Fam. Solanaceae) was evaluated against late 3rd or early 4th stage larvae of Anopheles stephensi (Liston), Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), using standard WHO technique. Experiments were carried out with methanol extracts of fruits of S. xanthocarpum (SX) (24hr LC₅₀: 77.7, 121.6, 142.8) and W. somnifera (WS) (108.4, 135.1, 1092.1 mg l^-1) which revealed that extracts from S. xanthocarpum were more effective as compared to W. somnifera with all the three mosquito species, respectively. For synergistic studies on An. stephensi six different binary pairs viz. WS:SX (1:1), WS:SX (1:2) and WS:SX (1:3); SX:WS (1:1), SX:WS (1:2) and SX:WS (1:3) were prepared and a dose response curve was established to determine the 24 and 48 hr LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values, along with their 95% confidence limits, regression equation, chi-square (χ²)/ heterogeneity of response by log probit regression analysis. The 24 and 48hr LC₅₀ values as determined for three binary pairs viz. WS:SX (1:1), WS:SX (1:2) and WS:SX (1:3) were 32.7, 30.6 and 22.2 and 22.9, 16.3 and 12.9 mg l^-1 while the values for other three pairs viz. SX:WS (1:1), SX:WS (1:2) and SX:WS (1:3) were 32.7, 47.5 and 63.8 and 22.9, 29.1 and 50.2 mg l^-1 respectively. From the results it is clear that An. stephensi was very much susceptible to the binary pair WS:SX (1:3) as compared to the binary pair SX:WS (1:3) or in other words, the efficacy went up with increase in proportion of S. xanthocarpum and went down with increase in proportion of W. somnifera extract. Experiments were done by mixing different fractions viz. 1/2, 1/3, 1/4th of LC₅₀ each of SX and WS and it was observed that synergistic effect was observed even up to 1/4th of LC₅₀ of these two plant extracts. Synergistic Factor (SF) and Co-toxicity Coefficient (CTC) were also determined to show the antagonistic and synergistic effects. The study would be of great importance while formulating vector control strategy based on utilization of the most effective synergist pair.

4 tables, 32 ref

022387   Badasa S;Bufebo T (Chemistry Dep, College of Natural and Computational Science, Adigrat Univ, P.O. Box 50, Adigrat, Ethiopia, Email: shibobix@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of solvent extract of Lantana camara. L leaf from Mekelle, Ethiopia. Int J Pharm 2015, 2(2), 77-82.

In this study, phytochemical analysis was take place for solvent extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform) and essential oils. Maceration method and hydro distillation were used for the solvent extraction and essential oil extraction respectively. Solvent extract was studied for phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity of solvent extract of lantana camara L. leaf was investigated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram -), E.coli (gram-) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram+). The antibacterial activity inhibition of growth was tested by the paper disk agar diffusion methods. Phytochemical analysis showed that solvent extract (petroleum ether, chloroform) contains more constituents than the essential oil of lantana camara L. leaf. This difference might come from the volatile constituents and non-volatile constituents of this plant. Solvent extracts gave positive test for most Phytochemical analysis but the oil gave positive test only for carbohydrate and Terpinoids. Staphylococcus aureus was highly susceptible to the petroleum extract than chloroform extract, with zone of inhibition from14.17±0.29 mm to17.7±0.2mm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was less susceptible to both solvents extract than the rest with zone of inhibition7.9±0.21mm to11.3±0.5. Both solvent extract of Lantana Camara.L Leaf showed antibacterial activity against all the bacterial strain tested.

2 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

022386   Attanayake A P;Jayatilaka K A P W (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Univ of Ruhana, Sri Lanka-80000, Email: anoja715@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant properties of 20 medicinal plant extract traditionally used in ayurvedic medicine in Sri Lanka. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(1), 50-6.

A wide array of Sri Lankan medicinal plants has been used for the treatment of many chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, liver diseases and arthritis in Ayurvedic medicine. Antioxidants are reported to play central roles in reducing or preventing free radical damage in the above oxidative stress related diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activities of hot water extracts of 20 Sri Lankan medicinal plants. The total polyphenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activities were determined by three methods namely 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing power (FRAP) and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. Gallic acid and L-ascorbic acid were the reference compounds in expressing the polyphenol content and the antioxidant activities by the three assays, respectively. The total polyphenol content varied from 1.84 to 26.25 mgGAE /gm. The antioxidant activities ranged from IC₅₀ of 19.48-245.68 μg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging, 103.35-484.60 μg/mL for NO inhibition and 1.14-26.06 μM for Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). A significant positive correlation was found between total polyphenol content and antioxidant activities indicating polyphenol compounds contribute significantly to the total antioxidant properties of medicinal plant extracts.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

022385   Ashwani Kumar;Singh J;Sharma A (Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Univ, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: bashwani@pu.ac.in) : Comparative antianxiety activity avaluation of Argyreia speciosa Linn. (roots), Caesalpinia dihyna rottler (roots) and Spahaeranthus indicus Linn. (flowers). Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4226-9.

Aim of the present study was a comparative evaluation of antianxiety activity of three traditionally used medicinal plants - Argyreia speciosa (Roots), Caesalpinia digyna (Roots) and Sphaeranthus indicus (Flowers). The activity of various extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water) of all the three plants was evaluated using elevated plus-maze model. The studies were conducted on lacca mice, and the test materials were administered per oral route. Results indicate that the ethanol extract of C. digyna roots exhibited maximum and significant dose dependent effect at 200 and 400 mg/kg on elevated plus-maze, the results were comparable to the standard antianxiety drug diazepam (2 mg/kg).

12 ref

022384   Aminabee S K;Lakshmana Rao A;Chinna Eswaraiah M (Pharmacology Dep, V.V. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh) : Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Michelia nilagirica in wistar albino rats. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(1), 230-4.

Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for the antidiabetic activity in wistar albino rats. An acute treatment of isolated fractions on streptozotocin induced diabetes wistar albino rats, monitored blood glucose level at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th hr time intervals. 72.6% and 54.7% of glucose reduction with fractions D, A (dose 100 mg/kg of body weight) at 5th hr after oral administration in diabetic rats. It can be concluded that the hypoglycemic activity of ethanolic extract of Michelia nilagirica could be due to terpenoids in the fractions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

022383   Alberto M E J;Imelda P M;Clarenc A R;Susana P G;Edgar S P;Bernarda G O (NO, , Unversidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico (UACM), Campus Casa Libertad, Email: amendozaespinoza@gmail.com) : Pharmacological and phytochemical potential study of plants collected in Amecameca, State of Mexico, Mexico. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(1), 62-7.

This study involved several plants collected from February to May of 2014 in Amecameca, State of Mexico, Mexico. The collected species were Castilleja tenuiflora Benth., Lupinus campestris Schltdl. & Cam., Salvia gesneriiflora Lindl. & Paxton, Senecio barba-johannis DC., Salvia hispanica L., Stevia monardifolia Kunth, Senecios alignus DC., Zephyranthes verecunda Herb., Asclepias notha W.D. Stevens, Cestrum roseum Kunth, Bouvardia ternifolia (Cav.) Schltdl., Phaseolus coccineus L. The plant material underwent to a qualitative assessment of the present main chemical groups and some secondary metabolites such as caffeic and chlorogenic acid, total phenols and flavonoids. Also, the antioxidant capacity of the collected species was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method. Our results indicated that the plant commonly known as 'chamiso' and taxonomically identified as Stevia monardifolia showed promising antioxidant properties (109±11.0 mMEAA). These results correlate with the high content of caffeic and chlorogenic acid (6.1 and 553 ppm, respectively), phenolic compounds (967±36 mEGA/gdw) and total flavonoids (136± 10 mEQ/gdw), which makes this plant an interesting candidate for more specific pharmacological studies.

1 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

022382   Ahmad K;Ansari V A;Singh K;Kushwaha P;Akhtar J (Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral Univ, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Email: ahmadkhursheed02@gmail.com) : Curcuma longa: boon for health care system with it biomedical application. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4168-73.

Turmeric is a spice derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Turmeric constituents include the three curcuminoids: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane; the primary constituent and responsible for its vibrant yellow color), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, as well as volatile oils (tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone), sugars, proteins, and resins. In the Ayurvedic tradition, turmeric, or "haldi" as it is known in Hindi. Turmeric is considered to be one of the most important herbs in the ayurvedictradition and used historically as a component of Indian Ayurvedic medicine since 1900 BCE to treat a wide variety of ailments including those of the skin, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders. Extensive research in the latter half of the 20th century has identified curcumin as responsible for most of the biological activity of turmeric. Curcumin has been shown to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer hyperlipidemic, woundhealing and hepato- protective activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and other chronic illnesses. Curcumin has been the subject of hundreds of published articles over the past three decades, studying its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive, and potentially chemotherapeutic properties. Safety evaluation studies indicate that curcumin is well tolerated at a very high dose without producing any toxic effect.

48 ref

022381   Adnaik R S;Gavarkar P S;Mohite S K (Pharmacology Dep, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon, Tal Walwa, Dist Sangi-415 404, Email: rahul.cology@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant effect of Citrullus vulgaris against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in mice brain. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4316-23.

Cadmium is a potent neurotoxic heavy metal, which induces oxidative stress and membrane disturbances in brain. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathology of number of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzeimers disease. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of hexane extract of Citrullus vulgaris seed (CVSO) in the brain of cadmium (cd) treated mice as an animal model of oxidative stress. The neuroprotective efficacy of CVSO against Cd was assessed by estimating the levels of lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic antioxidant, enzymatic antioxidant status and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in mice. CVSO was administered along with Cd for four weeks. The results showed that mice intoxicated with cadmium (5 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks significantly (p<60>0.05) reduced the AChE levels in brain, elevated the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides along with the significant (p<60>0.05) decrease in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH), enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the brain tissue. In conclusion, CVSO ameliorated cadmium induced brain damage by reducing oxidative stress and by enhancing AChE activity.

39 ref

022380   Abou El-Fadl D K;Sabri N A;Abuel-Ela H A (Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy Dep, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Cairo, Egypt) : A clinical study on the impact of different treatment modalities on improving the clinical outcomes in chronic periodontitis patients. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4198-4209.

Periodontal disease is one of the two main and most prevalent oral diseases all over the world. Treatment strategies are diverse. To date, scaling and root planing (SRP) is still the gold standard non-surgical therapy for periodontitis. Systemically administered antibiotics can be used as an adjunct to SRP to improve the treatment outcome of periodontitis. To compare clinical outcome of systemically administered doxycycline versus combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole as an adjunct to SRP in the management of chronic periodontitis patients. This study was conducted on forty-two moderate to severe generalized chronic periodontitis patients who received non-surgical periodontal therapy. Following SRP, patients were randomly allocated to one of the following groups; group (I) received Doxycycline (loading dose 200 mg and maintenance dose 100 mg/day) for fifteen days, group (II) received a combination therapy of amoxicillin and metronidazole (750 mg/day) for eight days and group III (control group) which was treated by SRP without administration of systemic antibiotic therapy. The periodontal parameters; Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), Probing depth (PD) and Clinical attachment level (CAL) were examined for the assessment of the clinical outcome. This study revealed that combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole resulted in significant reduction in PD and significant gain in CAL. The combination of Amoxicillin and Metronidazole at a dose of 750 mg/day for eight days had a significant effect on enhancing the clinical outcome of chronic periodontitis patients.

60 ref

022379   Abhishek Kumar;Vishwakarma H S;Singh J; Dwivedi S;Mahendra Kumar (Biochemical Engineering and Food Technology Dep, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208 002) : Microbial pigments: production and their applications in various industries. Int J pharm chem biol Sci 2015, 5(1), 203-12.

Nowadays there is a great interest of the market for the natural pigments; especially microbial pigments because of widely used synthetic pigments have harmful issues associated with the workers of industry as well as consumer. Microbial pigments have numerous beneficial properties like anticancer, antiproliferative, immunosuppressive, antibiotic, biodegradability etc. Many microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast and mould etc. are employed for the industrial production of various pigments by using fermentation technology. These microbial pigments have broad area of application, mainly in food industries, pharmaceutical industries and textile industries. Food grade pigments such as β-carotene, Arpink Red, Riboflavin lycopene and Monascus pigments are used in food industry. In pharmaceutical industry pigments like Anthocyanin, Prodigiosin and Violacein are widely used to treat diseases. Several microbial pigments are also used in textile industry.

46 ref

022378   Abd Alwahab H S (Research Unit, College of Medicine, Al Nahrain Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : Simple method for the extraction of phenolic compound (ellagic acid) from strawberry using ultrasound and analyze it by HPLC. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2015, 5(3), 390-4.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used for the determination of phenolic compound (Ellagic acid) present in strawberries. The sample immersed in an aqueous solution containing 5-sulphosalicylic acid (15% w/v )was sonicated for 2 min (duty cycle 0.2 s), output amplitude 20% of the nominal amplitude of the converter, applied power 100W with the probe placed (1 cm)from the bottom of the water bath and (5cm) from the walls of the precipitate glass. Subsequent separation was carried out by liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array UV detection. This proposed method, is much faster and produces less analyte degradation than methods as solid-liquid, subcritical water and microwave-assisted extraction.

3 illus, 32 ref

021665   Zheng Y;Zhang C;Wu X;Zhang J;Sheng Y (Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin Univ of Scien, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China, Email: yuzheng@tust.edu.cn) : Optimization of recycle use of residual ferrous medium for hydrogen sulfide bioremoval. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(8), 2763-8.

One of the most potential approaches for hydrogen peroxide removal is reaction with ferric iron to produce elemental sulfur and ferrous iron followed with the oxidization of ferrous to ferric for recycling by the chemoautotrophy microorganism, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. In the whole process there is no waste pollution produced. However, there are still a few large scale of this process because the recirculatory operation is not well established. In this work, the ferrous media after H₂S removal was repeatedly used for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultivation by external nutrition (NH₄OH, K₂HPO₄ and MgSO₄.7H₂O) supplement according to response surface methodology experiments. The recycle process was continuously operated for 40 days (six rounds) with a relatively stable oxidation rate of Fe²⁺ by supplementing the nutrient. In conclusion, it was a reliable method that the residual ferrous sulfate medium was recycled for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cultivation with nutrition addition.

5 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

021664   Zhang T; (Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry of Yunnan Province, Research & Development Center. China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming 650231, P.R. China, Email: chenzy@ynzy-tobacco.com) : New chromone from the stem of flue-cured tobacco and its anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3511-12.

A new chromone, 6-acetyl-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-chromen-4-one (1), was isolated from the stems of flue-cured tobacco (a variety of Nicotiana tabacum L). Its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive ¹D and ²D NMR techniques. Compound 1 was also tested for its anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity and it shows potential anti-tobacco mosaic virus activity with inhibition rates of 25.4%.

2 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

021663   Winthachai S;Vaithanomsat P;Punsuvon V (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: fscivit@ku.ac.th) : Determination of oil, fatty acid, tocopherol and antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera seed oil varieties for commercial plantation. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(9), 3507-10.

Moringa oleifera tree has never been successfully produced as the commercial plantation in Thailand due to its unavailability of high oil content varieties. Our present work reports the chemical characterization of 104 varieties of M. oleifera seeds imported from India and collected in Thailand. The M. oleifera seeds were extracted with hexane in Soxhlet extractor for oil content analysis, ranging from 25-40% wt. The oil was further analyzed for their fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. The result showed that M. oleifera seed oil contained high level of unsaturated fatty acid, especially oleic acid (up to 77.12% wt), followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, eicosenoic acid and linoleic acid. Eight varieties of M. oleifera (40.01-41.68% wt oil) were selected for further commercial plantation and analyzed for their tocopherol (α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol) content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

3 illus, 4 tables, 8 ref

021662   Wassima L;Abderrahmane D;Fatma A;Randa M; Hamida H;Salim M;Doumandji-Mitiche B (National Institute of Agronomic Research, Station of Sidi Mehdi, Touggourt, Algeria) : Biological control assay date palm diseases by using an aqueous extract of Zygophyllum album in the Southeast of Algeria. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(4), 31-7.

The fungicidal activity of an indigenous plant extracts from the southeastern Algeria Zygophyllum album L. was evaluated for its efficiency on date palm phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp., Phytophtora sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus niger and Pinicilium sp, the causative agents of date palm diseases. In the aqueous extract, maximum inhibition was observed in Penicillium sp. and recorded 86,25% and 81,20% inhibition at 100% and 50%, respectively, followed by Cladosporium sp.(D1: 69,16%; D2: 65,90%), Phytophthora. (D1: 67, 63%; D2: 65, 03%). On the other hand, the powder of this plant which was mixed with PDA medium inhabited mycelia growth of all the phytopathogenic fungi while Penicillium sp. (71,25%), Alternaria sp. (62,66%) and Phytophthora sp. (55,93%) had the maximum inhibition rates. These effective plant extracts may contribute to development of potentially effective and environmentally safer alternative fungicide to control date palm diseases caused by the se phytopathogenic fungi.

17 illus, 1 table, 18 ref