004473   Pal V;Singh S;Tiwari A K;Jaiswal Y K;Rai G P (Microbiology Div, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior-474 002, Email: vjsoni@rediffmail.com) : Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Burkholderia mallei, a potent biological warfare agent. Def Sci J 2016, 66(5), 458-63.

Burkholderia mallei is the etiological agent of glanders, primarily a disease of equines. B. mallei is closely related to B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. Therefore, detection of B. mallei and its differentiation from B. pseudomallei, has always been troublesome. In present investigation, a B. mallei specific DNA sequence was identified by performing BLASTn search using <126> 3000 ORFs of B. mallei NCTC 10229. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with internal amplification control (IAC) was developed for detection of B. mallei and its differentiation from B. pseudomallei. The PCR assay could amplify a specific 224-bp fragment from all the six B. mallei strains used in the study, whereas other closely related organisms were tested negative. The detection limit of the assay was found to be 10 pg of purified DNA of B. mallei. Incorporation of IAC in the assay makes the results reliable as false negative results which may arise due to presence of PCR inhibitors, can be avoided. For validation, the assay was tested on tap water, Bengal gram and grass artificially spiked with B. mallei. The developed assay can be used as a simple and rapid tool for detection of B. mallei.

1 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

004472   Pal V;Sharma M K;Sharma S K;Goel A K (NO, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior-474 002, Email: akgoel73@yahoo.co.uk) : Biological warfare agents and their detection and monitoring techniques. Def Sci J 2016, 66(5), 445-57.

Recently, threat from biological warfare agents (BWAs) has emerged as the foremost national and global security challenge because of their simple and cheap production, easy dispersal, complicated detection, expensive protection and psychological, economical and social impact. Early detection and identification of BWAs during intentional biological event is essential to initiate corrective emergency responses for management of such incidents. Efforts are being made across the globe for development of state of the art technologies and systems for detection and identification of BWAs. However, till date there is no single system which can detect all the bio-threat agents. In the present review, we describe the currently available techniques and systems for detection and identification of these agents. The basic identification techniques including biological culture, immunological methods, nucleic acid based detection, MALDI-TOF MS, cellular fatty acid profiling and flow cytometry based detection are presented. Detection of BWAs with bio-sensors, surface plasmon resonance, biological detectors, and stand-off detection systems is also summarized. However, despite of availability of several techniques and tools, no full proof system is available for detection/identification of all the BWAs.

1 table, 82 ref

004471   Nehal N;Mann S;Gupta R K (Univ School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Univ, Dwarka, Delhi-110 078, Email: rkg7ap@yahoo.com) : Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of A. lividus L. syn. Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus (L.) costea leaves. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(4), 669-74.

The determination of the proximate composition of A. Hvidus showed the extract to be rich in protein (17.28 ± 0.42 gm/100 gm and dietary fiber (8.35 ± 0.16 gm/100 gm) but very low in fat content (0.69 ± 0.05 gm/100 gm). The phytochemical screening of the various extracts revealed the presence of phenolics ranging between 1.38 to 9.07 μg GAE/mg sample, flavonoid in the range 0.88-5.04 μg RE/mg sample, alkaloids (8.16%) saponins (29.44%) and tannins (4.27%). The bioactive compounds were explored through GC-MS which showed presence of compounds like β-sitosterol, phytol and tetradecane in high amounts. Methanolic soxhlet extract showed highest radical scavenging activity against ABTS (1C₅₀ - 1.61±0.01 mg/ml), DPPH (IC₅₀ - 3.18±0.04 mg/ml), FRAP (161.39±0.64 TE/g extract) and reducing power assays. The plant extracts screened against various bacterial strains showed good to moderate antibacterial activity. Findings of the study justify the traditional usage of A. lividus and provide evidence of its potential use as antioxidants and antimicrobials.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

004470   Mohanty I;Nayak N R;Parija S C (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751 003, Email: profscparijaouat4691@gmail.com) : Augmentation of capsaicin-induced vasorelaxation of superior mesenteric artery (Capra hircus) in acidosis: role of TRPV1 channels. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(4), 625-31.

Capsaicin is known to induce vasorelaxation through activation of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1(TRPV1). However, TRPV1 is a nonselective cation channel and can be activated by a wide variety of exogenous and endogenous stimuli, including acidic conditions. The present study investigated the effect of changes in pH on capsaicin-induced vasorelaxation in both endothelium intact and denuded goat superior mesenteric artery (GSMA) rings, using a highly sensitive isometric force transducer. There was a significant increase in capsaicin-induced vasorelaxation in nor adrenaline (NA)-precontracted GSMA rings at acidic pHs of 6.8 (44.71±4.85%) and pH 6.0 (46.43±2.59%), compared to a physiological level of pH of 7.4 (33.25±2.62%). Although not completely abrogated, endothelium denudation and ruthenium red (RR) treatment significantly attenuated capsaicin-induced vasorelaxation at all pH levels. These data together suggest that, while other minor endothelium/TRVPl-independent mechanisms may exist, augmentation of capsaicin-induced vasorelaxation in acidosis is primarily endothelium-dependent and mediated through TRPV1 channels.

3 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

004469   Mhatre B A;Desai D;Marar T (School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Univ, Sector 15, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400 614, Email: bhaktiamhatre@gmail.com) : Ameliorative effect of Morinda citrifolia extract on imatinib induced toxicities: In vitro studies on human RBC's. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5507-10.

Imatinib has been successfully introduced into haematology, oncology practice and rapidly endorsed as a first line treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in the, accelerated, and blastic phases. A survival advantage demonstrated by this tyrosine kinase inhibitor has meant that patients are now treated with this agent on a long term basis. Imatinib induce oxidative stress cause pronounced pro-oxidant state of excessive production of free radicals from weakening of the antioxidant defence system is consequences of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Erythrocytes are constantly exposed to oxidative stress but their metabolic activity is capable of reversing the injury under normal conditions. The purpose of the current study was to monitor the oxidative stress caused of Imatinib and its modulation with Morinda citrifolia (Noni juice) on Human RBCs. Enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidant were monitored and it was found that Noni checks the production of lipid peroxides and restores the activities of enzymic and non enzymic antioxidants. This indicates that superior exogenous administration of Morinda citrifoloia extract to patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy may help to reduce the drug induced toxicities and side effects

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

004468   Merza W M;Majid A Y;Rasheed M K;Abdul-Qahar Z H;Hussein B J (Clinical biochemistry, dentistry College, baghdad univ, Iraq) : Relation of serum zinc and copper level with major risk factor, thrombolysis and echocardiography inischemia. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(2), 262-70.

Symptoms of acute coronary syndrome(ACS)may be used in combination with other important information (biomarkers, risk factors, ECG, and other diagnostic tests) in making triage and some treatment decisions in the out-of-hospital and emergency department settings.Copper(cu) and Zinc(zn) is incorporated into a variety of proteins and metalloenzymes which perform essential metabolic functions. Adequate zinc helps to keep the artery walls flexible. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the association between Zinc & Copper levels with echocardiographic and risk factor in ACS. Blood samples were collected from patients with ACS (n = 62), and from healthy controls (n = 20). Serum Levels of Zinc and copper were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. SerumLevels of glucose and lipid profil were obtained by coloremetry. Pooled analysis indicated that subjects with ACShad higher serum Cu levels and lower Zn than healthy controls.ANOVA test revealed there was non significant difference in serum Cu and Zn (mean ± SD) levels among five types of acute coronary syndrome patients. The t- test revealed there was no significant difference in serum cu &zn (mean ±SD) levels in the presence(Yes) or absence(NO) of diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Smoking, Obesity and fibrinolysis treatment(Actilyse). The present study results showed that there was no association between serum Cu&zn levels with Mitral regurgitationseverity, the mean ± SD value of serum Zn levels of patients in stage 1 was significantly higher than that in stage 2 and 3 of diastolic dysfunction. There was non significant correlation between the serum Cu concentrations and age,Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction,Isovolumic relaxation time, E (left ventricular inflow velocity) / e (tissue doppler velocity) ratio and Decceleration time. There was significant negative correlation between serum Zn concentrations andLeft atrium diameter, but non significant correlation between serum Zn concentrations and age,left ventricular ejection fraction, Isovolumic relaxation time, E (left ventricular inflow velocity) / e (tissue doppler velocity) ratio and decceleration time. Lower serum Zn and heigher Cu concentration were found in patients with ACS but these levels are nonsignificantly different between acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina patients. Also, it seems that risk factor dose not considerably affect serum levels of Zn or Cu in ACS patients.Study revealed a significant correlation between serum zinc concentration and diastolic dysfunction in patients with ACS.Serum zinc&copper werenonsignificantly correlated with parameters of the left ventricular systolic function.

8 tables, 36 ref

004467   Krishna H;Attri B L;Akhilesh Kumar;Ahmed N (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture-Regional Station, Mukteshwar Naintal-263 138, Email: kishun@rediffmail.com) : Changes in phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of bayberry (Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. ex D. Don) and yellow Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus Smith) based health beverages. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 417-24.

Sufficient evidences of the health benefits of wild edible fruits and their proven role in human nutrition are available. A number of wild but potentially commercialized fruits are existing in Himalayan regions of India such as red fruited 'bayberry' (Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. ex D. Don) and 'Yellow Himalayan Raspberry' (Rubus ellipticus Smith), are amongst highly valued edible fruits. It would be advantageous to assess the antioxidant properties of these plants for possible use in the elaboration of functional foods or for consideration as potential sources of natural antioxidants. In this study, total carotenoids, flavanol, fetal flavonoids, O-dihydric phenol, total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity (measured by CUPRAC method) of underutilized fruit crops bayberry and yellow Himalayan raspberry based health beverages (ready-to-serve, RTS) stored at 5±2 °C for 10 weeks, were investigated. After the first two weeks in refrigerated storage, the RTSs showed an increase in total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity. However, at the end of the 10-week storage period, all RTSs exhibited a significant decline in total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity. However, total carotenoids appeared to be less affected during storage compared with the other antioxidants.

2 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

004466   Khatab O H;Nasib M A A;Ghoneimy E A; Abo-Elnasr A A;Hassan H A A;Hassan M Y A;Attitalla I H (Botany and Microbiology Dep Faculty of ScienceHellwan Univ, Cairo, Egypt) : Role of microorganisms in our life's as ecofrindely and replacement for chemical methods. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(2), 4221-9.

Microorganisms are widely spreader in our environments. Some of them are pathogens, while many of them are useful for our life. In this regards, recently, many bio-industries are totally relying on the beneficial use of microorganisms, e.g. antibiotic and enzymes productions, wastewater treatment, biofuel and bioelectricity generation, and etc. Nowadays, a lot of debate is going on the overuse of chemical herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers, as they become an environmental hazard. On the other hand, our Egyptian society needs more attention on the improvement of water quality as well as development the agricultural field; thus, we paid our full attention to utilize certain types of microorganisms to improve the fertilization of agricultural soil and to contribute in the wastewater treatment process. There for we must to research seriously to found the safe and economic alternative replacement for chemical fertilization and more effectively wastewater treatment fast. Safety and easily procedure in correct way avoid chemicals and expensive and traditional methods for treatment. There's no doubt about that. Healthy soils require organic matter (compost, humus, biochar, and other sources of carbon), microbes, and moisture to promote a healthy environment for plants. The result is strong plants, healthier flowers, greater resistance to diseases and pests, and higher quality fruits and vegetables. During this study, isolation and characterization of strains isolates will be performed. Consequently, the bio-activity of the selected (isolates) on waste water treatment (either to decrease pH. TSS. SS, TDS and also decrease BOD. Via the accumulation features of microbes or to detoxify degrades (the toxic organic substance) as well as the enhancement of crop production will be carefully investigated (How?). (By introducing bacteria as bio-fertilizers). We look forward to exploit the benefits of microorganisms for: Removal the organic wastes as well as decrease the limit of some important parameter in the wastewater, not only this functions and factors which we search and hope to reach to the complete and high application form wastewater treatment by microorganisms but also increase the clarity of wastewater treatment thorough decrease or reduction the sulfides and bad odor which concept as undesirable factor and results for many pollutants and infection related to other pathogenic microorganisms which make them treated and reusable for the irrigation and other applications and Introducing bio-fertilizers for green food production and increasing the fertility of agricultural soil and increase crops and vegetables products. (Generally increase plant yields) with safety way and protect our healthy away from hazards and chemical fertilization problems.

7 tables, 42 ref

004465   Kavimandan A;Singh P;Sahu P (Biotechnology Dep, MITS, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, Email: kanandi.anand@gmail.com) : Screening of antiviral therapeutic ligands against lassa virus I protein by using autodock. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(2), 4260-4.

Old world Arena virus (Lassa virus) is belongs to the family Arenaviridae, causes Lassa fever and Lassa hemorrhagic fever. In the present study the L protein of Lassa virus is targeted for the screening of antiviral therapeutic ligands. This Lassa virus L protein plays an important role in viral mRNA synthesis. In this study the structure of Lassa virus L protein was retrieved from the RCSB Protein Databank. The unliganded protein structure was docked with several antiviral ligands, and best five selected and analyzed. It was observed that five of screened compounds have the maximum potential against the protein. The analysis was performed on the basis of scoring and binding ability and one of them indicated minimum energy score with high number of interactions with active site residues and the simulation study revealed that this selected ligand could efficiently bind to the Lassa virus L protein. These findings conclude that this selected ligand could be a promising inhibitor of Lassa virus L protein.

4 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

004464   Jakovljevic D;Vasic S;Stankovic M;Topuzovic M;Comic L (Biology and Ecology Dep, Faculty of Science, Kragujevac Univ, Radoja Domanovica Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia, Email: draganaj@kg.ac.rs) : Content of secondary metabolites and in vitro biological activity of Anchusa officinalis L. (Boraginaceae). Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(4), 587-93.

In this comparative study, the total phenolic content and flavonoid concentration, as well as free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity of Anchusa officinalis L. were investigated. Different extracts from above ground flowering plant parts were obtained by extraction using water, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Highest content of total phenolics, determined spectrophotometrically with Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, were recorded in the methanolic extract (116.42 mg GAE/gm of dry extract). The concentration of flavonoids, determined using spectrophotometrically method with aluminum chloride, was highest in acetone extract (146.43 mg RUE/gm of dry extract). The free radical scavenging activity was determined in vitro using DPPH reagent. The greatest antioxidant activity was expressed in methanolic extract (181.85 ug/ml). In vitro antimicrobial activities were determined using a microdilution analysis method - minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Methanolic extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against G-positive Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus ATCC 25923 with MIC values below 0.156 mg/ml. Based on the results, A. officinalis can be regarded as promising plant source with high value of biologically active compounds.

3 tables, 30 ref

004463   Jaiswal S;Kazi M A (Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Div, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research- Central Salt & Marine Che, Bhavnagar-364 002, Email: santlal@csmcri.org) : Composition and localization of mucilage under short term NaCl stress in Salicornia brachiata Roxb. and Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort.. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 162-8.

The present study reports the localization and characterization of mucilage contents in two extreme halophytes, Salicornia brachiata Roxb. and Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. under short term NaCl stress. Halophytes that have the capacity to accumulate and exclude salt can be effectively utilized in salt affected area and a source of essential natural products. Plants under study were grown in hydroponic culture medium with or without NaCl as mucilage is thought to play a role in salinity tolerance. The study evaluated structural localization of mucilage to reveal their cellular characteristic in the presence or absence of salt and analyzed mucilage using gas chromatography. The major monosaccharides observed in S. brachiata were fucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose and glucose whereas in S. maritima, fucose, mannose, galactose and glucose were the major components. It was observed that S. brachiata and S. maritima showed highest crude mucilage of 14.8±0.98 and 12.5±1.4%, respectively. The studied halophytes can be used as the potential source of mucilage by using saline soil.

^ssc3 tables, 24 ref

004462   Jain R;Patel R M (Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Email: rainajain4@gmail.com) : 24-epibrassinolide alleviate oxidative damage generated due to high salinity stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5477-80.

The effects of 24-epibrassinolide, EBL on various stress markers during high salinity stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. var. Chafa) were studied. At 14th day of germination, chickpea seedlings were exposed to 150 mM NaCl alone or in combination with 0.1 μM EBL for 48 h. It was observed that MDA and H₂O₂ contents were significantly increased under salinity stress, however, EBL application could decline their levels indicating lesser oxidative damage. Moreover, EBL treatment to seedlings also showed an enhancement in activities of CAT, POD and SOD enzymes, which were further increased in seedlings treated with both NaCl and EBL together as compared to seedlings treated with NaCl alone. Furthermore, EBL application during salinity stress also helped in increasing the reduced proline and GSH contents and GSTs activity, as compared to NaCl alone. These results strongly depict an important role of EBL in production of secondary metabolites to help against oxidative damage generated due to high salinity stress.

1 table, 20 ref

004461   Hada D;Sharma K (Botany Dep, Mohanlal Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: deepahada.hada52@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and TLC fingerprinting of Cassia fistula Linn. fruit pulp. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(3), 4334-40.

Traditional herbal medicines are moving from fringe to mainstream use with a large number of people seeking remedies and health approaches free from side effects caused by synthetic chemicals. The Cassia fistula is used to cure haematemesis, constipation, chlorosis, urinary disorders, biliousness, rheumatic condition, wounds, ulcers, skin diseases, diabetes. The present study was aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical screening of Cassia fistula fruit pulp. The fruit pulp extract of Cassia fistula were prepared using different solvents like Petroleum ether, Benzene, Chloroform, Acetone, Alcohol, Methanol, and Water. The phytochemical screening of the fruit pulp extracts was performed. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) of Chloroform extract was studied. The extracts were analyzed for the presence and absence of alkaloids, steroids, volatile oils, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids and saponins. After derivatization seven bands were found in TLC plate of chloroform fraction. Rf value of bands observed for this fraction lies between 0.12 to 0.75. These studies provided referential information in regard to its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario of lack of regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

004460   Gowri Thilagam T;Parameswari R;Vijayalakshmi S;Geetha K;Siddarthan S;Mohan Kumaresh P (Pharmacology Dep, Theni Medical College, Theni, Email: drgowri97@rediffmail.com) : Anti convulsant property of melatonin in electro and chemo induced convulsions in rats. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(2), 4247-50.

Anticonvulsant property of melatonin in maximal electroshock (MES)- induced and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- induced convulsions in rats were evaluated. 36, adult, male, albino rats, were utilised for this study. The effect of melatonin was studied in MES and PTZ induced convulsions in these rats. In MES induced rats, abolition of hindlimb tonic extension was taken as the measure of efficacy. In PTZ induced rats, suppression of clonic spasms was taken as the measure of efficacy. Percentage protection offered was calculated and analysed statistically. Melatonin offered significant protection (p value < 0.01) in both MES (66%) and PTZ (66%) induced seizures in rats. This study suggests that melatonin has got significant anti-epileptic property. Since the currently available antiepileptic drugs are with some limitations, melatonin, which is considered to be an endogenous antiepileptic substance, could be of particular value in the treatment of epilepsy, which needs futher exploration by clinical studies.

2 tables, 26 ref

004459   Gaur T;Rao P B;Kushwaha K P S (Biological Sciences Dep, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: tanvigaur01@gmail.com) : Nutritional and anti-nutritional components of some selected edible mushroom species. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 155-61.

The present investigation is carried on nutritional and anti-nutritional components in edible mushroom species of Agaricus bisporus, Calocybe indica, Lentinula edodes, Macrocybe gigantea (MA1), M. gigantea (MA2) and Lentinus sajor-caju syn. Pleurotus sajor-caju. Moisture content, total sugars, reducing sugars, protein content, ash content, extracellular enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease), minerals, tannins and phytic acid were assayed. All the species investigated contained considerable quantity of all nutritional and were low in anti-nutritional components. The values (mg/g) ranged from 38.66-47.73 for total carbohydrates, 9.02-17.77 for reducing sugars and 6.50-9.66 for total ash content. Protein content (g/100 g dry weight) ranged from 6.43 in L. sajor-caju to 26.2 in L. edodes. Among the minerals, phosphorus is the most abundant element in all mushroom species and it was maximum (944.5) in M. gigantea (MA2). The macronutrients (mg/100 g dry weight) in different mushroom species ranged between 345.8-944.5 (P), 21.8-68.8 (Ca) and 6.4-45.63 (Mg), while micronutrients ranged between 14.5-46.0 (Fe), 1.31-15.9 (Cu), 1.1-3.7 (Mn), 7.7-28.2 (Zn), 0.14-2.1 (Cr) and 0.004-0.39 (Co). None of the toxic elements like As, Hg or Pb was detected in any species. The anti-nutritional components like tannins (0.41-0.57 mg/g) and phytic acid (0.11-0.19 mg/g) were found below the threshold limits. The extracellular hydrolytic enzymes activity (mm) was maximum and minimum in L. edodes (34.1) and A. bisporus (9.16); L. sajor-caju (41.3) and M. gigantea (MA2) (22.3); and C. indica (90.0) and A. bisporus (34.6) for amylase, lipase and protease, respectively. The present study indicate that A. bisporus contain high nutrition (in terms of moisture content, total sugar, ash content, copper, zinc, iron and manganese) and low tannins and phytic acid content while C. indica contained least in all nutrition except protease activity.

4 tables, 36 ref

004458   Ganguly S;Roy S (Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Chakgaria, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Medicinal plants and herbs. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(3), 4288-90.

Preliminary experimental animal researches have proved that the papaya seeds have potential contraceptive and abortifacient effect, but is non-teratogenic for the presence of phytochemicals in it. American Cancer Society recommends the centella herb for having anticancerous properties, but research in this regard is in progress.

7 ref

004457   Feshchenko H;Oleshchuk O;Lukanyuk M; Feshchenko B M (Pharmacology with Clinical Pharmacology Dep, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical Univ, Ternopil, 46001, Ukraine) : Investigation of phenolic compounds content in Chamerion angustifolium L. herb freeze-dried extract. Pharma Innovation 2016, 6(3), 40-3.

Phytochemical investigation of Chamerion angustifolium L. herb freeze-dried exstraxt was performed. The presence of phenolic compounds and quantitative content of their main groups was established. The contains at C. angustifolium L. herb freeze-dricd extract 9.76% of hydroxycinnamic acids in terms of chlorogenic acid, i 1,92% of flavonoids in terms of rulin, 24.23% of tannins in terms of pyrogallol and 20,3% of phenolic compounds in terms of gallic acid were determined.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

004456   Chourasia H K (P.G. Dep of Biotechnology, TM Bhagalpur Univ, Bhagalpur-812 007, Email: hkchourasia96@gmail.com) : Control of aflatoxin biosynthesis in peanut with geocarposphere bacteria : a biotechnological approach for sustainable development. J Crop Weed 2016, 12(3), 1-4.

Roots and pods of field grown peanut were sampled at three developmental stages and a total of seven bacterial strains and one toxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolates "were isolated from the geocarposphere. The biocontrol potential of each bacterial strains was tested against growth and Afl-B₁ production potential of toxigenic A. flavus. In green house experiments, co-inoculation with toxigenic A. flavus and geocarposphere bacteria in root regions of 1 to 2 week old peanut plants resulted in lower synthesis of Afl-B₁ in the peanut kernels at maturity. Of the seven bacterial strains tested, four strains showed reduction in aflatoxins production in varying extents. Pre- inoculation of bacterial strains (1-day earlier) resulted in greater inhibition of aflatoxin accumulation than those bacterial strains introduced 1-day after inoculation of toxigenic A. flavus strain. Bacillus megaterium showed maximum inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthsis, as compared to remaining three potential bacterial strains.

4 tables, 10 ref

004455   Choudhary R C;Kumara Swamy R V (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: ramchandra026@gmail.com) : Targeting induced local lesions in genomes (Tilling): a reverse genetics tool for plant functional genomics. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5495-501.

The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene of interest, whether induced mutation or natural nucleotide variation are an extremely tool for improving traits in plant functional genomics. The reverse-genetics approach known as Targeting Induced Local Lesions In genomes (TILLING) was created to potential of induced mutation by efficient mutagen to target and recover lesions in specific genes. However, in forward genetics over 2,050 mutant plant varieties has led to release using traditional mutagenesis. Alkylating mutagens such as ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) cause point mutation, earlier one is most widely used and thus produces an allelic series of missense and nonsense changes that can provide wide range of phenotypes. Detection of mutation can be further limited by the high through put background characteristics of PCR-based end-labelling heteroduplex mismatch strategy. TILLING uses both traditional mutagenesis and single nucleotide polymorphisms methods, applicable to most organisms with low in cost and less time. With advancement of new mutation discovery technique promise to increases applicability and efficiency of TILLING method in crop improvement

^iia1 table, 37 ref

004454   Choudhary D G;Parmar J K;Chaudhary S R;Sindhe R D (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand-388 110) : Influence of potassium, zinc and FYM on growth, yield, nutrient contents and uptake by forage maize (Zea mays L.) grown on loamy sand soil. Int J chem Stud 2017, 5(2), 39-42.

Pot experiment was carried out during summer season of the year 2015 at B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand on loamy sand soil to study the influence of potassium, zinc and FYM on growth, yield, nutrient contents and uptake by forage maize (Zea mays L.) Eighteen treatments comprising with three levels of KzO (0, 30 and 60 kg ha^{-1) and Zn (0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1) and two levels of FYM (0 and 10 t ha-1) were tried in factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental results revealed that the application of K₂O @ 60 kg ha-1, Zn @ 20 kg ha-1 and FYM @ 10 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height, green forage yield, dry matter yield and N, P, K uptake by plant over control. The highest K content in plant was recorded with the application of K₂O @ 60 kg ha-1 than rest of the levels of feO at 30 DAS and harvest. However, the application of FYM @ 10 t ha-1 and zinc @ 20 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher N content at 30 DAS and at harvest.}

4 tables, 19 ref

004453   Chandra R;Sumit Kumar (NO, Shri Venkateshwara Univ, Gajraula, Amroha, Uttar Pradesh) : In silico approach to construct miRNA mRNA module. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2016, 5(4), 46-8.

miRNAs are regulators as they cause mRNA cleavage playing a major role in RNA interference pathway. They have roles in various biological processes. The aim is to study miRNA and their associated genes which further can be associated to drugs in next module to study pharmacogenomics. miRNA mRNA modules were obtained which are combinations of miRNAs and mRNAs that represents similar biological functions. In silico study using GSEA was done.

5 illus, 10 ref

004452   Chan;et al. (Faculty Research Promoter, Medical Laboratory Science Dep, Saint Louis Univ, Baguio City, Benguet, Philippines, Email: maidafatimachan@gmail.com) : Analysis of phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai in relation to its ethnomedicinal relevance in Cordillera, Philippines. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 411-16.

Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai, one of the ethnomedicinal plants used by the Cordillerans, is believed to treat various ailments based from the existing ethnoknowledge of Kalanguya tribe. However, scientific recognition of its claimed clinical consequences is limited. Hence, this research aims to identify its bioactive compounds as well as its antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activity which may be used to evaluate its potency. Standard tests for evaluating different bioactive compounds were employed for the identification of present phytochemicals. Results showed the presence of carbohydrates, phytosterols mainly diterpenes and triterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and proteins. In the assessment of its antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method was employed; and the extract demonstrated negative inhibition against these bacteria. 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was executed for the detection of its antioxidant property, and the result showed that S. glabra has a free radical scavenging activity indicated by a decrease in the absorption of DPPH as the concentration of the extract increases. Findings indirectly suggest the therapeutic assertions potentiality of the ethnomedicinal plant. Therefore, clinical therapeutic trials are recommended to confirm therapeutic claims.

3 tables, 35 ref

004451   Boz N;Degirmenbasi N (Chemical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi Univ, 06570 Maltepe, Ankara, Turkey, Email: nboz@gazi.edu.tr) : Biodiesel production from canola oil with methanol in presence of nanocrystalline MgO-supported alkaline catalysts. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(2), 261-6.

Transesterification reaction of canola oil to biodiesel was performed using alkaline catalysts supported by nanocrystalline magnesium oxide with high surface area. Alkaline supported catalysts were prepared by loading aqueous solution of K₂CO₃ (5-20 wt. %) into magnesium oxide and tested for the transesterification of canola oil with methanol at the reaction conditions such as the reactant feed ratio (alcohol/oil: 6/1-15/1), the reactor temperature (298, 318, 333 and 338 K), reaction time (1-8 h) and the catalyst concentration of 5 wt. % based on oil content. The catalyst with 20 wt. % K₂CO₃ loaded into magnesium oxide gave the highest methyl ester yield of 96.85% which meets the purity requirement of the European biodiesel standard of EN 14103. The reusability and stability of the K₂CO₃ (20%)/MgO catalyst was tested for at least three reaction cycles. About 16% activity lost was observed at the end of third cycles.

8 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

004450   Boufellous M;Lrhorfi L A;Berrani A;Haoud H E; Zaher A;Bouhaddioui B;Bengueddour R (Life Sciences Dep, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Environment and Health, IBN TOFAIL Univ, Faculty of Sciences, Kenitra, Morocco) : Phytochemical screening of a medicinal plant: Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae). J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(2), 56-62.

With an aim of developing the aromatic and medicinal plants of Morocco, we were interesting during this study in the characterization and the phytochimic identification of Lavandula stoechas collected in the area of the average Atlas. Lavandula stoechas (Lamiaceae) is a species largely used in traditional medicine for its biological properties allotted primarily to polyphenols. In order to identify the latter in the various parts of the plant (leafs, stems, fruits, roots), we used tests phytochimic based on the reactions of colouring and the chromatographic analyses (CCM). Several extractions with solvents of different polarities were carried out. The results of the extraction of polyphenols by maceration show that water is the best solvent of extraction, followed by the ethyl acetate. In the same way the tests confirm the presence of polyphenols, the flavonoids, tannins, saponins, the reducing compounds, sterols and triterpenes and the cardiac glycosides.

37 ref

004449   Bhangale P J;Bhangale J O;Patel R V;Patel M H;Patel K M (NO, Smt. N.M. Padalia Pharmacy College, Sarkhej Changodar Road, Navapura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-382 210) : Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa in laboratory animals. Adv Pl Sci 2016, 29(2), 247-53.

Inflammation is the response of living tissue to injury. It involves a complex array of enzyme activation mediator release, extravasations of fluid, cell migration, tissue breakdown and repair. Ficus religiosa is used traditionally for treating bronchitis, diabetes, skin disease and cancer. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa (AFR) in laboratory animals. The acetic acid-induced writhing response, tail immersion test and hot plate test were used to assess antinociceptive activity. For evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan induced pawoedema served as acute model. At 200 nig/Kg and 400 mg/Kg of AFR, the peripheral analgesic action of the extract on acetic acid induced pain was found to be significant as comparable to vehicle treated animals. At 200 and 400 mg/Kg of AFR, the central analgesic action of the extracts on hot plate test were found to be significant (p<60>0.001) comparable to vehicle treated animals. The results obtained for the writhing test using acetic acid were similar to those obtained for the edematogenic test using carrageenan, since AFR (200 and 400 mg/Kg, p.o.) was effective in inhibiting the acetic acid induced writhing in mice. This study has shown that the aqueous extract of Ficus religiosa (200 and 400 mg/Kg, p.o.) possess a significant (p<60>0.001) anti-oedematoganic effect on paw oedema induced by carrageenan, serotonin and histamine compared to vehicle treated animals.

6 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

004448   Bhagat M;Gupta S;Jamwal V S;Sharma S;Kattal M;Dawa S;Rani Devi;Kushal Bindu (School of Biotechnology, Jammu Univ, Jammu, J&K-180006, Email: madhulikasbt@gmail.com) : Comparative study on chemical profiling and antimicrobial properties of essential oils from different parts of Eucalyptus lanceolatus. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 425-32.

Essential oils from stem, leaf and bud of Eucalyptus lanceolatus were analysed and chemical profiling was done by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of the oils found to have eucalyptol, alpha pinene, beta pinene, alpha eudesmol and para cymene. Eucalyptol is present in large quantity in bud oil (24.96%) followed by alpha and beta pinene (21.71% and 14.20%, respectively). In stem oil, alpha pinene (32.25%) and beta pinene (19.20%) are present in good quantity. In leaf oil, along with alpha and beta pinene, alpha eudesmol is present in good amount. These essential oils also exhibited potent antifungal and antibacterial activities. Further, antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents of the oils were spotted by bio-autography technique. In addition to this, in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and metal ion chelation potential of these oils were also investigated and found out that the bud oil has remarkable scavenging potential with IC₅₀ value of 175μl/ml, followed by leaf and stem oil.

2 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

004447   Bektas E;Daferera D;Sokmen M;Serdar G;Erturk M;Polissiou M G;Sokmen A (Espiye Vocational School, Giresun Univ, 28600 Giresun, Tuekry, Email: ebektas61@yahoo.com) : In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from Thymus nummularis M. Bieb.. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 403-10.

Designed to determine the in vitro aotioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activities of hexane, chloroform, water extracts and essential oils of Thymus nummularis M. Bieb. Chemical composition of essential, oil was determined by employing GC-MS and GC-FIB analyses; thymol being the main component in 58%. The oil and extracts were screened for their possible antioxidant activities by two complementary test systems, namely DPPH free radical scavenging and β-Cirotene color bleaching test - a spectrophotometric method. The highest free radical scavenging activity was observed in the essential oil (IC₅₀: 2.3 μg/ml) whilst, in β-Carotene color bleaching test, chloroform extract showed superiority, with an inhibition rate at 79.95%. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were also evaluated and among which the essential oil exerted better activity against all microorganisms tested except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nevertheless, none was effective against test viruses, namely HSV and Influenza.

6 tables, 27 ref

004446   Behera P C;Bag B P;Ghosh M (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: manik@bitmesra.ac.in) : Anti-urolithiatic activity of hydrogenated naphthol isolated from Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. flower extract. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 453-9.

One new hydrogenated naphthol was isolated for the first time from methanolic extract of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. flowers. The compound was elucidated as (2S.3R) 3-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl pent-4-en-l-yl)-2, 5, 5, 8a tetra-methyl-decahydronaphthalene-2-ol. The isolated compound (PC) was screened for anti-urolithiatic activity by ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats. In the present study rats treated with the isolated compound (PC), reported for the first time from this taxon, reduced the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals by increasing their solubility and restoring the normal renal architecture.

5 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

004445   Atila G;Yuce A (Physiology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas Univ, Kars, Turkey, Email: gzd.gozde@hotmail.com) : Effects of the Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed extract and chromium picolinate supplementation in streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 447-52.

Objective was to determine the effects of the Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract and chromium picolinate in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats. We used 60 female Sprague Dawley rats aged between 2-3 months, who were divided into 6 groups: control (C);vehicle received physiological saline solution intraperitoneally (i.p.) + physiological saline solution orally, diabetescontrol group (DC); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p. + physiological saline solution orally, T. foenum-graecum (TFG); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p + 150 mg/kg TFG seed extract orally, chromium picolinate (Crpic); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p + 30 μg/kg Chromium picolinate orally, T. foenum-graecum + chromium picolinate (TFG+Crpic); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p. + received 150 mg/kg TFG + 30 μg/kg Crpic orally, insulin (I); 50 mg/kg STZ i.p. + 1 IU insulin subcutaneously. The treatment lasted for 21 days. On the 14th and 21st days, we found a decrease in the FBG of animals treated with insulin, TFG, TFG + Crpic combined (all p <60> 0.001), and Crpic (p <60> 0.01) compared with the diabetes control group. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the plasma triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels after a treatment with Crpic, I, TFG, and TFG+Crpic compared with diabetes control group (p <60> 0.001). Administration of TFG+Crpic caused a significant increase in plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (p <60> 0.05) compared with diabetes control group. There was a significant decrease in the plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level after a treatment with Crpic (p <60> 0.05). The TFG, TFG and Crpic combined, and insulin treatment significantly increased the insulin-positive β cells compared with diabetes control group (p <60> 0.001). These results show that the TFG extract may have an kisulinotropic effect on the β cells of the islets of Langerhans, or may prevent the damage of the pancreatic β cells. Crpic did not stimulate insulin secretion from the β cells in the Langerhans islets. We concluded that Crpic may exert its antihyperglycemic effects by facilitating the interaction between insulin and its receptor. It is recommended that the TFG seed extract and Crpic supplements may help in alleviating or reducing the hyperglycemia-related chronic complications of diabetes.

1 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

004444   Ahmad W;Ahmad G;Khan N A;Ahmad S (Ilmul Advia Dep, MohammadiaTibbia College, Malegaon, Nashik-423 203, Email: drwasim@gmail.com) : Study of Tukhm-e-Kasni (Cichorium intybus L. seed) for steroidal and metabolic effect in albino rats. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 470-3.

Seeds of Cichorium intybus L. (Tukhm-e-Kasni) are mainly described to be anti-inflammatory, diuretic, tonic; useful in renal asthenia and nephritic syndrome like condition. In the present study 70% ethanol extract of seeds was investigated for its steroidall and metabolic activity in albino rats of either sex in two different tests. In both the tests, the animals were treated with the test drug (150 mg/kg/p.o.) twice a day for three days and were sacrificed subsequently on 4th day. In the test designed for steroidal activity, thymus gland was dissected out and weighed while in the test for metabolic activity, liver was dissected out for glycogen estimation and blood was collected for the estimation of blood sugar, serum protein and serum cholesterol. The test drug reduced the thymus weight significantly (p<60>0.01) as compared to the plain control and was found to be moderately lesser than the regression produced by hydrocortisone. Further, the study shows that it also induced hyperproteinemia and liver glycogen increasing effect and moderately increased the blood glucose level. The findings suggest that Tukhm-e-Kasni possesses marked steroidal and metabolic activity. Steroidal effect may be one of the bases for its use in various renal diseases especially nephrotic syndrome like condition.

2 tables, 11 ref

003316   Zheng M;Zhou N;Ma L;Jin W (General Thoracic Surgery Dep, The 309th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing-100 091) : Inhibitory effects of the active constituents of ginseng stems and leaves on lung cancer NCI-H1650 cells. Biomed Res 2015, 26(4), 646-50.

This research is aimed to isolate the active constituents of Ginseng stems and leaves and study their anti-cancer activities. Preparative TLC, spectral data analysis and MTT assay are used to isolate constituents and study anti-cancer activities. Six compounds are isolated from Ginseng stems and leaves, namely 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside F3, daucosterol, β-sitosterol, ginsenoside Rd2 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2. Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg2 on growth of NCI-H1650 cells is detected by MTT and Annexin-V-PI double staining assays. The results show that different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2 test solutions can inhibit the growth of NCIH1650 cells to varying degrees, and the effect presents evident dose-response and time-effect relationships, that is, the longer the action time, the stronger the inhibitory effect. It can be concluded that the active constituents in Ginseng stems and leaves have significant anti-cancer activity.

2 tables, 16 ref

003315   Yarbagi K;Srikanth B;Pilli V;Moses Babu J; Venkateswara Rao B;Douglas P (Analytical Research, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 049, Email: kaviraj@drreddys.com) : Sulfonic acid counter ions quantification in pharmaceuticals by ion chromatography. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(4), 1612-9.

The present paper deals with the analysis of methane sulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid and camphor sulfonic acid counter anions in pharmaceutical ingredients (doxazosin mesylate, amlodipine besylate and clopidogrel camphor sulfonate) by suppressed conductivity anion chromatography. The diluent used for the preparation of sample solution was Milli-Q Water and injected into a standard chromatographic system connected with 250 mm length, 4.0 mm ID, 5.0 μm particle size, Metrosep A Supp1 column and suppressed conductivity detector. The developed analytical method was highly precise and accurate compared to titration methods and HPLC-UV detection methods to analyze counter ions in drug substance. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient of <62> 0.999 for anions. The% RSD of area response of anions in standard injections was below 2.0, which demonstrates the method precision of the test procedure. The accuracy of the method was also studied and observed between 97% and 102%. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines for the quantitative determination of anions in API taken for the study.

11 ref

003314   Wani T A;Narendra Kumar;Khan J;Shah S N; Chandra S (Genetic Resources and Agrtechnology Div, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180 001) : In-vitro cytotoxic activity of skimmia anquetilia Taylor & Airy Shaw essential oils on various human cancer cell lines. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(1), 89-94.

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition of essential oils extracted from leaf, stem-bark and root-bark of Skimmia anquetilia and to evaluate the in-vitro cytotoxic activity. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS) identified trans-geraniol (43.5%), linalool (20.73%) and vetiverol (38.59%) as the major constituents of leaf, stem-bark and root-bark essential oils respectively. The tested oil samples exhibited in vitro cytotoxic activity against four different cancer cell lines viz MCF-7 (Breast), HeLa (cervix), PC-3 (Prostate) and Caco-2 (Colon) using sulphorhodamine (SRB) assay. Stem-bark essential oil was most active on all the tested human cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.71 to 6.21 μg/ml. Leaf essential oil (IC₅₀ 3.01 to 114.50 μg/ml) and root-bark essential oil (IC₅₀ 14.88 to 49.04 μg/ml) also showed cytotoxic activity against tested human cancer cell lines. The essential oils from Skimmia anquetilia can be a source of anticancerous molecules in near future.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

003313   Vyas B M;Malli M S;Talaviya P A;Ghadiya S V (Pharmacology Dep, AMC-MET Medical College, Ahmedabad-380 008, Email: talaviya.pr@gmail.com) : Evaluation of analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Crotalaria burhia Buch.-ham. roots in rats and mice. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(4), 1627-32.

Present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Crotalaria Burhia roots (Henceforth, MECB) using various experimental animal model of pain. Analgesic activity was tested using acetic-acid induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test and tail-flick test for pain in mice and rats. In this study we investigated analgesic activity of MECB at test doses of 100, 150 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. The effects following pretreatment with aspirin, morphine and naloxone were also studied. Standard methodologies were used for the screening of preliminary phytochemical constituents of extract. Result showed significant analgesic activity of MECB in all paradigms. The MECB at the dose 150 mg/kg was shown stronger analgesic activity compared to MECB at the dose of 100 and 300 mg/kg. Moreover, analgesic activity of MECB was note in similar manner to aspirin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the analgesic activity of both morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and MECB (150 mg/kg, p.o.) in a similar manner. Results revealed that the MECB had significant analgesic activity in experimental animals (rats & mice). The mechanism of action of MECB appears to both peripheral and centrally mediated action (may be through opioid receptor). The studies support the traditional use of Crotalaria burhia and the roots of Crotalaria buria can be a good source as analgesic.

24 ref

003312   Vishnupriya C S;Sunish K S;Rebello S (NO, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, Kerala) : Molecular characterisation of alkaline protease producing Bacillus subtilis from soil. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(3), 485-90.

Alkaline proteases are one of the most important enzymes in the biological world. Here, a comparison between poultry waste contaminated and detergent contaminated soil were carried out to detect the most potent alkaline protease producer. Soil samples were serially diluted and plated on skim milk agar to yield 4 potent isolates. Protease activity was compared using protease assay and the best isolate selected was B2 isolate from detergent contaminated soil. It showed a higher protease production of 300.666 U/ml/min after 24 hrs incubation. The selected isolate was identified as Bacillus subtilis using standard identification parameters such as gram staining and biochemical tests followed by molecular analysis. The 16S rDNA of the selected organism showed 99% similarity in the BLAST search with Bacillus subtilis.

3 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

003311   Vengadaramana A;Uthayasooriyan M;Sittasmpalam T;Razeek N;Kapilan R (Botany Dep, Faculty of Science, Univ of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, Email: avengad19@yahoo.com) : Characterization of amylolytic enzyme present in fermented sweet sap of palmyrah. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(3), 20-3.

Amylase enzyme obtained from 12h of naturally fermented sweet sap of palmyrah. The amylase showed zero order kinetics for 10min. The optimum temperature for the activities of enzyme as 65°C and pH was 7.0. When the enzyme was pre-incubated at 65°C and at pH 7.0, it lost 62% of its initial activity at 60min. This enzyme showed activity with starch, lactose, maltose, pectin and sucrose. Amylase activity was strongly inhibited by 2mM of Hg^{2+ but 2 mM of Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ stimulated the enzyme activity at 65°C and at pH 7.0. The enzyme in the presence of 2mM Mn2+, Cu2+ and Na+ separately, retained 79, 86 and 68% of its initial activity respectively at 60 min, 65°C and pH 7.0.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

003310   Velivela Y;Narra M;Ellendula R;Kota S; Abbagani S (Biotechnology Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal, Email: yyash69@rediffmail.com) : Establishment of in vitro regeneration from petiole explants and assessment of clonal fidelity by ISSR markers in Luffa acutangula L.Roxb. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(3), 41-5.

An improved in vitro organogenesis was achieved from petiole explants of Luffa acutangula L. Roxb, a medicinally and economically important cucurbitaceous member. Morphogenetic response of petiole explants excised from in vitro grown plants has been studied with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. Higher percent of callus induction was occurred on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and 0.2 mg/L NAA from the cut ends of petiole explants after 4 weeks of culture. Multiple shoots (8.28±0.85 shoots per explant) were induced after 2-3 weeks from the green compact callus on MS medium with 30 g/L sucrose, 2.0 mg/L BAP along with 0.2 mg/L IAA. The elongation of proliferated shoots was achieved on same medium supplemented additionally with 0.3 mg/L GA₃. The elongated shoots (1cm) were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L IBA. Rooted plants were acclimatized in the greenhouse and subsequently established in soil with 85% survival rate. Clonal fidelity of in vitro raised plantlets was determined using ISSR marker technique. The results showed the similar banding pattern with different ISSR primers ranging from 250bp to 1000bp and indicated the absence of polymorphism in donar mother plant and as well in in vitro regenerated plants.

2 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

003309   Veenas M;Melvin P;Shailasree S;Kini K R (Biotechnology Dep, Manasagangotri, Mysore Univ, Mysore-570 006) : Cloning, expression and purification of resistance gene analogue RGPM 301 from pearl millet in Escherichia coli. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(2), 53-9.

Plants combat their pathogens with an array of defense responses. One of the key mechanisms involves products of resistance (R) genes which are responsible for recognition of effector molecules from pathogens and subsequent triggering of defense responses. Resistance gene analogues (RGAs) containing the specific conserved domains of R-genes are isolated from various plants using degenerate oligonucleotide primer based PCR approach. In an earlier study, RGPM 301 an RGA from pearl millet shown to be involved in resistance mechanism against downy mildew disease was isolated and characterized. In the present study, RGPM 301 containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 992 amino acids was cloned into pRSET A expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli as a Hig-tag fusion protein. The recombinant RGA RGPM 301 was purified to near homogeneity using the Nickel-CL agarose column. Its molecular mass was found to be 120 kDa when separated on the SDS-PAGE which was confirmed by western blotting analysis using the anti-His antibody. The purified protein was subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion followed by mass spectrometric analysis for the confirmation of its identity. These findings facilitate further studies on the exact role of this RGA in the pearl millet downy mildew host pathogen system.

5 illus, 25 ref

003308   Ui-Hand Sim E;Xiang-Ru M;Li-Li Chan S; Choon-Weng L;Narayanan K (Molecular Biology Dep, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Univ Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota SDamarahanm, Saraweak, Malaysia, Email: uhsim@frst.unimas.my) : Predicted interaction of human ribosomal protein S15 with X mental retardation protein. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(2), 38-45.

In addition to the central role of ribosome biogenesis, the human ribosomal protein S15 (RPS15) has extra-ribosomal roles that include its association with a congenital disease and a few types of cancer. However, current knowledge of its functions in the context of extra-ribosomal activities remains fragmented. An approach to gain insights into the interaction between RPS15 and possible protein partners is via Bioinformatics strategies. Based on the sequence-to-structure-to-function paradigm, structural data of a protein can be computationally analysed to derive logical interacting partners. This method can include three-dimensional model construction, structural neighbour prediction, and molecular docking analysis. By using this approach, we have constructed RPS15 3D-structural models that have allowed the prediction of 23 structural neighbours. Of these, two that are from human origin were further analysed and only one have logical prospect of binary protein-protein interactions. Further analysis of this structural neighbour revealed 7 candidate docking partners. From these, our molecular docking analysis demonstrated two most logical dock models of interactions between RPS15 with two different domains of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein 1 (FMRP1) protein. Hence, we have provided in silico evidence of de novo protein-protein interaction between RPS15 and the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein 1 (FMRP1).

4 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

003307   Teja M;Ramya B;Reddy S M;Guttula J S; Bollineni J (Pharmacognosy Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of Caesalpinia sappan Saraca indica. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(1), 140-3.

In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate Phytochemical evaluation of different parts of Caesalpinia sappan Saraca indica The crude drug powder extracts of the leaves of the above plants were taken for the study. The Phytochemical Screening was done for the selected plants.

2 tables, 14 ref

003306   Sun L;Liu J;Xiang H (Interventional Vascular Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha-410 005) : HPLC determination of oleanolic acid content in Hedyotis diffusa Willd. and its anti-HepG-2 cell activity. Biomed Res 2015, 26(4), 710-14.

Objective is to establish the method for quantitative determination of oleanolic acid in Hedyotis diffusa Willd., and study its inhibitory effect on human hepatoma HepG-2 cells. Methods HPLC with a column of Angilent ZORBAX Eclips Plus C18 (4.6 x 250 mm, 5 um) is used; column temperature: 20°. Detection wavelength: 210nm. Anti-hepatoma activity of Hedyotis diffusa Willd. is analyzed by observing changes in cell morphology under inverted microscope and by MTT assay. Results Oleanolic acid shows a good linearity within an 11.06-154.84 ug range; its recovery is 98.51%, with a RSD of 1.18% (n = 6). Under inverted microscope, cells in the control group are grown adherently, with intact membranes. Growth density of cells in the Hedyotis diffusa Willd. test groups becomes gradually low with increasing drug concentration. Cell surface is wrinkled. In the high concentration group, most cells are disrupted, cell morphology is not intact, and number of adherent cells is reduced. MTT assay results show that the viability of HepG2 cells decreases with increasing concentration of Hedyotis diffusa Willd.; inhibition rate reaches 52.67% in the high dose group after treating HepG2 cells for 48 h. HepG2 cell inhibition rate exhibits rather obvious dose-response relationship. Conclusion HPLC method is accurate and reliable for the determination of oleanolic acid content in Hedyotis diffusa Willd.; Hedyotis diffusa Willd. can effectively inhibit the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG-2 cells.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

003305   Sinha S;Nigam V K (Bio-Engineering Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: vknigam@bitmesra.ac.in) : Production and characterization of L-glutaminase by Bacillus sp.. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(4), 1620-6.

L-Glutaminase (EC.3.5.1.2) is an amidohydrolase which catalyses the hydrolytical deamination of L-glutamine resulting in the production of L-glutamic acid and ammonia. L-Glutaminase is gaining marked importance due to its application potential in cancer therapy, food industry and of high value chemicals like theronine. A variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi, from both soil and marine habitat have been reported to produce L-glutaminase. The optimization of L-glutaminase using one of the prominent bacterial isolate (NRBT2822) in batch mode of cultivation showed that a pH of 7.0, temperature of 37°C and agitation rate of 150 rpm are most suitable parameters for maximum enzyme synthesis in presence of 1.0 g/L of L-glutamine as an inducer. The kinetic studies revealed that the Km and V_max for the enzyme were 66.83 mM and 0.755 mM/min respectively. It was also found that the enzyme showed highest activity at 37°C with a half life of 3 hours.

23 ref

003304   Singh K K;Singh M;Chettri A (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan and Development, Sikkim Unit, Pangthang, Post Box 24 Gangtok, East Sikkim-737 101, Email: singhkk20@yahoo.com) : In vitro propagation of Rhododendron griffithianum Wt.: An endangered rhododendron species of Sikkim Himalaya. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(2), 72-5.

A reproducible protocol for in vitro propagation of R. griffithianum has been established. Multiple shoot proliferation from shoot-tip explants was occurred in the presence of 2-isopentenyl adenine (2-iP) alone or in combination with indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) in Anderson's medium. The best treatment for shoot regeneration was Anderson's medium supplemented with 5 μM 2-iP and 1.0 μM IBA, which promoted shoot proliferation in more than 75% culture with an average of 11.00 shoots per explants after twelve weeks. These shoots were successfully rooted on Anderson's liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 μM IBA. The rooted plantlets were hardened in greenhouse with 84% survival rate.

1 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

003303   Shukla L;Suman A;Verma P;Yadav A N;Saxena A K (Microbiology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Syntrophic microbial system for ex-situ degradation of paddy straw at low temperature under controlled and natural environment. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(2), 30-7.

The syntrophic microbial application for lignocellulosic biodegradation and subsequent transformation into compost provides an alternative strategy against burning and disposing post harvested agricultural biomass which is of vital importance in agriculture used as compost. Biodegradation process is hindered during winter season, as the microorganisms involved in lignocellulose biodegradation slows down their metabolism due to unfavourable growth conditions at low temperatures. In order to intensify the composting process at low temperature, psychrotrophic microbes were isolated and characterized for lignocellulosic hydrolytic potential specifically at low temperatures. Among the isolated microbes, four efficient lignocellulolytic psychrotrophic microbes (Eupenicillium crustaceum, Paceliomyces sp., Bacillus atropheus and Bacillus sp.) and commercial fungal consortia (Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma viride and Phanerochaete chrysosporium) were used in present study. It was found that psychrotrophic microbes along with the commercial fungal consortium enhanced the composting process at low temperature. These psychrotrophic and mesophilic microbial consortium can be used for degradation of agri-residues and conversion to a value added product like compost, which helps in enhancing soil fertility and decreasing environmental pollution caused by burning of agrowastes. This is the first report for biodegradation of paddy straw by psychrotrophic microbes at low temperatures.

4 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

003302   Shi X;Li X;Zou M (Pharmacy Dep of Afiiliated Zhongshan, Hospital of Dalian Univ, Dalian, China) : Chemical constitutents and biological activities of Stephania yunnanensis H.S. Lo. Biomed Res 2015, 26(4), 715-20.

To study the chemical constituents of Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo and their in vitro antibiotic activities. Silica gel, alumina and Sephadex LH-20 chromatographic methods are used to isolate alkaloidal constituents. Structures of the compounds are identified based on physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. Kirby-Bauer test and porous plate method are used to study the inhibitory activities of isolated chemical constituents on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Five chemical constituents are isolated from the tuber extract of Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo, namely tetrahydropalmatine (1), palmatine (2), sinoacutine (3), dicentrine (4) and jatrorrhizine (5). Inhibition zone diameters of tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine against MRSA are larger at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, which are 13 mm and 16 mm, respectively; tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine both have inhibitory effects on MRSA, with MIC of 0.312 μg/ml and 0.156 μg/ml. In the porous plate method, IC50 of tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine are 0.436 μg/ml and 0.201 μg/ml. Alkaloidal constituents in Stephania yunnanensis H. S. Lo are mainly berberine type, morphinan type and protoberberine type alkaloids. Besides, tetrahydropalmatine and palmatine have rather significant anti-MRSA activities.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

003301   Shafa F;Shahriar M;Dain Md Opo F A;Akhter R; Hossain M M;Choudhury N (Mathematics and Natural Sciences Dep, BRAC Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Email: shahriar@uap-bd.edu) : Characterization of phytoconstitutents, In vitro antioxidant activity and pharmacological investigation of the root extract of Typhonium trilobatum. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(4), 1694-1704.

In the present study, the phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant activity, thrombolytic activity, membrane stabilizing activity, acute toxicity and anti-depressant activity were evaluated using Forced Swimming Test (FST) of the root extract of Typhonium trilobatum. Phytochemical evaluation was done by performing different chemical tests and the presence of flavonoid, carbohydrate and phenol were detected in the root parts of the plant. Methanol, chloroform and ethanol were used as solvent in extraction process. Each extraction yield was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to identify and measure the quantity of ascorbic acid. Total flavonoid content and total phenol content was also determined by UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. Ascorbic acid, flavonoid, phenol was found to be of higher concentration in ethanol extract compared with methanol and chloroform extract. Ethanol was suitable solvent in extraction process of Typhonium trilobatum. In vitro antioxidant activity of the root extracts was performed by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, cupric reducing anti-oxidant activity, scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. These four methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity and the root extract showed good potential. The root extract showed lower thrombolytic activity. Anti-depressant test was done by using forced swim test showed low dose anti-depressant activity. Our investigation suggests that Typhonium trilobatum roots contain high amount of ascorbic acid, phenolic and flavonoid compound which may be responsible for its biological activities in folkloric medicine.

20 ref

003300   Saravanakumar K;Ramkumar B;Muthuraj V (Chemistry Dep, VHNSN College, Virudhunagar-626 001) : In vitro antimicrobial potential efficiency of clathria frondifera marine sponge. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(3), 458-64.

In the present study, extract of Clathria frondifera was examined for in vitro antimicrobial potency against three clinical human pathogens. The biologically active compounds were obtained by column chromatographed on siliga gel-60 through step gradient elution. Clathria frondifera yielded bioactive franctioned extract that efficiently repressed the growth of all kinds of pathogens. The chemical constituents of the clathria frondifera franctioned extract were analyzed by GC-MS which revealed the presence of major compounds such as 26,26-Dimethyl-5,24(28)-ergostadien-3a-ol, 2-tert-Butyl-4-isopropyl-5-methylphenol and E-15-Heptadecenal which might have a functional role in the chemical defense against microbial invasion. Based on the findings, marine sponge of clathria frondifera effectively represses the bacterial and fungal.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

003299   Sandeep M V G;Pattan A;Divya Gnana Veda V; Kavitha A;Ramesh S;Ravi Kumar A (Phytopharmaceutical and Biological Analysis Dep, Bapatla College of Pharmacy, Bapatla-522 101) : Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of combined extracts of Cassia alata Techolospermum jasminoides Tecomaria capensis. Int J Res Pharm Chem 2016, 6(1), 137-9.

Chemotherapeutic agent are use for the treatment of the microbes but increasing resistance towards this drugs so require a new agent have antimicrobial activity. So we have studied antimicrobial activity of combined extracts of C. alata T. jasminoides T. capensis. The Combined methanolic extracts of C. alata T. jasminoides T. capensis were found to be posses significant antimicrobial activity against the selected test organisms.

1 table, 8 ref

003298   Safdar N;Sarfaraz A;Kazmi Z;Yasmin A (Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Environmental Science Dep, Fatima Jinnah Women Univ, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Email: naila_bch@yahoo.com) : Ten different brewing methods of green tea: comparative antioxidant study. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(3), 33-40.

In this study, three brands of green tea collected from different markets of Rawalpindi, Pakistan were screened to identify best brewing method for green tea preparation and characterize their antioxidant potential. Brand A, brand B and non-branded green tea were examined for antioxidant potential by DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and reducing power method. Samples were prepared by ten different recipes used in different cultures. Distilled water and ethanol were used as solvent. Three brewing methods with highest, lowest and moderate antioxidant activities were identified and analyzed for phytochemical constituents such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, proteins, alkaloids and steroids. Cold cocktail showed highest antioxidant activity (85.9%), soft infusion showed moderate (70.6%) while hard infusion indicated lowest antioxidant potential (59.9%)amongst all the green tea brands tested. Phenolic compounds, tannins and proteins were found in all tea types with varying strength due to different brewing method. Alkaloids were not present in any type of green tea while steroids were found in brand A and B.

2 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

003297   Rani V S;Nair B R (Botany Dep, Univ of Kerala, Kariyavattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695 581, Email: ranisankar28@gmail.com) : GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Eleuthrine bulbosa (Urban) miller (Iridaceae). Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(4), 1729-33.

The present study was carried out to detect the phytoconstituents present in the bulbous part of Eleutherine bulbosa using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The mass spectrum of the crude ethyl acetate extract was compared with the available library sources (NIST08LIB, WILEY 8 and FAME). A total of 24 compounds were identified. Most of the major constituents were phenolic in nature. A phenolic compound detected to be present in highest concentration (34.20%) was, 1, 8-Naphthalenediol, 2, 7-diacetyl-3, 6-dimethyl. Carboxylic and sterol compounds were present in minute quantities.

22 ref