005392   Boroushaki M T;Mollazadeh H;Afshari A R (Pharmacology Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad Univ of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Email: mollazadehh901@mums.ac.ir) : Pomegranate seed oil: a comprehensive review on its therapeutic effects. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 430-442.

Pomegranate, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), as a medicinal and nutritional ancient fruit, has an outstanding medical history throughout the world. Each of compartments of pomegranate has interesting pharmacological activity. Juice, leaf, flower, and peels of pomegranate possess potent antioxidant properties, while juice, peel and oil are all weakly estrogenic activity. Pomegranate seeds have ethnomedical indication and high conjugated a-linolenic acids (CLn) contents. Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) with high amount of punicic acid (PA), a conjugated isomer of a-linolenic acid, has variety of pharmacological properties. The main properties are as follows; antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, enhancing the immune system, enhancing carbohydrate metabolism and reducing insulin resistance. Based on some studies, effects of PSO on lipid profile are controversial and consistency of data is rare to find yet. Therefore, this review is aimed to highlight the PSO's composition and beneficial effects on human health and represent the mechanisms involved in its action.

111 ref

005391   Bhimba B V;Devi J S;Nandhini S U (Biotechnology Dep, Sathyabama Univ, Chennai-600 119, Email: bvbhimba@yahoo.co.in) : Green synthesis and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles from extracts of the marine macroalgae Gracilaria corticata. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 276-81.

The present study reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of a seaweed, Gracilaria corticata. Extremely stable AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDS analyses. The nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance at 424 nm in the UV spectrum. The presence of proteins was identified by FTIR. TEM micrograph revealed the formation of polydispersed and spherical shaped nanoparticles with the size range of 10-50 nm and the presence of elemental silver were confirmed by EDS analysis. These nanoparticles showed cytotoxic activity against MCF7 cells.

7 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

005390   Bera S;Chaudhuri S;Dutta D (Biotechnology Dep, National Institute of Technology, M G Avenue, Durgapur-713 209, Email: debs_2000in@yahoo.com) : Assessment of free-radical scavenging activities of mangiferin from Curcuma amada obtained by non-conventional extraction methods: A comparative study. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 179-85.

Mangiferin (MgFn) is a naturally occurring bioactive glucosylxanthone having numerous pharmacological activities. A feasible microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique for extraction of MgFn from Curcuma amada (mango ginger) was developed in our laboratory. To prove the efficacy of MAE technique, it was compared with other methods like maceration extraction (ME) and ultrasonic sound assisted extraction (UAE). A high yield of MgFn was obtained by MAE (1.472 mg/g) compared to 1.017 mg/g yield by UAE and 0.837 mg/g by ME technique in acetone-water (50:50 v/v). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of C. amada cells were taken, which were subjected to different extraction forces mentioned above. The efficacy of MgFn as a radical scavenger was studied using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), nitrate scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. The IC50 value of MgFn extracted with MAE was recorded to be 26 μg/mL; showing it to be an effective radical scavenger more efficient than ascorbic acid.

6 illus, 26 ref

005389   Batra P;Kharb P;Kajla S;Hooda R S (Centre for Plant Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: vkbatrahau@gmail.com) : Direct shoot regeneration from unfertilized ovaries in heterotic maize hybrids HQPM-1 and HM-5. Ann Biol 2016, 32(2), 141-5.

Development of haploids in heterotic maize hybrids has great potential application in maize breeding and is first step to obtain doubled haploid lines. To achieve this, protocol for direct shoot regeneration response has been developed in two important heterotic maize hybrids (HQPM-1 and HM-5), using unfertilized ovaries as explants. In vitro contamination free cultures were obtained maximum (90%), when ears bearing unfertilized ovaries of all stages in both the hybrids were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 8 min, without giving any pre-surface sterilization treatment. MS basal medium was found best for direct shoot regeneration response among different basal media used (MS, LS, Chu and Nitsch). Maximum percentage of explants (36.7%) turned green showing response was found in hybrid HQPM-1 on kinetin supplemented medium. Maximum shoot regeneration response (30%, 2-3 shoots/explant) was observed on MS basal medium, supplemented with kinetin alone, among different combinations of media tried in HQPM-1 hybrid followed by HM-5 hybrid (14.1%, 1-2 shoots/explant) on the same medium. Genotypically, maize hybrid HQPM-1 was found better for direct shoot regeneration response than maize hybrid HM-5.

1 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

005388   Bano S;Ahmad N;Sharma A K (Zoology Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: shabana700@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and evaluation of anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of Elettaria cardamom (cardamom). J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(4), 1966-70.

The present study deals with the phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activities from the crude methanol extract of the seeds of cardamom, Elettaria cardamom. Crude methanol extract was investigated for their antibacterial activity against Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus pumilus and Escherichia coli. The extract showed maximum zone of inhibition (20.3 mm) against EPEC, however, the antibacterial potential of the extract was slightly lesser against normal E. coli (19 mm). It showed moderate anti-bacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and B. pumilus. Dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity was also noticed in crude extract as measured by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Thus, our study reports various phytochemicals in the seeds of cardamom with antioxidant and antibacterial potential.

3 tables, 25 ref

005387   Babu A;Mohamed M S N;Jaikumar K;Anand D; Saravannan P (Botany Dep, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Chennai-600 004, Email: sarviveka@gmail.com) : In-vitro antifungal activity of leaf extracts of Leucas aspera and leucas zeylanica. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 752-6.

The aim of the present study is to probe the antimicrobial activities of methanol leaf extract of Leucas sp. Antifungal susceptibilities of certain clinically isolated dermatophytes to methanol extracts of Leucas aspera and Leucas zeylanica leaves were performed using agar well diffusion method. The result obtained shows that all the extracts expressed remarkable antifungal activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 5 to 10mm. Maximum inhibition zone was recorded with Penicillium sp. (10 mm) while minimum inhibition zone of was recorded for Candida tropicalis (3 mm). From the study it is evident that Leucas aspera and Leucas zeylanica possess potential antidermatophytic activity and further study on these plants may lead to explore novel bioactive compounds.

30 ref

005386   Asuthkar M;Gunti Y;Rao S R;Rao C S;Yadavalli R (Biotechnology Dep, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad-501 301, Email: rajasriy@sreenidhi.edu.in) : Effect of different wavelengths of light on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 847-51.

Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a fresh water microalgae used as substrate for production of value added products like biodiesel. In this investigation C.pyrenoidosa was grown for ten days in an internally illuminated bubble column photobioreactor at: 450 lux green light (495-570 nm), 480 lux red light (620-750 nm), 1663 lux blue light (450-495 nm), 1986 luxwhite light (380 to 750 nm).The results after a period of ten days of growth, showed that C.pyrenoidosa has grown better under blue light when compared to the other types of light. C.pyrenoidosa biomass produced 33.8% of lipid contentwhen grown under blue light, indicating its potential as alternative source of biodiesel.

14 ref

005385   Asokan R;Chaitanya B N;Rebijith K B;Krishna Kumar N K;Viraktamath C A;Ramamurthy V V (Biotechnology Div, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560 089, Email: asokaniihr@gmail.com) : COI based molecular identification of mango leaf hoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in India. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 260-3.

Rapid, accurate and timely identification of invasive pest insects, such as, mango leafhoppers, is important and a challenge worldwide. In this regard, DNA barcoding employing a 658 bp fragment of 5' region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene is an effective tool in addressing the above. In the present study, we developed DNA barcodes for five species of mango leaf hoppers, viz., Amritodus atkinsoni, A. brevistylus, Idioscopus clypealis, I. nagpurensis and I. niveosparsus, which were collected from Karnataka, India. Our study will help in providing a rapid, convenient and precise tool for species discrimination in mango leaf hoppers, regardless of their life stages and polymorphism.

1 illus, 23 ref

005384   Arvind Kumar;Singh R;Sharma K C (NO, Dr. Y.S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Entomology Dep, Nauni, Solan-173 230, Email: aru.thakur21@gmail.com) : Repellant effect of neem formulation and aqueous extract of Melia azedarach on greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum westwood, hemiptera: aleyrodidae). J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(4), 2037-9.

The present study assessed the repellence activities of two biopesticides viz. a formulation of neem, neem baan and aqueous extract of Melia azedarach (Dharek) kernels against crawlers of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). The maximum repellency (22.07%) was recorded at 10% concentration of dharek extract followed by Neem Baan at 0.0025% concentration (18.33%). The minimum repellency (4.71%) was observed at 0.0005% concentration of Neem baan. These results indicate a potential use of neem baan and aqueous dharek kernel extracts in management of greenhouse whitefly.

2 tables, 15 ref

005383   Anusree M;Nampoothiri K M;Pandey A (Biotechnology Div, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (, Trivandrum-695 019, Email: madhavan85@hotmail.com) : Sugarcane bagasse as inert support for L-lysine production in solid-state fermentation. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 193-9.

Agro-residues are increasingly utilized for the production of value added products owing to the low cost of substrates. L-Lysine is an essential amino acid, commercially produced by fermentation for its single largest application in animal feed industry. The present study deals with the fermentative production of L-lysine by Corynebacterium glutamicum DM 1729 in solid-state fermentation (SSF) where starch hydrolysate of jackfruit seed powder (JFSP) was used to moisten the solid support matrix. Sugarcane bagasse was used as the inert solid support matrix for the growth and amino acid production. Operational parameters affecting the fermentation were studied coupled with process level optimization. Statistical tools, such as, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to evaluate the factors affecting L-lysine production. The maximum L-lysine production was 16 mg/gds (25 mg/g sugar) after 96 h of fermentation with an initial sugar concentration of 7.5% w/v and 70% moisture.

4 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

005382   Anita;Dubey M K;Khati A;Chauhan R S (Aquaculture Dep, Collge of Fisheries, GB Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: anitatamta20@gmail.com) : Immunostimulatory and growth promoting potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) miers on fingerlings of amur carp. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(10), 659-63.

The enhancement of immunity of fish through application of natural immunostimulants would help in minimizing the risk of occurrence of diseases in aquaculture. The present study was designed to evaluate the growth promoting and immunostimulatory effect of Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers ex Hook F. leaf powder in fingerlings of Amur carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Martens). The fingerlings were divided into four treatment groups, T1, T2, T3 and T4. Experimental diets were prepared by mixing rice bran, deoiled mustard cake, soybean meal and vitamin mineral mixture. The leaf powder of T. cordifolia was incorporated into diets D2, D3 and D4 @ 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%, respectively. In control diet D1, leaf powder of T. cordifolia was not incorporated. T1 group fishes were fed with D1 diet, T2 with D2, T3 with D3 and T4 with D4 @ 5% body weight per day for 90 days. Fingerlings fed with diet D4 achieved significantly improved Specific Growth Rate (1), Feed Conversion Ratio (2.76), and Gross Conversion Efficiency (0.361) as compared to the control and all other treatments (P <60>0.05). Hematological and biochemical parameters, total leuckocyte count (53.849x10<^>3/μL), total erythrocyte count (3.50x10<^>6/μL), hemoglobin concentration (17.17%), total serum protein, albumin and globulin (12.35, 1.56 and 10.78 g/dL) in D4 diet fed fishes showed increase as compared to the control and all other treatments (P <60>0.05). The above research revealed that Tinospora cordifolia leaf powder has significant growth promoting and immunostimulatory potential in Amur carp raising.

1 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

005381   Alam J;Mathur A (Biotechnology Dep, Himalayan Univ, Arunachal Pradesh, Email: junaidbiotechnology@hotmail.com ) : First report on evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of chitin and chitin-based derivatives against alloxan induced albino rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 798-803.

Crustacean's shells constitute the traditional and current commercial source of Chitin. These derivatives/molecules are potential resource as well as multiple functional substrates have generate attractive interest in various fields such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and environmental industries. In the present investigation, chitinous wastes were collected from the fresh water areas of Dehradun and Rishikesh of Uttarakhand State. The bacterium, Bacillus sp. isolated from soil produces chitinase enzyme responsible for degradation of chitin obtained from chitinous wastes. Further the chitinases enzyme was utilized to degrade the chitinous wastes into chito-oligosaccharides. Chitosan was prepared by deacetylation process and chito-oligosaccharides (COS) was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan. As per the solubility aspect of chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides, it was found that these are more soluble in comparison to chitin, the parent compound. The anti-diabetic potential of these chitin based derivatives was determined against alloxan-induced albino rats (diabetic model). In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, both the chitosan and chito-oligosaccharides (COS) both decremented blood sugar levels at the cessation of 1st, 2nd and 4th hours after dosing in acute studies. Simultaneously similar effect was observed during chronic studies, after 1st, 2nd and 3rd week during repeated dosing of the extracts in diabetic model at an interval of 7 days. It was thus observed that, Chito-oligosaccharides (COS) at dose of 50 mg/kg/day and chitosan at dose of 100 mg/kg/day showed significant hypoglycemic activity in comparison to standard anti-diabetic drug, glibenclamide (10 mg/kg).

18 ref

005380   Ajaegbu E E;Younoussa L;Danga S P Y;Uzochukwu I C;Okoye F B C (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Agulu, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univ, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, Email: ajaegbuee@yahoo.com) : Mosquito repellent activity of Spondias mombin L. (Family asnacardiaceae) crude methanol extract and fractions against Aedes aegypti(L.). Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(3), 240-4.

The aim was to determine the repellent activities of creams formulated with different extract/fractions of Spondias mombin L. against female Aedes aegypti (L.). The repellent activity was carried out using blood-starved female mosquitoes inside net cages in the laboratory condition following World Health Organization protocol at three different concentrations, viz. 1, 2, and 4 mg/cm<^>2 in the exposed area of human hands. Acetone together with white soft paraffin served as negative control and 12% Odomos was used as the positive control. The cream formulations gave good protection against the mosquito bites and the repellent activity was dependent on the strength of the extract and fractions. Among the tested formulations, the maximum protection time was observed in MCE (180 min), HF (180 min) and DF (180 min) at 1 mg/cm<^>2. From the results, it was clear that the MCE, HF and DF formulations can be used as natural mosquito repellents as alternatives to Odomos.

2 tables, 20 ref

004510   Zha G;Wang B;Liu J;Yan J;Zhu L;Yang X (Key Lab of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing Univ, Chongqing-400 044) : Mechanical touch responses of Arabidopsis TCH1-3 mutant roots on inclined hard-agar surface. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(2), 4214-20.

3 illus, 32 ref

004509   Yuvrajsinh K V;Faldu H G;Dedhrotiya A T; Talekarn S (Central Instrumentation Laboratory, Directorate of Research office, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultur, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: yuvrajsinh.bt@gmail.com) : In vitro analysis of antimicrobial property of silver and silver coated silica nono particles from microorganism. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5393-8.

Nanotechnology can be defined as the design, synthesis, and application of materials and devices whose size and shape have been engineered at the nanoscale. It exploits unique chemical, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties that emerge when matter is structured at the nanoscale. Certain nano powders possess antimicrobial properties. When these powders contact cells of E. coli, or other bacteria species and viruses, over 90% are killed within a few minutes. Due to their antimicrobial effect, nanoparticle of silver and titanium dioxide (<60>100 nm) are assessed as coatings for surgical masks. In present work isolation and screening of microorganisms capable of synthesizing nanoparticles and after purification apply as antimicrobial property on Microorganisms.

4 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

004508   Yadav K D;Chaudhury A K (Rasa Shastra Dep, Faculty of Ayurveda, Banaras Hindu Univ, Institute of Medical Sciences, Email: k.d.yadav@gmail.com) : Anti-obesity mechanism of Curcuma longa L. - an over view. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 99-106.

Chronic low grade inflammation is one important reason for the development of obesity and the inflammation is initiated by excess nutrient from metabolic cell and is characterized by increasing TNFα, interlukins, cytokinines, etc. Besides this, genetic, social, behavioural and environmental factors alone or interaction with each other influences diet, physical activity by affecting complex hypothalamic neuro-circuitry. These increase leptin level, inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which positively correlate with obesity. Curcuma longa L., commonly known as Haridra have been used for treatment of obesity and diabetes since ancient time in Ayurveda, the Indian traditional system of medicine. From current research, it has been observed that C. longa inhibit secretion of leptin, pro-inflammatory mediators and over production of ROS, whereas it increases secretion of insulin, adiponectin in plasma. Increased serum adiponectin insulin and decreased production of ROS negatively correlate with obesity. In addition to these, C. longa inhibit early growth response (Egr-1) gene, which is related to development of obesity. It is clear that by affecting leptin, adiponectin, inflammatory mediators, ROS, regulating nutritional environment and Egr-1 gene, lipogenic gene and ob gene, C. longa may be affirmative for management of obesity.

1 table, 97 ref

004507   Yadav A;Kumar A;Yadav R;Misra J P;Kumar R (Biotechnology Dep, S.V.P. Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut-rajendrak64@yahoo.co.in) : In vitro regeneration through organogenesis in pigeon pea {Cajanuscajan (L.) Millsp.}. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5485-90.

A method for regenerating pigeonpea {Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.} plants has been developed using cotyledonary nods and embroyonic axes of mature seeds as explants. A large number of shoot buds were induced directly from explants of genotypes Pusa-9 and Bahar when cultured on different basal media fortified with a range of BAP concentrations (0-2 mg/l) and 0-0.5 mg/lgibberellic acid (GA) either individually or in combination. The shoot buds developed into shoots when they were sub cultured on the same medium but with different concentrations of cytokinins. The shoots were elongated by sub culturing in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented than elongated shoots transmitted to half-strength MS medium with 0.3-0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for root induction. Frequency of shoot induction in embryonic axes was better to cotyledonary node. The frequency of shoot bud regeneration was influenced by genotype, type of explant and concentrations of growth hormones. This process may be useful for improving the crop through genetic manipulations.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

004506   Violet Dhayabaran V;Anita Margret A (Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dep, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli-620 017, Email: anitamargret@gmail.com) : Invigorating Clitoria ternatea L. an ayurvedic traditional herb as a competent brain drug on par with Hypericum perforatum L. to contest P-glycoprotein across the blood brain barrier. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(4), 639-45.

The vital phytochemicals from the leaves of Clitoria ternatea L. were extricated using GC/MS assay is pursued by a molecular docking study, considering the phytocompounds as ligands against the efflux protein (P-Glycoprotein) which determines the active compound that surpasses the blood brain barrier. Five potential compounds were considered competent to the optimized phytocompounds of Hypericum perforatum L. among which Hexanoic acid, 4-hexadecyl ester furnished a minimum binding affinity energy value of-8.734kcal/mol and interacted with the amino acid residues GLN721 of the active site. Whereas, Pseudohypericin is the foremost phytocompound of Hypericum perforatum L. exhibited a docking interaction of-8.096 kcal/mol with a distinct amino acid residue MET982. This work endorses Clitoria ternatea L. as a competent brain drug across the blood brain barrier on par with an established European folk medicinal plant Hypericum perforatum L. (St.John's Wort).

3 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

004505   Verma N;Tyagi S;Ashish Kumar (NO, D.A.V. (P.G) College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Email: neeluverma78@gmail.com ) : Antimicrobial screening of Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. Adv Pl Sci 2016, 29(2), 255-6.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous and some organic solvent leaves extract of Tinospora cordifolia against E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, A. niger and A. flavus by using well diffusion method. The efficacy of extracts was measured in terms of zone of inhibition (mm). Acetone extract of 10% and 20% concentration have prominent effect against all tested microorganism. In all extract of 5%, 10% and 15% concentration showed good inhibitory effect against E. coli. While 20% concentration show maximum inhibition against B. subtilis. As compare to bacteria, fungus shows moderate rate of inhibition.

1 table, 11 ref

004504   Vasileva V;Kosev V (Institute of Forage Crops, 89 "Gen. VI. Vazov" Str., Pleven 5800, Bulgariya, Email: viliana.vasileva@gmail.com) : Evaluation of nodule related components and forage productivity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(2), 4230-7.

Relationships and variation among nodule related components and forage productivity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated in a small-plot trial carried out at the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria (2011- 2013). Genetic and phenotypic correlations as well as path coefficient analysis were performed. Four parental pea forms were used for crossing: spring type (Pisum sativum ssp. sativum) - Shtambovyi and Pleven 4, and winter ones (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense) - Rosacrono and Pleven 10. The strongest positive phenotypic correlations were found between aboveground/root mass (weight) and: plant height (r=0.9237), aboveground/root mass (length) (r=0.5517); between root length and: plant height (r=0.8802), aboveground/root mass (weight) (r=0.7955), stems fresh weight (r=0.7593), root dry weight (r=0.6442). The highest genetic correlations were determined between plant height and: aboveground/root mass (weight) (r=0.9418), root length (r = 0.9439), stems fresh weight (r=0.8808), stems dry weight (r=0.8793), aboveground/root mass (weight) (r=0.8354). The strongest and direct positive effects over aboveground fresh weight (leaves+stems) productivity were found for root dry weight (4804.946), stems dry weight (1218.927) and nodule weight per plant (1153.314). The highest positive indirect contribution was in stems dry weight via root fresh weight (8118.055), stem fresh weight (6350.61) and root length (4558.788). Field pea breeders should pay attention to the traits such as stems dry weight, root dry weight and nodule weight per plant, when selecting highyielding genotypes for green mass. The results of the presented study hopefully represent a contribution to a better knowledge on green mass productivity components in field pea.

1 illus, 6 tables, 24 ref

004503   Vadher K J;Sanghani J M;Sabara P H;Bhalani H N;Sanghani A O;Vakhariya D N;Sorathiya J S (Biotechnology Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001) : Characterization of sesame (Sesamum inducum L.) genotypes through protein profiling. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5439-42.

The aim of this study is to characterize the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes through native protein profiling. In present study 16 genotypes of sesame are analyzed. The biochemical analysis of all sixteen genotypes showed about 12 bands of protein with Rm values ranged from lowest 0.41 to highest 0.98. The marker band of Rm value 0.41 was registered only in G. Til10, RT54, ATI 77 and ATI 78 genotypes. The cluster analysis of protein profile formed two major clusters, clusters-I consisted of seven genotypes while cluster-II contains nine genotypes with the similarity of 72%. Among this 5 genotypes G.Til01, G.Til02, AT180, AT192 andAT196 showed highest 100% similarity while the lowest resemblance of 50% was observed between G.Till0, AT 158 and AT 177 and AT 158.

2 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

004502   Tyagi S;Verma N;Ashish Kumar (NO, D.A.V. (P.G) College, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Email: shewtatyagi@gmail.com ) : Antimicrobial potential of Butea monosperma stem extract. Adv Pl Sci 2016, 29(2), 259-61.

The in- vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous and organic extracts (Di ethyl ether, Ethanol and Acetone) of Butea monosperma stem was evaluated against various microbial strains such as E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, A. niger and A. flavus by using well diffusion method. Butea monosperma stem extract has potent antimicrobial activity against fungus A. niger and Gram positive strain Staphylococcus aureus at 10% concentration in aqueous as well as organic solvent extracts. The acetone extract of various concentration have shown good inhibitory effect against tested gram negative strains i.e., E.coli and P. vulgaris.

1 table, 20 ref

004501   Tiwari A;Singh S;Singh S (Biotechnology Dep, Govt. T.R.S. College, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, Email: sanchitasinghbt.int@gmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation of Calotropis procera flower extract. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(2), 4265-7.

Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) a widely growing plant has been reported to possess number of medicinal properties and other purposes. Plants play a significant role in the indigenous system of medicines to combat diseases. Calotropis procera are widely used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Phytochemical screening of flower extracts of C. procera indicated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannin and phenolic compound, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycoside, saponin, protein and amino acids, fats and oils and triterpenoids and steroids.

1 table, 10 ref

004500   Taskin T;Ozakpinar O B;Gurbuz B;Uras F;Gurer U S;Bitis L (Pharmacognosy Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara Univ, 34668, Tuekry) : Identification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the endemic Achillea multifida. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(4), 594-603.

The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time total phenolic content, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of heptane, chloroform and methanol extracts from Achillea multifida (DC.) Boiss. (Compositae) aerial parts followed by identification of phenolic compounds in the methanol extract, which showed the highest total amount of phenolics, antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The phenolic compounds in methanol extract were identified for the first time by ESI-Q-TOF LC/MS. The phenolic compounds were identified as: chlorogenic acid; quercetin hexoside; luteolin-7-O glucoside; dicaffeoyl quinic acid; luteolin. The chloroform extract showed strong activity and selectivity against HeLa, HT 29 and MCF-7 cell lines. The results indicated that low concentrations (100 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL) of chloroform and methanol extracts had no toxic effects on the NIH/3T3 cells. Therefore, the methanol extract from A. multifida aerial parts may be a natural source of antioxidants and antibacterial and seems to have potential application in both medicine and the food industry. In additon, the chloroform extract might be a potential anti-cancer agent.

1 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

004499   Suwanthai W;Punsuvon V (Center of Excellence-Oil Palm, Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: fscivit@ku.ac.th) : Optimization of transesterification reaction for biodiesel production from refined palm oil using calcined quick lime catalyst. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(2), 423-8.

Commercial quick lime was calcined to produce calcium oxide and it was explored as solid catalyst for the transesterification of refined palm oil with methanol. The physico-chemical properties of catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The results from characterization showed that calcium oxide was successful synthesized. In the investigation of catalyst activity for transesterification reaction, a response surface methodology was performed. The design of experiment was made by application of 5-level-3-factors central composite design in order to study the effect of different factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester conversion that determined by 1H NMR. Quadratic model equation was obtained describing the inter-relationships between dependent and independent variables to maximize the fatty acid methyl ester conversion. Fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were also examined and the results were met well with biodiesel standard.

5 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

004498   Sundarapandian M;Thekkekkara D;Nanjan M J (TIFAC CORE HD, JSS College of Pharmacy, Udhagamandalam (Off Campus, JSS Univ, Mysuru), The Nilgiris-643 001, Email: mjnanjan@gmail.com) : Nutritional assessment of the plant, Spergula arvensis L.. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 150-4.

Spergula arvensis. var. sativa, commonly known as Corn spurry has been used as a green vegetable from prehistoric times by certain tribes. The composition and nutritional value of this plant, however, is not known. The nutritional assessment of the plant was, therefore, carried out. The components analyzed include moisture, carbohydrate, fat, protein, β-carotene, lycopene, micronutrients, macronutrients, vitamin A, vitamin C, energy, total antioxidants and amino acids. Antinutritional components such as tannins, total phenols and minerals were also analyzed. The study shows that the plant has low fat and sugar content but high potassium, calcium and sodium content. Mercury, nickel, lead and palladium are absent. Essential amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and histidine are high when compared to FAO/WHO standard reference values. The plant can, therefore, be used as an alternative source of food to overcome malnutrition problems.

4 tables, 24 ref

004497   Sukhwal A;Chittora M;Jain D;Ojha S N (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur-313 001, Email: aradhanasukhwal@gmail.com) : Role of transposable elements in the gene regulation of plant genomes. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5481-4.

Transposable elements (TEs) are the key players in generating genomic novelty by a combination of the chromosomal rearrangements they cause and the genes that come under their regulatory sway. Genome size, gene content, gene order, centromere function, and numerous other aspects of nuclear biology are driven by transposable elements activity. Although the origins and attitudes of TEs have the hallmarks of selfish DNA, there are numerous cases where TE components have been co-opted by the host to create new genes or modify gene regulation. Transposable elements are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and share many common features, both structural and mechanistic, with mobile elements from other eukaryotes. Transposition of these elements can influence plant genes and genomes in many ways. TEs might directly affect the function of individual genes, provide a mechanism for rapidly acquiring new genetic material and disseminate regulatory elements that can lead to the creation of stress-inducible regulatory networks.

41 ref

004496   Srilekha V;Krishna G;SeshaSrinivas V;Singara Charya M A (Biotechnology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Hyderabad-500 085, Email: srilekamicrobiology@gmail.com) : Isolation and screening of marine pigmented bacteria from Nellore coast for antimicrobial studies. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5413-19.

With a huge volume of unexplored wealth, oceans serve as the most important sources to the discovery of novel bioactive compounds that are mainly accumulated in living organisms. In the present study, water samples were collected from the sea surface inter tidal zones at different sampling sites along the Nellore coastal region, A total of 29 strains of pigmented bacteria were isolated on Zobell marine agar medium. In preliminary screening all the isolates were screened for the pigmentation. The isolate which exhibited the intense pigmentation was selected and subjected to the secondary screening. The isolate was characterised by using morphological physiological biochemical and 16s rRNA sequencing methods. The isolate was cultured in Zobell marine broth and incubated in a shaker at 150 rpmfor 3 days at 28°C. After incubation the culture broth was centrifuged to obtain a pellet and the pellet was extracted with methanolfor pigments. The crude pigment extracts of the potent isolate were further screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against standard test organisms. The crude extract showed zone of inhibition against all pathogens tested.

5 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

004495   Singh S;Lal U R (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Dep, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: uma@bitmesra.ac.in) : In vivo evaluation of curcumin loaded granules using Eudragit FS30D and Guar-gum coating in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in albino rats. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 440-6.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a wide-reaching health problem with unknown etiology and its high mortality rates. Conventional therapy for onset treatment of active UC includes immunomodulators, corticosteroids, purine analogues, antibiotics and 5-aminosalicylic acid. Unfortunately, after giving long term treatment to the patients associated with UC, these drugs are found to have undue side effects. There is a need for novel therapeutical agents which is least toxic, effective and economical. Experimental data from the preclinical studies suggested that curcumin, a natural polyphenol molecule derived from the Curcuma longa is effective in preventing ulcerative colitis. The present work is divided into two sections: 1) multiparticulate delivery of curcumin loaded granules to the colon and it's in vivo evaluation, 2) co-administration of curcumin along with probiotics to demonstrate significant protective action against acetic acid-induced UC in rats. Experimental research work is mainly focused on the induction of colitis, assessment of colitis, diarrhoea assessment, change in body weight, fecal bleeding assessment, blood analysis and histopathological study of colonic sections. In conclusion, our results suggest that the co-administration of probiotics along with colon targeted delivery of curcumin showed potential beneficial protective effect against acetic acid induced UC in rats.

1 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

004494   Singh M;Jatoliya J K;Saharan V (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001, Email: manumbbt@gmail.com) : Direct organogenesis of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre from cotyledonary segments: a valuable biodiesel tree. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5399-404.

Pongamia pinnata is a leguminous tree, having potential in production of biodiesel. Increasing demand of quality planting material emphasis is on rapid and mass multiplication through plant tissue culture technology. Therefore, protocol for high frequency mass multiplication of P. pinaata was established using cotyledonary explants. Multiple shoots were induced in vitro from proximal and distal cotyledonary segments. MS basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l TDZ induced maximum shoot induction (63.3%) from proximal segments. The highest shoot multiplication (6.3 shoots/explant) was found on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l TDZ from proximal segments. Proximal cotyledonary segments were found more morphogenic response than distal cotyledonary segments. MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IB A +2.0 mg/l activated charcoal induced the highest root induction (30%). Rooted plantlets were hardened in vermiculite and cocopeat in the ratio of 1:1 for 3 weeks. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized, established and transfer to the soil.

8 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

004493   Sil S K (Botany Dep, Gour Banga Univ, Malda-732 103) : Targeted plant regenetation from floral explants and immature floral stalk of Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.. Adv Pl Sci 2016, 29(2), 289-90.

^ssc11 ref

004492   Siahpoosh A;Alikhani K (Medicinal Plants Research Center and Dep of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of, Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ of medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: amirsiahpoosh@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities of pepsin extract of cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) from Persian Gulf. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(4), 604-10.

Cuttlefish belong to the class Cephalopoda and their muscle tissue, skin, cuttlebone, and ink showed different therapeutic effects such as significant antioxidative ones. Given that free radicals are the cause of several degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, Cancer, Alzheimer, etc., use of different cuttlefish's tissues for their antioxidative properties has seriously attracted the attention and can be helpful in improving the disease therapy process. This study was aimed at measuring antioxidative effects of Sepia pharaonis using ABTS, FRAP, DPPH, and Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging methods. The IC₅₀s of pepsin hydrolysate of S. pharaonis in DPPH were 3.07, 1.68, 3.67, and 129.38 (mg/ml), in DPPH, non-site Hydroxyl radical scavenging, site Hydroxyl radical scavenging and ABTS^{+ radical scavenging assays, respectively. ECi in FRAP assay was 21.75 (mg/ml). Results indicated that pepsin extract of S. pharaonis has antioxidant effects. This effect can be a result of the protien exsisted in cuttlfish tissue, mechanism of direct radical scavenging activity, or absorbtion of heavy metals.}

5 tables, 37 ref

004491   Shukla P;Asthana R K;Srivastava M N;Singh R K (PCN-202, Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi-110 001, Email: rk_singh@cdri.res.in) : Dillenia indica L. exhibited hematoprotective effects via modulation of antioxidant responsive enzymes. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2016, 15(3), 433-9.

Present studies were intended towards finding a suitable plant based natural product which can ameliorate the hematotoxicity encountered as adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in various therapeutic regimens. Dillenia indica (DI) is used in folklore and traditional medicine as general health enhancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the hematoprotective effects of natural botanical, Dillenia indica (DI) ethanolic extract (DIEE), employing a Phenylhydrazine (Phz)-induced hematotoxicity model of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. DIEE exhibited hematoprotective effects In vitro and In vivo. Solvent guided Fractionation studies revealed the presence of high amounts triterpenoids in DIEE. DIEE showed radical scavenging properties in DPPH radical scavenging assay. Mechanism based studies unveiled the positive effects of DIEE on antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutases 2 and 3 (SOD's) and Nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 1 (Nfer- 1) and Nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nfer-2) employing quantitative real time PCR. In toxicity studies in SD rats, DIEE imparted no toxicity. The results are of integral significance as, the study establishes the folklore and traditional medicine claims about the peremptory actions of DI.

3 illus, 25 ref

004490   Shinde S S;Patil S M;Rane N R;Adsul A A; Gholve A R;Pawar P K;Yadav S R;Govindwar S P (Biochemistry Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004, Email: spgovindwar@rediffmail.com) : Comprehensive investigation of free radical quenching potential, total phenol, flavonoid and saponin content, and chemical profiles of twelve Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. species. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 125-34.

India represents eighteen species of genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl., which are cumulatively known and used as Safed Musali. Out of these, Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & R.R.Fern is extensively utilized by virtue of a wide array of bioactivities. In the present study, comparative analysis of twelve species of the genus Chlorophytum including C. borivilianum was done to find its alternative with respect to phytochemical content and antioxidant potential. Among all species analyzed, C. amanieme Engl. showed highest phenol (654.5 mg/g), flavonoid (191.1 mg/g) and saponin (7.42%) contents. Highest DPPH free radical quenching activity was observed in C. amaniense Engl. (86.97%) which was nearly 30% more than that of C. borivilianum. HPTLC chemical fingerprint of all the Chlorophytum species was established showing a visible difference in the band pattern and intensities. HPTLC fingerprint of C. amaniense showed presence of maximum number of bands with high intensity. GC-MS analysis of all the extracts of twelve species revealed presence of 35 different molecules and/or fragments of molecules. Present study may be the first systematic and comparative evaluation of the genus Chlorophytum, indicates C. amaniense Engl. as an alternative to C. borivilianum.

3 tables, 29 ref

004489   Shaul Ahmed R;Bhatt P R;Modi C M;Chauhan V B; Pandya K B;Patel U D;Patel H B (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, College of Veterinary Scie, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh-362 001) : In-vitro anti-diabetic activity of different proportions of various extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Tinospora cordifolia. Pharma Innovation 2016, 6(3), 37-9.

Glycyrrhiza glahra and Tinospora cordifolia arc traditional medicinal plants which possess anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and antioxidant properties. The present study was carried out to evaluate an in-vitro anti-diabetic activity of different extracts of G. glabra root and T. cordifolia stem in proportions of 1:2 and 2:1 by α-amylase inhibition method. Chloroform, methanol and water extracts of both plants were prepared by soxhlet apparatus. Various concentrations from 10 to 100 μg/mL were used to determine the activity. Acarbose was used as standard test substance. Water extracts in 1:2 and 2:1 ratio inhibits a-amylase significantly (p<60>0.05) with 53.69±2.14 and 52.89±1.40 percent, respectively. In case of methanolic extract. 2:1 ratio of both plants inhibits 53.95±0.66 percent (p<60>0.05), whereas 1:2 ratio of same extract by 48.12± 1.40 percent. Chloroform extracts didn't show any inhibition against α-amylase. Presence of triterpenoid in the methanol and water extracts of both plants might be responsible for antidiabetic activity.

12 ref

004488   Sharma S;Gambhir G;Sharma P;Srivastava D K (Biotechnology Dep, Dr. Y. S. Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan-173 230, Email: shikhapanjolia@gmail.com) : Plant regeneration and agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hypocotyl and root explants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) by NPT-II and GUS gene. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5449-56.

Plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer studies were carried out in pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Lincon). High frequency of shoot regeneration (83.53%) was obtained in root explants on MS medium supplemented with 2.00 mg/l TDZ medium as compared to hypocotyl (81.43%) on MS medium containing 4.50 mg/l BAP and 1.86 mg/l NAA medium respectively. MS medium supplemented with 0.20 mg/l IBA was found to be best for root regeneration (63.33%). Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain LBA 4404 carrying binary vector pBI121 was used for genetic transformation studies. Transformed cells were found to be able to grow on selective medium. Successful genetic transformations were confirmed by PCR using gene specific primers and by p-glucuronidase expression assay

3 illus, 33 ref

004487   Saravanan K;Jayabal P;Elavarasi S;Santhi M P; Palanivel K (PG and Research Dep Zoology, Nehru Memorial College (Autonomous), Puthanampatti, Tiruchirappalli-621 007, Email: kaliyaperumalsaravanan72@gmail.com) : Anticancer activity of Biophytum sensitivum in breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5387-91.

In the present study, we exmined the cytotoxic activity of ethanotic, methanolic and chloroform extracts of Biophytum sensitivum plant materials in breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines with varying degrees of in vitro cytotoxic potential. The percentage (IC₅₀) with regard to cytotoxicity was found to be 45% and 50% for 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively for chloroform extract Apoptotic morphological changes in MCF-7 cells were observed using an inverted microscope and showed chromatic condensation, cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies.

8 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

004486   Ravikumar C;Sanganal J S;Shivashankar B P; Shridhar N B;Narayanaswamy H D;Sunilchandra U;Suresh B N (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College, Hassan-573 202, Email: ravivet4u@rediffmail.com) : Study on quantification residue levels of levofloxacin and its histopathological changes in liver of chicken. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5547-52.

The estimation of the residue levels of Levofloxafin in liver samples of chicken was studied using LC-MS/MS analytical Technique. In the present study, high residue concentration of levofloxacin 1428.89 ± 0.93μg/kg was observed day one and there was a decrease in residue concentration to 66.87 ± 0.23 fig/kg on day 10 after final dose administration of levofloxacin in chicken. Histologically, liver showed mild dilatation of sinusoids with focal infiltration of mono nuclear inflammatory cells, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and dilatation of sinusoids, congestion of central vein, infiltration of mono nuclear cells in Group II on day 21 and 28 respectively. The dilatation of sinusoids, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and periportal infiltration of mono nuclear cells in group III on day 14. The congestion and oedema of central vein, mild periportal proliferation, infiltration of mono nuclear cells and nodular infiltration of mono nuclear inflammatory cells in the parenchyma with periportal fibrosis, bile duct epithelial proliferation on day 21 and 28 respectively. This study showes that residue level of levofloxacin helps in fixing of MRL (Maximal Residue Limit)and withdrawal period for liver samples and levofloxacin on low and high doses produces the toxic effects on day 14, 21 and 28 days in chicken.

8 illus, 11 ref

004485   Ravikrishnan B;Jaya G;Abirami S (Biotechnology Dep, Hindustan College of Arts & Science, Padur, Kelambakkam, Chennai-603 103, Email: b.btnathan@gmail.com) : Crustacean exoskeleton pigment as bio bases product. J Mount Res 2016, 11(Dec), 49-53.

The positive economic development of any country lies in the sustainable utilization of the natural resources and also by greatly reducing the carbon foot printing. Indian subcontinent has a huge untapped human resource and along with this resource if natural bio resources are also managed in a judicious manner a true positive GDP can be achieved. In today's scenario human resources are pushed to an extreme level and as the result of which human race is facing quite a number of disorders. If these stress levels are greatly reduced, just by diet management, health status can be improvised and thus this will lead to a positive economic growth. Due to the increase in the crustacean cuisines, the shell waste of these has also increased. When it is let undegraded in our environment undergoes putrefaction and leads to health concerns. These shell waste are good source of a good bioactive compound called as astaxanthin, Astaxanthin has been proven to. exhibit 6000 time better antioxidant property than vitamin C. The commercial products which contain astaxanthin is sold at sky rocketing price, which is mainly due to the extraction process. Thus astaxanthin even though has good biological applications is not available to develop more bioactive products. When astaxanthin is extracted from the crustacean exoskeleton waste, then waste management is achieved, the commercial products that contain astaxanthin can be produced at low price. Thus a high value product can be sold at low price.

17 ref

004484   Rajalakshmy M R;Geetha G (R&D Dep, , The Arya Vaidya Pharmacy (Coimbatore) Pvt. Ltd., Factory Kanjikode, Palakkad, Kerala-678 623, Email: ggeetha97@rediffmail.com) : Isolation and identification of withasomnine, withanolides and butein from industrial herbal marc of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 116-24.

Herbal pharmaceutical industries consume thousands of tonnes of herbs annually, with a major share consumed for preparation of aqueous extracts as part of production process. Marc, the byproduct of aqueous extraction process produced in similar quantities is considered to be devoid of hydrophilic compounds and of low economic value. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a herb having high therapeutic and frequency index and their increasing consumption in the recent decades have resulted in upsetting the demand-supply equations. The shortage of W. somnifera justifies their efficient and wholesome utilization to augment the natural sources. The present study was undertaken to evaluate phytochemical constituents present in the marc of W. somnifera roots collected from an Ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry. The HPTLC and GC-MS analyses is revealed presence of different compounds in marc such as withanolides, as well as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Isolation and characterization by UV-Visible, FT-IR, ^{1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectroscopy showed presence of withasomnme, an alkaloid and butein, a phenolic compound. The study explored potential for using marcs of W. somnifera produced in pharma industry as an alternate natural and economical source for pharmaceutically active compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc.}

3 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

004483   Raj H;Ahmed G;Dutta D (Bioenrineering and Technology Dep, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati, Assam) : In silico analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism in bovine HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 transcripts. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(2), 370-5.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are organized into several families according to their molecular size. HSPs are highly conserved across species, particularly the 90 kDa heat shock protein (HSP90). In eukaryotes there are two major isoforms of HSP90 constituted by gene duplication. The goal of this study was to analyse non synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in HSP90AA1 and HSP90AB1 using computational methods. Functional effects of nsSNPs were screened with five different in silico prediction algorithms and also putative protein structures were modelled for each high risk nsSNPs located in evolutionary conserved regions. Total 54 nsSNPs of HSP90AA1 and 97 nsSNPs of HSP90AB1 were found as high risk nsSNP. Of these13 nsSNPs of HSP90AA1 and 30 nsSNPs of HSP90AB1were important structural residues and 12 nsSNPs of HSP90AA1 and 25 nsSNPs of HSP90AB1 were important functional residues. Wild and mutant residual RMSD for HSP90AA1 ranged from 0.03 to 0.062 and for HSP90AB1 was 0.014 to 0.233. Post translational modifications in the highly conserved residues were influenced by 3 nsSNPs in HSP90AA1 and 8 nsSNPs in HSP90AB1. Our data strongly suggest that the nsSNPs has very high negative impact on structure and/or function of these proteins. Most of these high-risk nsSNPs are located at highly conserved amino acid sites.

25 ref

004482   Puspal De;Sarkar S;Mukhophadhyay M J (Genetics Dep, Institute of Genetic Engineering, 30 Thakurhat Road, Kolkata-700 128) : Anti protein denaturation activity and bioactive compound screening of Piper betel aqueous and alcoholic leaf extract. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(2), 52-5.

Nature provides several herbal phyto-chemicals for the beneficial of human since the ancient periods. Piper betel is one of the common and valuable herbs in traditional medicine. In the current study, qualitative screening of different bioactive compounds and Anti protein de-naturation property was checked in aqueous and alcoholic extract of Piper betel. Three different concentration 50, 75, 100 micrograrn/ml was taken for protein de-naturation method using same amount sodium diclofenec as a reference drug. The study revealed that P. bete have several bioactive compounds and significant Anti protein de-naturation property. Presence of several phyto-chemicals may help to scavenge the highly heterogeneous confonnational isomers derived by denatured proteins in human. So, in future it could be possible to develop a new phyto derived drug for membrane destabilization related disease in human.

1 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

004481   Prashanthi P;Rajamma A J;Sateesha S B;Chandan K;Tiwari S N;Ghosh S K (Pharmacognosy Dep, KLE Univ College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru-560 012, Email: abburjayaramu6@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical and larvicidal evaluation of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. from Western Ghats. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(2), 141-9.

Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects acting as vector for many tropical and subtropical diseases. Using insecticides of plant origin to interrupt the life cycle, vector borne diseases can be controlled. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. popularly known as Monkey Jack or Lakuch is ethnobotanically used to treat fever, purge, skin ailments and also as an appetizer. The present study investigated the pharmacognostical and larvicidal activity of leaves and fruits of A. lakoocha against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. As a step towards standardization of crude drug, the powder microscopy, physico-chemical analysis, TLC studies and HPTLC profiles of active pet ether extract were established. The larvicidal potential of successive solvent extracts were screened and expressed as LC₅₀ values. The pet ether extract of leaves and fruits were significant with LC₅₀ 241.36, 624.88, 1162.86 and 1180.95, 1286.69, 1398.69 μg/mL on the three species, respectively compared to other extracts. The results indicate that the triterpenoids and phytosterols present in the pet ether extract exerted a dose dependent larvicidal activity and the malarial vector, An. stephensi was more susceptible to the pet ether extract.

4 tables, 27 ref

004480   Prasad M;Ranjan K;Prasad G (Animal Biotechnology Dep, LLR Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125 004) : Segment 10 sequence based molecular characterization of bluetongue virus of Indian origin. Indian J vet Sci Biotechnol 2016, 12(1), 1-5.

Bluetongue disease (BT) is an infectious but non-contagious viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants. The complete genome of BTV isolate K31-08/ABT/HSR was sequenced using Ion-Torrent PGM system. The sequence data were denovo assembled and contig sequences were prepared with reference to known sequences from GenBank. The segment 10 based analysis segregates BTV in five distinct topotypes. The segment 10 of K31 -08/ABT/HSR isolate showed maximum identity of <62>99/99%, nucleotide/amino acid with BTV 16 isolates from India and placed under eastern topotype viruses from India and several other countries. The clustering of BTV isolates from different geographical regions into same group indicated the spatial spread of the segment 10 through introduction of new genes via trade or illegal live vaccine or reassortment. It also indicates the common origin of segment 10 irrespective of BTV serotype. The effect of reassortment and genetic drift on BTV can be predicted using complete genome sequencing technique.

1 illus, 24 ref

004479   Pramod Kumar;Yadav J;Jain M;Yadav P;Goel A K; Yadava P K (School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: pkyadava1953@gmail.com) : Bactericidal efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) against multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 epidemic strains. Def Sci J 2016, 66(5), 479-84.

In recent years, emerging trend of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio choleras associated with cholera epidemics is a matter of serious concern for the management of the disease. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics generally results in selection of antibiotic resistant strains. Introduction of newer antibiotics is a challenging task for the researchers as bacteria soon attain resistance. Therefore, identifying natural compounds of medicinal importance for control of cholera would be the best alternative. Garlic (Allium sativum) was recognised for many centuries in early Chinese, Egyptian and Indian civilisations as an herbal or traditional medicine. In present study, garlic was selected for screening of antimicrobial efficacy against V. cholerae. A total of 55 V. choleras strains isolated from various outbreaks/epidemics were subjected to antimicrobial testing as per CLSI, USA 2010 guidelines. Antimicrobial screening of garlic extract was performed against all the multidrug resistant strains of V. cholerae. The garlic extracts showed antibacterial activity against all the V. cholerae strains tested, irrespective of their origin, multidrug resistance and virulence. Antibacterial efficacy of garlic on V. cholerae was also evident from in vivo study on sealed adult mice model. Thus, the Garlic extract harnesses the potential to control infection of multidrug resistant V. cholerae, especially in outbreak like situations in remote and under developed areas where drug supply itself is a challenge.

4 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

004478   Pragati (Botany Dep, M.S. College, Saharanpur, Email: dr.pragatishiwach@yahoo.com) : Microbial limit tests (MLT) of pharmaceutical sample from raw material for Psedomonas. Adv Pl Sci 2016, 29(2), 207-8.

The purpose of microbial testing of product and water is the microbial contamination in drugs, because if product and water are contaminated by microorganisms these are harmful to human beings and animals. The pathogen contamination is present in drugs, these pathogenic bacteria cause diseases in consumer while we know that these products are used to inhibit the causative agents so microbial testing is most important for drugs, products and water.

2 tables, 5 ref

004477   Patil V K;Ranjan Kumar R;Naik G R (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur-813 210) : Molecular variability in pongamia ecotypes from north Karnataka, India. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(2), 277-85.

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is identified as a potential biofuel plant species due to its high non-edible oil yield and wide adaptability to arid conditions. Pongamia is an out breeding species and causes variability in vegetative and productive traits like yield, oil content, etc. It is important to identify the potential of Pongamia plant via molecular tools. The present study emphasizes to access the variability and relatedness among the ten identified candidate plus trees of Pongamia ecotypes from North Karnataka (Hyderabad Karnataka) region, India. A total of 27 RAPD and 13 ISSR primers were used for screening the genetic diversity among the CPT's of Pongamia, totally 48 loci and 179 bands were produced and 22.35% of polymorphism was studied by RAPD marker analysis. ISSR marker produced 88 loci and 141 bands with a size ranging from 100 kb to 2.5 kb and 15.6% polymorphism. Both the primers varied in detecting the variations within and between the Pongamia ecotypes. Dendrogram was constructed using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and genetic distances were studied by Nei's method to analyze the variation using RAPD and ISSR markers.

34 ref

004476   Patel V G;Patel K G;Patel K V;Gandhi T R (NO, SSR College of Pharmacy, Sayli, Silvassa-396 230) : Development of standardisation parameters and isolation of phytomarker myricetin from stem bark of Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. Ex d. Don. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(2), 29-34.

Present study was undertaken to develop standardization parameters and to develop method for isolation of phyto marker myricetin from the stem bark of Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. Ex D. Don, Myricaceae. Different pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters for quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents and separation of marker myricetin from the methanolic extract by column chromatography were studied. The stem bark of M esculenta revealed 2.47% of total ash, 0.02% of acid insoluble ash, 24% of water soluble extractive, 13% of alcohol soluble extractive, 9.9% of moisture content and foaming index of 125. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the stem bark was credited with phytoconstituents like tannins, phenols, flavonoids and saponins in methanolic and aqueous extract. Stem bark contains 0.53%w/w of total flavonoid while the total phenolic content was found to be 9.18%w/w.43 fractions were isolated by column chromatography. Thin layer chromatographic studies of isolated fractions resulted in separation of yellow colored spot at the Rr value 0.65. The U.V. spectroscopic studies of isolated spots produced peaks at 254 and 375 nm which were similar to the peaks of the reference compound myricetin.

6 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

004475   Patel A A;Jadeja G C;Patel T R;Desai A S; Zaman M (Agriculural Biotechnology Dep, Anand Agriculural Univ, Anand-388 110, Email: anki.4404@gmail.com) : Molecular study of bacterial leaf blight resistant pyramided lines of rice using SSR markers. J Cell Tissue Res 2016, 16(1), 5427-38.

Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae is found worldwide and causes substantial damage to rice yield. A loss up to 20-50% was recorded in rice yield. Host plant resistance has proved to be an effective and economical measure for controlling this disease, while all other approaches are not practically, economically and efficiently useful The bacterial leaf blight resistance gene specific SSR or microsatellites markers such as RM 13, RM 167, KM 21, SR 11 etc. have been successfully applied to study the presence of bacterial blight resistance genes. These microsatellites marker could readily differentiate the near isogenic lines from their susceptible check cultivars, therefore, can be used for marker assisted selection in breeding programs.

9 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

004474   Panpraneecharoen S;Punsuvon V;Ju Y H (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart Univ, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: fscivit@ku.ac.th) : In situ transesterification of ground Pongamia pinnata kernel under sub/supercritical methanol conditions. Asian J Chem 2016, 28(2), 369-73.

In situ Transesterification of ground Pongamia pinnata kernel under sub/supercritical conditions was studied. The effects of reaction temperature (200-250 °C), methanol-to-solid ratio (5:1-13:1 mL/g), reaction time (0-120 min) and stirring were investigated. A fatty acid methyl ester yield of 88.04% was obtained under the following conditions:methanol-to-solid ratio 13:1 mL/g, reactant loading 80%, with the reaction at 250 °C for 1 h with stirring. This process not only eliminated the oil extraction and esterification step for reducing the high free fatty acid content in P. pinnata kernel (up to 14%) but also did not use the conventional acid/base catalyst for transesterification step to produce biodiesel.

5 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref