005427   Prashanth V G;Prabha M L (Biotechnology Dep, Karunya Univ, Coimbatore-641 114, Email: lakshmi.prabha48@gmail.com) : Role of earthworm in metal uptake and synthesis of nanoparticles. J advd Res Mfg Mater Sci metall Engng 2016, 3(1-2), 14-18.

An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. Its digestive system runs through the length of its body. It conducts respiration through its skin. An earthworm has a double transport system composed of coelomic fluid that moves within the fluid-filled coelom and a simple, closed blood circulatory system. It has a central and a peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of two ganglia above the mouth, one on either side, connected to a nerve cord running back along its length to motor neurons and sensory cells in each segment. Large numbers of chemoreceptors are concentrated near its mouth. Circumferential and longitudinal muscles on the periphery of each segment enable the worms to move. Similar sets of muscles line the gut, and their actions move the digesting food toward the worm's anus.

19 ref

005426   Pillai D B;Jose B;Satheeshkumar K;Krishnan P N (Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Div, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram-695 562, Email: bioproduction09@gmail.com) : Optimization of inoculum density in hairy root culture of Plumbago rosea L. for enhanced growth and plumbagin production towards scaling-up in bioreactor. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 264-9.

The present study evaluated the influence of initial inoculum density (ID) on growth and plumbagin production in hairy root culture of Plumbago rosea L. in shake-flask as well as air-sparged bioreactor. IDs ranging from that of single root tip (0.08 g/L) to 10 g/L were analyzed in 50 mL MS basal media of 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. For scaling-up in bioreactor of 2 L working-capacity, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 15 g/L IDs were analysed. Optimal ID was found to be 1 g/L in shake-flask culture, producing a growth index of 36.15 on 30th d with plumbagin content of 1.325 g in 100 g DW of roots (1.325%). In the bioreactor, biomass increase was maximum for 5 g/L with a growth index of 11.428 and plumbagin content of 1.425%. Here we report the maximum plumbagin concentration (1.325%) in P. rosea hairy root culture, enhanced from 0.99% innate plumbagin content of the mother culture through sole optimization of ID. Further enhancement to 1.425% was attained by scaling-up in the bioreactor. The plumbagin concentration obtained in bioreactor culture of P. rosea hairy roots (1.425%) is also the highest reported so far in scaling-up. Thus results indicate that ID is a critical parameter influencing enhanced production of root biomass and plumbagin in hairy root cultures of P. rosea.

3 illus, 29 ref

005425   Patowary K;Kalita M C;Deka S (Environmental Biotechnology Lab Life Sciences Div, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati-781 035, Email: sureshdeka@yahoo.com) : Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) employing biosurfactant producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa KS3. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 208-15.

An efficient biosurfactant-producing/hydrocarbon-degrading native bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa KS3 (identified by partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing) was isolated from crude oil contaminated soil collected from the oil field of Lakowa in Sivasagar district of Assam, India. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory to determine the efficiency of strain KS3 to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Further, biosurfactant production was measured based on surface tension (ST) reduction of culture media. The results of the study show that this native biosurfactant producing bacterial strain has great potentiality in the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and PAHs, which have great prospects in remediation of hydrocarbon from contaminated sites. It was found that the strain KS3 could degrade 79.16% of TPH in 4 wk of incubation time. The strain also demonstrated efficient degradation of PAHs. Among the 16 major PAHs present in the crude oil sample, strain KS3 could completely degrade 8 of them. Biochemical and FTIR analyses confirmed that the produced biosurfactant was glycolipid in nature.

6 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

005424   Pathak T;Jagjit Kaur;Raman Kumar;Kuldeep Kumar (Biotechnology Dep, Maharishi Markandeshwar Univ, Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, Email: kuldeepbio@gmail.com) : Development of electrochemical biosensor for detection of asparagine in leukemic samples. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 783-8.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is one of the deadly diseases among children causing a number of deaths worldwide. It could be treated using chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation or irradiation therapy but it may cause side-effects. Therefore, interest has arisen in the use of plants for treatment of ALL. Cannabis sativa is known to produce L-asparaginase which is used to treat ALL. L-asparaginase breaks down asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. Thus the cancer cells die due to asparagine starvation as they cannot synthesize asparagine on their own. L-asparaginase was extracted from C. sativa and immobilized to develop a biosensor for the detection of asparagine levels in leukemic serum samples. Out of the various immobilized techniques Polyvinyl Alcohol and hydrosol gel on nylon membrane were found to give the fastest response. Therefore, they were used to detect asparagine levels in leukemic serum samples. The concentration of asparagine in leukemic samples was 10<^>-2 to 10<^>-3 M and in normal samples it was 10<^>-5 M.

21 ref

005423   Pathak P D;Mandavgane S A;Kulkarni B D (Chemical Engineering Dep, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440 010, Email: sam@che.vnit.ac.in) : Characterizing fruit and vegetable peels as bioadsorbents. Curr Sci 2016, 110(11), 2114-23.

Fruit and vegetable peel (FVP) wastes are a commonly generated organic waste from both households and food-processing industries, However, FVPs are low-cost lignocellulosic materials that have some potential for reutilization. For its particular reutilization, the characterization of FVP is essential. In this regard, the present study provides a detailed physico-chemical characterization of commonly used FVPs such as pomegranate, pineapple, watermelon, garlic, green pea and pigeon pea. The materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR and TGA/DTG. Various properties of these materials, such as porosity, particle density, bulk density, surface charges, point of zero charge, surface pH, water absorption capacity and BET surface area were determined. The BET surface area of FVP was found in the range 1.0-1.4 m<^>2/g. Water absorption capacity was highest for watermelon peel (11.5 ml/g), while it was lowest for pigeon pea peel (5.5 ml/g). Point of zero charge and surface pH of all FVPs were in the acidic range 3-6. The surface of FVP was irregular and rough with some pores. Thermal analysis showed that FVPs are thermally stable below 150°C. The results of this study provide an understanding of the properties of FVPs and suggest that the materials can be used as a low-cost adsorbent.

4 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

005422   Pathak H;Sarma M;Saikia N (Veterinary Anatomy Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati-781 022, Email: nitulsaikia1008@gmail.com) : Seasonal influence on certain serum biochemical profile in Assam local goat. Envir Ecol 2016, 34(1A), 351-2.

A study on the influence of seasons (summer and winter) on the serum concentration of sodium, potassium and cortisol was carried out in the Assam local goat. It was observed that the concentration of serum sodium and potassium was found to be significantly higher in winter season than in summer season. However, the concentration of cortisol was significantly higher in summer than in winter season. From the study it could be revealed that the environmental temperature has a significant influence on the serum concentration of sodium, potassium and cortisol in Assam local goat.

1 table, 9 ref

005421   Patel P;Patel S;Krishnamurthy R (C.G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Maliba Campus, Uka Tarsadia Univ, Bardoli, Dist. Surat, Gujarat-394 350, Email: krishnamurthy@utu.ac.in) : Microalgae: Future biofuel. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(7), 823-9.

Uses of non renewable sources like petroleum increase the production of green house gases and global warming. To overcome these problems use of renewable sources is necessary. Microalgae are a renewable source of energy. We can produce biofuels like lipid, methane, bioethanol and hydrogen from them; they are more efficient than conventional plants and can be cultivated using simple methods. Main focus of this review article is to point out the role of microalgae in the production of biofuels, their biosynthesis and comparison of algal biofuel with other sources.

1 illus, 2 tables, 57 ref

005420   Pachauri P;Sullia S B;Deshmukh S (Biotechnology Dep, Centre for Postgraduate Studies, Jain Univ, Bangalore-560 011, Email: sudhadeshmukh@yahoo.com) : Statistical optimization for enhanced production of cellulase from sugarcance bagase using response surface methodology. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(3), 181-7.

The study describes the isolation and identification of fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum (GENBANK accession number: KM274866) and the optimum solid state fermentation conditions required for cellulase production based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Taguchi model. When different lignocellulosic substrates were used, sugarcane bagasse supported highest (0.169 U/ml) cellulase production. Statistical optimization using Taguchii model revealed culture parameters such as Lactose which was a carbon source and cellulase inducer, CaCl2 and temperature to significantly influence cellulase production. These parameters were further optimized using RSM, and the optimal concentrations for growth of the organism was found to be 0.382 mg/ml for lactose and 1.932 mgs/ml for CaCl2 at an optimal temperature of 30°C. Under optimal media conditions an 8 fold increase in cellulase production was observed.

2 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

005419   Neelam Arun;Singh D P (Environmental Science Dep, Babasaheb Bhimaro Ambedkar (Central) Univ, Raibarelly Road, Lucknow-226 025, Email: dpsingh_lko@yahoo.com) : Review on pharmacological applications of halophilic alga Dunaliella. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(3), 440-7.

Dunaliella is a halophilic alga, which secretes some special metabolites (i.e. β-carotene, glycerol) to survive in such hypersaline environment, these metabolites can play a multitude of potential applications in various fields of pharmacology. Importance of Dunaliella derived β-carotene pigments includes its application as a yellow colorant in different food products such as noodles, confectionery, beverages and cosmetic industry. Present review is an attempt to summarize the pharmacological application of alga Dunaliella in various diseases. There have been various reports regarding use of alga or its extracts and metabolites as antioxidant, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, cardioactive, anticough, antidiabetic, anti- inflammatory, hepatoprotection. Current status and the potential application of Dunaliella in the field of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and various industrial products have been discussed.

^iia1 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

005418   Nath P;Varghese E;Kaur C (ICAR-Div of Food Science and Post-harvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: prernenath3185@gmail.com) : Optimization of enzymatic maceration for extraction of carotenoids and total phenolics from sweet pepper using response surface methodology. Indian J Hort 2015, 72(4), 547-52.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used in situations where several input variables potentially influence some performance measure or quality characteristic of a process. In this paper, a three-level, threefactor, Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions of enzyme assisted processing of red capsicum juice. The effects of enzyme concentration (0.2-0.4%), incubation temperature (50-70°C) and time (30-90 min.) on juice yield, total soluble solids, total carotenoids and other bioactives were investigated. Overall, two to three-fold increase in total carotenoids and phenols was observed compared to control. From a response surface analysis of the data, a three-degree polynomial equation was developed which provided the following optimal extraction conditions: T = 50.98°C, extraction time = 32.08 min. and enzyme concentration = 0.351%. Under the optimal conditions, juice extracted from enzyme treated capsicum macerate (CM) had high total carotenoid content (50.43 mg/100 g) and juice yield (77.75%). Results demonstrate that viscozyme is a potential enzyme combination for enhancing recovery of total carotenoids and thereby increases the functional quality of the juice.

7 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

005417   Narkhede C P;Koli S H;Suryawanshi R K;Patil C D;Borase H P;Patil S V (School of Life Sciences, North Maharashtra Univ, Post Box 80, Jalgaon-425 001, Email: satish.patil7@gmail.com) : Potentiation of Bacillus thuringiensis by using some natural products: Novel preparations against dengue vector Aedes aegypti larvae. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2016, 7(3), 229-33.

Dengue fever is the fastest emerging arboviral infection causing millions of deaths all over the world. The eradication of vector Aedes aegypti, is an effective method of dengue control. Although various vector control agents like chemical pesticides are available, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is of major choice as a biocontrol agent due to its ecofriendly nature. In the present investigation, curcumin, plumbagin, camphor, rutin, quercetin, karanjin, and pongamal were used as Bt SV2 potentiating agents. It was observed that curcumin and rutin had very high LC50 values for fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti that indicates lower activity. Karanjincaused significantly high mortality at comparatively low dose (LC50 - 44.59 ppm). At the same timepongamal, plumbagin, and camphorcaused significant mortalityat low doses of LC50 61.18, 59.23, and 71.59 ppm,respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

005416   Naidoo R;Sithole B;Obwaka E (Discipline of Chemical Engineering, Univ of Kwazula-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Email: bsithole@csir.co.za) : Using response surface methodology in optimisation of biodiesel production via alkali catalysed transesterification of waste cooking oil. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(3), 188-93.

The report focuses on optimisation of alkali catalysis as a process for producing biodiesel from waste cooking oils. Biodiesel production parameters that were optimised were methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. A statistical experimental design was conducted using the central composite design method and surface methodology, and the results obtained were analysed using a statistical software package to predict the optimal yields and parameters for the process. The predictions were analysed and the most suitable parameters for biodiesel production were selected. From the results the optimum parameters for biodiesel production were a reaction temperature of 68.4°C, a reaction time of 1.9 hours, a catalyst concentration of 0.75 wt % potassium hydroxide, and a 0.3:1 methanol to oil weight ratio. The optimum yield of biodiesel from these optimum parameters was predicted to be 98.5%. Thus, alkali catalysis was determined to be a suitable process for production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

005415   Muralidharan P;Thenmozhi M;Prakash R (Pharmacology Dep, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Thoraipakkam, Chennai-600 097, Email: pmuralidaran@hotmail.com) : Cell proliferative action of hydroalcoholic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum in rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 708-13.

The healing of an adult skin wound is a complex process of different tissues and cell lineages. Understanding wound healing involves understanding of inflammation, proliferation, and maturation phase. The present study was aimed at evaluation of proliferative action of hydroalcoholic extract of Trigonella foenum graecum (HETG) in albino rats using excision and incision wound model. HETG 5% W/W and HETG 10% W/W in simple ointment base were used and Povidone iodine 5%w/w was used as standard. The experimental animals were topically applied with test and standard twice daily for consecutive 14 days. Proliferative activity was studied in excision wound model and incision wound model. The parameters studied are rate of wound contraction and period of epithelisation in excision wound model. Tensile strength and hydroxyproline content in the scab was studied in incision wound model. Histopathological studies were performed. Based on the results HETG 10% W/W shown significant cell proliferative activity in granulation, contraction and epithelialisation of proliferation phase.

19 ref

005414   Mukhtar S;Khan M A;Paddar B A;Anjum A;Zaffar G;Mir S A;Naseer S;Bhat M A;Kamaluddin (Genetics and Plant Breeding Div Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Waduras, Sopore-193 201, Email: kamaluddinpbg@gmail.com) : Molecular characterization of wheat germplasm for stripe rust resistance genes (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 & Yr18) and identification of candidate lines for stripe rust breeding in Kashmir. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 241-8.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an important disease of wheat in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. The leading cultivars and breeding lines of wheat in the state were evaluated for stripe rust resistance at the experimental fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura. The study on molecular characterization and identification of candidate lines for stripe rust resistance genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr18 depicted that gene Yr5 was found in 14 entries, Yr10 in 29 entries, Yr15 in 25 entries and Yr18 in 9 entries including reference lines, while the susceptible control did not amplify any of the resistance genes used in the study. Single gene based resistance was detected in 9 entries, two gene based resistance was detected in 20 cultivars, three gene based resistance was detected in 8 cultivars and all four gene based resistance was detected in 1 cultivar (HPW-42). Such validation information is valuable and can efficiently be used in devising future breeding strategies in building a long lasting defense against stripe rust fungus.

2 illus, 41 ref

005413   Mishra R P;Ganaie A A;ALlaie A H (P.G. Studies and Research in Bioscience Dep, R.D. Univ, Jabalpur-482 001, Email: sahilaejaz@gmail.com) : Isolation and purification of a galactose specific lectin from seeds of Bauhinia variegata and evaluation of its antimicrobial potential. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 804-9.

A galactose-specific lectin was purified from seeds of a leguminous plant, Bauhinia variegata, by affinity chromatography on lactose-agarose. Protein extract agglutinated human erythrocytes (treated with proteolytic enzyme). Among various carbohydrates tested, the lectin was best inhibited by D-galactose and other sacharides. SDS-PAGE showed that the lectin, named BVL produce a single band establishing that the lectin is composed of similar type of subunits. The antimicrobial activity of the purified lectin was carried out by agar ditch diffusion method at different concentrations using appropriate standards. BVL demonstrated a remarkable antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. BVL also shows a significant antifungal activity against Aspergilas niger and Penicilium crysogenum.

19 ref

005412   Mehta N;Saini R (Biotechnology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: nikhilmehta217@gmail.com) : Callistemon viminalis : a plant with industrial potential. Ann Biol 2016, 32(2), 127-33.

A large sector of the people in the world still relies on the traditional remedies that are free from the side effects generally shown by the synthetic chemicals. The modern pharmacopoeia includes one-fourth of the drugs either directly plant derived or synthesized as analogues of natural plant products. In India, more than 6000 plants or their parts are used in traditional and folk medicines of which only half are recognized by the country for their medicinal properties. Still a large population of the plants is awaiting to be recognized for their medicinal values, Callistemon viminalis is important one among them. The plant is native to Australia and now spreads across the globe. It is mostly grown for its bright red flower spikes. They are woody aromatic trees and different parts are used in traditional medicines. Evaluation of the plant extracts and their role in traditional medicine have opened their way to be utilized by various industries for the production of products that have significant importance. Different industries can make use of these plants/extracts for manufacturing of various products of high demand/value. Thus, the present article highlights about various phytochemical constituents, uses in traditional medicine and industrial prospects of Callstemon viminalis.

1 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

005411   Khweaja S;Mahmood T;Siddqui H H (Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral Univ, Kursi Road, Lucknow-226 026, Uttar Pradesh, Email: sadiyakhwaja89@gmail.com) : Effect of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus L. against isoprenaline induced cardiotoxicity. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(10), 670-5.

Interruption of blood supply to heart results in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and further leads to damaging of the heart muscles. Available drugs for the treatment MI have one or other side effects, and there is a need for development of better alternative drugs. Here comes the role of herbal sources. In this study, we evaluated cardioprotective effect of Cyperus rotundus on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. Thirty five Wistar rats, aged 60-100 days with body wt. 150-200 g, pretreated with ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus L. (@ 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt.) orally before induction of myocardial necrosis by administrating isoprenaline (85 mg/kg, s.c.) on 19th and 20th day of the pretreatment period. The treated rats were examined for gross functioning of heart, heart weight/body wt. Ratio, and also observed histopathologically. Further, activities of various cardiac enzymes such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, creatinine kinase-myoglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase, and the gold marker troponin-I were also determined. The levels altered by isoproterenol were found to be restored significantly by the test extracts especially at higher dose. Biochemical observations viz., serum ALT (P<60>0.0001), AST (P<60>0.0001), creatine kinase-myoglobulin (CK-MB) (P<60>0.0001), LDH (P<60>0.0001) demonstrated significant cardioprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of C. rotundus(500 mg/kg body wt.), against isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction. These results were also substantiated by physical parameters and histopathological observations. All these results were comparable with that of two standard drugs metoprolol (10 mg/kg/day), ramipril (3 mg/kg/day) as well as polyherbal formulation Abana (50 mg/kg/day).

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

005410   Khatun M M;Sapon M A;Hossain M S;Islam M R (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Faculty of Applied Science, Islamic Univ, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh) : Antidiabetic activity of Piper betle in alloxan induced type 1 diabetic model rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 675-80.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antidiabetic activity of Piper betle in alloxen induced diabetics. Rats were divided into 6 groups and Piper betle was administered containing 50, 100 and 200 mg/kgbwt powder, respectively in 1ml water orally in group A, B and C rats. Metformin (150 mg/kgbwt) used as a reference standard drug. Blood glucose (BG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were estimated from the serum by using standard kits. Piper betle juice had shown significant lowered the blood glucose levels in all groups. In addition, body weight, organ (liver, kidney, heart and pancreas) weight, food intake, water intake were also examined in all treated groups and compared against diabetic control group. After 22 days daily administration of Piper betle, diabetic treated rats showed improvement in body weight, water intake as compared to diabetic control rats. In alloxan induced diabetic rats the maximum reduction in BG, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, SGOT and SGPT were observed at a dose level of 100 mg/kgbwt. The result of this study demonstrates the potentiality of Piper betle juice as a source of an antidiabetic action that could be harness for use in the health care delivery process.

20 ref

005409   Kaushal M;Kaushal R (Research Program-Resilient Dryland Systems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRI, Hyderabad-502 324, Email: kaushal.mbg@gmail.com) : Acetlylene reductase activity and molecular characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to know efficacy in integrated nutrient management system. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 221-7.

Isolates from rhizosphere were screened and characterized for their plant growth promotion and biocontrol properties as per standard methods. Five isolates (MK2, MK4, MK5, MK7 & MK9) showed the maximum plant growth promoting attributes like P-solubilization, N-fixation etc. Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) method was used to study N2 fixing ability. The bacterial isolate MK5 fixed the maximum nitrogen, i.e., 437.26 ηmole C2H4 h<^>-1 mg<^>-1 protein (109 mg of N2 fixed/ha/d). The isolates MK5 and MK7 showed the maximum homology with Bacillus pumilus and B. subtilis, respectively by 16S rRNA analysis. The bacterial isolate MK5 in conjunction with 75% level of recommended dose of N and P fertilizers gave increase yield of cauliflower crop by 27.29% over recommended doses of NPK with a saving of 25% N and 25% P fertilizers.

3 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

005408   Kalita D J (NO, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: kalitadj@vetbifguwahati.ernet.in) : Relative expression profile of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAMP) mRNA by different tissues of Bubalus bubalis. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 256-9.

Lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) is a member of the á-defensin family and predominantly expressed by the tongue epithelium. Present study was conducted to investigate the relative expression of LAP mRNA by different tissues of Bubalus bubalis. Different tissues, viz., tongue, testis, uterus, liver and myeloids from bone were collected from freshly slaughtered healthy animal. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. Relative expression of LAP mRNA by different tissues was studied using real-time PCR with reference to buffalo á-actin gene. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were determined and ΔCt value for each tissue was estimated. The tongue epithelia showed the highest level of LAP gene expression (ΔCt -11.46), followed by uterus (ΔCt -11.27), testis (ΔCt -8.16), liver (ΔCt -4.89) and myeloid tissues (ΔCt 0.10). From the present study it can be concluded that B. bubalis LAP is constitutively expressed by different tissues.

3 illus, 17 ref

005407   Kakarla P;et al. (Biology Dep, Eastern New Mexico Univ, Station 33, Portales, NM, 88130, USA) : 3D-QSAR and contour map analysis of tariquidar analogues as multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP1) inhibitors. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 554-72.

One of the major obstacles to the successful chemotherapy towards several cancers is multidrug resistance of human cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. An important contributor to multidrug resistance is the human multidrug resistance protein-1 transporter (MRP1), which is an efflux pump of the ABC (ATP binding cassette) superfamily. Thus, highly efficacious, third generation MRP1 inhibitors, like tariquidar analogues, are promising inhibitors of multidrug resistance and are under clinical trials. To maximize the efficacy of MRP1 inhibitors and to reduce systemic toxicity, it is important to limit the exposure of MRP1 inhibitors and anticancer drugs to normal tissues and to increase their co-localization with tumor cells. Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) associated with 3D-Quantitiative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were performed on a series of tariquidar analogues, as selective MDR modulators. Best predictability was obtained with CoMFA model r<^>2(non-cross-validated square of correlation coefficient) = 0.968, F value = 151.768 with five components, standard error of estimate = 0.107 while the CoMSIA yielded r<^>2 = 0.982, F value = 60.628 with six components, and standard error of estimate = 0.154. These results indicate that steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic (lipophilic), and hydrogen bond donor substituents play significant roles in multidrug resistance modulation of tariquidar analogues upon MRP1. The tariquidar analogue and MRP1 binding and stability data generated from CoMFA and CoMSIA based 3D-contour maps may further aid in study and design of tariquidar analogues as novel, potent and selective MDR modulator drug candidates.

62 ref

005406   Jaiswal A K;Sharma R (Biological Sciences Dep, Sam Higgibottom Institute of Agriculture Techology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: richa.sharma@hiat.edu.in) : Optimization of sodium nitrate concentration for growth and biodiesel potential in Phormidium sp.. Int J Pl Sci 2016, 11(1), 65-70.

Phormidium sp. is thermophilc, filamentous, non-heterocyst, blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) belongs to Phormidiaceae family. They can grow in variety of habitat as fresh water, sewage water, waste water and rice field. In the present study, the effect of Phormidium sp. on growth biomass with TAG's accumulation at different concentrations of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) has been discussed. Biomass productivity under sodium nitrate enriched BG11 media for Phormidium exhibited an increment in growth rate and biomass production at lower concentration of sodium nitrate under 21 days. Biomass production was almost triple from the original concentration under different treatment. The results indicated that optimum concentration for the highest biomass and growth rate of the Phormidium sp. was 1.5 g/lit of NaNO3 while the lipid content was increased (4.3 ml) under low concentration (0.25g/lit) of NaNO3 which indicates that nitrogen deficiency provokes stress condition which increases the accumulation of lipids. Thus, the study concluded that nitrogen is ijecessary for the biomass production but to enhance the biodiesel production it should be grown in lower concentration of nitrogen enrichment.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

005405   Ingle K P;Deshmukh A G;Padole D A;Dudhare M S;Moharil M P;Khelurkar V C (Biotechnology Centre, Panjabraso Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, Mumbai) : Phytochemicals: Extraction methods, identification and detection of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(1), 32-6.

Plants are recognized in the pharmaceutical industry due to their broad spectrum of structural diversity and their wide range of pharmacological activities. The biological active compounds that are present in plants referred as phytochemicals. These phytochemicals derived from different parts of plants such as leaves, barks, seed, seed coat, flowers, roots and pulps and thereby used as sources of direct medicinal agents. Phytochemistry describes the large number of secondary metabolic compounds present in the plants. The plants are the reservoirs of naturally occurring chemical compounds and of structurally diverse bioactive molecules. The extraction of bioactive compounds from the plants and their quantitative and qualitative estimation is important for exploration of new biomolecules to be used by pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry directly or can be used as a lead molecule to synthesize more potent molecules. This review mostly highlighted on the analytical methodologies, which includes the extraction methods and the analysis of bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts through the various techniques involving the applications of chromatographic techniques such as HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography), HPTLC (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography), OPLC (Optimum Performance Laminar Chromatography). GC (Gas Chromatography). PC (Paper Chromatography), CC (Column Chromatography) and it's detection through Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Mass Spectrometry (MS).

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

005404   Imran M;Saida B;Ghadi S C;Verma P;Shouche Y S (Biotechnology Dep, Goa Univ, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403 206, Email: saga@unigoa.ac.in) : The gut-associated Klebsiella sp. of the apple snail produces multiple polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Curr Sci 2016, 110(11), 2170-2.

Pila globosa, an edible variety of apple snail is a common inhabitant of lentic ecosystem and feeds on plant detritus. The tissue extract of gastrointestinal tract from Pila globosa demonstrated the presence of car-boxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, alginate lyase and pect-inase activity. Culture-dependent method was used to isolate carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) degrading bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of apple snail. Morphologically identical colonies were obtained on M9 gelrite plates containing CMC as carbon source. One such bacterial isolate was purified by streaking and designated as strain PG-1. Bacterial strain PG-1 degraded CMC, pectin, starch and alginate. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain PG1 was 99% identical to Klebsiella oxytoca. Phylogenetie analysis using maximum likelihood revealed the clustering of strain PG1 with the clade belonging to Klebsiella oxytoca type strain.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

005403   Huq M A;Kim Y J;Min J W;Siraj F M;Siddiqi M Z;Yang D C (Oriental Medicinasl and Processing Dep, College of Life Science and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank Kyung-Hee Un, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea, Email: amdadbge@gmail.com) : Enzymatic transformation of the ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K by Weissella hellenica DC06. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 270-5.

In the study, the major ginsenoside Rb1 was transformed into the more pharmacologically active minor ginsenoside compound K (C-K) via the enzymatic activity of food grade Weissella hellenica DC06 isolated from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food. The transformation products were analyzed by TLC, HPLC, and LC/MS. Within 4 d of incubation, 100% of Rb1 was decomposed and converted into F2 and C-K. The crude enzyme of W. hellenica DC06 hydrolyzed the two glucose moieties attached to the C-3 position and the outer glucose moiety attached to the C-20 position of the ginsenoside Rb1. Strain DC06 hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rb1 along the following pathway: Rb1→Rd→F2→CK. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme activity was 37°C and 7.0, respectively. DC06 was identified as a W. hellenica species based on its 16S rRNA gene sequences through the construction of a phylogenetic tree and homology analysis. This is the first report of the bioconversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside C-K using W. hellenica DC06.

7 illus, 31 ref

005402   Gauttam S;Misra P;Shukla P K;Ramteke P W (Molecular and Cellular Engineering Dep, Jacob School of Biotechnology and Bio-Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: pragatimisra3@rediffmail.com) : Effect of engineered iron-oxide and copper oxide nanoparticle on the germination and growth on soybean (Glycine max L.). Int J Pl Sci 2016, 11(1), 51-4.

The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active areas of research in modern materials science. Nanoparticles are known as a stimulating agent for plant growth and the activation of metabolic processes in plant and animal organisms. This research was planned to evaluate the potential effect of iron-oxide (Fe2O3) and copper-oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on soybean. The seeds to exposed soybean to different concentration of Fe and Cu NPs were surface sterilised and inoculated in Murashige annd Skoog media. Soybean seeds responded differently toward the pre- inoculated treatment at various concentrations of the nanocrystallineiron-oxide and copper oxide. Soybean seeds showed significant change in germination and seedling vigour index (SVI) as the concentration of nanoparticle increased.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

005401   Galla V K;Archana V;Jinka R (Biochemistry Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) : New single stability indicating RP-ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method for evaluation of assay of bicalutamide from dosage form and suitability of method for determination of dissolution rate and residue analysis. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 635-45.

A new single stability-indicating isocratic reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-UPLC) method with a shortest run time of 2.5 minutes is developed for the determination of assay of bicalutamide an anti-cancer drug from its finished dosage form in the presence of its forced degradation products. The method is developed using Waters Aquity BEH C18 column with mobile phase containing an isocratic mixture of solvent A and B. The eluted compounds were monitored at 270 nm. Bicalutamide tablets were subjected to the stress conditions of oxidative, acid, base, hydrolytic, thermal, and photolytic degradation, within which forced degradants were well-resolved from main peak, thus proving the stability indicating power of the method. The developed method is validated as per ICH guidelines with respect to specificity, linearity, Accuracy, precision and robustness. The same method is also tested for evaluation of dissolution where recovery, linearity and solution stability were evaluated and found satisfactory. As a part of cleaning validation-Residue analysis, recovery of 0.5 ppm on two different surfaces (Stainless steel and Class-A Glass) were performed and found satisfactory along with limit of Quantification with signal to noise greater than 10.

14 ref

005400   Elsayed E A;Omar H G;Galil S A;El-Enshasy H A (Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, King Saud Univ, 11451 Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: henshasy@ibd.utm.my) : Optimization of fed-batch cultivation strategy for extracellular β-amylase production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in submerged culture. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(8), 480-6.

Alpha amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1) is one of the most important starch-degrading enzymes and widely applied in pharmaceutical, food, feed, detergent, textile and bio refinery industries. The present work was focused on optimization of α-amylase production using the bacteria strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in submerged cultivation system. The results showed that, the optimal soluble starch concentration for maximal enzyme production of 1950 μkat.L<^>-1 was 20 g.L<^>-1. Compared to shake flask, bioreactor batch cultivation yielded higher volumetric enzyme production of 4125 μkat.L<^>-1 (about 1.84-folds higher than the value obtained in shake flask). In addition, fed-batch cultivation with two feeding strategies (constant feeding and increased feeding) was also designed to improve the production process. The maximal volumetric enzyme production of 8160 μkat.L<^>-1 was obtained in increased feeding strategy after 36 hours of cultivation. This value was almost 98 and 18% higher than the enzyme produced in batch and constant feeding fed-batch cultivations, respectively.

3 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

005399   Dwivedi S (School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha Univ, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: seemadwivedi069@gmail.com) : In vitro evaluation of antibacterial property of Jatropha curcas L. against different pathogens. Int J Pl Sci 2016, 11(1), 115-21.

The various plant parts (root, stem, leaf) of Jatropha curcas were dried and powdered, they were soaked in different solvents i.e. water, 70 per cent ethanol, 80 per cent methanol, 100 per cent acetone, 100 per cent hexane, 100 per cent petroleum ether, chloroform and 100 per cent ethylacetate so that secondary metabolites may get dissolved. Screening of these extracts for antibacterial property was performed by using antibacterial suspensibility assay by agar well diffusion method also called cup plate method to compare their effectiveness against various pathogens. In case of leaf extract maximum zone of inhibition was observed against E.coli (methanol extract). The antibiogram analysis of root extract gave the maximum zone of inhibition for E coli (ethanol extract). The antibiogram analysis of stem extract gave the maximum zone of inhibition for E.coli (cold water extract).

13 illus, 14 tables, 19 ref

005398   Dutta G;Deori C;Das S (Pharmacology Dep, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh-786 002, Email: duttageeta30@gmail.com) : Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves on experimental animal models. J Evolution med dent Sci 2016, 5(85), 6335-8.

2 tables, 18 ref

005397   Dongre U J;Meshram V G (Biochemistry Dep, Dr. Ambedkar College, Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur-440 010, Email: vgmesh@gmail.com) : Alterations in plasma antioxidant enzyme levels and serum lipid profile parameters in relation to lipid peroxidation in individuals with maternally inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 728-737.

The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and lipid profile parameters, in relation to lipid peroxidation in patients with maternally inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus and in healthy normal individuals. All standard methods were used to estimate enzymatic antioxidants [Catalase, Copper containing Superoxide Dismutase (CuSOD), Manganese containing Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)], non enzymatic antioxidant [Reduced Glutathione (GSH)], lipid peroxidation [Malondialdehyde (MDA)]; and lipid profile parameters [High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Triglyceride (TG) and Cholesterol]. Correlations between MDA and all parameters were sought using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Significantly lower mean activities of catalase, CuSOD, MnSOD and GSH and significantly higher mean activity of GPX and higher mean concentration of MDA were reported in plasma samples from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared to healthy individuals. A significantly lower mean level of HDL and significantly higher mean levels of LDL, TG and Cholesterol were noted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than healthy control individuals. Further, weak to moderate correlations were observed between MDA and CuSOD, MnSOD and GPX. No significant correlation was observed between MDA with GSH and with lipid profiles. In conclusion, lipid peroxidation may be a useful marker for early diagnosis and prognosis of secondary complications in patients with maternally inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus.

67 ref

005396   Chuah X Q;Teo S S (Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI Univ Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, 56000, Malaysia, Email: xqchuah@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of sub-chronic toxicity and heavy metal toxicity of Kappaphycus alvarezii in-vivo. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 573-78.

Seaweed consumption is becoming more popular in Asian population especially the red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii (K. alvarezii). However, there are few reported studies on the safety of K. alvarezii for consumption in Malaysia. This study focuses on the in vivo evaluation of toxicity and heavy metals of K. alvarezii performed in albino rats. K. alvarezii were sent for heavy metal analysis while methanolic extracts of K. alvarezii were administered orally to albino rats (2000mg/kg) daily for a total of 28 days according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. The water level and feed consumption of both groups were observed daily. At day 28th the control and experimental group of rats were sacrificed, blood and organs such as kidney and liver were collected and sent for haematology and biochemical analysis. There was low to no detectable concentration of heavy metals such as arsenic, iron and zinc in K. alvarezii. In addition, the low levels of heavy metals in the K. alvarezii samples did not cause toxicity in rats due to the results obtained from haematological test and biochemical parameters showed no significant different between experimental and control groups of rats under statistical analysis. It is therefore concluded that K. alvarezii which was proven to be rich in nutrients and antioxidants is safe for human consumption.

15 ref

005395   Chaudhary R;Hooda S;Beniwal S;Sindhu A (Biotechnology Dep, Deebandhu Chhotu Ram Univ of Science and Technology, Murthal-131 039, Email: reeti.malik@gmail.com) : Partial purification and immobilization of laccase isolated from medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum). Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(4), 313-7.

Ganoderma lucidum, a white rot fungus is used as a source for laccase isolation. The production of laccase has been carried out using by submerged fermentation and the crude enzyme obtained showed activity of 0.42 μg/mL/min. Laccase is partially purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation which showed activity of 0.71 μg/mL/min and it was further purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography with an activity of 0.95 μg/mL/min. Partially purified laccase is immobilized by covalent attachment onto a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane with retention of 65.71% of initial activity of the enzyme. After immobilization the optimum pH of the enzyme increases from 4.5 to 5.0 and temperature for maximum activity increases from 45°C to 55°C. The immobilized enzyme show its maximum activity at 10 mM of guaiacol concentration which is more than that of free enzyme (8 mM). Compared with the free enzyme, the immobilized enzymes display a higher activity and affinity, also improved thermal and operational stabilities. Finally, covalently immobilized laccase on PVA has been found to exhibit significant advantages such as reusability, economic benefits, and the cheap support, all these interesting properties, show the suitability of these biocatalysts for industrial applications.

2 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

005394   Chakravarty S;Kalita J C (Zoology Dep, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati-781 014, Email: senorita1042001@gmail.com) : Role of the incretins in hypoglycemic effect of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus nees in chemically induced diabetic mice. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(2), 646-59.

This study was aimed to evaluate the role of GLP-1, GIP in the hypoglycemic activity of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees. We have evaluated the influence of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees, a traditionally used antidiabetic medicinal plant on some metabolic parameters, glucose homeostasis, insulin production, glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) and gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) in high fat diet fed (HFD) obese mice and High fat diet + streptozotocin (HFD + STZ) induced diabetic mice. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done to study the glucose homeostasis in both HFD fed obese mice and HFD + STZ induced diabetic mice. Effect of P. thyrsiflorus on pancreatic beta cells was assessed using histological studies. Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus aqueous extract (PTAE) treatment lowered the blood glucose levels in HFD fed obese mice and HFD + STZ induced diabetic mice significantly. PTAE treatment reduced the weight gain in HFD fed obese mice and prevented the constant weight loss in HFD+STZ induced diabetic mice. PTAE treatment decreased the food intake significantly in HFD fed obese mice. PTAE treatment improved the glucose tolerance and the lipid profile in HFD fed obese mice. PTAE treatment decreased the insulin level in HFD fed obese mice and increased the insulin level in HFD + STZ induced diabetic mice. PTAE treatment increased the GLP -1 level and decreased the GIP level significantly in both HFD fed obese mice and HFD + STZ induced diabetic mice. Histological studies of pancreas showed that P.thyrsiflorus helps normalizing the pancreatic histoarchitecture. This study states that the hyperglycaemic activity of the P.thyrsiflorus is due to the modulation of the entero-insular axis in the Hypoglycemic mice. However the study also revealed the doubtful role of GIP as incretins and its role in diabetes treatment.

49 ref

005393   Chakraborty A K (Biotechnology and Biochemistry Dep, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Vidyasagar Univ, Midnaspore-721 102, Email: chakraakc@gmail.com) : High mode contamination of multi-drug resistant bacteria in Kolkata: Mechanism of gene activation and remedy by heterogeneous phyto-antibiotics. Indian J Biotechnol 2015, 14(2), 149-59.

Multi-drug resistant (mdr) microbes have been found responsible for various infections in human and animals with incidence rates increasing significantly over the past decade. These bacteria were resistant to multiple groups of antibiotics because of activation of drug efflux mechanisms involving AcrA-AcrB-TolC and ABC-transporter genes as well as the specific antibiotic inactivating genes like bla, aac, aph, aad, qnr, cat, sul and neo. In the present study, a wide spread contamination of mdr-bacteria in Kolkata water bodies, Ganga river water and pure rain water were detected. A few Gram-negative mdr-bacteria were isolated resistant to at least four different groups of antibiotics, comprising ampicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, azithromycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and neomycin. The inhibition was tested by agar cup diffusion method, paper disk diffusion method and in vitro method. Although high mode contamination of penicillin drug resistant (35-40%) bacterial species was observed, 3rd generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime or ceftriaxone) resiatant species were found in much less percentage (<60> 5%). Restriction analysis, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and PCR using bla, cmr, tet and acr genes specific primers indicated that huge nano-chromosome amplification was a prerequisite change in those microbes. Interestingly, massive tet and acrA gene amplifications were detected, suggesting activation of proton-drug efflux mechanism rather than á-lactamase gene activation as reported earlier. Further, a composition (mdr-cure) consisting organic extract of Cassia fistula, Brassica campestris, Suregada multiflora, Chenopodium album and Terminalia chebula was described that killed the isolated mdr-bacteria efficiently and also cured the nail and skin infections. The potency of cure was enhanced by adding traditional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory principles from Neem and Haldi. This is the first report on isolation and characterization of non-clinical, mdr Enterobacteriaceae that are contaminated in the environment of Kolkata. This may also be a cause of concern to International travellers visiting South-Asian countries. The ayurvedic phyto-extracts described here could be a solution globally to combat mdr-pathogenesis.

8 illus, 30 ref