006643   Prysyazhnynk V P;Voloshyn O I;Sydopchuk L P (NO, , ) : Association of A313G polymorphism of GSTP1 gene with biochemical, pre- and antioxidant blood indicators in chronic hepatitis patients. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(1), 40-3.

Investigation of A313G polymorphism of GSTP1 gene in chronic nonviral hepatitis patients was performed. Prevalence of G-allele of A313G polymorphism in GSTP1 gene did not differ significantly in chronic hepatitis patients compared with healthy individuals (OR = 1,36, CI = 0,70 - 2,66, p<0,05). Chronic hepatitis patients were characterized by elevated plasma content of total bilirubin and its fractions, triacylglycerols, uric acid, higher activity of hepatic transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase compared with proper parameters in healthy individuals regardless of allelic distribution of GSTP1 gene. Alanineaminotransferase activity was at 44,0% (p = 0,046) higher in chronic hepatitis patients G-allele carriers compared with proper indicator in patients with AA-genotype, pointing out a higher activity of cytolysis. Analysis of pro- and antioxidant indicators reviled that chronic hepatitis patients both AA-genotype and G-allele carriers of GSTP1 gene had lower restored glutathione level, higher glutathione peroxidase activity and higher reactive products of thiobarbituric acid content in the blood, compared to such indicators in the control group. Chronic hepatitis patients G-allele carriers also noted significantly lower catalase activity compared with healthy persons, which was not typical for patients with A-allele. Significantly lower restored glutathione blood content at 16,2% (p = 0,04) was found in patients with G-allele compared with patients AA-genotype carriers.

4 tables, 9 ref

006642   Pitchaiah G;Akula A;Chandi V (NO, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Amaravathi road, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drgummalla@gmail.com) : Anticancer potential of nutraceutical formulations in MNU-induced mammary cancer in sprague dawley rats. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 46-50.

Objective: To develop different nutraceutical formulations and to assess the anticancer potential of nutraceutical formulations in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary cancer in Sprague Dawley rats. Materials and Methods: Different nutraceutical formulations were prepared using fine powders of amla, apple, garlic, onion, papaya, turmeric, and wheat grass with and without cow urine distillate. Total phenolic content, acute oral toxicity, and microbial load of nutraceutical formulations were assessed. The anticancer potential of nutraceutical formulations was evaluated against MNU-induced mammary cancer in female Sprague Dawley rats. Results: Improvement in total phenolic content was significant (P <60> 0.001) after self-fortification process. Toxicity studies showed that the nutraceutical formulations were safe to use in animals. Microbial load was within the limits. Significant longer tumor-free days (P <60> 0.01), lower tumor incidence (P <60> 0.01), lower tumor multiplicity (P <60> 0.05) and tumor burden (P <60> 0.01) were observed for nutraceutical formulation-treated groups. Conclusion: Combination of whole food-based nutraceuticals acted synergistically in the prevention of mammary cancer. Further, the process of fortification is novel and enhanced the anticancer potential of nutraceutical formulations.

6 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

006641   Pinto M V;Oliveria E M;Martins J L R;de Paula J R;Costa E A;Conceicao E C da;Bara M T F (NO, Universidade Federal de Goias, Faculdade de Farmacia-Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais-mtbara@gmail.com) : Obtaining a dry extract fro the Mikania laevigata leaves with potential form antiulcer activity. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 76-80.

Objective is to obtain hydroalcoholic dried extract by nebulization and evaluate its antiulcerogenic potential.Materials and Methods: Plant material and hydroalcoholic extract were processed and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. A method using HPLC was validated to quantify coumarin and o-coumaric acid. Hydroalcoholic extract was spray dried and the powder obtained was characterized in terms of its physicochemical parameters and potential for antiulcerogenic activity.Results: The analytical method proved to be selective, linear, precise, accurate, sensitive, and robust. M. laevigata spray dried extract was obtained using colloidal silicon dioxide as adjuvant and was shown to possess 1.83 ± 0.004% coumarin and 0.80 ± 0.012% o-coumaric acid. It showed significant antiulcer activity in a model of an indomethacin-induced gastric lesion in mice and also produced a gastroprotective effect.Conclusion: This dried extract from M. laevigata could be a promising intermediate phytopharmaceutical product.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

006640   Patra B R;Mohan S;Gowda N (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, PES college of Pharmacy, Hanumantha Nagar, B.S.K. first stage, Bengalury, Karnataka, Email: biswaipt@gmail.com) : Stability-indicating RP-UHPLC method for determination of telmisartan in drug substance and marketed formulation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 2031-9.

A simple, rapid and precise stability-indicating ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has been developed and validated for the estimation of telmisartan in drug substance and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved with a Poroshell 120EC-C18 column (4.6 x 50mm, 2.7μm) by using mobile phase acetonitrile: 50mM ammonium acetate buffer in the ratio of (45: 55 v/v), pH adjusted to 4.5 with acetic acid. The instrumental settings were flow rate of 0.5ml min-1, column temperature at 25 0C and detector wavelength of 290 nm using a photodiode array detector. Telmisartan was exposed to thermolytic, photolytic, acid, base, hydrolytic and oxidative stress conditions and the stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. The developed method shows excellent linearity over a range of 100-300 μg ml-1 for telmisartan. The recovery of telmisartan was above 96%. The proposed method was found to be suitable and accurate for quantitative determination and stability study of telmisartan pharmaceutical preparations.

33 ref

006639   Patil S S;Jena H M (Chemical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769 008, Email: hmjena@nitrkl.ac.in) : Isolation and characterization of phenol degrading bacteria from soil contaminated with paper mill wastewater. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 407-11.

Biological treatment with pure bacterial strain is an efficient method for phenolic wastewater treatment. In the present study, pure culture of a Gram-negative bacterium (strain PS3) was isolated from the soil sample of paper mill wastewater discharge site. Strain PS3 was identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence, and found to be as Burkholderia sp. The effect of initial phenol concentration (500 to 1500 mg/L) on microbial growth and biodegradation rate was studied in batch experiments. The 98.86, 98.62, 83.3, 51.2 and 17.3% degradation of 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/L concentrations of phenol was achieved, respectively. It was found that by increasing the concentration of phenol, the lag phase prolonged due to inhibitory nature of phenol. Haldane model fitted to the growth kinetics data well for the entire phenol concentration range (0-1500 mg/L) and the kinetic parameters, maximum specific growth rate (μ_max), half-saturation coefficient (K_s) and the substrate inhibition constant (K_i) were estimated as 0.0436 h^{-1, 29.43 mg/L and 839.90 mg/L, respectively. These results show that the Burkholderia sp. PS3 follows substrate inhibition kinetics.}

5 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

006638   Patil R;Jeyasekaran G;Shanmugam S A (Current Affiliation, Fisheries Research and Information Center, KVAFSU, Hessaraghatta, Bangluru-560 089, Email: ravi.patil30@gmail.com) : Bio-activity of marine actinomycetes against food-borne human pathogens. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 582-86.

The present study was undertaken to isolate and assess the anti-microbial profile of antagonistic actinomycetes against the seafood-borne human pathogens. A total of 133 actinomycetes were isolated from 129 samples. The samples which included seawater, marine sediment and swab samples were obtained from five different sampling stations, Mangrove swamp, Roche Park, Thermal Beach, Hare Island and Near Shore Area, located along the coast of Thoothukkudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Preliminary confirmation of the actinomycetes was done by gram's reaction, acid fast staining and cellular nature of the isolates through light, compound microscopy. Highest number of actinomycetes (45) was isolated from the Thermal Beach samples. The actinomycete isolates were assessed for their antagonistic activity against the seafood-borne human pathogens, Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli by cross-streak assay. A total of 104 actinomycete isolates exhibited activity against the three pathogens to varying degrees. High percentage of antagonistic actinomycetes (86.67%) was isolated from the Thermal Beach samples. The results of the present study, indicate that novel antimicrobial compounds with activity against food-borne human pathogens can be extracted from the antagonistic actinomycetes from various marine environments.

17 ref

006637   Patel J;Patel R;Lunagariya P;Divekar B; Chauhan J (P.G. Dep of Genetic, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies in Biotechnology, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388 121, Email: jenabhaichauhan@aribas.edu.in) : Analysis of polymorphism at growth-hormone Loci in Gir and Kankrej, Indian cattle. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 587-90.

This study test the distribution pattern of allelic variants at the GH-AluI locus in gir and kankrej Indian native cattle breeds (Bos indicus). A 428 bp fragment of GH gene was amplified and digested with AluI restriction enzymes. Two types of alleles L and V as well as two types of genotypes LL and LV for GH gene were observed. The frequency of L allele in gir and kankrej cattle was 1.00 and 0.994 respectively. Although two genotypes LL and LV were observed in kankrej cattle, none of the animal exhibited VV genotype either in gir or kankrej cattle. The One kankrej cattle has heterozygous genotype (LV). Because of very high frequency to almost fixed nature of L allele in gir and kankrej Indian cattle breeds, GH-AluI polymorphism may not be a suitable candidate for animal selection purpose. However, the results could be used for association studies between this locus and milk production traits especially in kankrej cattle.

22 ref

006636   Parmar V R;Jasrai Y T (Botany Dep, Univ School of Sciences Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: vilas5838@gmail.com) : Micropropagation of an important medicinal forest tree-Shyonaka. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 443-5.

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent., vernacularly known as Shyonaka or Sonpatha, is a small to medium sized deciduous tree. Micropropagation of O. indicum was established from nodal explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with varied concentration of BA (6-benzaylaminopurine). Multiple shoot induction with the maximum 4 shoots with appropriate shoot length (5 cm) was generated on MS medium containing only BA (1.35 mg/L). On the other hand, the maximum root induction was achieved on half strength MS medium fortified with IBA (indole-3-butyric acid; 2.5 mg/L) and AgNO₃ (2 mg/L). The plantlets so generated were processed through hardening procedure for acclimatization and transfer to the field.

^ssc2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

006635   Pandey B;Tyagi C;Chakraborty O;Mishra A K; Amrender Kumar;Jain A K (Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit, Indian Agriculturasl Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012, Email: akmishra.usi.iari@gmail.com) : Heterodimeric interaction of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) enzyme in Hordeum vulgare. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 334-42.

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.7.7.27; AGPase) is a key regulatory enzyme, constituting two small (SS) and two large (LS) subunits. The crystallographic structure of AGPase enzyme has not been reported yet for barley and its active site residues have also not been identified, which is restraining the complete understanding of structure-function relationships of this enzyme. In the present study, three-dimensional (3D) structures of LS and SS of barley AGPase were built through homology modeling and optimized using MD (molecular dynamics) simulations. Further evaluation resulted in about 74.8% residues of LS and 75.7% residues of SS falling in the favorable regions of Ramachandran Plot, demonstrating the stability and trustworthiness of the models. RMSD (root mean square deviation) of 1.1 Angstrum and 1.2 Angstrum was predicted on superimposition of the deduced LS and SS structure on the template 1YP2, implying the similarity between the structures. Protein-protein docking was carried out using ZDOCK and GRAMM-X server to obtain the stable heterodimer structure of barley AGPase. Interaction analysis using the Dimplot revealed six hydrogen-bonding interactions between HIS-359, GLN-322, SER-113, LEU-342, SER-324 and ASN-111 residues of LS, and ASN-341, SER-286, SER-8, ASP-261 and VAL-283 residues of SS. The structure-function relationship and substrate binding specificity of AGPase will provide better understanding for the role of specific amino acid accountable for allosteric regulation.

7 illus, 5 tables, 40 ref

006634   Panda S;Chakraborty M;Majumder P;Mazumder S; Das S;Haldar P K (NO, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Puri-Konark Marine Drive Road, Puri-2, Odisha-752 002, Email: pallab_haldar@rediffmail.com) : Antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidaemic activity of Cucumis callosus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 1978-84.

Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae) is a highly branched very common prostate, perennial herb, distributed throughout India in the arid zones. Objective is to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of C. callosus fruit in experimental animal model. Hyperglycemia was induced in rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg body weight). Three days after STZ induction, the hyperglycemic rats were treated with MECC at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) daily for 15 days. Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg, orally) was used as reference drug. The fasting blood glucose levels were measured on every 5th day during the 15 days of treatment. Serum biochemical parameters including lipid content were estimated. MECC at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly (P <60> 0.01) and dose dependently reduced blood glucose levels towards normal as compared to that of STZ control group; the higher dose (400 mg/kg) being the most potent showing complete normalization of blood glucose levels. Serum biochemical parameters including lipid profile were significantly (p <60> 0.01) restored toward normal levels in MECC-treated rats as compared to STZ control group. The present study concludes that Cucumis callosus fruit demonstrated promising hypoglycemic action in STZ-induced diabetic rats substantiating its ethnomedicinal use.

19 ref

006633   Osei-Safo D;Egbo H A;Nettey H;Konadu D Y; Addae-Mensah I (Chemistry Dep, P.O. Box LG56, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, College o, Legon, Accra-Ghana, Email: dosei-safo@ug.edu.gh) : Evaluation of the quality of some antibiotics distributed in Accra and Lagos. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 1991-2000.

The persistent prevalence of poor-quality medicines in resource-limited settings has contributed significantly to the alarming global trends in antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are among the most used, abused and counterfeited medicines and therefore require regular monitoring and surveillance to provide reliable data for proper healthcare delivery. This study evaluated the quality of a total of 45 samples of Azithromycin, Erythromycin and Clindamycin distributed in Accra and Lagos by HPLC for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and in-vitro dissolution for bioavailability. The results revealed that although all the samples contained the requisite API, only 27% were compliant with US Pharmacopoeia requirements for content. For Azithromycin and Clindamycin samples, the presence of excess API was the cause for non-compliance. Regardless of the high failure rate with respect to content, all Azithromycin samples exhibited good dissolution profiles, while 67% of Clindamycin and 36% of Erythromycin were compliant with in-vitro dissolution. These findings suggest that the population in the study sites and possibly in other parts of the sub regionis exposed to substandard antibiotics. Comprehensive measures by Drug Regulatory Authorities to monitor and enforce regulations governing production, importation, registration and storage of essential medicines are needed to address the problem.

20 ref

006632   Okhale S E;Nwanosike E M;Fatokun O T;Kunle O F (Medicinal Plant Researcn and Traditional Medicine Dep, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu Industrial Area, P. M. B. 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria, Email: samuelokhale@gmail.com) : Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of Lippia genus with a statement of chemotaxonomy and essential oil chemotypes. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(5), 201-11.

Lippia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Verbenaceae family. It contains about 220 species with diverse ethno-pharmacological applications. Myriad of biologically active phytoconstituents abound in Lippia. The essential oil chemotypes found in Lippia species included myrcenone rich-type, carvone rich-type, piperitenone rich-type, ipsenone rich-type, linalool rich-type, citral rich-type, carvacrol rich-type, thymol rich-type and lippiol rich-type. Other constituents apart from essential oils isolated and chemically characterized were highlighted. β-caryophyllene and iridoid glycosides were notable as chemotaxonomic marker compounds which were common to many of Lippia species.

1 illus, 3 tables, 100 ref

006631   Nandini C;Sathish Kumar B Y;Jayashree K; Mruthunjaya K;Johnson K;Manjula S N (Postgraduate department of Biotechnology, JSS Arts, Commerce, Science College, Mysuru-570 004, Email: snm.manjula@gmail.com) : Platelet enhancing effect of Eclipta alba in alcohol induced thrombocytopenic thrombocytopenic rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 2219-30.

Thrombocytopenia is a common hematological finding with variable clinical expression. Low platelet count may be the initial manifestation of infections such as HIV, hepatitis, and also associated with some viral infection like dengue hemorrhagic fever, malaria, etc. In the present study, Methanol extract of Eclipta alba was evaluated at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 7 days in alcohol induced thrombocytopenic model in rats. Treatment with methanol extract of Eclipta alba significantly increased the platelet count within 3-5 days of treatment and also decreased the bleeding and clotting time when compared to alcohol treated groups. Hematological studies revealed that there is an increased in Megakaryocytes number in the bone marrow and histopathalogical examination indicated that significant decrease in liver sinusoidal dilation in the extract treated rats when compared to alcohol control. Therefore, the present study demonstrates potential use of Eclipta alba as an anti-thrombocytopenic and the effect on platelet distribution might be due to the presence of antioxidant and polyphenolic constituents.

64 ref

006630   Nair S;Dagla H R (Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Lab, Botany Dep, J N Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 001, Email: hrdagla@gmail.com) : Cloning of desert shrub Leptadenia pyrotechnica from mature shoots and their genetic stability analyses by RAPD, ISSR and ISJ markers. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 427-32.

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forsk.) Decne. (Family: Asclepiadaceae) is a multipurpose shrub of arid environment. Micropropagation protocol of L. pyrotechnica was developed from mature nodal shoots. Explants were surface sterilized with 0.1% (w/v) aqueous solution of HgCl₂ for 3-4 min and inoculated on MS medium containing various concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN) for activation of axillary shoot buds. Light green shoots were more responsive than dark green shoots on 5.0 μM of BAP in comparison to KIN. Shoots were rooted in vitro on half strength MS medium containing 2.0 μM indole butyric acid (IBA). Cultures were maintained at 28 ± 2°C, 60% RH, and 10 h photoperiods of 35-45 μmol m^{-2 s-1 (SFP) light intensity. More than 80% of in vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatized under greenhouse conditions. The in vitro produced shoots were screened for genetic stability using RAPD, ISSR and ISJ markers. The in vitro regenerated shoots were found genetically "true to type" of the mother plant. The present protocol is an efficient and reliable mean of cloning and mass propagation of L. pyrotechnica for large-scale plantation of selected elite plants in arid environment.}

2 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

006629   Nagesh N;Krishna Kumar N K;Shylesha A N; Srinivasa N;Javeed S;Thippeswamy R (ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, , H A Farm Post, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024, Email: nageshm.nbaii@gmail.com) : Comparative virulence of strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for management of eggplant grey weevil, Myllocerus subfasciatus guerin (coleoptera: curculionidae). Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(12), 835-42.

The Grey Weevil, Myllocerus subfasciatus Guerin, is an important emerging pest of quarantine significance in Solanaceae crops including the eggplant, Solanum melongena. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been shown to be a potential source of safe and effective control of M. subfasciatus. In this study, we determined the virulence of seven strains of EPNs (Nematoda: Rhabditida) viz. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora NBAIIHb105, H. indica NBAIIHi101, H. indica NBAIIHiMah, Steinernema abbasi NBAIISa01, Steinernema abbasi NBAIISa04, S. carpocapsae NBAIISc04 and S. glaseri NBAIISg01, with different foraging behaviour, against larvae of eggplant grey weevil, M. subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and their suitability in five representative soils from the eggplant grown areas under laboratory conditions. All seven nematode strains caused <62>80% mortality of M. subfasciatus larvae at 40 IJs/cm^{2. LC₉₀ values ranged between 21.18 and 46.41 IJs/cm2 at 96 h post-application, which corresponded to field concentrations between 2.1-4.6 x 109 IJs/ha. H. indica NBAIIHi101, S. glaseri NBAIISg01, S. abbasi NBAIISa01 and S. carpocapsae NBAIISc04 recorded higher grub mortality, compared to H. indica NBAIIHiMah, H. bacteriophora NBAIIHb05 and S. abbasi NBAIISa04 indicating existence of inter- and intra-specific variation in virulence. Response Surface Modelling (RSM) optimized LC and LT values for maximised larval mortality. RSM predicted a concentration of 58.05-62.54 IJs/cm2 of these EPN (corresponding to a field dose of 5.8-6.2 x 109 IJs/ha) required for effecting 97.10-99.67% grub mortality, at 90-97 h of exposure. EPN strains performed better in terms of larval mortality in loamy sand, alluvial, mountain soil, red laterite compared to black cotton soils. Efficacy of EPN was positively correlated with the content of sand, and negatively with the clay content. It is possibly the first report that established the potential of local strains of EPNs with different foraging ability and their dosages for suppression of subterranean root feeding larvae of M. subfasciatus in five broad soil types of eggplant grown areas. Validation of this baseline data in real-time eggplant crop situations may help in evolving EPN-based viable management schedules for M. subfasciatus.}

3 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

006628   Mya M M;Win P W;Thanda A M;Ha T;Gyi M M;Min M Z (Medical Entomology Research Div, Medical Research Dep, Ministry of Health and Sport, Myanmar, Email: dr.mgmgmya@gmail.com) : Prevalence of An. culicifacies sibling species and vector incrimination of anopheles mosquitoes in magway and bago region of Mayanmar. J biol Engng Res Rev 2016, 3(2), 1-7.

The present study was conducted in Thayetchaung village (Bowbin dam area) of Ghobinkauk Township, Bago Region and Maybinthar village, Myothit Township Magway Region to determine the present of individual vector species and the prevalence of sibling species Anopheles culicifacies from December 2013 to November 2014. Adult Anopheline mosquitoes were collected by different collection methods according to WHO guideline. Christopher stage ovaries were collected from An. culicifacies for ovarian nurse cell chromosome study and head and thorax were dissected for vector incrimination study. During the study periods, a total of 1727 and 507 female Anopheles comprising 11 and 10 species were collected from Thayetchaung and Maybinthar villages respectively. An. vagus(576) was the predominant species followed by An. annularis(430) <62> An. philippnensis(238) <62> An.maculatus (164) <62> and An. culicifacies(150) in Thayetchaung. In Maybinthar, highest density of An. culicifacies(237) were collected, followed by An.annularis(60) <62> An.maculatus(42). The main vector An.minimuswas observed 31 in Bowbin and 24 in Maybinthar. Man biting rate of An.minimus was found 1.25, 1.25 indoor and 1.5, 1.00 outdoor bite/man/night and for An.culicifacies was found 1.25, 1.25 indoor and 3.00, 5.25 outdoor bite/man/night in Thayetchaung and Maybinthar respectively. An.cilicifacies B was present in both study villages and species A, C, D and E were absent. Species B was predominantly higher in the study village of Myothit Township (61.24%) than Thayetchaung village Ghobinkauk Township (38.76%). Vector incrimination study found that only 1 well of pool samples of An. minimuswas found 3.226% (1/31) of Pv₂₄₇ sporozoite positive in Thayetchaung village. An.minimus was a potential vector of malaria. None of the specimens belonging to An. culicifacies B was found with circumsporozoite antigen of any of the Plasmodium species in both areas. Therefore An. culicifacies is not important vector of malaria, An. dirus and An. minimus are the major vectors of malaria in Myanmar.

1 illus, 3 tables, 43 ref

006627   Mya M M;Oo N N;Ha T;Htay T M;New C T;Thaung S;Maung Y N M (Medical Research Dep, Ministry of Health and Sport, Myanmar,) : Larvicidal effect of Artemisia vulgaris leaves, flower and leaves essential oil extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae. J biol Engng Res Rev 2016, 3(2), 25-34.

Laboratory reared Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae of the Hlaing Tharyar Township Yangon, Myanmar strain were used for testing larvicidal properties of ethanolic leaf extracts, flower extracts and essential oil from leaves of Artemisia vulgaris. Artemisia vulgaris leaves and flowers were collected from Taunggyi Township in Shan State. 100 gram of dried leaf and flower powder was extracted using 95% ethanol 1:5 wt./v by refluxing in a soxhlet extractor at 70°C for 6 hours. 100 g of leaf powder was mixed with 1000ml of distilled water and subjected to hydro distillation in Clevenger-type distilling apparatus for 2 hours for essential oil extraction. Different concentrations of ethanolic leaf and flower extracts as well as essential oil of Artemisia vulgaris leaves were prepared freshly in 100 ml each of distilled water in 150 ml plastic cups. Detail testing was done according to the WHO standard method. Each replicate of Aedes larvae (70x4 replicates) were exposed for 24 hrs. in different concentrations in the laboratory. Acute toxicity and allergenicity tests were done according to OECD 2008 Guidelines for the testing of Chemicals 425. Results revealed that the highest dose 1500ppm of leaf and 4000-ppm flower crude extracts produced 98.57% mortality followed by 88.93% and 86.79% mortality of 3rd and 4th instars Aedes larvae. A 96.07% mortality of Aedes larvae in was recorded at very low amount of doses (100ppm) than the crude extracts of leaves and flowers within 24 hrs. exposure period. The effective lethal concentrations for 50% mortality (LC₅₀) and for 90% mortality (LC₉₀) against Aedes larvae were found to be 792.40ppm and 1240.07ppm respectively for leaf extract, 735.89ppm and 2152.92ppm for flower extract and 16.30ppm and 70.82ppm for essential oil of leaves of Artemisia vulgaris. We did not find any acute toxicity in mice or allergenicity in guinea pigs in laboratory tests. Repellent activity of Artemisia vulgaris oil provided 100% protection against Aedes aegypti adult females landing to probe human skin at a dose of 0.08g/ml or 0.0002g/cm^{2, with protection declining to 97.62% after 30 minutes, 92.86% after 60 minutes, and 85.71% after 120 minutes Artemisia vulgaris essential oil leaf extracts did not cause dermal irritation when applied to human skin. The leaf and flower crude extracts as well as essential oil of Artemisia vulgaris exhibited strong larvicidal activity against 3rd and 4th stages of Aedes larvae, while leaf essential oil provided a high level or protection against bites of Aedes mosquitoes.}

7 tables, 51 ref

006626   Muthumari G M;Thilagavathi S;Harriram N (Biotechnology Dep, Kalasalingam Univ, Krishnankoil-626 126, Email: n.hariram@klu.ac.in) : Industrial enzymes: lipase producing microbes from waste volatile substances. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 2201-8.

Lipase is an important of extracellular thermostable enzyme that has received considerable attention for potential use in the food industry. Hence to achieve large scale production of gram positive and negative organism is commercially important lipase enzyme under the fermentation. Lipases are produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. However, we have focused on bacterial microbial lipases were economically importance of several properties. The present studies of the goals of this paper were isolation and identification of lipase producing bacteria from biogas producing power plant waste volatile substances as sources. Optimization of the experimental conditions for the maximal amount of enzyme production was performed.

39 ref

006625   Mustapha K B;Kelong A A;Adelakun T A; Theophilus A A;Obodozie-Ofoegbu O O (Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, Abuja, Nigeria, Email: bolakud@yahoo.com) : RP-LC method developed for the determination of ascorbic acid in vitamin C syrup preparation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 2001-8.

Ascorbic acid is one of the essential and most vital medicines needed to maintain healthy living. Due to its non-availability through endogenous biosynthesis in humans, it is arguably one of the most consumed Over-The-Counter drugs. Thus, a simple, precise, low-cost and accurate reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method was developed and optimized to analyse for the percentage content of ascorbic acid in different brands of Vitamin C syrups. The chromatographic separation carried out on an ODS (C18) Ultra sphere column, 5μm (25cm x 2mm), was achieved with HPLC water and methanol as the mobile phase, pumped at a flow rate of 1ml/min and using an ultraviolet detector for detection. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 10-100μg/ml and the method was found to be specific as no interference peaks of impurities and excipients were observed. The method developed was used to assess the quality of fifty-five samples of different types of Vitamin C syrup. Among the samples assessed for their percentage content of ascorbic acid, 18.2% fell below B.P official standard, 7.3% fell within range and 74.6% of the total samples analyzed were above the specified range. We have found this method to be simple, rapid and effective for analysis of ascorbic acid in Vitamin C syrups.

21 ref

006624   Modak A;Chkraborty A;Das S K (Biochemistry Dep, College of Medicine & JNM Hospital, WBUHS, Kalyani, Nadia-741 235, Email: drsubirkdas@gmail.com) : Blact tea extract protects against γ-radiation-induced membrane damage of human erythrocytes. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(11), 245-52.

The membrane integrity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) is compromised by the deleterious actions of γ-radiation in humans. Tea is the most widely consumed popular, inexpensive and non-toxic beverage rich in antioxidants. Here, we explored the radioprotective actions of black tea against the γ-radiation-induced membrane permeability of human erythrocytes. The phytochemical analysis of tea revealed the total polyphenol content to be 114.89±6.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry wt. and flavonoid content, 34±0.11 mg catechin equivalent/g dry wt. of the extractable solid in the commercially available tea bags. Tea extracts showed potential scavenging of H₂O₂ and NO, appreciable extent of total antioxidant capacity and effective anti-hemolytic action. Tea extracts (15 μg/mL) significantly ameliorated the γ-radiation-induced increase of the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS, an index of lipid peroxidation) in the RBC membrane ghosts. Stored blood showed higher levels of K^{+ ion as compared to the normal blood which was elevated by γ-radiation. Membrane ATPase was inhibited by the exposure to γ-radiation. Treatment of RBCs with the tea extracts (15 μg/ml) prior to the exposure of γ-radiation significantly mitigated these changes in the erythrocyte membranes caused by the lower dose of radiation (4 Gy) as compared to that induced by the higher dose of γ-radiation.}

ref

006623   Mishra G;Chagti K K (NO, Smt. Vidyawati College of Pharmacy, Gora Macchiya, Kanpur road, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, Email: garimamishra2708@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Lens culinaris, Vigna unguiculata, Dolichos biflorus and Phalaseous vulgaris. Int J Pharmac 2016, 3(4), 192-95.

The present investigation has been carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts obtained from plant seeds belonging to family Leguminosae i.e. Lens culinaris, Vigna unguiculata, Dolichos biflorus and Phalaseous. Phenolic compounds present in the extracts showed the antioxidant and antiradical properties when investigated using a ferrous ion chelating ability and reducing power assay. The results indicated that ethanolic extracts of all four plant seeds resembled in the aforementioned activities. Phenolic constituents contained in above mentioned plant seeds may have a future role as ingredients in the development of functional foods.

2 tables, 8 ref

006622   Mishra A K;Chawla P;Tyagi C;Pandey B; Chakraborty O;Amrender Kumar;Jain A K (Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: akmishra.usi.iari@gmail.com) : In silico identification, phylogenetic analysis and protein modeling of EREBP-1 genes of Phaseolus vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 343-51.

Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that bind to DNA and activate or repress gene expression at the transcriptional level. Ethylene-Responsive Element Binding Protein (EREBP) represents one such class of DNA binding proteins/TFs. In the present study, EREBP-1 gene of Glycine max was selected to find out similar genes in Phaseolus vulgaris, Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus dicot plants by taking their protein sequences. A combined phylogenetic tree was constructed, which yielded four EREBP subgroups. From each subgroup, one protein sequence was evaluated, which had highest Bits (score) and lowest E-value. Consequently, two EREBPs of P. vulgaris and two of C. sativus were chosen from the four subgroups of the phylogenetic tree. Four EREBP structures were then modelled using ab initio based approach and were energy minimized. They were validated on the basis of Ramachandran plot analysis, where residues were in most favored region ranging from 75.80-87.70%. Further, intrinsically disordered regions were found out representing the ethylene-responsive nucleotide binding regions. All of the four modelled EREBP structures have been reported in this study with elaborate analysis and stability evaluation using a number of computational techniques.

4 illus, 5 tables, 31 ref

006621   Mathew J J;Vazhacharickal P J;Sajeshkumar N K;Ashokan A (Biotechnology Dep, Mar Augusthinose College, Ramapuram, Kerala) : Amylase production by Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation using starchy food byproducts as substrate. Int J herb Med 2016, 4(6), 34-40.

Submerged fermentation holds tremendous fungal potentiality in high biomass yield of alpha-amylase. Isolation of fungi from bread sample and the rapid screening by plating on starch agar plates led to the finding of fungal strains capable of producing amylase. These strains were confirmed as Aspergillus niger by lacto phenol cotton blue staining. The effect of carbon sources of the medium for the activity of α-amylase from Aspergillus niger utilizing Coconut water, Tapioca water, Rice water and White Yam water were investigated. The maximum activity of α-amylase was recorded as 0.29 x 10^{-3 μmoles/sec. After 7 days of submerged fermentation on white Yam water at pH 7.0 and room temperature 28 °C. Among the three medium rice water recorded as second (0.09 x 10-3 μmoles/sec) and tapioca water (0.06 x 10-3 μmoles/sec) as third position. The enzyme produced by Aspergillus niger can be used in industrial process after characterization. The present study suggest that white yam water act as a potent substrate for industrial production of a-amylase and subjected for further explorations regarding industrial applications.}

2 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

006620   Mapanao K M;Abella E A;Aquino D L;Kalaw S P (Biological Sciences Dep, College of Arts an Sciences, Centrasl Luzon State Univ, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, 3120, Email: mapanao.kathrina@gmail.com) : Use of effective microorganisms on enhancing the mycelial growth of Pleurotus florida on unsterilized rice straw. J biol Engng Res Rev 2016, 3(1), 30-6.

The use of unsterilized rice straw with (T₁) or without (T₂) effective microorganisms (EM-I), sterilized pure rice straw (T₃) and (T₄) Control which used the standard protocol for mushroom production developed by the Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development (CTMRD), were evaluated as substrates for edible mushroom production and lignin degradation using the Pleurotus florida fungal species. The treatments were laid-out in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications, composing of 20 fruiting bags as the sampling units. Each fruiting bag containing 750 grams substrate was inoculated with 20 grams mushroom grain spawn. The mycelia growth, pinhead formation and yield of harvested mushroom were the parameters studied in the production of edible mushroom P. florida. The proximate (organic matter, Ash, and Crude Protein) and cell wall contents (Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Hemicellulose, Cellulose, and Lignin) of pure rice straw and the mushroom spent beddings after harvesting the mushroom were also evaluated. Results showed that the sterilized rice straw without Effective Microorganisms substrate (T3) and substrate containing standard CTMRD (T4) showed significantly higher yield and biological efficiency with fast mycelial colonization of the bag compared to the unsterilized rice straw with or without EM. Producing mushroom without sterilization was made possible in the study. Significant reduction in lignin content was observed when P. florida was grown in unsterilized rice straw with EM. Fungal treatment of unsterilized rice straw with or without Effective Microorganisms and pure sterilized rice straw significantly increased the crude protein, crude ash, and available cellulose contents of the substrates. Fungal treatment reduced the Neutral Detergent Fiber, lignin and hemicellulose contents of the substrates.

5 tables, 15 ref

006619   Maity T R;Samanta A;Jana D;Saha B;Datta S (Biotechnology Dep, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721 657, Email: dattasiraj@gmail.com) : In vitro flowering of tobacco induced by light emitting diode. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 440-2.

The influence of light quality on the in vitro flowering of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) var. Jayasri was investigated. A number of different light conditions, namely, fluorescent, red light-emitting diodes (LEDs), blue LEDs, and red and blue (1:1) LEDs, were used in in vitro cultures. It was found that in vitro flowering percentage increased and days to flowering were reduced significantly in the presence of red and blue (1:1) LEDs compared to fluorescent light. Growth parameters, like fresh and dry wt, stem length, leaf area, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were the highest when plants were grown under red and blue (1:1) LEDs. In contrast, soluble sugar content was lower in plantlets under red and blue (1:1) LEDs. These finding signifies that red and blue (1:1) LEDs may be triggering the metabolic activity of tobacco. The present study thus suggests that red and blue (1:1) LEDs significantly promote the in vitro flowering of tobacco, representing a potentially new in vitro experimental platform to study the molecular mechanism of flowering.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

006618   Mahmoud H E M A;Bashir N H H;Assad Y O H (Plant Protection Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Wealth and Forests, Gezira State, Wad Medani, Sudan) : Effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaves powder and ethanolic-extract on the 3rd larval instar of Anopheles arabiensis (Patton, 1905) (Culicidae: diptera). Int J Mosquito Res 2016, 4(2), 52-6.

Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae), and the disease is a significant health problem in the Sudan, affecting 52% of outpatients and accounting for 9% of all hospital deaths. A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting first to third instar larvae from Barakat area of Wad Medani town, Gezira State, Central Sudan. The third instar (L3) was used for the bioassay. Susceptibility to Basil (Ocimum basilicum), which is an abundant weed during the rainy-season, as a leaf powder, leaveis ethanolic -extracts and the standard organophosphate larvicide temephos were investigated. Five concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g/L) of the powder, and 1,2,...,5 mg/L of the extract were tested in a 1L beakers. Ten L3 larvae/beaker were exposed for 24 hr to each of these concentrations. Each concentration was replicated 3X, and the experiment was repeated twice for verification. The results showed that the extract LC₅₀ was 58mg/L and LC₉₀ was 143 mg/L; the slope of log-dose-probability line was 3.04. For the powder, the respective values were 9.19 g/L, 19.88 g/L and 3.82. The temephos resulted in 0.033 mg/L, 0.16 mg/L and 1.85, respectively. It can be concluded that using this natural, botanical extract and its leaf powder are effective, safe, economic and environmentally-sound in controlling the aquatic stages. It can be easily prepared and applied by villagers and others.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

006617   Lopes P Q;Carneiro F B;de Sousa A L B;Santos S G;Oliveira E E;Soares L A L (Progarma de Pos-Graduaco em Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Rua Prof. Artur de Sa s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, Email: lals.ufpe@gmail.com) : Technological evaluation of emulsions containing the volatile oil from leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus Lour. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 159-67.

This study aims to characterize the essential oil of P. amboinicus (PaEO) and produce and evaluate emulsions containing PaEO. The essential oil was characterized by physical-chemical analyses for density, refractive index, 90% ethanol solubility, color, appearance, and identification by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection. The emulsions were prepared following a hydrophile-lipophile balance [HLB] spreadsheet design from two nonionic surfactants (Span 80r and Tween 20r) producing HLB values ranging from 4.3 to 16.7. The products were stored at room temperature at 5°C. The emulsion stabilities were tested both in the long and short-term. The PaEO was obtained by steam distillation and the total extraction was reached after 3 hours yielding of 0.2% (w/w). This essential oil was characterized by physicochemical analyses for density [1.5 g.ml^{-1], refraction index [0.9167], ethanol 90% solubility [1:2], color, and appearance (yellow/clear). Nineteen components were identified in the oil, among them the sesquiterpenes: carvacrol [33.50%], p-cymene [28.20%] and γ-terpinene [14.77%]. The emulsions obtained successfully showed, for the first time, HLB values for essential oils from Plectranthus amboinicus [15.7]. The experimental data shows a relationship between HLB values of the surfactant mixtures contributing to the emulsified systems production containing phytopharmaceuticals. Such an approach is of great importance to the development of lipid carriers for therapeutic drugs.}

5 illus, 5 tables, 65 ref

006616   Lingaraju M C;Anand S;Begum J;Balaganur V; Kumari R R;Bhat R A;More A S;Kumar D;Bhadoria B K;Tandan S K (Pharmacology and Toxicology Div, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: sktandan@ivri.res.in) : Anti-inflammatory effect of dikaempferol rhamnopyranoside, a diflavonoid from Eugenia jambolana Lam. leaves. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(12), 801-7.

Traditionally, the Indian Blackberry or locally called Jamun, Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Syn.: Syzygium cumini), is well known for its pharmacological potential, particularly anti-inflammatory. Here, we studied kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside]-4'-O-4'- [kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (EJ-01) isolated from the E. jambolana leaves for possible anti-inflammatory activity. EJ-01 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) was assessed for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in mice by determining edema volume, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) and cytokine levels in paw edema tissue. EJ-01 significantly attenuated the edema, MPO levels, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in the edema of paw at the 5th hour after carrageenan injection at all doses. EJ-01 (30 mg/kg) decreased the nitric oxide (NO) levels of the edema of paw at the 5th hour after carrageenan injection. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EJ-01 might be related to the decrease in the level of edema paw by reduced activities of NO and MPO. It probably exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of TNF-α and IL-1β. Therefore, we conclude that EJ-01 could be positively exploited for itspotential benefits against inflammatory diseases and support the pharmacological basis of E. jambolana as traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

3 illus, 47 ref

006615   Li J;Zhang J;Jin H;Wang Y Z;Huang H Y (College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China, Email: boletus@126.com) : Using UHPLC and UV-vis fingerprint method to evaluate substitutes for Swertia mileensis: an endangered medicinal plant. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 13-20.

Millions of people are killed by viral hepatitis every year in the world, whereas many relevant medicines are too expensive to purchase. Swertia mileensis, a medicinal plant for hepatitis in the system of traditional Chinese medicine, has been vanishing gradually because of overexploitation. Objective is to find substitutes of S. mileensis and reduce the cost of purchasing drugs for hepatitis patients, the similarity of phytochemical constituents between S. mileensis and other three Swertia species was compared. Both ultra high performance liquid chromatographies and ultraviolet-vis fingerprints of four Swertia species were developed. Methanol extracts of the stems and leaves were used as samples to establish the fingerprint. The calibration curve was drawn for quantitative analysis of swertiamarin. The data of ultra high performance liquid chromatographies were evaluated statistically using similarity analysis and principal component analysis. The result shows a significant difference at area of 204-290 nm in the ultraviolet fingerprint. Swertiamarin, the only one common peak, was defined in chromatographic fingerprints of four Swertia species. The quantitative analysis suggested that the highest concentration of swertiamarin is in S. davidii. The similarity indexes between different samples were almost under 0.60. In the principal component analysis, separate points not only represent the distinction among different species, but also perform chemical discrepancies in content between stems and leaves of one same species. S. angustifolia, S. davidii, and S. punicea are not suitable as substitutes of S. mileensis because of their remarkable differences in entirety and local part. In order to address issues about substitutes and high cost of purchasing drugs, more studies need to undertake.

5 illus, 5 tables, 46 ref

006614   Laxmi M;Kurian N K;Smitha S;Bhat S G (Biotechnology Dep, Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Kochi-682 022, Email: saritagbhat@gmail.com) : Melanin and bacteriocin from marine bacteria inhibit biofilms of foodborne pathogens. Indian J Biotechnol 2016, 15(3), 392-9.

Biofilms are widespread and a bane in food based industry for being associated with the outbreaks of several food related diseases. Biofilms are also a cause for concern for their resistance to antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the biocontrol of biofilm forming food pathogens was achieved using two bioactive compounds, namely, melanin and bacteriocin, obtained from marine bacteria. Partially purified melanin and bacteriocin BL8 were observed to show great reduction in the biofilm formation of food pathogens, even in minute quantities, and showed high antibiofilm activity. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index showed the multiple resistance of nine food pathogens. FTIR spectrum of the melanin used in the study showed two peaks, which are the characteristic features of standard melanin IR spectrum. Scanning electron micrographs showed the variation in the microbial mass and biofilm formation before and after treatment with the two bioactive compounds, evidently showing their antibiofilm activity.

5 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

006613   Lai H Y;Lim Y Y;Kim K H (School of Biosciences, Taylor's Univ, Jalan Taylor's Subang Jaya, Malaysia, Email: HowYee.Lai@taylors.edu.my) : Isolation and characterisation of a proanthocyanidin with antioxidative, antibacterial and anti-cancer properties from fern Blechnum orientale. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 31-7.

Blechnum orientale Linn. (Blechnaceae), a fern, is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments, such as skin diseases, stomach pain, urinary bladder complaints, and also as a female contraceptive. Previously, we reported a strong radical scavenging activity, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity against HT29 colon cancer cells by aqueous extract of B. orientale. Objective: In this study, we attempted to isolate and identify the active compound from the aqueous extract of B. orientale. Materials and Methods: Aqueous extract of B. orientale was subjected to repeated MCI gel chromatography, Sephadex-LH-20, Chromatorex C18 and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography and was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry spectroscopic methods. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial assays were conducted using disc diffusion whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined using the broth microdilution assay. Cytotoxicity was assessed using thiazolylblue tetrazoliumbromide. Results: A polymeric proanthocyanidin consisting of 2-12 epicatechin extension units and epigallocathecin terminal units linked at C4-C8 was elucidated. Bioactivity studies showed strong radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 5.6 ± 0.1 μg/mL), antibacterial activity (MIC = 31.3-62.5 μg/mL) against five gram-positive bacteria and selective cytotoxicity against HT29 colon cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 7.0 ± 0.3 μg/mL). Conclusion: According to our results, the proanthocyanidin of B. orientale demonstrated its potential as a natural source of antioxidant with antibacterial and anti-cancer properties.

4 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

006612   Kumar C;Biswas A (Biotechnology & Medical Engineering Dep, National Institute of Rourkela, Odisha) : Surface modification of Ti-6A1-4V by electrochemical oxidation. J biol Engng Res Rev 2016, 3(2), 35-9.

Titanium is a metallic biomaterial having multidimensional properties, highly sophisticated function and a wide range of applications in the biomedical field, especially as implants. Titanium is a useful biomaterial for biomedical implants because of its biocompatibility and nontoxicity. Ti-6Al-4V has been used as a substrate in the electrochemical process of anodic oxidation. Two different compositions of electrolyte have been chosen for the present study. The first electrolyte consists of CH3COOH and HF and the second electrolyte consist of H2SO4 and HF. After deposition, the sample was dried at room temperature for 24 hours and the oxide layer was later analyzed by different characterization techniques. The surface morphology and phase analysis of the coated surface were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). SEM images show the presence of uniformly distributed oxide layer on the Ti-6Al-4V surface. The microhardness test of the electrolytically grown oxide was also carried to determine the hardness of the coating, which confirms that after treatment hardness of Ti-6Al-4V increases with the time duration. Lastly, the wettability test was performed on the surface of the coated Ti-6Al-4V to evaluate the wetting property of the surface.

5 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

006611   Kim H;Kim H J;Yang D;Jung M H;Kim B J (Pharmacology Dep, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National Univ, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do 50612, Email: vision@pusan.ac.kr) : Depolarizing effects of daikenchuto on interstitial cells of cajal from mouse small intestine. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 141-7.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of DKT on the pacemaker potentials (PPs) of cultured ICCs from murine small intestine. Enzymatic digestions were used to dissociate ICCs from mouse small intestine tissues. All experiments on ICCs were performed after 12 h of culture. The whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record ICC PPs (current clamp mode). All experiments were performed at 30-32°C. In current-clamp modeDKT depolarized and concentration-dependently decreased the amplitudes of PPs. Y25130 (a 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist) or SB269970 (a 5-HT₇ receptor antagonist) did not block DKT-induced PP depolarizationbut RS39604 (a 5-HT₄ receptor antagonist) did. Methoctramine (a muscarinic M₂ receptor antagonist) failed to block DKT-induced PP depolarizationbut pretreating 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (a muscarinic M₃ receptor antagonist) facilitated blockade of DKT-induced PP depolarization. Pretreatment with an external Ca^{2+-free solution or thapsigargin abolished PPsand under these conditionsDKT did not induce PP depolarization. FurthermoreGinseng radix and Zingiberis rhizomes depolarized PPswhereas Zanthoxyli fructus fruit (the third component of DKT) hyperpolarized PPs. These results suggest that DKT depolarizes ICC PPs in an internal or external Ca2+-dependent manner by stimulating 5-HT₄ and M₃ receptors. Furthermorethe authors suspect that the component in DKT largely responsible for depolarization is probably also a component of Ginseng radix and Zingiberis rhizomes.}

5 illus, 55 ref

006610   Khangembam R;Tiwari O N;Kalita M C (National Repository for Cyanobacteria and Microgreen Algae (Freshwater, Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, (A National Institute of DBT, Govt. of India), Takyelpat, Imphal-, Email: bittu.khangembam@gmail.com) : Production of exopolysaccharides by the cyanobacterium Anabaena spp. BTA992 and application as bioflocculants. J appl Biol Biotechnol 2016, 4(1), 8-11.

Bioflocculant exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by ten (10) cyanobacterial strains comprising of five (05) heterocystous and five (05) non-heterocystous strains during their photoautotrophic growth was investigated. Highest level of EPS was produced by Anabaena sp. BTA992 among the investigated strains with high flocculation capacity. The cyanobacterial EPS consisted of soluble protein and polysaccharide that included substantial amounts of neutral sugars and uronic acid. The flocculant bound a cationic dye, alcian blue, indicating it to be polyanionic. EPS production was maximum during stationary growth phase and late phase of growth at pH 8.5. The strain was identified by 16S rRNA typing and GenBank accession number was obtained as KJ830950. The investigation revealed that this Anabaena sp. could be a potential candidate for the commercial EPS production and might be utilized in applications as an alternative to synthetic flocculants.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

006609   Khan H J;Ahmad M K;Khan A R;Rastogi N;Mahdi A A;Ansari J A;Fatima N;Satyanarayan G N V (Chemistry Dep, Integral Univ, Lucknow-226 026, Email: kaleembakash@gmail.com) : Identification of anticancer and antioxidant phytoconstituents from chloroform fraction of Solanum nigrum L. berries using GC-MS/MS analysis. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(11), 774-82.

Solanum nigrum is a traditional Indian plant acclaimed for its medicinal properties since antiquity. Among all plant parts fruit berries have shown to be most pharmacologically active part. In the present investigation, we tried to characterize the bioactive principles of chloroform fraction of S. nigrum (CFSn) fruit berries using GC-MS analysis. We could identify 29 compounds belonging to different chemical classes viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, proteins, phenolic compounds, and saponins. More specifically, we found two novel phenolic compounds, benzoiisovanillin and syringic acid (4-hydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxybenzoic acid), which may be responsible for its pharmacological properties. Our phytochemical investigation of CFSn was well supported by its total phenolic content and antioxidant activity which we evaluated subsequently. Further, we investigated the anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) as well. Our in vitro results indicated that CFSn exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against both these cell lines and due induction of cancer cell death through apoptosis. Our study emphasizes the need for isolation and characterization of specific bioactive compounds of CFSn and determination of their mechanism of action responsible for its anticancer activity in breast cancer cells.

6 illus, 1 table, 49 ref

006608   Jyothilakshmi M;Jyothis M;Narayanan G N H; Latha M S (Biochemistry and Pharmacognosy Research Lab, School of Biosciences, M.G. Univ, Kottayam, Kerala, Email: mslathasbs@yahoo.com) : Antidermatophytic and protease-inhibiting activities of zerumbone: a natural sesquiterpene from the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex J.E; smith. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 2-6.

Due to increase in the number of patients with impaired immunity, incidence of dermatophytoses has increased considerably. Antidermatophytic agents with anti-inflammatory and protease-inhibiting activities will help in restricting inflammatory response associated with dermatophytoses. The present study aims to evaluate antidermatophytic and protease-inhibiting activities of zerumbone. Cytotoxicity was tested using Chang liver cell line as a preliminary step in toxicity study. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of zerumbone purified from the rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet were determined against Epidermophyton floccosum var. nigricans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, and Trichophyton rubrum. MIC was determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) method M38-A2. Protease-inhibiting property was tested using trypsin as the enzyme. In vitro cytotoxic effect was studied using the MTT assay. MIC of zerumbone was 8 mg/L against E. floccosum and M. canis and 16 mg/L for M. gypseum and T. rubrum. MFC of zerumbone was 64 mg/L against E. floccosum and M. canis and 128 mg/L for M. gypseum and T. rubrum. Zerumbone exhibited remarkable protease-inhibiting activity. In the MTT assay, IC50 values were 150 and 0.31 μg, respectively, for zerumbone and reference drug. For protease inhibition, assay and cytotoxicity assay control and tests were done in triplicate and the results are expressed as mean ± SD, where n = 3. Zerumbone is a novel candidate for use in dermatophytoses therapy because of the combined antifungal, anti-inflammatory (unpublished results), and protease-inhibiting properties. Cytotoxicity of zerumbone was found to be very low compared with the reference drug.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

006607   Jeong S J;Choiu J Y;Dong M S;Seo C S;Shin H K (KM Convergence Research Div, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Deajeon, Republic of Korea, Email: hkshin@kiom.re.kr) : Trischosanthes kirilowii exerts androgenic activity via regulation of PSA and KLK2 in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 153-8.

Authors investigated the androgenic activity of various herbal medicines in human prostate cancer 22Rv1 cells. Herbal extracts of Trichosanthes kirilowii (TK), Asarum sieboldii (AS), Sanguisorba officinalis (SO), and Xanthium strumarium (XS) were selected to have androgenic effects based on a preliminary in vitro screening system. TK, AS, SO, and XS enhanced the proliferation of 22Rv1 cells without having cytotoxic effects. All tested herbal extracts increased androgen receptor (AR)-induced transcriptional activity in the absence or presence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In an AR-binding assay, TK, but not AS, SO, or XS, produced a significant inhibition of AR binding activity, indicating it has androgenic activity. Additionally, TK treatment positively regulated mRNA expression of the AR-related molecular targets prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein 2 (KLK2) compared with untreated control. Taken together, TK-enhanced AR-mediated transcriptional activity might be an attractive candidate drug for treating androgen-related diseases.

6 illus, 24 ref

006606   Islam M R;Azadm A K;Abuhena M;Haldar R;Rahman S (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Faculty of Applied Science and Technology, Islamic Univ, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh, Email: rakibbtge@gmaail.com) : Analysis of genetic variation between five banana fruit varieties by RAPD markers. J biol Engng Res Rev 2016, 3(1), 16-20.

The banana (Musa acuminate Colla) is considered as an important crop plant due to its high economic value and rich dietary source, a cheapest and very popular fruit of Bangladesh. For analysis of genetic variation, five banana varieties were selected from Kushtia district and DNA was isolated from banana leaves of Bichikola, Chinichampa, Kachkola, Ranginsagor and Sabrikola by modified method of CTAB protocol. DNA fingerprinting was conducted of five banana varieties using 3 RAPD primers (OPA-03, OPD-04 and OPE-20). RAPD analysis was revealed 49 score able bands on amplification and their sizes ranged between 300bp to 1500bp. Among the 49 RAPD bands, 7 bands were monomorphic and 42 bands were polymorphic and 13% polymorphism was observed. The maximum polymorphism was found by the primer OPE-20 (23.07 %). The RAPD based dendrogram were revealed that two major clusters and the inter variety similarity indices between Bichikola and Sabrikola was found the highest (1.29 %) and the lowest 0.33 % value was found between Chinichampa and Sabrikola and average value of variety the similarity (Si) was 0.81 %. The highest linkage distance (3.74) was found in Chinichampa vs. Sabrikola variety pair and the lowest linkage distance (2.65) was found in Kachkola vs. Ranginsagor variety pair. All five varieties are closely related with each other in the samples studied and providing clear informations for any future genetic manipulation.

3 illus, 7 tables, 12 ref

006605   Irene W I;Chinyenren I F (Biological Sciences Dep, Bells Univ of Technology, Ota, Nigeria, Email: wems5@yahoo.com) : Prevalence of multidrug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli extended spectrum beta lactamase producers from urine samples in a state hospital, OTA, Nigeria. Int J Sci Nat 2016, 7(3), 651-8.

The global spread of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) by members of the Enterobacteriaceae family is one of the major threats in current clinical issues. In this study, a total of one hundred (100) urine samples from both male and female patients aged between 20-60 clinically suspected to have urinary tract infection were screened for extended spectrum Beta Lactamase Uropathogenic Escherichia coli using standard microbiological procedures. Of the 100 urine samples obtained, only 70% showed significant growth while 30% had no significant growth. Antimicrobial susceptibility screening revealed that all the uropathogenic E. coli isolated had varying susceptibility patterns and most were multidrug resistant. All uropathogenic E. coli isolated were hundred percent resistant to cloxacillin and augmentin, while 75 and 68.75% were resistant to cefuroxime and erythromycin respectively. However, the uropathogenic E. coli was highly sensitive to cefotaxime (81.25%), gentamicin (75%), and oflaxacin (75%). The double disk synergy test for extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) divulged that majority of the uropathogenic E. coli isolated were positive for extended spectrum beta lactamase (87%). On account of the high occurrence of ESBL multidrug resistant uropathogenic E. coli in urine samples from this study, there is a need for immediate action in the area of routine diagnosis, surveillance and control as recommended by Center for Disease and Control (CDC), to address the threat posed by multidrug resistant ESBL producers before its catastrophic consequences become inevitable.

27 ref

006604   Ingle K P;Deshmukh A G;Padole D A;Dudhare M S;Moharil M P;Khelurkar V C (Biotechnology Centre, Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra) : Silver nanoparticles: A new era of nanobiotechnology. Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(1), 1-4.

Nanotechnology is a fast emerging field in physics, chemistry as well as in biology. In view of the tremendous applications of nanotechnology, scientists are in flick to carry out research in this vital discipline. Chemists are highly interested in synthesizing nanoparticles of different dimensions employing many of the precious metals. Now a days scientist have started the exploitation of bio-based synthesis of nano-particles using leaf extracts and microorganisms. The development of eco-friendly procedures for the metal nanoparticles synthesis through biological process is evolving into an important branch of nanobiotechnology. Generally, nanoparticles are synthesized by chemical and physical methods, which are not eco-friendly so it is necessity to synthesized nanoparticles using plant extracts or from the plant source. Nanotechnology is gaining tremendous impetus in the present century due to its capability of modulating metals into their nanosize, which drastically changes the chemical, physical and optical properties of metals. Metallic silver in the form of silver nanoparticles has made a remarkable comeback as a potential antimicrobial agent.

24 ref

006603   Ingle K P;Deshmukh A G;Padole D A;Dudhare M S;Moharil M P;Khelurkar V C (NO, Biotechnology Centre, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi, Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra) : Screening of insecticidal activity of Jatropha curcas (L.) against diamond back moth and Helicoverpa armigera. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(1), 44-50.

In the study extracts of leaf, bark, seed, seed coat and roots of Jatropha curcas were extracted using soxhlet extraction method with various solvents. Methanol was found to be the best extractant amongst all the solvents. In order to prescreen, the methanol and solvent extract were then subjected to check for insecticidal activity if any. The biological and phytochemical studies of Jatropha curcas were evaluated against third instar larvae of diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) and Helicoverpa armigera by Leaf dip method. Antifeedant activity was observed in case of leaf extract against Helicoverpa armigera with total larval weight reduction of 36.27% after 24 hrs when they were fed on cotton leaf treated with the extract, but even after replacing the fresh cotton leaf the weight reduction was 42.08% (after 48 hrs) and 41.55% (after 72 hrs). The seed coat extract was most effective against Plutella xylostella and showed highest mortality 100% at 5% as compared to other extracts whereas in case of Helicoverpa armigera seed coat extract was most effective and showed highest mortality 10, 40 and 60% at 5, 10 and 15% concentration respectively. The results suggested that Jatropha curcas has good insecticidal/antifeedant activity therefore making it ideal potential option for incorporation into pest management program.

4 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

006602   Ingle K P;Deshmukh A G;Padole D A;Dudhare M S;Moharil M P;Khelurkar V C (Biotechnology Centre, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi, Vidyapeeth) : Bioefficacy of crude extracts from Jatropha curcas against Spodoptera litura. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(1), 36-8.

The crude methanolic extracts of Jatropha curcas (L.) were screened (leaf, bark, seed, seed coat and root) for insecticidal activity against third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura using leaf dip bioassay method. Among the tissues screened (leaf, bark, seed, seed coat and root), the leaf extract was most effective and showed highest mortality (60%) at 5% concentration as compared to other extracts followed by seed (20%), seed coat (20%) and root (20%).

1 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

006601   Ikawati Z;Murwanti R;Meliana Y;Kartika W (NO, Faculty of Pharmacy Gadjah Mada Universit, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: zullies_ikawati@ugm.ac.id) : Effect of nanoencapsulated Centella asiatica L and Zingiber officinale ROSC. VAR. rubrum combination to promotecollagen synthesis and decrease the diameter of adipocyte cells in female wistar rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 1909-14.

Cellulite is a normal condition judging from the medical aspect, but from aesthetics aspect, cellulite deserves more attention, especially for women. Centella asiatica is reported to promote both fibronectin and collagen synthesis. Meanwhile, Zingiber officinale is reported to have lipolysis activity. Combination of the two herbals is assumed to have complementary effect as anti cellulite agents. The combination of the herbal extracts is prepared in nanoemulsion form to enhance the bioavailability. The study aimed to determine the effect of nano emulsion of C. asiatica and Z. officinale combination (proportion of 5:1) to stimulate skin collagen synthesis and decrease the diameter of adipocyte cells using histological parameters as an indicator of lipolysis activity. Twenty female Wistar rats weighing 120-140 g were fed a high-fat diet for 30 days. The animals were divided into 4 groups, with the 3 groups received the nanoemulsion of herbal combination with the dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW for 30 days, and 1 group received CMC Na 0, 5% as negative control. On the day 31, rats were sacrified and skin samples of 1.0 cm²

17 ref

006600   Hussain S A;David J;Khan M A;Ibrahim M;Beig M A (NO, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences (Deeme, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Rheological (Texture profile) properties of herbal sandesh incorporated with ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and tulsi (Ocimum santum). Pharma Innovation 2017, 6(2), 37-41.

Herbal Sandesh prepared by incorporating medicinal herbs showed textural properties. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) are popular medicinal plant that helps to improve textural quality of dairy product. The present studywas carried out to find out the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness measured by texture profile analysis with herbal extract inclusion in the Sandesh. The addition of herbs @ 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% decrease the hardness, springiness, chewiness of Herbal Sandesh and therefore, it increases the cohesiveness of Herbal Sandesh. The result found that best hardness, springiness, chewiness of herbal Sandesh @ 1% Ashwagandha and cohesiveness of herbal Sandesh by inclusion of Ashwagandha @ 3% and Tulsi 3% herbs extract respectively in selected Sandesh compared to @ 0% used of herb in Sandesh. Sandesh was preparedby this method was subjected to sensory properties of herbal Sandesh.

2 tables, 13 ref

006599   Hashem K A;Authman S H;Mahdi L H (Biology Dep, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah Univ, Baghdad, Iraq) : In vivo antibacterial activity of alkaline phosphatase isolates from Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhea patients against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(12), 32-6.

A hundred and fifty samples of stools were collected from patients suffering diarrhea. Hundred and thirty bacterial isolated (86.7%) were identified 84 (64.6%) belonged to Escherichia coli, 23(17.7%) to Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10 (7.7%) Enterobacter cloacae, 7 (5.4%) to Shigella dysenteriae, 4(3.1%) to Salmonella typhi and 2(1.5%) to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ability of E.coli isolates to produce alkaline phosphatase enzyme was tested on MM agar medium along with pNPP. ALP was extracted, the crude extract activity and specific activity was 1.86 unit/ml and 20.44 unit/mg protein respectively. The enzyme purified by precipitating with ammonium sulfate (50-75%) saturation then using ion-exchange chromatography in DEAE-Cellulose ionic exchange column and gel filtration chromatography by using sepharose-6B gel filtration column, to obtained pure ALP enzyme with specific activity 272.73unit/mg, with 13.34 fold purification and yield of enzyme 56.45%. The in vivo investigation for the effect of ALP enzyme on the infection with P. aeruginosa was done using BLBC mice. The results shows that ALP degreased the number of bacteria in liver, spleen and lung with significant differences (P<0.05). Also the results shows a significant differences (P<60>0.05) in elevated levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12) compering with control group.

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

006598   Hardenia A;Gupta A K (Pharmacy Dep, Suresh Gyan Vihar Univ, Mahal Jagatpura, Near Akshay Patra, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: anuhardenia7@gmaill.com) : Development and optimization of gastroretentive mucoadhesive microspheres using 3<. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 2020-30.

This experimental work aimed at formulating and systemically characterizing mucoadhesive amoxicillin microspheres for the eradication of H.pylori and its associated diseases. The microsphere batches were prepared by emulsion-solvent evaporation technique with the use of carbopol-934P as mucoadhesive polymer and ethyl cellulose as carrier polymer. Initially 27 formulations were prepared using 33 factorial design using Design Expert software. Results of preliminary trials showed that amount of drug-to-polymers ratio, emulsifying agent and stirring speed influenced the characteristics of microspheres. Prepared microspheres were discrete, spherical, free flowing with good percentage of drug entrapment. An in-vitro mucoadhesive test showed that amoxicillin microspheres adhered more strongly to the gastric mucous layer and could retain in the gastrointestinal tract for an extended period of time. A 33 factorial design was employed to study the effect of independent variables, drug-to-polymer-to-polymer ratio (amoxicillin-ethyl cellulose-carbopol-934P) (X1), Emulsifying agent (X2) and stirring speed (X3) on dependent variables, drug entrapment (Y1), particle size (Y2). The best batch exhibited a high drug entrapment efficiency of 66% and In vitro mucoadhesion after 1 h was 79%. A sustained drug release was obtained for more than 12 h. The morphological characteristics of the mucoadhesive microspheres were studied under a scanning electron microscope. In vitro release test showed that amoxicillin released slightly faster in pH 1.2 hydrochloric acid than in pH 7.8 phosphate buffer. In conclusion, the prolonged gastrointestinal residence time and enhanced amoxicillin stability resulting from the mucoadhesive microspheres of amoxicillin might make a contribution to H. pylori complete eradication.

26 ref

006597   Hande S;Goswami K;Togre N;Mandvikar A;Reddy M V R (Biochemistry Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram-442 102, Email: goswamikln@gmail.com) : Antifilarial actions of green tea extract and a synthetic heterocyclic thiazolidine derivative, Im8 compound in experimental mouse model. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(11), 753-7.

In spite of the advances in drug development and research against human lymphatic filariasis following the WHO mandate to address the disease-associated socioeconomic burden, diethylcarbamazine (DEC, N, N-diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazine carboxamide) is the only available antifilarial drug to date. The major obstacle for further development of antifilarial drugs is the lack of validation of candidate drugs in the experimental animal models. Both, green tea extract and a synthetic heterocyclic thiazolidine derivative (Im8; 2-chloro-N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl), showed efficacy of antifilarial action in our earlier in vitro study and hence, they were screened in the present study for their antifilarial potential in the BALB/c mouse filariasis model. Mice were treated with 25 mg/kg dose of either Im8 or green tea extract or DEC or only with their respective vehicles. The untreated mice served as controls. Following insertion of the micropore chamber laden with microfilariae (Mf) of Brugia malayi, the drug or vehicle was administered s.c. in mice at 12 h intervals as 4 doses. After 12 h of administration of the last dose, the micropore chambers were removed to determine the action of the treatments as the loss of Mf motility. The green tea extract showed a significant antifilarial action and Im8 showed relatively less but significant antifilarial action as compared to the respective vehicle controls. Both the green tea extract and Im8 showed higher activity than that was exerted by DEC. These results revealed a greater efficacy of green tea and thiazolidine derivative, Im8 as the novelantifilarial agents in the experimental mouse model of filariasis.

3 illus, 32 ref

006596   Han J;Qu Q;Qiao J;Zhang J (Neurology Dep, The First Clinical Hospital of Xian Jiaotong Univ, Xian 710061, Email: jzhang_shtcm@sina.com) : Vincamine alleviates amyloid-β 25-35 peptides-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 123-8.

Vincamine is a plant alkaloid used clinically as a peripheral vasodilator that increases cerebral blood flow and oxygen and glucose utilization by neural tissue to combat the effect of aging. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of vincamine on amyloid-β 25-35 (Aβ25-35) induced cytotoxicityto gain a better understanding of the neuroprotective effects of this clinically used anti-Alzheimer's disease drug. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehydeglutathioneand superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis detection was performed using an Annexin-V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using an ROS Assay Kit. Western blot detection was carried out to detect the protein expression. Our studies showed that pretreatment with vincamine could reduce Aβ25-35 induced oxidative stress. Vincamine markedly inhibited cell apoptosis dose-dependently. More importantlyvincamine increased the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Bcl-2 family protein ratios on preincubation with cells for 2 h. Above observation led us to assume that one possible mechanism of vincamine protects Aβ25-35-induced cell death could be through upregulation of SOD and activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

6 illus, 50 ref

006595   Han B X;Yuan Y;Huang L Q;Zhao Q;Tan L L;Song X W;He X M;Xu T;Liu F;Wang J (College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui Univ, Lu'an, Anhui Province, Email: zhaoqun@hotmail.com) : Specific PCR identification between Peucedanum praeruptorum and Angelica decursiva and indentification between them and adulterant using DNA barcode. Pharmacog Mag 2017, 13(49), 38-45.

The aim was to study the feasibility of using DNA barcoding to distinguish between Traditional Chinese medicine Qianhu (Peucedanum praeruptorum), Zihuaqianhu (Angelica decursiva), and common adulterants, based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, as well as specific PCR identification between P. praeruptorum and A. decursiva. Materials and Methods: The ITS sequences of P. praeruptorum, A. decursiva, and adulterant were studied, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Based on the ITS barcode, the specific PCR primer pairs QH-CP19s/QH-CP19a and ZHQH-CP3s/ZHQH-CP3a were designed for P. praeruptorum and A. decursiva, respectively. The amplification conditions were optimized, and specific PCR products were obtained. Results: The results showed that the phylogenetic trees constructed using the BI and MP methods were consistent, and P. praeruptorum and A. decursiva sequence haplotypes formed their own monophyly. The experimental results showed that in PCR products, the target bands appeared in the genuine drug and not in the adulterant, which suggests the high specificity of the two primer pairs. Conclusion: The ITS sequence was ideal DNA barcode to identify P. praeruptorum, A. decursiva, and adulterant. The specific PCR is a quick and effective method to distinguish between P. praeruptorum and A. decursiva.

4 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

006594   Gurpreet Kaur;Singh S (School of Pharmacy & Emerging Science, Baddi Univ of Emerging Sciences and Technology, Baddi-173 205, Email: gurpreet8sodhi@gmail.com) : In-vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extract of Ficus arnottiana Miq. leaves (Moraceace): an ethnomedicinal plant. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(5), 2057-64.

This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of leaves of Ficus arnottiana Miq. The aim of the study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and to determine the zone of inhibition of extracts on some bacterial and fungal strains. In the present study, the microbial activity of ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of Ficus arnottiana Miq. was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined in the extracts using agar cup method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts (50, 100, 200 μl) of Ficus arnottiana were tested against two Gram-positive-Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis; two Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa human pathogenic bacteria; and two fungal strains Fusarium solanii, Candida albicans. Zone of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of different standards like Doxycycline for antibacterial activity and fluconazole for antifungal activity. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was shown against the tested organisms. The phytochemical analysis of the plants was carried out. The microbial activity of the Ficus arnottiana was due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. Hence, these plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.

21 ref