016844   Sharma N;Pathak D P (pharmaceutical chemistry Dep, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector-3, Pushp Vihar, M.B Road New Delhi-110 017, Email: sharmaneetu11792@gmail.com) : Synthesis and characterization of novel benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones and evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(2), 667-78.

In the present study 17 novel benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone derivatives were synthesised using 2-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide as the main reactant and different aromatic aldehydes. Reactions were monitored using thin layer chromatography technique and the newly synthesised derivatives were characterized by Elemental analysis, ATR and ¹HNMR techniques. For antibacterial activity four bacterial strains were selected namely Bacillus subtilis (gram +ve), Staphylococcus aureus (gram +ve), Escherichia coli (gram -ve), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram -ve).Candida albicans was used to ascertain the antifungal activity of compounds. Antimicrobial assay was performed using nutrient agar media for the bacterial strains and Sabouraud agar for the fungus, zone of inhibition of all the compounds which could inhibit visible growth after incubation were calculated. Four different dilutions of the test compounds were taken and compared against ciprofloxacin and fluconazole as the standard drugs. Antimicrobial assay was performed in duplicate. The test compounds were active against both gram negative as well as gram positive bacteria. Considerable anti-fungal was shown by the compounds. Antioxidant assay was performed using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) or ABTS method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH method.

22 ref

016843   Sharma N;Barooah M (School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi, Email: m17barooah@yahoo.co.in) : Microbiology of Khorisa, its proximate composition and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria present in Khorisa, a traditional fermented bamboo shoot product of Assam. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2017, 8(1), 78-88.

Khorisa is an ethnic fermented tender bamboo shoot product prepared in Assam. It is relished in a variety of forms and food preparation including fish and meat. However, the study on the microbial dynamics and nutritional value of khorisa is scarce. In this present report, we have isolated, identified, and characterized the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from three different varieties of Khorisa. Their functional properties and antimicrobial effects against foodborne pathogen have been studied. Microbiological analysis showed the presence of 5 different strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. paracasei subspecies paracasei, L. pentosus, and L. - 183 - collinoides ranging upto 10⁷cfu/mL. Bacteriocin was partially purified to test sensitivity against enzymes, temperature, and pH. The fresh and fermented bamboo shoots were evaluated and compared for their different nutritional parameters. Cyanide content before and after fermentation has also been studied. The present study emphasizes the functional properties of the lactic acid bacteria present in khorisa, which makes it one of most suited traditional food with immense health benefits.

4 illus^p7 tables, 46 ref

016842   Sharma M;Patel S N;Sangwan R S;Singh S P (Biotechnology (DBT Dep, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali-140 306, Email: pratapsudhir17@gmail.com) : Biotransformation of banana pseudostem extract into a functional juice containing value added biomolecules of potential health benefits. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(7), 453-62.

Banana is one of the most widely grown fruit crops, with the second largest produced fruit in the world. India is the largest producer of banana in the world. Banana cultivation generates huge residual biomass, which is generally wasted after harvesting of fruit. The present study represents a novel method for biotransformation of banana pseudostem extract into a functional juice, containing high value nondigestible oligosaccharides, and rare monosaccharide of nearly zero caloric value- D-allulose. The bioprocess involves employment of membrane separation techniques, and the biocatalysts executing glucosyltransferase and D-fructose epimerization activities. The bioprocessed banana pseudostem juice was estimated to contain prebiotic glucooligosaccharides (<126>5 g L^-1) and D-allulose (<126>7 g L^-1). Thus, the study represents a simple and innovative bioprocess for transformation of banana pseudostem extract into a functional juice possessing high value biomolecules that exert multifarious health benefits.

7 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

016841   Sharma C K;Kanole S;Sharma M;Sharma V (Bioscience and Biotechnology Dep, Banasthali University, Rajasthan-304 022, Email: ck21sharma@gmail.com) : Variety of applications of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in plants. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 177-82.

HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is the combination of Liquid Chromatography & Gas Chromatography which provides easy separation of the any molecule, high resolving power, HPLC has an essential place - 182 - in the field of analysis of phenolic compounds. It is the most sensitive & selective techniques for the plant extract analysis. Currently, HPLC is the necessity in food industries, thermal paper industries, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare etc. It is possible to identify and determine very low amounts of analytes in the presence of mixture of various compounds like carotenoids and chlorophyll, quercetin, natural dyes, pesticides, vegetable oils etc. Various types of plant samples such as apricot, caffeine, apple, peach, aloe vera, walnut, henna etc. can be used in HPLC in different industries. HPLC is the accurate, stable and most convenient techniques used for determination of secondary metabolites, flavonoids and sterols present in plants for food & medicinal applications. Combination of HPLC & MS techniques allows identification as well as quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds even in very low concentrations.

25 ref

016840   Saxena J;Saini A;Kushwaha K;Arino A (Biochemical Engineering Dep, BT Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat-263 653, Email: saxenajyoti30@gmail.com) : Synergistic effect of plant growth promoting bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and phosphate solubilizing fungus Aspergillus awamori for growth enhancement of chickpea. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2016, 53(3-4), 135-43.

Many rhizosphere microorganisms solubilize the fixed phosphorus present in soil and make it available to the plants and also contribute towards better growth and yield of plants through other direct and indirect plant growth promoting activities. This communication deals with synergistic effect and compatibility of two rhizosphere microorganisms, Pseudomonas fluorescens BAM-4 and Aspergillus awamori S-19 in vitro and in planta in chickpea. BAM-4 and S-19 solubilized 354.41 and 361.12 mg kg^-1 of P in vitro, respectively. BAM-4 also showed indole acetic acid (IAA) production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity. Under pot culture conditions, the overall plant growth in all treatments assayed increased significantly over the untreated soil. The length and fresh and dry weight of plants were significantly higher in co-inoculation treatment by BAM-4 and S-19 as compared to single inoculation of either microorganism, showing the positive synergistic effect. The number of pods and weight of pods per plant were maximum in soil + BAM-4 + S-19 treatment with and/or without TCP. Maximum total chlorophyll content was 4.28 mg g^-1 fresh weight in dual inoculation treatment with TCP. The results indicated the potential usefulness of co-inoculation by rhizosphere bacteria and fungi in stimulation of plant growth and yield in chickpea for sustainable environment and agriculture.

1 illus, 6 tables, 53 ref

016839   Sanusi J;Bawa J A;Aghemwenhio I S;Rabiu Z S; Sani M G;Liadi S (Biology Dep, Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsin-ma, Katsina State, Nigeria, Email: bawa51@yahoo.com) : Efficacy of Securidaca longepedunculata on the parameters of blood glucose level and pulse rate of envenomed albino rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 4805-11.

The study was undertaken to investigate the in vivo activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Violet plant, Securideca longepedunculata leaves and root bark against snake venom of Naja nigricollis and blood glucose level along with pulse rate in experimental albino rats. Healthy adult albino rats weighing 250-300g were used and randomly divided into five groups for in vivo anti-snake venom activity. Extracts were prepared using two hundred grams (200g) from the dried plant material in 1000 ml of ethanol and water (solvent). The pulse rate was determined using Blood Pressure (B.P.) machine before and after administering the glucose. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance ANOVA with SPSS 16.0 Version, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range. The results indicated that organic extract has the highest percentage (20.20%) yield for the leaves and 11.86% for the root bark extract. The percentage yield of ethanol extract is significantly higher (M+SD 2.5+1.48) than the aqueous - 181 - extraction. Potentials activity of the plant extract revealed that combined root bark with leaf extracts are able to neutralize snake venom at 200 and 300mg/kg body weight with 100% survival. The plant extracts showed significant effect (P<60>0.05) on blood glucose level, on leaf (1.79 and 1.69%), root bark (1.91 and 64.33%), combined root bark and leaves extracts (1.82 and 1.25%) at all the concentrations of the PR1 and a decreased of the blood glucose level at PR2 respectively. The blood glucose level increase with a mean of 77.66 and 73.00% before administration, and 69.66 and 65.66% after administering glucose. But, in combined leaves and root bark extracts showed no significant. Snake venom had significant effect on the blood glucose level of the treated rats. The extracts used in this research indicated a potential activity at 200 and 300 mg/kg concentrations of the glucose administered, with reduced blood glucose level and pulse rate in the laboratory animals. Further study is needed to determine the mechanism of action for the active component and phytochemical metabolites responsible for anti snake venom and anti diabetic properties of the plant.

30 ref

016838   Sajadi Kaboodi P;Moghadamnia A A;Bakshi D; Sefidgar A A (Horticultural Science Dep, University of Guilan, , Rasht-Iran, Email: bakshi-d@guilan.ac.ir) : Phytochemical properties of various extracts of Ammi majus fruit using GC-MS technique. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 150-5.

Diversity of plants and tendency of society toward using natural materials for disease treatment has raised researchers' interest in screening of herbal extracts. The purpose of the present research is to study the chemical compounds in various extracts of Ammi majus fruit with regard to various applications of this fruit in disease treatment. This empirical study was carried out on Ammi majus fruit gathered from its natural habitat in Lorestan province. Side-grafting technique was used to prepare methanol and n-Hexane extracts from this fruit, column chromatography with suitable solvents for each extract was used to separate constituents and finally, GC-MS device was used to identify the compounds in these extracts. Overall, 43 compounds were identified in n-Hexane extract of Ammi majus fruit; the major compounds included unsaturated fatty acid with a fdouble bond (oleic acid) (10.02%), saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) (2.25%), methoxalen (2.43%) and pimpinelline (1.24%). Moreover, 21 compounds were identified in methanol extract of this fruit and highest percentages belonged to oleic acid (14.8%), methoxsalen (13.04%), pimpinelline (5.63%) and bergapten (1.39%). The present study demonstrated that the amount of oleic acid and furanocoumarins such as methoxsalen, pimpinelline and vitamin E in methanol and n-Hexane extracts of Ammi majus fruit are more, compared with other studies. This might be due to climatic and environmental factors such as water, soil, light, etc.

2 tables, 29 ref

016837   Sabuj Z R;Islam S;Haque S;Rekha S B;Islam N (Zoology Dep, Rajashahi Univ, Rajshahi, Bangladesh) : Control potentials of Saraca indica L. extracts against the adults of stored product pests Callosobruchus chinensis L., Sitophilus oryzae L. and Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.). J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(4), 11-15.

The aim of the current research work was to analyze the control potentials of plant extracts against stored product pests. The research work was carried out in the Crop Protection & Toxicology Lab, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during April 2016 to November 2016. Pet. ether, CHCl₃ and CH₃OH extracts of Saraca indica L. were subjected to repellent activity and dose-mortality tests against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Hbst.). Pet. ether extracts of root and stem bark; CHCl₃ extracts of leaves, root and stem bark didn't show mortality at all. However, other parts of the test plant extractives provided mortality to the test insects - 180 - by yielding different LD₅₀ values in different time exposure. In repellency test the extracts were found moderately repellent (P<60>0.01) and mild repellent (P<60>0.05). However, CH₃OH extracts of leaves, CHCl₃ and CH₃OH extracts of stem bark didn't show repellent activity at all.

4 tables, 32 ref

016836   Ryu A R;Bang I C;Lee S A;Lee M Y (Medical Science Dep, Soonchunhyang Univ, Asan, Chungnam-336 745, Republic of Korea, Email: miyoung@sch.ac.kr) : Protective role of phytochemicals on TiO₂ nanoparticles-induced DNA damage in lymphocytes. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 913-17.

The adverse health effect of nanoparticles is of concern for humans and environment. In the present study, TiO₂-nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs)-induced oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes was measured by comet assay. 80 μg ml^-1 TiO₂-NPs induced approximately 3-fold increase in DNA damage than in the PBS-control group as measured by olive tail moment. However, on treating vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine, DNA damage was effectively protected in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the protective effect of several phytochemicals including berberine, resveratrol, sulforaphane, and curcumin on DNA damage caused by TiO₂-NPs was manifested. The increased olive tail moment induced by TiO₂-NPs was effectively inhibited by treatment with these phytochemicals. Especially, olive tail moment of 5 μg ml^-1 berberine-treated group was significantly reduced down to the level of control group, showing almost complete protection. Taken together, the protective effect of phytochemicals against DNA damage by TiO₂-NPs may be applied for the development of antidote for TiO₂ toxicity.

4 illus, 29 ref

016835   Rishipathak D D;Patil K V;Wajpeyi P S;Daryani M J (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, MET's Institute of Pharmacy, Bhujbal Knowledge City, Nashik-422 003, Email: drishipathak@gmail.com) : Design and molecular docking studies of sme 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 5044-51.

In present investigation of some ethyl1-((5-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) methyl) - 5 - ethyl-2, 6-dimethyl - 4 - phenyl-1, 4-dihydro pyridine-3-carboxylate are designed and docked active site of cavity 1<35> of open channel voltage gated calcium - 179 - channel protein (3DVE). The compounds evaluated in silico (docking) to distinguish their hypothetical binding mode using the X-ray crystal structure of Ca²⁺/CAM-CaV2.2 IQ domain complex 3DVE obtained from protein data bank as target protein Respectively. In this docking studies carried out the comparative docking experiments of designed compounds with known calcium blockers Ethosuximide, gabapentine with dock score calculated -4.9318,-4.6489 respectively. Obtained results were evaluated in terms of dock score into the active site of receptor. One of the conformers of compound Cl 123(C1)and AN 123 (C15),CH=CH 123 (C6),Fur 123 (C9) found to have lowest dock scores-3.2496 and -3.1749, -2.8439, - 2.6359 respectively and said to have more affinity for active site of Ca²⁺/CAM-CaV2.2 IQ domain complex receptor than other molecules. More the negative value of the energy of binding the better is affinity of the molecule to the receptor.

11 ref

016834   Richhariya N;Mishra S;Thakur L K;Rani R (Chemistry Head Dep, Government Indra College, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, Email: neelamsuved@gmail.com) : Extraction and analysis of pesticide residues from liquid milk. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2017, 8(1), 5426-32.

Dairy milk has a high incidence of contamination with persistent insecticides residues. Contamination of milk with a pesticide depends on its stability, its mode of application, the duration of the intake or exposure and its metabolic fate in the animal. Pesticides are extracted from solvents such as acetonitrile, petroleum ether, hexane, dichloromethane, or acetone. Cleanup of hexane extract with official method, SPE extraction, Acetonitrile petroleum ether followed by Florisil cleanup, QuEChERS (MSPD), extraction with hexane partitioned with acetonitrile and dichloromethane. The solvent is blended with the sample and homogenized. Pesticide compounds are separated either on gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC), and then identified and quantified using Electron-capture detection (ECD), flame photometric detection (FPD), nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD), fluorescence detection, and diode-array detection (DAD) depending on the molecules to be analysed. But role of GC and LC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in pesticide residue analysis is clear in both monitoring and research applications.

^iia45 ref

016833   Reyes R G;Del Rosario M A G;Padua J P G; Malonzo M A C;Barza A J J;Sumi R;Mori N;Miyazawa N;Eguchi F (NO, Central Luzon State Univ, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines) : The first report on the mycelial growth performance and antibacterial activity of Collybia reinakeana RGF-FE -NSC strain, a Philippine endemic edible mushroom. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(1), 113-19.

A pioneering work on the mycelial growth performance and antibacterial activity of Collybia reinakeana RGR-FE -NSC strain, a Philippine endemic edible mushroom is hereby presented. Fruiting bodies of mushroom were rescued from the wild and pure cultures were produced following the standard laboratory protocol for the domestication of wild edible mushrooms. Mycelial growth performance was evaluated on four commercially available dehydrated culture media namely sabouraud dextrose agar, potato dextrose agar, mycological agar and malt extract agar. The antibacterial activity was also investigated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. Results of our investigation revealed that sabouraud dextrose agar stimulated the mycelial growth of Collybia reinakeana RGR-FE -NSC strain. The mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar, mycological agar and malt extract agar yielded mycelial sectors. For the first time, the bactericidal activity of Collybia reinakeana RGR-FE -NSC strain is highlighted.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

016832   Ravi L;Krishnan K (School of Biosciences and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Dep, VIT Univ, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Email: kkb@vit.ac.in) : Benzoyloxy-ethyl-carbamic acid: A novel anticancerous secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces globosus VITLGK011. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(7), 411-20.

Marine actinomycetes are known to possess novel anticancer compounds. In this study, we screened marine actinomycetes for isolation and identification of possible cytotoxic anticancer secondary metabolites, if there any. Screening of antagonistic actinomycetes isolates from Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi marine soil samples resulted in the selection of VITLGK011. Molecular taxonomic characterization identified the isolate as Streptomyces globosus VITLGK011. Silica gel column chromatographic separation, purification and characterization by spectroscopic studies lead to the identification of a novel secondary metabolite benzoyloxy-ethyl-carbamic acid (BECA) with a molecular weight 209.2 g/mol and molecular formula C₁₀H₁₁NO₄. BECA demonstrated selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines, in particular against MCF-7. The results of in vivo studies in zebrafish model showed that the compound BECA is non-toxic and capable of reducing tumor progression. In silico studies revealed that BECA by inhibiting PARP1 in MCF-7 cells demonstrated its cytotoxic activity, and hence this molecule can be probed further for its usefulness as a cytotoxic agent.

4 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

016831   Rathore B;Mahdi F;Mahdi A A;Das S K (Biochemistry Dep, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Sarfarajganj, Hardoi Road, Lucknow-226 003, Email: bsr2911@gmail.com) : Crocus sativus and Nyctanthes arbortristis extract modulates anti-inflammatory cytokine in experimental arthritis. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(2), 768-74.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, affecting 1-2% population worldwide. RA is common among the women in comparison to men. The disease mostly affects the age group 45 onwards, while juvenile cases are also reported. Exact pathogenesis of the disease is still a question. Studies indicate RA as an overabundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inadequate anti-inflammatory cytokines. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are established pro-inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 as anti-inflammatory cytokine in several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Crocus sativus is considered as an anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antispasmodic and diaphoretic agent and Nyctanthes arbortristis has been known for its anti-helmenthic, anti-bacterial activity etc. The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Crocus sativus (CS) and Nyctanthes arbortristis (NAT) towards anti-inflammatory property in inflamed animal tissue. We induced arthritis by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant in the paw of mice. Water soluble ethanolic extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis (leaf) and Crocus sativus (stigma) was administered orally to adjuvant induced arthritic mice at the dose of 23.72 and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively for 47 days. Paw edema and anti-inflammatory cytokine were assessed in adjuvant induced arthritic mice. Daily administration of extracts for 47 days significantly reduced the paw edema and elevated the IL-10 levels in arthritic mice. Our results indicate the efficacy of simultaneous oral dose CS and NAT extracts towards anti-inflammatory property in the experimental mice.

42 ref

016830   Rastegar S;Soltani S;Roohipoor A;Ebrahimi E (Biochemistry Dep, School of Medicine, Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ of Medi, Ahvaz, Iran, Email: e.ebrahimi92@yahoo.com) : Plants with D-chiro-inositol and its derivatives on diabetes. Int J Pharmac 2017, 4(2), 43-53.

Diabetes is an endocrine disorder and it is due to deficiency in secretion or action of insulin. The increased prevalence of diabetes in recent decades has made it to serious risk for public health. Human always has great consideration to plants for treatment of illnesses, especially diabetes and it is probably due to common ingredients with mammalian cells such as inositol, especially isomer of D-chiro-inositol, which plays a vital role in signalling pathway of insulin, and its lack in structure of inositol phosphoglycan leads to insulin resistance. Therefore, the possession of an inexpensive and available source of this ingredient is essential for patients suffered from diabetes. In the current study, we reviewed the effects of D-chiro-inositol and its derivatives and herbs with them on diabetes.

3 illus, 2 tables, 67 ref

016829   Rapaka G;Bollavarapu A;Tamanam R (Biochemistry Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: gangaraju.r@yahoo.com) : Phytochemical evaluation and HPTLC analysis of Phoenix sylvestris fruit extract at two ripening stages. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 5067-71.

Phoenix sylvestris Roxb, commonly known as date sugar palm or wild date palm, grows naturally in the tropics and subtropics of the Indian subcontinent. The present study was aimed for phytochemical evaluation and to develop the high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint profile of methanolic extract of P. sylvestris at two ripening stages. The powdered plant material was extracted using methanol. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals and HPTLC fingerprinting analysis were carried out. The quantitative analysis of the phytochemicals revealed the presence of various amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoids and total tannins. These phytochemicals were significantly higher in the unripened stage than ripened stage. The HPTLC fingerprinting analysis was carried for phenolic compounds by using Camag Linomat 5 instrument which revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in two stages of P. sylvestris. HPTLC data revealed that unripened extract has high quality phytochemicals than ripened extract. The phytochemical changes of P. sylvestris fruit ripening clearly explained its growth, development and ripening stages.

20 ref

016828   Ramalingam V;Dhanasundari S;Nithiya P;Rajaram R (DNA Barcoding and Marine Genomics lab, Marine Science Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: drrajaram69@rediffmail.com) : Catalytic degration of methyl orange using biogenic nanosilver and its phytotoxicity evaluation. Indian J chem Technol 2017, 24(3), 336-43.

The cell free extract of Staphylococcus aureus has been used to reduce the 1mM silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biological manner. The colour change from yellowish to brown colour is primary confirmation of AgNPs synthesis. Further, the synthesized AgNPs have been characterized by UV-vis for confirmation of reduction process. The morphology of AgNPs is visualized using transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to determine the size and zeta potential of AgNPs. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is confirmed the presence of silver and its structure and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is used to determine the - 176 - functional group that actively involved in methyl orange (MO) degradation. For application of AgNPs, different concentration (10-200 μg/mL) of AgNPs has been used to degrade the different concentration (100-2000 μg/mL) of MO. Roughly, 62% of MO (2000 μg/mL) has been degraded after treated with 200μg/mL of AgNPs. Further, the degradation is confirmed using FT-IR analysis that show the AgNPs break down the N=N bond of MO and dispersed it. The treated dye further evaluated its phyototoxicity against Oryza sativa and the results indicate that the treated dye has less toxicity than untreated.

7 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

016827   Rajpurohit B;Gilhotra U K;Verma A K;Genwa C (NO, G. D. Memorial College of Pharmacy, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: bhawnaraj20@gmail.com) : Evalution of anxiolytic activity of Leptadenia reticulata plant. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 5099-105.

The study was designed to investigate the anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of Leptadenia reticulata plant. It is a folk medicine traditionally used in treatment of eye diseases, seminal debility, general weekness, cough, fever, asthma, sore throat and gonorrhea. The anxiolytic activity was evaluated by Elevated plus maze Test, Light-Dark Test, Hole-board Test and Social-intraction Test models by using Wistar albino rats. The extract at oral dose 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg at body weight significantly increased time spend and no of entries in open arms in Elevated plus maze test and time spend in light area in light-dark test and no of head dipping in hole board test and also inceased social interaction time in social interaction test as compard to control animals. The effect was compared to the Diazepam (2mg/kg i.p.) as standard anxiolytic drug. The result of study indicate that the Leptadenia reticulata plant have potant anxiolytic activity.

24 ref

016826   Rajeswari K;Rao T B;Sharma G V R;Murali Krishna R (Chemistry Dep, K L Univ, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh-522 502, Email: krajeswari@kluniversity.in) : Antimicrobial activities of extracts of some species of mangrove plants and a new compound isolated towards some selected strains. Oriental J Chem 2017, 33(2), 1011-16.

The bio-materials of four marine mangrove medicinal plants viz., Aegiceras Corniculatum (AGC), Excoecaria agallocha (EA), Rhizophora mucronata (RM) and Xylocarpus granatum (XG) are extracted with methanol and hexane. These extracts are submitted to the antibacterial activity towards the strains: Bacillus puvuilis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera adopting Agar-well diffusion method. It is found that a new Flavone Compound isolated from hexane extract of EA is effective towards Bacillus puvuilis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera strains while RM MeOH extract is effective towards the - 175 - strains Bacillus puvuilis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera. The XG MeOH extract is found to be effective towards the strains Bacillus puvuilis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera strains while AGC MeOH extract is found to be effective towards the strains Bacillus puvuilis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera. The order of effectiveness is found to be: EA Hexane <62> RM MeOH <62> XG MeOH <62> AG MeOH. Finally a new flavone compound is found to be more effective than the extracts.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

016825   Raj M S;Kameshwari M N S;Tharasaraswathi K J; Shubharani R (Botany Dep, Bangalore Univ, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: mn.shivakameshwari@gmail.com) : Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in two different species of urginea. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2017, 8(2), 5433-8.

Urginea a medicinal herb belongs to family Hyacinthaceae. In the present study, the phytochemical analysis of petroleum ether and methanol extracts of two species of Urginea viz Urginea indica and Urginea wightii bulbs collected from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states were carried out to find the various chemical constituents. The secondary metabolites produced by this medicinal plant are reported to have therapeutic values. The bioactive constituents like alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, flavonoid, phenol, saponin, tannin and terpenoid have been analysed qualitatively in both the species. The quantitative estimation has revealed the highest concentration of terpenoids in methanolic extract of Urginea indica bulb collected from Seethampoondi region, where as flavonoid and alkaloids were found to be high in bulbs collected from Udupi. The petroleum ether extract of Urginea indica from Udupi region showed more flavonoid and alkaloid, while phenol stands next in its concentration. In Urginea wightii, terpenoid was present in higher concentration in methanol extract followed by alkaloids but in petroleum ether extract the alkaloid was present in higher concentration, followed by terpenoids.

2 tables, 23 ref

016824   Radha M;Laxmipriya N (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, The M S Univ of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: lnampoothiri@gmail.com) : Efficacy of non polar extract (NPE) of Aloe barbadensis Mill. ini polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) rodent model- an "in vivo" study. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 4933-48.

Aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of non polar extract (NPE) of Aloe vera gel (AVG) for 60 days (<126>25μg/daily/orally) in rodent model of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). After treatment, steroid hormones and insulin levels were estimated by ELISA, serum lipid profile along with ovarian steroidal enzyme activity. Also, transcript as well as protein level of key receptors and steroidogenic enzymes were evaluated. Parallely, pairs of ovaries were excised and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) to monitor the structural changes from group of animals. During course of study, stability of non polar extract (NPE) of AVG was evaluated by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) during study (15, 30, - 174 - 45, 60 days). PCOS rats after treatment with NPE demonstrated a decrease in serum testosterone and insulin level with improved estradiol and progesterone levels. Also, decrease in transcripts level of steroid receptors while increased aromatase expression were observed after NPE treatment. These genes expression study was correlated with relative changes were observed with protein expressions. Non polar phytosterol rich fraction treated PCOS rats improved metabolic phenotype as well as ovarian function. These modulations ameliorate the PCO condition suggesting that these could possible novel targets in management of PCOS.

40 ref

016823   Punnagaiarasi A;Rajarajan G;Elango A;Pandiyan C;Karthikeyan N (Livestock Products Technology (Dairy Science) Dep, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: punnagai90@gmail.com) : Development of stirred papaya [Carica papaya] yoghurt and assessing their sensory and chemical qualities. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 515-17.

An attempt was made to develop stirred yoghurt by incorporating papaya fruit in order to improve the nutritional benefit of yoghurt. Samples were analysed for sensory, physico-chemical analysis and textural properties. Significantly higher values were observed in sensory evaluation in 10 per cent papaya incorporated yoghurt when compared with the other treatments. Significant reduction in fat and protein were also observed in papaya incorporated yoghurt. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that yoghurt can be incorporated with 10 per cent papaya fruit to enhance the nutritional quality without altering the sensory and physico-chemical characteristic of yoghurt.

2 tables, 11 ref

016822   Prasanth D S N B K;Rao A S;Yejella R P (Pharmacy Dep, JNTUK, Kakinada-533 003, Email: dsnbkprasanth@gmail.com) : Phytochemical in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial actvities of Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. (whole plant). Int J Pharmac 2017, 4(4), 109-17.

The whole plant of Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. (Convolvulaceae) continuously to be utilized in Indian indigenous systems as a remedy for cough, quinsy and applied externally in case of itch, eczema and other skin troubles, antidiabetic, antiphlogistic, rheumatism and reduce burning sensation. Still, there were constrained phytochemical or biological studies on the whole plant of A. pilosa, as well as no studies which align using its conventional medicinal uses. The aim of this study was to determine the total tannin and flavonoids contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of two extracts of the whole plant of A. pilosa and compare them to find out the better extract for upcoming studies. The whole plant material was subjected to cold - 173 - maceration with ethyl acetate and methanol to obtain ethyl acetate extract (APEE) and methanolic extract (APME). Phytochemical constituents of these extracts were determined as per standard procedure. Total Phenolics had been estimated by the Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method using tannic acid as standard. Total Flavonoids had been estimated by aluminum chloride assay using quercetin as standard and the antioxidant capacity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide assay and reducing capacity. The antimicrobial activity was studied with the agar diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these extracts were determined. APEE has better yield than APME. The phytochemical constituents present in both APEE and APME have revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, amino acids and proteins except for steroids and acid compounds which are only present in APME. Total tannin content and total flavonoids content of APEE is more than in APME. Both REE and RME have antioxidant and antibacterial potency. Statistically there is no significant difference between the antioxidant potency of APEE and APME. But APEE and APME are statistically different from each other in terms of their antibacterial strength, APEE being better than APME in this case.

7 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

016821   Prabhakar M M;Manoharan S;Ignacimuthu S; Stalin A (Biochemistry and Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Science, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai nagar-608 002, Email: sakshiman@rediffmail.com) : In silico docking analysis to explore the proapoptotic and anti cell proliferative potential of ferulic acid. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2016, 53(1-2), 17-23.

In silico molecular docking analysis has been carried out to explore the proapoptotic and anti-cell proliferative properties of ferulic acid by using seven target proteins viz., p53 (PDB ID: 4AGN), Bcl-2 (PDB ID: 4IEH), Bax (PDB ID: 1F16), Caspase 3 (PDB ID: 1NMS), Caspase 9 (PDB ID: 1NW9), Cyclin D1 (PDB ID: 2W96) and PCNA (PDB ID: 3VKX). The three dimensional x-ray structures of the above said target proteins are retrieved from PDB database and their active sites are predicted by CASTp server. The docking analysis was performed for the target proteins using Autodock tool v 4.2 and ADT v 1.5.6 programs. Results of the present analysis revealed that ferulic acid could serve as an apoptotic and anti-cell proliferative agent due to the fact that ferulic acid docks well these proteins with least binding energy conformation values. Ferulic acid could therefore be used or considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of cancer due to its proapoptotic and anti-cell proliferative properties.

2 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

016820   Phukan D;Goyal V;Palit P;Kalia R;Koundal M; Mithra S V A;Ravi I;Yadava D K;Chinnusamy V;Mohapatra T (NO, National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi-110 012, Email: dharitree19@gmail.com) : Expression analysis of candidate genes for abiotic stress tolerance in Brassica genotypes with contrasting osomotic stress tolerance. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(6), 333-43.

Drought stresses adversely affect production of mustard as it is cultivated mostly as a rain-fed crop. Drought at critical stages of crop growth is one of the reasons for low productivity of mustard in India. We screened 38 genotypes of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern] and Sinapis alba L. (white mustard), and identified genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. To understand the molecular basis of drought tolerance in mustard, we analyzed expression pattern of orthologs of 24 validated - 172 - Arabidopsis genes in mustard genotypes with contrasting drought tolerance. The candidate genes exhibited distinct expression pattern between stress tolerant and sensitive genotypes. All 24 genes analyzed in this study showed upregulation under drought stress at least in one of the genotypes examined. The present study highlighted the differential expression pattern of several drought responsive candidate genes in five different cultivars of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and its wild relative S. alba. Drought stress specifically upregulated the expression of ERECTA, TMM, ABA1, AREB1, CYP707A, ROP10, SOS4, RabG3e, STT3a and SHN1 genes <62> 2-fold in one or more of the drought tolerant genotypes, but not in any of the susceptible genotypes. Only AREB1 and INO1 showed upregulation in all the genotypes under drought stress. Thus, this study revealed considerable association between drought stress induction of candidate genes and abiotic stress tolerance of B. juncea and S. alba genotypes. These genes will be useful for further understanding of drought tolerance and genetic improvement of oil seed Brassica crops.

5 illus, 50 ref

016819   Pawar Y D;Devare S I;Chaudhrari P D (NO, SCES's Indira College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, Email: yogeshdpawar@rediffmail.com) : Development and optimization of chitosan-ca-pectinate beads of amorphoruscelecoxib by rsponse surface methodology. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(2), 930-9.

The aim of the present work was to develop a new microbeads system for colon-targeted delivery of celecoxib. The ternary system were develop using PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPB) to increase solubility of celecoxib. DSC and XRD results confirmed formation of amorphous celecoxib complex with HPB. Chitosan and pectin were used for the development of microbeads of new amorphous celecoxib. Calcium chloride was use as cross linking agent for electrolyte complexation between polymers. Eudragit RS100 was used to embed into microbeads in order to avoid premature delivery of a drug in acidic environment of stomach. Statistical design of experiment was employed to investigate the combined effect of three formulation variables, i.e., % of chitosan, pectin, and CaCl₂, on responses like drug release pattern in acidic dissolution medium (CDR in UGIT), colonic dissolution medium with fungus culture of Aspergillus niger (CDR in LGIT) and drug entrapment efficiency (EE%). Response surface methodology was used to analyze multivariate approach for understanding the multifactorial relationships among formulation parameters. Full central composite design was employed to define a design space. Desirability was used to attain simultaneous optimization of responses. Optimized formulation were evaluated and it was then found that obtained experimental values very close to predicted values. Eudragit RS 100 was successfully embedded in mocrobeads because there was negligible drug loss in acidic environment and maximum drug was released in colonic medium.

21 ref

016818   Patidar S L;Tripathi M K;Tiwari G;Patel R P; Ahuja A (Horticultural Biotechnology Lab, KNK-College of Horticulture, Mandsaur-458 001, Email: drgyanendratiwari@gmail.com) : Standardization of an efficient and reproducible embryogenic cell suspension culture protocol for production of secondary metabolites in Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 372-83.

In this study, a simplified procedure for establishment of embryogenic cell suspension culture from the friable embryogenic callus of Plumbago zeylanica L. was accomplished by transferring 6-8 weeks-old embryogenic calli achieved from nodal segment and leaf disc explants in liquid media. The cultures obtained were swamped with clumps of proliferating embryos of different developmental stages with modest non-embryogenic tissues. The number and size of somatic embryos / cell clumps was recorded to calculate growth rate of embryogenic tissues under different conditions. Initiation and proliferation of embryogenic cell suspension culture was manipulated by supplementation of diverse exogenous plant growth regulators to culture medium at variable concentration. For the establishment of cell suspension cultures, MS medium fortified with 2.0-3.0 mgL^-1 2,4-D with 0.5 mgL^-1 BAP was found to be the most effective. For subsequent subculturing, the media containing with 2.0-mgL^-1 2,4-D or the reduced level - 171 - of 2,4-D (1.0 mgL^-1) in combination with 0.5 mgL^-1 BAP supported somatic embryogenesis at a faster rate. Frequent and efficient plantlet regeneration occurred on MS medium amended with 0.5 mgL^-1, each of BAP, TDZ and NAA. Full strength MS medium added with either of IBA or NAA at the concentration of 0.1 mgL^-1 was found to be optimum for exhibiting higher in vitro rooting response i.e. root proliferation, number of root(s) and root of higher length. Regenerated plantlets showed normal development and established successfully in the field after hardening with normal phenotypic appearance.

1 illus, 5 tables, 44 ref

016817   Pathak L K;Gupta U S (Zoology Dep, Dr. Harisingh Gour Univ, Sagar-470 003) : Optimization of biotransformation of sucrose to fructooligosaccharides using immobilization technique by microoganism. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2017, 6(2), 93-132.

There is a strong relationship between our health and the food we eat. The design of food products that confer a health benefit is a relatively new trend and recognizes the growing acceptance of the role of diet in disease prevention, treatment and well-being. Functional foods, designer foods, pharma foods and nutraceuticals are synonyms for foods that can prevent and treat diseases. Oligosaccharides are very well recognized as 'functional food ingredients' because of their positive effects on human health. Of all the oligosaccharides known so far, Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have attracted special attention. They are about 0.4 and 0.6 times as sweet as sucrose and are useful for diabetics. They are used as prebiotics to stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria in the human colon. FOS was produced from 60 % succrose by the transfructosylation activity of immobilized Fructosyltransferases (FTase) enzymes. The capacity of Fructooligosaccharide production by four fungi viz., Aspergillus oryzae( MTCC5154), A. niger(ATCC2601), P. citrinum(ATCC38065) and Aureobasidium pullulans (ATCC20524) was examined under laboratory conditions at different range of temperature, pH, concentration of carbon source (Sucrose), speed of shaker, incubation time period. The refractive index detector of HPLC was used for the analysis of FOS. It is evident from the present research work that the biotransformation of sucrose to FOS by fungal immobilized (FTase) enzyme can be optimized by, creating a temperature range of 45-55 °C, maintaining pH range of 5.5-7.0, using 60% w/w sucrose solution, incubating the reaction at the agitation speed of 120 rpm.

40 illus, 20 tables, 21 ref

016816   Parthasarathy G;Saroja M;Venkatachalam M (Electronics Dep, Erode Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Erode-638 009, Email: sarathyae@gmail.com) : Bio-synthesized nano-formulation of zinc oxide - Aloe vera and to study their characterzation and antibacterial activities against multiple pathogens. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(2), 900-7.

Nano-sized ZnO particles of specific morphology were synthesized using the plant leaf extracts of Aloe vera. In modern science Nanotechnology is an ablaze field for the researchers. Nanoparticles having a size of 1-100 nm in one dimension are used significantly concerning medical chemistry, atomic physics and all other known fields. Nanoparticles are used immensely due to its small size, orientation, physical properties, which are reportedly shown to change the performance of any other material which is in contact with these tiny particles. The biological approach is the most emerging approach of preparation, because, this method is easier than the other methods, eco-friendly and less time consuming. The semiconductor ZnO has gained substantial interest in the research community in part because of its large exciton binding energy 60 meV which could lead to lasing action based on exciton recombination even above room temperature. The Green synthesis was done by using the methanol of Aloe vera extract and zinc oxide. A fixed ratio of plant extract to metal ion was prepared and the color change was observed - 170 - which proved the formation of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis Spectrophotometer, FTIR Analysis, XRD, and SEM.

21 ref

016815   Pandey S N;Kajal Kumari;Pathak R (Biotechnology Dep, A.N. College, Magadh University, Patna, Bihar, Email: snpandeybt@gmail.com) : Effect of aloe-vera extract on pro-mastigote form of Leishmania donovani. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 525-7.

In the present study, the comparative in vitro anti-leishmania activity of various of Aloe vera has been evaluated. Among those extracts Ethylacetate & chloroform extract of Aloe vera inhibit the growth of promastigote form of Leishmania donovani. Saponins present in Aloe vera may be responsible for morphological alterations including cell shrinkage, an aflagellated, ovoid shape and Chromatin condensation prior to death. Ethylene acetate & Chloroform extract of Aloe vera showed antileishmanial activity and it was found that IC₅₀ at 400 μg/ml i.e. 50% inhibition at 400 μg/ml and IC₉₀ at 500 μg/ml i.e. Complete inhibition at 500 μg/ml.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

016814   Okokon J E;Nyong M E;Essien G E;Nyong E (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uyo Univ, Uyo-Nigeria) : Hepatoprotective activity of husk extract and fractions of Zea mays against alloxan-induced oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Int J herb Med 2017, 5(4), 43-50.

Zea mays L. (Poacae), an annual grass, traditionally used to treat various diseases was evaluated for antioxidative stress and hepatoprotective potentials against alloxan-induced injuries in diabetic rats. Antioxidative stress and hepatoprotective activities of husk extract and fractions (187-748 - 169 - mg/kg) were assessed by determining oxidative stress markers levels, liver tests and histopathology of liver. The husk extract and fractions caused significant (p<60>0.05 - 0.001) increases in the levels of oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH) in the liver of the treated diabetic rats. The extract/fractions treatment caused reduction in liver enzymes (ALT and ALP), GGT, total bilirubin, and also increased total protein and albumin levels as well as AST. Histology of liver revealed absence or significant reductions in pathological features in the treated diabetic rats compared to untreated diabetic rats. The GCMS analysis of n-hexane fraction revealed the presence of phytochemical compounds of pharmacological importance. The results show that the husk extract and fractions of Zea mays has antioxidative stress and hepatoprotective potentials which may be due to the antioxidant activities of their phytochemical constituents.

1 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

016813   Mohan M (NO, MGV's Pharmacy College, Mumbai Agra Road, Panchavati, Nashik-422 003, Email: mm_nasik@yahoo.co.in) : Optogenetics. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(2), 440-5.

Optogenetics (a branch of biotechnology) is a biological tool used in the field of neuroscience that encompasses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to study the functioning of individual neurons in a living tissue. Spatio-temporal precision in neuronal control can be achieved using optogenetic actuators or reporters and sensors or indicators. The present review highlights the brief history of optogenetics, opsins- the functional unit in optogenetics, and the design of optogenetic experiments to study behaviour in normal function or disease models. The review also discusses the limitations of the technique and its applications in various behavioural and neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, fear, depression, addiction, autism and Parkinsonism. Looking back at the rate of progress over the last few years, it is reasonable to predict and believe that the molecular techniques for optogenetics will continue to evolve rapidly and that the applications of these methods will continue to expand.

^iia57 ref

016812   Mishra S;Mishra A;Thakur M;Sharma A;Alok S (NO, Advance Institute of Biotech and Paramedical Sciences, Naramau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: shilpi24mishra@gmail.com) : Investigations on hypolipidemic activity of Asparagus filicinus Buchham EX D. Don. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(2), 813-8.

Saponins are the foam producing secondary metabolites of plant. They have been evaluated for a number biological activities like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antitumor, blood cholesterol lowering properties etc. In the present study we have attempted to check the role of isolated saponins from Asparagus filicinus for its hypolipidemic activity. Saponin rich fraction of Asparagus filicinus was extracted by microwave assisted extraction technique. Phytochemical analysis and characterization was performed using FTIR technique comparing it to the standard spectra of saponins. Preliminary anti hyperlipidemic activity was evaluated using Triton WR 1339 model. This experiment shows significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL level in comparison with Atorvastatin standard drug.

18 ref

016811   Meghashree B M;Shantha T R;Venkateshwarlu G; Bhat S (Drug Standardization Research Unit, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders, (CCRAS, Ministry of MYUSH, Govt. of India), Bangalore) : Comparative pharmacognostical and histochemical studies on Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) CogN.-fruit and seed. Int J herb Med 2017, 5(4), 17-24.

According to Ayurvedicclassicsfruits of different stages of growth have different properties which possess different effects on consumption; therefore choosing a right stage of fruit for consumption or formulation preparations is very important. This study aims to establish the pharmacognostic standards and evaluate the difference between 3 growing stages of fruit and its seeds along with histochemical analysis on an important medicinal & - 168 - dietetic fruit Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Known as kushmanda in Sanskrit. The present study revealed important characters like presence of discontinuous patches of stone cells in tender stage, powder study revealed more parenchyma cells in tender stage and more xylem vessels and starch grains in mature stage. Difference in percentage of histochemicals in fruit and seed showed more of phytochemical in mature stage.

5 illus, 15 ref

016810   Meghashree B M;Shantha T R;Bhat S (Drug Standardization Research Unit, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders, (CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India) : Pharmacognostical and histochemical analysis of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. fruit - a dietary rasayana drug. Int J herb Med 2017, 5(4), 8-16.

Standardization of crude drugs is still a challenge in the research and development of herbal formulation preparations. This study aims to establish the pharmacognostic standards and understand the difference between 3 growing stages of fruits along with histochemical analysis on an important medicinal & dietetic fruit Phyllanthus emblica Lin., belonging to the family euphorbiaceae, and known as Amalaki in Sanskrit texts. P. emblica is the only fruit which consists of all 5 Rasa's. Hence it is the best Aahara Rasayana. Present study macro, micro, powder microscopy along with histochemical analysis revealed different and important characters like absence and presence of stone cells in tender and mature stage respectively. Difference in percentage of histochemicals representing is also highlighted along with the figures respectively.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

016809   Maralla S;Bharathi D (Zoology Div, Sericulture Dep, Sri Padmavat iMahila Univ, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: swaroopa.maralla@gmail.com) : New modalities for drug delivery in the treatment of chronic diseases through nanosize drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2017, 8(1), 5407-11.

Nanotechnology has a revolutionary impact on medical diagnosis and therapy. Targeted therapy and localized drug delivery have been the key challenges in the treatment of life threatening diseases. Nanotechnology has far-reaching implications that hold the promise of providing great leaps in the area of medical treatment in terms of detecting, diagnosing and treating complicated medical conditions. Nanotechnology helps in early detection, appropriate treatment and also to detect undesired effects of the drug that can correct the problem well before managing of the disease completely goes out of hand. Research and diagnosis will become far more efficient through the application of nanotechnology, allowing rapid response to new diseases, allowing continuous health monitoring resulting in several new kinds of treatment which makes the practice of medicine cheaper, more precise and available to more people at affordable costs. The following review attempts to provide a better understanding of the current and future applications of nanotechnology in various fields of medicine focused on drug delivery systems.

18 ref

016808   Manikandan A;Rajendran R;Abirami M;Kongarasi K (Microbiology G and Research Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: gowtham.research@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Impatiens balsamina seed (Kaci-T-tumpai) collected from Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 5039-43.

The antimicrobial effects of I. balsamina seed hexane extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, and Serratia marcescens were determined using the standard technique. As well as the phytochemical properties of the extract on the test isolates were also examined using the standard methods. The phytochemical components of the hexane extract of the I.balsamina seed include falvonoids, alkaloids, phenol, tannin, alkaloids, steroid, saponin, phenol, flavonoids, triterpenes glycosides and carbohydrate. All the test organisms were susceptible to 25mg/ml of the extract. The MIC and MBC of the hexane extract of the I.balsamina against S. aureus and E. coli was 50mg/ml, while that of K. pneumonia and S. marcescens were 75mg/ml and 100mg/ml of the extract respectively. The result of this study suggests that the hexane extracts of I. balsamina could be suitable for the treatment of diseases infections caused by S. aureus, K.pneumonia, P. vulgaris and S. marcescens.

17 ref

016807   Mahesh C;Rani S S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Vaagdevi Pharmacy College, Bollikunta, Warangal, Telangana, Email: maheshchidara@gmail.com) : Synthesis, charecterization and antimicrobial activity of 5-methyl -2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one-4-(4-subtituted) benzylpiperazine drivatives. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 5077-81.

Synthesis of 6-Methyl-2, 4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one- 4- (4-substituted) Benzylpiperazine derivatives IVP a-e was carried out by bromination of Ethyl aceto acetate (I) with KBr. The reaction was carried out in the presence of Hydrochloric acid and tolune to produce Bromo-ethyl aceto acetate (II), it is further condensed with substituted Benzylpiperazines in presence of ethanol to obtain condensed compound (III). This upon cyclization with excess of hydrazine hydrate will produce title compounds. All the title compounds IVP a-e were screened for possible antibacterial activity against P. Vulgaris, S. Aureas, E. Coli, B. Subtillus and antifungal activity against Altenaria, Culvalaria, C. Albicans and A. Niger. Among the compounds synthesized IVPb and IVPc demonstrated good antibacterial activity, IVb, IVc, and IVe showed good antifungal activity. The activities of the synthesized compounds are compared with the standard and other test compounds. The structures of synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis, IR, H NMR and Mass spectral data.

9 ref

016806   Madikattu K;Kalamata V N;Srisailam K (Research and Development, JNTU-K, Kakinada, A.P. Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education an, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana-502 313, Email: kvnaaiidu@gmail.com) : Enhanced bioavailability of glimepiride through microemulsion based transdermal gels. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 5052-5.

The objective of the present research work was to conduct in vivo pharmacokinetic study of microemulsion based transdermal gel of glimepiride for evaluating the enhanced bioavailability. Saturation solubility studies of the drug were conducted in various solvents and oils. Labrafil M 1944 CS, Tween 80 and Transcutol P were used as oil phase, surfactant and cosurfactants respectively for the preparation of microemulsion based on the results from solubility studies. Surfactant to cosurfactant ratio was fixed as 1:2 in all the formulations. Microemulsion based gel was prepared using carbopol 934 as gelling agent and oil to S_mix ratio of 1:9. In vivo - 166 - pharmacokinetic studies conducted in rabbits revealed that the bioavailability of microemulsion based gel was increased 5.4 times compared to oral suspension demonstrating avoidance of first pass metabolism and oral degradation. This indicates the effective management of plasma profile of glimepiride when it is administered as microemulsion based gel through transdermal route.

10 ref

016805   Liao Z, et. al. (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical Univ, No. 250 Changgang Dong Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou-510 260, Guangdong, China, Email: caimingsheng@163.com) : Characterization of synonymous codon usage bias in pseudorabies virus EP0 gene. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2016, 53(3-4), 81-94.

Codon usage bias among synonymous codons is not an uncommon phenomenon and it is known to involve various biological factors, such as GC compositions, gene length, mutation frequency and patterns, gene expression level, etc. Knowledge on synonymous codon usage may help in understanding the molecular evolution of the individual gene better. In the present study, we examined the codon usage bias between pseudorabies virus (PRV) EP0 gene and the EP0-like genes of 24 reference alpha herpesviruses. Comparative analysis showed noticeable disparities of the synonymous codon usage bias in the 25 alpha herpesviruses, indicated by codon adaptation index, an effective number of codons (ENc) and GC3s value. The codon usage pattern of PRV EP0 gene was phylogenetically conserved and similar to that of the EP0-like genes of the genus Mardivirus of alphaherpesvirus, with a strong bias towards the codons with C and G at the third codon position. Cluster analysis of codon usage pattern of PRV EP0 gene with its reference alpha herpesviruses demonstrated that the codon usage bias of EP0-like genes of 25 alpha herpesviruses had close relation with their gene functions. ENc-plot revealed that the genetic heterogeneity in PRV EP0 gene and the 24 reference alpha herpesviruses was constrained by G+C content, but not gene length. In addition, comparison of codon preferences in the EP0 gene of PRV with those of E. coli, yeast and human revealed that there were 40 codons showing distinct usage differences between PRV and yeast, 27 between PRV and E. coli, but only 22 between PRV and human. Therefore, thehuman expression system may be more suitable for expression of PRV EP0 gene. In conclusion, these results may improve our understanding of the evolution, pathogenesis and functional studies of PRV.

3 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

016804   Lalthanpuii P B;Lalawmpuii R;Lalchhandama K (Zoology Dep, Pachhunga Univ College, Aizawl-796 001, Email: chhandama@gmail.com) : Phytochemical analyses, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Acmella oleracea, a variety grown in Mizoram. Int J Pharmac 2017, 4(4), 118-22.

Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (family Asteraceae) is an interesting plant because of its wide range of medicinal and culinary uses. It has been traditionally used in the treatments of anaemia, body ache, cancer, gastric ulcer and infections, gingivitis, gout, inflammations, laceration, malaria, stammering, and worm infection (helminthiasis). Different extracts of the plants were prepared, and the methanol extract showed highest number of bioactive compounds, including carbohydrates, phytosterols, and tannins. The antioxidant activity was estimated from the rate of scavenging of the free radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The plant extract showed similar concentration-dependent scavenging activity as that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The total antioxidant activity was estimated against ascorbic acid, and it showed higher value than BHT. The methanol extract was treated with two Gram-negative bacteria - 165 - Pseudomonas euroginosa and Escherichia coli, and two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. However, no antibacterial activity was observed. Nonetheless, the study provides important information on the basic pharmacological properties of the plant.

1 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

016803   Lakshmi N M;Umashankar K;Chandralekha A; Raghavarao KSMS;Jayan N M;Salini C;Pandey A;Binod P (Microbial Processes and Technology Div, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram-695 019, Email: binodkannur@niist.res.in) : Spray drying as effective encapsulation method for phenol degrading bacteria. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(7), 485-92.

Encapsulated microorganisms are potential candidates for treatment of recalcitrant and persistent toxic compounds in wastewater and agriculture. Though extensive investigations have been done on bacteria with ability to degrade toxic phenolics, there is no product available for efficient removal of phenolic compounds from waste effluents. The present study aims at preparation of encapsulated microorganisms for the treatment of waste water containing phenol. Acinetobacter seifertii and Bacillus pumilus were the organisms used for effective degradation of phenol. Various encapsulation methods have been tried. Among the different carrier materials used, corn starch was found to be the best material with long shelf life. Spray drying and freeze drying were the two methods adopted for encapsulation. Based on cell viability, spray drying was found to be an effective method compared to freeze drying. A. seifertii could degrade phenol completely with in 12 h while B. pumilus degraded phenol completely within 24 h.

4 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

016802   Krishnappa P;Venkatarangaiah K;Venkatesh; Rajanna S K S (Biotechnology Dep, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560 054, Email: krishnabiotech2003@gmail.com) : In vitro antioxidant and in vivo prophylactic effects of heptyl 3-(2-formylphenyl) propanoate isolated from Delonix elata L. against hepatoxicity in CCl₄ intoxocated rats. Indian J nat Prod Resour 2017, 8(1), 47-53.

Delonix elata L. (Family Caesalpiniaceae) has been used in the folklore medicines in Karnataka, India to cure liver and rheumatic problems. Bioassay guided fractionation of the chloroform leaf extract of D. elata has resulted in the isolation of heptyl 3-(2-formylphenyl) propanoate (HFP). The prophylactic activity of leaf chloroform extract (DLC) and the isolated constituent were evaluated against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The treatment with DLC and HFP with concomitant CCl₄ intraperitoneal injection significantly reduced the elevated plasma levels of AST, ALT, ALP, triglycerides, - 164 - and cholesterol compared with the CCl₄ injected group. DLC and HFP showed significant prophylactic effect on activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and also significantly inhibited the elevated levels of MDA in liver homogenates. Results obtained in biochemical assays were well supported by histological observations. The results revealed that the hepatoprotective activity of DLC and HFP is significant and on par with the standard drug silymarin. To clarify the infuence of the DLC and HFP on the protection of oxidative-hepatic damage, in vitro antioxidant properties were examined. Free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by both, the extract and the constituent. The results suggest that the DLC and HFP could protect the hepatocytes from CCl₄-induced liver damage perhaps, by their anti-oxidative effect on hepatocytes.

2 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

016801   Khan S;Altaf I;Rasheed M A;Ashraf M;Ishaq S; Bashir R;Munir N (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Lahore, Pakistan, Email: neelma.munir@yahoo.com) : Protection of vitamin A and E against toxicity induced by hydroquinone. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(6), 383-8.

Use of cosmetics, particularly, dermal, such as skin whiteners, skin toners, antiaging and anti-wrinkles, etc., are not uncommon among people worldwide. Hydroquinone (HQ) is a gold standard skin whitening agent. Chronic use of HQ has been reported to cause various pathological conditions such as cancer, myelotoxicity, ochronosis, etc. Vitamin A (retinol)and E (tocopherol) are usually mixed with the HQ because of their antioxidant property. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and genotoxic profile of hydroquinone alone and incombination with vitamin A and E. MTT cell culture assay was performed at different doses for cytotoxicity, whereas for genotoxicity Comet assay was performed. Hydroquinone showed a dose dependent increase in genotoxicity (P <60> 0.05) and cytoxicity. Vitarmins A and E combination controlled the cell damage by hydroquinone, thus increasing the cell survival percentage at doses where hydroquinone alone showed cell toxicity. The same results were obtained when the experiment was repeated with comet assay demonstrating the antioxidant and antigenotoxic activity of vitamin A and E. Overall, the results confirm that the genotoxicity and cytotxicity of HQ is effectively reduced by the vitamin A and E in combination.

1 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

016800   Khamees S S;Ghafir K S A (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science & Tobruk Univ, Libya, Email: alwan_sami2005@yahoo.com) : Resistance patterns of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from different clinical samples. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2017, 8(2), 5439-45.

A total number of 247 Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from different clinical samples obtained from outpatient and hospitalized patients attending Tobruk Medical Center Tobruk / Libya and their sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs were tested. High incidence of resistant strains and high degree of association between resistance, and complex resistance patterns are seen. The strains were resistant to all antibiotics tested and 10 resistance patterns occurred three times and more, these distinguished patterns could be used as an additional typing system for Klebsiella pneumonia strains.

6 tables, 22 ref

016799   Khambete H;Jain N P;Jain C P (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, MLSU, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: khambete.hemant@gmail.com ) : Optimization and evaluation of process variables for synthesis of PAMAM dendrimer. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2017, 8(2), 5483-90.

Dendrimers are synthetic, highly branched, nearly spherical and symmetrical macromolecules with well-defined sizes and compositions. Dendrimers can be synthesized by appropriately selecting the cores, connecting units, branching sites, and terminal groups. PAMAM (Polyamido amine) dendrimers are multifunctional nano platforms for various clinical and diagnostic applications. There are two basic approaches for synthesis of dendrimers viz. divergent and convergent method. The divergent method is still one of the preferred one for synthesis but problems like low yield after purification and uncompleted reactions are disadvantages of this method. In present research work different process variables like solvent system, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized to increase % yield and to obtain complete product after reaction of each generation. The three different solvents viz. Methanol, Chloroform and DMSO were taken at room and cool temperature for reaction time of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The results of study revealed that highest purity and % yield was obtain at cool temperature by taking methanol as solvent and different reaction times found to be suitable for different generation reaction.

5 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

016798   Kariawasam K W J C;Pathirana R N;Ratnasooriya W D;Handunnetti S;Abeysekera W P K M (Basic Sciences Dep, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotalawela Defence, Werahera, Sri Lanka) : Phytochemical profile and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Sri Lankan variety of Psidium guajava L. J Pharmac Phytochem 2017, 6(4), 22-6.

The leaves of Psidium guajava L. (Common name: Guava/Yellow Guava/ Lemon Guava) have proven medicinal values. The aims of this study were, to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the anti-inflammatory properties of freeze-dried aqueous leaf extract Sri Lankan variety of P. guajava L. Phytochemical investigation was done with standard qualitative tests and revealed the presence of terpinoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, and proteins. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by two in vitro models: inhibition of heat induced denaturation (which is an index of anti-inflammatory activity) of egg albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The percentage inhibition of denaturation of egg albumin (R² = 0.612, p = 0.01) and Bovine serum albumin (R² = 0.621, p = 0.01) were dose dependent. The maximum inhibition was observed at 125 μg/ml (IC₅₀ = 15.625 μg/ml) for egg albumin and at 500 μg/ml (IC₅₀ = 50 μg/ml) for Bovine serum albumin. The anti-inflammatory effect obtained in Bovine serum albumin denaturation test was comparable to reference drug, Diclofenac sodium and in egg albumin denaturation test it was higher approximately 30 fold higher than the reference drug. It is concluded that the aqueous leaf extract of the Sri Lankan variety of P. guajava L. possesses marked anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and this is a novel finding.

4 tables, 41 ref

016797   Kamil D;Prameeladevi T;Ganesh S;Prabhakaran N;Nareshkumar R;Thomas S P (Plant Pathology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: deebakamil@gmail.com) : Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and their bioefficacy against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.). Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(8), 555-61.

Mustard, Brassica campestris is the most commonly grown brassica oil seed crop that occupy significant place in the edible oil production with its seeds containing 42% oil. However, the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) reduces its yield and oil content to the extent of 9-96% and 5-6%, respectively. In this study, we investigated synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and its impact against mustard aphid. Bioefficacy of 25 isolates of B. bassiana was evaluated against mustard aphid. Based on the percent mortality of the mustard aphid, the isolates were categorized into two groups: Group I (0-50%; 20 isolates) and Group II (51-100%; 5 isolates). Maximum percent mortality was observed in B4 and B13 isolates with 90 and 64%, respectively. All these isolates were screened for production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by a simple eco-friendly method, using cell filtrate. In the UV-VIS spectra, the highest Plasmon band was observed at 420 nm at every 24 h which reached the maximum intensity at 120 h (0.745). Maximum silver nanoparticles production was observed in B4 and B13 isolates. Even though there was significant mortality of mustard aphid L. erysimi by the synthesized nanosilver particles of all the 25 isolates, the isolates B4 and B13 showed the maximum mortality (60.088%). AgNPs from B4 and B13 isolates were further characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nanoparticles of 3-25 nm size were found in both the isolates. This study, possibly the first report, on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana and its efficacy against mustard aphid (L. erysimi) suggests the potential use of silver nanoparticles for insect management in agriculture.

5 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

016796   Jin Z;Li D;Liu T;Yu F;Zhang Z;Su C;Wang Y;Guo Q;Liu Z (School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic Univ, <35>1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, P.R. China, Email: jinzx@dlpu.edu.cn) : Cultural endophytic fungi associated with Dendrobium officinale: Identification, diversity estimation and their antimicrobial potential. Curr Sci 2017, 112(8), 1690-7.

Endophytic fungi associated with Chinese medicinal plant Dendrobium officinale have been revealed using the culture-dependent approach and the diversity and antimicrobial activity have been examined in this study. A total of 105 endophytic isolates - 161 - representing 16 fungal morphotypes were recovered from the roots, stems and leaves of D. officinale. Identification by ITS-rDNA sequencing showed 12 distinct operational taxonomic units, and most of them were classified into species level. Shannon's and Simpson's indices were calculated to quantify fungal diversity. The results demon strated that endophytic fungi associated with D. officinale were moderately diverse, and fungal species among three tissues was also different which exhibited tissue-specificity. The composition of endophyte assemblages from the roots was most abundant and diverse, followed by the stems, while the leaves pos-sessed relatively low isolation rate. Fusarium oxysporum (21.0%) and Xylaria cubensis (20.0%) were the most dominant species, while Colletotrichum sp. and Pestalotiopsis sp. were also frequently isolated. Three species (F. oxysporum, Aspergillus niger and Aureobasidium pullulan) showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and F. oxysporum had acute inhibition to pathogens tested. Our systematic study could enrich the current knowledge on diversity of endophytic fungi. The fungal isolates from D. offici-nale may be used for exploration of novel bioactive compounds and have potential as biocontrol agents.

3 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

016795   Jash S K;Gorai D;Roy R (Chemistry Dep, Saldiha College, Saldiha, Bankura-722 173, Email: royrajiv35@gmail.com) : Salvia genus and triterpenoids. Int J pharm Sci Res 2016, 7(12), 4710-32.

Salvia L., is one of the largest genera from Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family which comprises 900 species and is widely distributed in various regions of the world like in America, Europe, Asia. In this review article, the triterpenoid constituents were investigated from all of the Salvia plants to date are reported. About 214 triterpenoids of different classes were isolated and characterized from 113 species of salvia genus. So far the Salvia plants were investigated for their diterpenoids, phenolics and monoterpenes (volatile oils), especially for diterpenoids rather than for their triterpenoid constituents. However, during the isolation procedures of Salvia plant extracts, ursolic and oleanolic acids are common triterpenoid with other constituents isolated. Salvia, in Latin named "salvare", which means "to heal" so by name its medicinal importance was understand, since from ancient times different salvia species were used to cure more than sixty different ailments ranging from aches to epilepsy, and mainly to treat colds, bronchitis, tuberculosis, hemorrhage, and menstrual disorders. Salvia L., is one of the largest genera from Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family which comprises 900 species and is widely distributed in various regions of the world like in America, Europe, Asia.

158 ref