003442   Jadhav T D;Mohite S A (Fisheries Biology Dep, College of Fisheries, Shirgaon, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, Email: sa_mohite@yahoo.co.in) : Reproductive biology of horse mackerel Megalaslpis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) along Ratnagiri coast of Maharashtra, India. J Mar Biol Ass India 2013, 55(2), 35-40.

Aspects of reproductive biology such as maturity, spawning season, sex ratio and fecundity of Megalaspis cordyla were studied for a period of one year along the coast of Ratnagiri. Monthly distribution of maturity stages showed that the spawning season of M. cordyla was May-January with peak spawning during May-October. The observed sex ratio was 1:1.3 (male: female). The gonado-somatic index values were high during August for both the sexes. The fecundity increased with increasing length and weight. Fecundity of the fish was found in range from 92,268 to 5, 49,900 the average being 2,47,671 eggs.

17 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

003441   Jadhav H K;Babare M G (Zoology Research Center, A.S.C. College, Naldurg, Dist. Osmanabad, Maharasatra, Email: hansraj.jadhav@rediffmail.com) : Fish and insect diversity of Boi dam in relation to fish culture, Osmanabad dist. (M.S.). Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 153-4.

The present communication deals with the diversity of fishes and insects of Bori dam, Naldurg in relation to fish culture, Osmanabad Dist. (M.S.). The work was carried out during the year 2011 (January to December) to assess the suitability of this dam for fish culture. Total 12 fish species belonging to 12 genera, 10 families and 5 Orders were found in Bori dam, 'Cyprinidae family were dominated in the dam. Altogether 12 species of insects' fauna were also found in the form of their larvae, nymphs or adults were observed in the dam. One species was belonged to Odonto, 6 to Hemisphere, 5 to Coleptea etc. population of insects should be under control so as to maintain the favorite condition for fish culture.

2 tables, 5 ref

003440   Haresh Kumar;Kamal Singh (Zoology Dep, S.L.S. College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Morphology of female Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspdidae) collected from guava of Mehtab bagh, Agra (U.P.). Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 137-40.

Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) commonly known as cyanophyllum scale (Homoptera: Coccoidea : Diaspididae), which collected from leaves of Psidium guajava from the Mahatab bagh which situated at the bank of Yamuna river in Agra. Its distribution is mainly in Northern India, known to cause underneath scale chlorotic effect on leaves. Its host perennial tree has economic importance in the world. We find out morphological characters of this scale.

5 illus, 19 ref

003439   Das T;Vijay Kumar (Zoology Dep, Z.A. Islamia P.G. College, Siwan (Bihar)) : Ecological and physiological stress on the haematology of fresh water teleost, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 107-8.

The effect of different salinities, heavy metals and endrin (organochlorine poesticide) were studied on haematological parameters (such as RBC counts, Hb content and PCV etc) in an air breathing climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). The salinities and endrin bring about polycythemia (i.e. increase in RBC counts and PCV etc) while the treatment of mercuric chloride and cadmium chloride cause anaemia in this Osh.

1 table, 16 ref

003438   Chauhan R;Raghuwanshi A;Khare P (Zoology Dep, Govt. M.L.B. Girls P.G. College, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), Email: drrajendrazoology@gmail.com) : Qualitative and quantitative enumeration of phytoplankton in Chiklod lake of Raisen (M.P.). Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 155-7.

Phytoplanktons were recorded from Chiklod lake during two years study period. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytoplankton was done by using hauling no. 130 plankton net in order to get a random sample from five different sampling stations at Chiklod lake. A total number 27 genera of phytoplankton were recorded, out of them 11 were belonging to Chlorophyceae, 9 to Bacillariophyceae, 5 to Cyanophcease and 2 to Euglenophceae. On the basis of seasonal periodicity phytoplankton population at all the stations were recorded maximum density during winter months. Bacillariophyceae contributed the bulk of the population. Melosira granulata was the main contributor to the class. Chlorophyceae was the next dominant class and contributed maximum density during the late winter-early summer period. Pediastrum species contributed the bulk of the class. Cyanophcease the third class in the sequence of dominance achieved maximum numbers during the late winter-early summer, Microcystis aeruginosa was the a lone species, which contributed the bulk density of the class. Euglenophyceae contains Euglena acus and Phacus species was found in small, some times very minute bodies of water. In view of these findings it may be concluded that the present water body has not attained the highest trophic status as yet, but is heading towards the eutrophic status.

1 table, 22 ref

003437   Binky K;Shomorendra M;Kar D (Life Science and Bioinfromatics Dep, Wetlands Div, Fishery Science and Aquaculture, Assam Univ, Silchar-788 011, Email: binkykh@gmail.com) : Population dyamics of the genus Metaclinostomum (Clinostomatidae) in Channa punctatus (Bloch) from Karbhala wetland in Assam. Flora Fauna 2013, 19(2), 343-8.

The study deal with the population dynamics of a trematode parasite of the genus Metaclinostomum Pandey and Baugh, 1965 (Clinostomatidae) in Channa punctatus (Bloch) from Karbhala wetland, Cachar District, Assam. A total of 300 parasites were recovered from 280 fish host examined. This report summarized the data of incidence, intensity, density, index of infection and dominance percentage with an annual burden of 256.43%, 56.72, 11.44, 3.47, 99.99% respectively. The highest prevalence and dominance percentage occured in June 2011 (25.40%, 40%), intensity in April 2010 (12), density in June 2010 (1.90), index of infection in April 2011(0.86).

5 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

003436   Ashok Kumar;Alok;Mistry R (Zoology Dep, St. Columba's College, Hazaribag (Jharkhand), Email: dr.rajendra34@gmail.com) : Studies on biochemical composition in a fresh water teleostean fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Life Sci Bull 2013, 10(1), 111-13.

Studies on body composition and energy content in relation to body weight have been made in a fresh water snake headed murrel fish, Channa punctatus. The males have low protein content and calorific values as compared to females but the difference was statistically non significant.

^iia2 tables, 18 ref

002480   Zahid M;Malik S;Rani S (Zoology Dep, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: sangeetarani7@yahoo.com) : Photoperiodic effects on activity behaviour in the spiny eel (Macrognathus pancalus). Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 521-6.

Study focused on the characteristics of circadian locomotor activity in the spiny eel, M. pancalus, kept under different photoperiodic conditions. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 tested the light intensity dependent effect on circadian rhythmicity of the locomotor activity in spiny eel. Three groups of fish were entrained to 12L:12D conditions for 10 days. Thereafter, they were released to constant conditions for 15 days as indicated below: group 1-DD (0 lux), group 2- LL_dim (<126>1 lux) and group 3-LL_bright (<126>500 lux). The locomotor activity of the fish, housed singly in an aquarium, was recorded continuously with infrared sensors connected to a computer. More than 90% activity of the eels was confined to the dark hours suggesting nocturnal habit. Under constant conditions, the activity in 7/9 fish in group 1, 4/8 in group 2 and 3/8 in group 3, started free running with a mean circadian period of 24.48 ± 0.17 h, 23.21 ± 0.47 h and 25.54 ± 1.13 h in respective groups. Remaining fish in each group became arrhythmic. This suggests that spiny eel can be synchronised to LD cycle and under constant conditions they free run with a circadian period. However, their activity under LL is light intensity dependent; higher the intensity, more disruption in circadian locomotor activity. Experiment 2 was conducted to study the effect of decreasing night length (increasing photoperiod) on circadian locomotor activity. The fish were sequentially exposed to 16D (8L:16D), 12D (12L:12D), 8D (16L:8D), 4D (20L:4D) and 2D (22L:2D) for 10 days in each condition, thereafter, they were released in constant dark (DD= 0lux). The results showed that the duration of night length affects both, the amplitude and duration of locomotor activity. It can be concluded that the spiny eels are nocturnal and that their locomotor activity is under the circadian control and may be influenced by the photoperiod.

2 illus, 41 ref

002479   Yadav S;Chaturvedi C M (Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: cmcbhu@gmail.com) : Internal coincidence of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations modulates photo sexual responses of Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 489-95.

Specific temporal phase relation of neural oscillations appears to be the regulator of gonadal development in many seasonally breeding species. To find out the specific phase angle of two neural oscillations that triggers gonado-inhibitory or gonado-stimulatory response, and to test the internal coincidence model, sexually immature male Japanese quail were administered with the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan and the dopamine precursor, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine at hourly intervals of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 h (5 mg/100 g body weight/day for 12 days under continuous condition of light, LL). Thereafter all the groups were shifted to long photoperiod (LD16:8). During post-treatment period, in general, a significant suppression of gonadal activity was seen in the 7 h and 8 h quail and an increase in the 11 h and 12 h quail compared to the control and these effects were maintained until 105 days post treatment when the study was terminated. These findings suggest that, in addition to the effects of photoperiod, the gonadal development of Japanese quail may be also modulated by internal coincidence of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations (induced by the administration of their precursor drugs) and the gonadal response varies depending on the time interval between the administrations of two drugs on a circadian basis. These results also demonstrate inversion of gonadal response from 7/8 h (suppressive) to 11/12 h (stimulatory) phase relation of the two oscillations and suggest that similar to photoperiodic time measurement, Japanese quail may also detect changes in the phase angle of circadian oscillations to modulate its gonadal activity.

8 illus, 35 ref

002478   Trivedi A K;Vinod Kumar (DST-IRHPA Center for Excellence, Zoology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: drvkumar11@yahoo.com) : Melatonin: an internal signal for daily and seasonal timing. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 425-37.

Melatonin is secreted only during night, irrespective of the habitat of an organism and the site of its synthesis and secretion, and hence known as "darkness hormone". Elevated melatonin levels reflect the nighttime. In vertebrates, the main site of melatonin production is the pineal gland. Species in which melatonin is also secreted from sources other than the pineal, as in some birds, relative contributions of different melatonin producing tissues to the blood melatonin level can vary from species to species. Melatonin acts through its receptors, which are members of the G protein-coupled (GPCR) superfamily. Three melatonin receptors subtypes MT1 (mel1a), MT2 (mel1b), and MT3 (mel1c) have been identified in different brain areas and other body organs of vertebrates. Melatonin synthesis and secretion are circadianly rhythmic. Changes and differences in specific features of melatonin signal can vary among species, and under a variety of natural environmental conditions. Two major physiological roles of melatonin are established in vertebrates. First, melatonin is involved in the circadian system regulated behavioural and physiological functions. Second, it is critical for the photoperiodic system. Besides, melatonin has been implicated in various ways both directly and indirectly to human health, including jet lag, sleep, immune system and cancer.

168 ref

002477   Srinivasulu C H (Zoology Dep, Govt Degree College, Peddapalli, Karimnagar Distt. Andhra Pradesh, Email: chsri39@gmail.com) : Effect of scent components on the somatic cells of Allium sativum L. Trends Biosci 2013, 6(1), 88-92.

Mutagenic efficiency of certain secretions (1-Butanol and 1-Hexanol) of heteropteran, bugs are assayed on the root tips cells of Allium sativum L 1-Butanol and 1-hexanol (alcohols) when applied on the root tips cells of A.satium,caused considerable disturbance during the course of mitotic division. The decline in mitotic index was greater at higher concentrations. The spectrum of mitotic abnormalities included disturbed chromosomes at prophase, un-orientation of chromosomes at metaphase,due to non-formation of spindles. Unequal separation of chromosomes, formation of anaphase bridges, tripolar grouping and unoriented chromosomes, fragmented chromosomes atprophase, disturbed chromosomes at metaphase, chromosomal stickiness, and disturbed anaphase due to un-orientation spindle. The chromosomal aberrations induced by these test compounds were gaps, chromatids breaks, pulverizations,clumping and cells with sticky chromosomes dicentric chromosomes and centromeric breaks, more frequently and regularly appeared in all the time intervals.

6 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

002476   Singh N S;Dixit A S (Avian Endocrinology & Chronobiology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong-793 022, Email: asdixitnehu@rediffmail.com) : Participation of endogenous circadian rhythm in photoperiodic time measurement during ovarian resonses of the subtropical tree sparrow, Passer montanus. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 496-503.

Resonance experiment was employed to investigate the mechanism of photoperiodic time measurement during initiation of ovarian growth and functions in the subtropical population of female tree sparrow (Passer montanus) at Shillong (Latitude 25°34'N, Longitude 91°53'E). Photosensitive birds were subjected to various resonance light dark cycles of different durations such as: 12-(6L:6D), 24-(6L:18D), 36-(6L:30D), 48-(6L:42D), 60-(6L:54D) and 72-(6L:66D) h along with a control group under long days (14L:10D) for 35 days. Birds, exposed to long days, exhibited ovarian growth confirming their photosensitivity at the beginning of the experiment. The birds experiencing resonance light/dark cycles of 12, 36 and 60 h responded well while those exposed to24, 48 and 72 h cycles did not. Serum levels of estradiol-17β ran almost parallel to changes in the follicular size. Further, histomorphometric analyses of ovaries of the birds subjected to various resonance light dark cycles revealed distinct correlation with the ovarian growth and the serum levels of estradiol-17β. No significant change in body weight was observed in the birds under any of the light regimes. The results are in agreement with the avian external coincidence model of photoperiodic time measurement and indicate that an endogenous circadian rhythm is involved during the initiation of the gonadal growth and functions in the female tree sparrow.

1 illus, 45 ref

002475   Singh A K;Ghosh S;Basu P;Haldar C (Pineal Research Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: chaldar2001@yahoo.com) : Daily variation in melatonin level, antioxidant activity and general immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphoid tissues of Indian goat Capra hircus during summer and winter. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 467-77.

Daily variation in circulatory melatonin level, during different seasons, has been reported to influence immune system and free-radical scavenging capacity in mammals, including human beings. Similar studies have not been carried out on small ruminant viz. goats that are susceptible to opportunistic infections, increased oxidative load and sickness during free-grazing activity and frequent exposure to agro-chemicals. Therefore, daily variation in immune status, antioxidant enzyme activity and its possible correlation with circulatory melatonin level during two different seasons, summer (long day) and winter (short day) were studied in the Indian goat, Capra hircus. The clinically important immune parameters, such as total leukocyte count, % lymphocyte count and % stimulation ratio of T-lymphocytes presented a day/night rhythm prominently in the winter. The oxidative load in terms of malonedialdehyde was always low during night while antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and total antioxidant status were high during nighttime (1800 to 0600 hrs). Interestingly, the studied parameters were significantly higher during the winter in both the sexes. Rhythmometric analyses showed prominent rhythmicity in above parameters. The data presented strong positive correlation between high levels of nighttime melatonin levels and immune parameters during winter. It suggests that melatonin possesses immunoenhacing as well as antioxidative property during winter. This might be a necessity for maintenance of physiological harmony in goats to protect them from winter stress.

4 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

002474   Sharma D K;Ansari B A (Zebrafish Laboratory, Zoology Dep, D.D.U. Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: ba.ansari@rediffmail.com) : Influence of deltamethrin and achook<. Trends Biosci 2013, 6(1), 46-9.

Comparative study of synthetic pyrethroid, Deltamethrin and a neembased pesticide, Achook^{® was performed to evaluate the effect on the activity of phosphatases in the nervous tissue (brain) of Danio rerio at different concentrations (96 h LC₅, LC₁₀ and LC₂₀) and exposure periods (4, 8, 12 and 16 days). Exposure of fish to each concentration of each pesticide resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition in phosphatases activities in comparison with control group. The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) was reduced to 44% for Deltamethrin whereas 48% of controls (100%) for Achook® treated fishes after 16 days exposure to LC₂₀. After 12 days the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the LC_20® (37%). With the present study it is attributed that the natural pesticides are also deadly toxic to fishes and hence these pesticides should be used with great caution and in sustainable way to minimize the hazards in aquatic environment and to human beings.}

4 tables, 19 ref

002473   Rahman I;Sonowal C;Nath M (Zoology Dep, Sibsagar College, Joysagar-786 665, Email: imdadur123@rediffmail.com) : Diversity pattern of beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) in and around the historic Joysagar tank of Assam, India. Trends Biosci 2013, 6(1), 78-9.

In the present study 10 species of beetles belonging to 8 different families viz., Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Carabidae, Hydrophilidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Cerambycidae and Tenebrionidae were collected and identified in and around the Joysagar Tank of the Sivasagar District, Assam. Dytiscidae was the predominant family with respect to number and abundance.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

002472   Kumaran T;Jenista Mary A;Citarasu T (Zoology Dep, Muslim Arts College, Thiruvithancode-629 174) : Immunological properties of anti-Vibrio parahaemolyticus IgY developed from Gallus domesticus egg yolk. Adv Pharmac Toxic 2014, 15(2), 45-53.

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is the major antibody found in chicken eggs yolk, Gallus domesticus. IgY can be used as an alternative to mammalian antibodies which normally used in research and its use in immunotherapy has recently been proposed. This paper describes the efficacy of immunogen made of inactivated Vibrio parahaemolyticus with and without immunoadjuvant Glycine max saponin used to produce Anti- V. parahaemolyticus IgY. The purified chicken antibodies can be used to prepare Anti-Vibrio Parahaemolyticus IgY powder and water soluble fraction for passive immunization to protect the Fenneropenaeus indicus against Vibrio infections. The molecular weight of the purified antibodies was confirmed through SDS PAGE. The physicochemical parameters of the IgY such as pH stability, turbidity, protein and lipid were studied. The binding activity of antibodies was determined by growth inhibition assay. The encouraging results of IgY concentration, determination, immuno diffusion, neutralization and oral administration studies suggest that the use of IgY may be a potentially successful as novel approach in the control of V. parahaemolyticus infection in shrimp. The outcome of this research work would be an alternative approach to the current antibiotic and synthetic drug delivery in aquatic important fish and shell fish species.

3 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

002471   Jadhav S (Zoology Dep, New Arts Commerce and Science College, Ahmednagar-414 001) : Effect of Annona seed extract on nutritional index (NIG) of Corcyra cephalonica (ST.). Adv Pharmac Toxic 2014, 15(2), 13-17.

The naturally occurring allelochemics play a promising role in insect control by deterring insect feeding by their effect as insect growth regulators, as antihormones or as insecticides. Effect of Annona seed extracts on overall growth of the larvae the numerical index for growth (NIG) was calculated. NIG gives an accurate measure of overall growth. It is reliable index of overall growth as it is computed from a number of growth indicating measurements. In present findings the NIG was computed for general growth of the larvae of Corcyra cephalonica in relation to effect of Annona seed extract. The results obtained are directing that the growth of Corcyra larvae was affected due to Annona seed extract since the NIG of Annona seed treated larvae was significantly reduced. In present findings it is observed that the detoxification processes of the plant extract might have resulted in significant variation in the numerical index.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

002470   Gupta N J (Zoology Dep, MMH College, Ghaziabad-201 009, Email: drneelujgupta@hotmail.com) : Daily and seasonal activity patterns in blackheaded munia. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 504-9.

To test the circadian clock characteristics, activity behaviour of male blackheaded munia was recorded. Two experiments were performed. In experiment 1A, activity of munia was recorded under long days, LD (14L: 10D); and short days, SD (10L: 14D). Locomotor activity of two groups of munia exposed to equinox (12L: 12D) daylength followed by transfer of one group each to continuous dimlight (DD) and continuous bright light (LL) was recorded in experiment 1B. Experiment 2 aimed to describe seasonal trend in daily pattern of activity/rest cycle under natural illumination conditions (NDL). Hourly activity during daytime was more under SD than under LD. Munia did not exhibit bimodality in daily activity pattern; activity during morning, M (2h) was more than evening, E. A free-running activity rhythm was recorded in munia under DD; the same was arrhythmic under LL. The seasonal pattern in daily activity profiles under NDL corresponds to the seasonal changes in daylength. Daylength regulates daily and seasonal activity patterns in blackheaded munia.

3 illus, 23 ref

002469   Chakraborty I;Sukul N C (Zoology Dep, Vidyasagar College for Women, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: ncsukul@gmail.com) : Immune response to parasitic infection : lymphotoxin. Envir Ecol 2013, 31(1), 171-6.

Lymphotoxins (LT) provide essential communication links between lymphocytes and the surrounding stromal and parenchymal cells and together with the two related cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and LIGHT [homologous to LT, inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D for HSV entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes] form an integrated signaling network necessary for efficient innate and adaptive immune responses. Disruption of the LT/TNF/LIGHT network alleviates inflammation in certain autoimmune disease models, but decreases resistance to selected pathogens. The lymphotoxins (LTs) are primarily expressed by activated T, B and NK cells and play an important role in the development of the immune system. LTa3 has been shown to play an important role in resistance to many pathogens. Here we reviewed the recent results linking to the role of lymphotoxin in immune responses to some parasitic infection.

53 ref

002468   Basu P;Dhanananajay Kumar;Singaravel M (Chronbiology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: n-singaravel@yahoo.com) : Slow and fast orthodromic and antidromic variants in acute 9-h jet-lagged pygmy field mice. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 460-6.

Biological clocks help organism to adapt temporally to a variety of rhythmic environmental cues. Acute changes in the rhythmicity of entraining cues causes short- to long-term physiological distress in individuals, for example, those occurring during jet-lag after long-haul transmeridial flights, or shift work. Variations in the rate of re-entrainment to a 9 h advanced schedule (simulation of acute Jet-lag/shift work) in the Indian pygmy field mouse, Mus terricolor are reported. Wheel- and lab-acclimated adult male mice were entrained to a 12:12 h light:dark (LD) cycles, followed by a 9 h advance in the LD cycle. In response, these mice either advanced or delayed their activity onsets, with individual variation in the rate and direction. Rapid orthodromic (advancing) re-entrainers exhibited a coincidence of activity onsets with the new dark onset in <60>=3 days, while gradually advancing re-entrainers took <126>9 days or more. Delayers (antidromic) also either re-entrained very rapidly (<60>=2 days), or gradually (<126>9 days). Acrophase measurement confirmed the direction of the transients, which did not depend on the free-running period. Such different patterns might determine the differential survival of individuals under the pressure of re-entrainment schedules seen in jet-lag and shift work.

5 illus, 25 ref

002467   Bartsch C;Bartsch H;Seebald E;Kupper H;Mecke D (Center for Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Tubingen Univ, Tubingen, Germany, Email: christian.bartsch@uni-tuebingen.de) : Modulation of pineal activity during the 23rd sunspot cycle: melatonin rise during the ascending phase of the cycle is accompanied by an increase of the sympathetic tone. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 438-47.

In two groups of female CD-rats nocturnal urine (19-23 h, 23-3 h, 3-7 h) was collected at monthly intervals over 658 days (I: 1997-1999) and 494 days (II: 1999-2000) coinciding with the ascending limb (1996-2000) of the 23rd sunspot cycle (1996-2008). The excretion of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s: I, II) was determined as well as the ratio of noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A: I) reflecting the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. AMT6s was higher in II than I (19-7 h: +24%; P<60>0.001; 23-3 h: +30% and 3-7 h: +17%, P<60>0.001), and progressively increased (19-23 h) showing linear regressions (I: R=+0.737, P=0.003; II: R=+0.633, 0.008) which correlated (I) with the Planetary Index (Ap: R=+0.598, P=0.020), an established estimate of geomagnetic disturbances due to solar activity. NA/A rose at all intervals (I: 46-143%) correlating with Ap (R=+0.554-0.768; P=0.0399-0.0013). These results indicate that melatonin secretion rises as solar activity increases during the ascending limb of a sunspot cycle accompanied by growing geomagnetic disturbances (Ap) which elevate the sympathetic tone and thus affect the pineal gland, initially stimulating the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and subsequently fostering the expression of N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (rate-limiting enzyme for melatonin biosynthesis) if Ap increases further. The potential (patho) physiological significance of these findings is discussed and the need for a systematic continuation of such studies is emphasized.

4 illus, 40 ref

002466   Aggarwal N;Goswami S V;Khandelwal P;Sehgal N (Zoology Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: neerja.agg@gmail.com) : Aromatase activity in brain and ovary: seasonal variations correlated with circannual gonadal cycle in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 527-37.

Seasonal variations in the aromatase activity in H. fossilis estimated by a microassay were correlated with the sex steroids, vitellogenin in and ovarian weight during circannual reproductive cycle. In the female catfish, aromatase activity was detectable in the hypothalamus throughout the year whereas in ovary only during active vitellogenesis. In the catfish, hypothalamic aromatase levels increased two times during annual gonadal cycle, once in a fully gravid fish and then in a reproductively quiescent fish. On the other hand, increase in the ovarian aromatase activity was observed only during vitellogenesis, which showed a direct correlation with plasma levels of sex steroids. Further, plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol suggested a precursor-product relationship. At the completion of vitellogenesis, ovarian aromatase activity declined sharply resulting in elevation of plasma testosterone levels, which in turn could be utilized as substrate by the hypothalamic aromatase whose activity was the highest in the postvitellogenic catfish. At least two isoforms of gene, cyp19a and cyp19b, coding for aromatase in ovary and brain respectively were expressed in the catfish. Aromatase activity was more concentrated in those areas of catfish brain, which have been implicated in the control of reproduction.

6 illus, 2 tables, 65 ref

002465   Acharia K;Bechan Lal;Singh T P (NO, Kirori Mal College, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007) : Season-dependent effect of thermopulse on gonadal recrucescence in the female catfish, Clarias batrachus. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(5), 538-41.

In the present study, the female Clarias batrachus, held under long photoperiod (13L:11D), were exposed to high water temperature either constantly (24 h) and/or in form of thermopulse of 6 h and 12 h durations, separately, at different times of the day/night cycle for six weeks during the early post-spawning and late post-spawning phases of its reproductive cycle. The effects of high water temperature (30±1°C) on gonadosomatic index (GSI), plasma levels of testosterone (T) and oestradiol-17β (E₂) were observed. During the late post-spawning phase, thermopulse of 12 h duration given in the morning hour increased all the studied parameters most effectively as compared to that given at evening hour of the day/night cycle or even in comparison to the fish exposed to constant high temperature. Thermopulse of 6 h duration given in the morning or noon also raised these parameters compared to the controls, but the magnitudes of stimulation were moderate. However, exposures of the catfish to such photothermal regimes during the early post-spawning phase completely failed to bring any change in the studied parameters. These findings, thus, clearly indicate that treatment with high temperature under long photoperiod may stimulate gonadal activity in C. batrachus, provided given at appropriate season of the year. A diurnal basis of response to high temperature and the existence of a rigid gonado-refractory phase (perhaps just after the spawning) are also evident in the reproductive cycle of C. batrachus.

1 table, 21 ref

001367   Vipin P M;Ravi R;Pravin P;Thomas S N;Edwin L (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cohin-682 029, Email: vipinpm83@gmail.com) : Longline fishing for high value species off southern India with special reference to structural and operational changes. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 87-92.

Longline fishing is a fuel efficient and selective fishing method with low environmental impact. The longline - 105 - fishing methods of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are discussed in this paper, based on the studies conducted during 2012-2013. Mechanized vessels of L_OA 9.5 to 20 m with 97-250 hp engines are used for longline fishing in this region. Fishing is normally multiday extending from 5 to 40 days. The longline vessel has a crew complement of 6 to 15. Some of the vessels use mechanical or hydraulic winches for hauling the line. The total length of the main line ranged from 15 - 25 km. Longline vessels target commercially important high value species like tuna, marlin, sailfish, seerfish, shark and rays. Structural and operational changes in longline fishing which happened during the last few decades have also been documented.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

001366   Usman S U;Zeya S B;Hayat M (Zoology Dep, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, Email: drsbz1966@gmail.com) : Records of some species of Tetracneminae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from India. Bionotes 2014, 16(3), 78-81.

8 ref

001365   Thakor A P;Patel A J (Biotechnology Dep, N. B. Mehta Science College, Bordi-401 701, Email: akii.dev@gmail.com) : Normalizing of estrous cycle in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) induced rats with Tephrosia purpurea (Linn. Pers.. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 197-201.

This study evaluates the potentiality of an herbal plant Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. in the treatment of Letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using female Albino wistar rats. Seed powder of T. purpurea at concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight with milk as a carrier vehicle 3ml/kg body weight, given for at least 3 consecutive estrous cycles. Vaginal smear, FSH, LH, Testosterone, and Estrogen were analyzed to determine the fluctuations in sex steroid level in PCOS induced rats. The plasma testosterone and estrogen level were found to be significantly increased in rats with PCOS whereas Follicle stimulating hormone and Leutinizing hormone did not show any changes. When compared with control the PCOS induced rats showed characteristic ovary with high incidence of ovarian cyst. All the parameters assessed were significantly improved after the treatment with T. purpurea and achieved level close to 80% normalcy. Effect of T. purpurea significantly reduced histopathological changes in ovary and endocrinological and biochemical changes induced by hyperandrogenism. Further to check ovulation and fertility female rats were mated and pregnancy was confirmed. Thus potential of T. purpurea in the treatment of PCOS using an animal model suggested being a good alternative therapy in the treatment of PCOS.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

001364   Tehri K;Gulati R;Geroh M (Zoology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: knkzoology@gmail.com) : Damage potential of Tetranychus urticae koch to cucumber fruit and foliage: effect of initial infestation density. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 170-6.

Field trials were conducted to assess the damage potential of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus). Young cucumber plants were artificially infested with different densities of T. urticae (5, 10, 15 and 20 mites/ grown up leaf) while uninfested plants acted as control. Post infestation, the plants - 104 - differed in their support to mite density in accordance with initial infestation density and observation period. Grown up leaves were found to be the most susceptible to mite infestation (5.86 mites/ sq. cm leaf). The number of feeding (chlorotic) patches on cucumber leaves significantly increased from 1.38/sq cm at a pre -count of 5 mites per grown up leaf to 1.71/sq cm leaf at a pre-count of 20 mites as compared to no patch recorded in control. Highly significant negative correlation was recorded between mite population and photosynthetic pigments. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids decreased to a maximum of 40, 43.63, 45.45 and 47.27 percent at the highest infestation density as compared to control. Results revealed differences among various treatments in terms of yield attributes of cucumber. The per cent reductions from 6.15 to 12.42 in number of fruits, 0.59 to 1.56 in fruit length and 0.93 to 3.28 in fruit width at different inoculums of T. urticae were recorded over uninfested plants. The cumulative effect led to the ultimate reduction in average fruit weight in the range of 10.16 to 17.19 per cent in the infested plants.

5 tables, 30 ref

001363   Tehri K;Gulati R (Zoology Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004, Email: knkzoology@gmail.com) : Field efficacy of some biorationals against the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (acari: tetranychidae). J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 62-7.

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the acaricidal potential of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera and Glyccirrhyza glabra against the mobile stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumber. The treatments responded in a concentration dependent manner. Highest reduction in T. urticae population was achieved with Omite (0.05%) followed by Nimbecidine (5ml/l), B. bassiana (10^{10 spores ml-1), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores ml-1), G. Glabra (7.5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), W. somnifera (5%) and W. somnifera (2.5%). Higher yield was recorded in all the treatments as compared to control. In terms of percent increase in yield, Omite caused highest increase (23.65% over control) followed by Nimbecidine, B. bassiana (1010 spores/ ml), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores/ ml), G. Glabra (7.5%), W. somnifera (5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), and W. somnifera (2.5%) showing 13.97, 11.82, 10.75, 8.67, 8.67, 8.6, 6.76, 6.48 and 6.45 percent increase over control, respectively. These data suggest that the tested biorationals at higher concentrations have the potential to be employed in pest management programs designed for T. urticae control.}

2 tables, 22 ref

001362   Singh Y;Chowdhary A K;Bahuguna S N (Zoology and Biotechnology Dep, P.B.70, HNB GArhwal Univ, Srinagar-Garhwal-246 174, Email: profsnbahuguna@rediffmail.com) : Ichthyofaunal diversity in Bachan Gad and Kakda strams of the mid-Himalyan Ganga river systemof Garhwal in relation to stream gradient and distance. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 298-303.

The present study was carried out to investigate the comparative seasonal distribution and relative - 103 - abundance of fish fauna of streams Bachan Gad of river Alaknanda and Kakda Gad of river Mandakini of Mid-himalayan Ganga river System. Total length of the Bachan Gad is 14.5 km from origin to the confluence at main river Alaknanda with an altitudinal variation from 605.94 to 1418.23m (a.s.1), whereas, total length of the Kakda Gad is 15.5 km. from origin to confluence at main river Mandakini with altitudinal variation from 984.50 to 1993.70 m (a.s.1). Total 23 species from Bachan Gad and 20 fish species were identified from Kakda Gad. The differences in the availability of fish-fauna were directly related to the nature of the profile and slope of tributaries; which affects the migration and breeding grounds of the fishes inhabited in the main river Alaknanda and Mandakini of Ganga river system. Variation in the availability of fishes has been recorded from different sites of the stream. In streams and rivers the changes take place along their length is directly related to the eco-physico-chemical nature (water depth, current, substratum etc). All these factors which change along the length of streams are also the factors which control the distribution of the various sections of the biotic fauna and flora.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

001361   Singh S;Sharma J;Goyal P K (Zoology Dep, Nari Shiksha Niketan P.G. College, Lucknow, Email: drseemasingh_23@yahoo.co.in) : Quantitative variations in ovarian follicles of female sprague dawley rats after exposure to low dose gamma radiation. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 57-61.

In the present experiment, an attempt was made to assess the genetic risk of low dose radiations in mammals. For this purpose female Sprague Dawley rats, 11-12 weeks old, were irradiated with whole body Co 60 gamma rays in three fractionated doses of 0.10 Gy (cumulative dose 0.30 Gy) given at an interval of one month at two different dose-rates (0.00368 Gy/min. and 0.0589 Gy/min.). Ovaries were studied for quantitative evaluation of follicles at 1, 4, 12, 28 and 52 weeks after last fractionated exposure. Quantitation revealed lower number of ovarian follicles in irradiated animals than in controls. The follicular number decreased with the advancement of time after last exposure (i.e. 2 months) and reached a peak level on 28 weeks. After that the recovery was evident but the number remained below 25% of total follicles even at 52 weeks autopsy interval, which indicated an irreversible damage in ovarian tissue. Primary follicles were found to be the most radiosensitive among the various types of follicles. The highest loss in these follicles was noted at 12 weeks after exposure with the high dose-rate, where only 10.61% of them were scored. Dose-rate exhibited an inverse relationship with the number of surviving follicles. At the higher dose-rate (0.0589 Gy/min.), depletion in the total follicular number was significantly higher than at the low dose-rate (0.00368 Gy/min.) used.

4 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

001360   Singh I J;Kitching I J (Science Dep, Mendrelgang Middle Secondary School, , Mendrelgang, Tsirang District, 36001, Bhutan, Email: jatishwor.irungbam@gmail.com) : A first record of Clanis hyperion Cadiou & Kitching, 1990 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Bhutan, and a preliminary checklist of the hawkmoths of Mendrelgang, Bhutan. J Threatened Taxa 2014, 6(1), 5386-8.

An inventory of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) of Mendrelgang division of Tsirang District, Bhutan was undertaken between December 2011 and September 2012. A total of 27 species was recorded belonging to three subfamilies. The most notable was Clanis hyperion Cadiou & Kitching 1990. The present record extends the known distribution of C. hyperion to the eastern Himalaya, and significantly it is the first record of the species from northwest of the Brahmaputra River.

5 ref

001359   Singh A;Singh B N (Genetics Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, Email: bashisthsingh2004@rediffmail.com) : Mating latency, duration of copulation and fertility in four species of the Drosophila bipectinata complex. Indian J expl Biol 2014, 52(2), 175-80.

Significant interspecific variations in mean duration of copulation and fertility were observed in four species of the Drosophila bipectinata species complex. However, D. bipectinata showed positive correlation between duration of copulation and - 102 - fertility. Similarly, D. malerkotlianashowed negative correlation between mating latency and duration of copulation. Likewise, D. pseudoananassae showed positive correlation between mating latency and fertility. These results suggest that D. pseudoananassae has distant relatedness from the other three species with respect to mating latency, duration of copulation and fertility which supports the previous findings.

1 table, 40 ref

001358   Shitole S S;Balange A K (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai-400 061, Email: amjadbalange@cife.edu.in) : Enhancement of gel strength of surimi from japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus bloch, 1791) using seaweed extract. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 102-5.

In the present investigation attempts were made to extract phenolic compounds from seaweed which is abundantly available along the west coast of India and to use it as cross-linker in Japanese threadfin bream surimi. Brown seaweed (Sargassum tenerrimum) was extracted using water and water seaweed extract (WSE) contained 16.24 mg tannin g^{-1 of dry seaweed powder. Effect of WSE at different levels on Japanese threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) surimi was investigated in comparison with surimi gel without seaweed extract (control). Gels added with 0.02% WSE showed 30% increase in gel strength, when compared with control. Lower expressible moisture content was observed in surimi gels incorporated with 0.02% WSE. Slight decreases in whiteness and insignificant increase in pH were observed with increasing seaweed extract concentration. However, significant difference was observed in the sensory properties of Japanese threadfin bream surimi gel added with 0.02% seaweed extract. Thus, the seaweed extract could be used as surimi gel enhancer without affecting its sensory properties.}

5 illus, 19 ref

001357   Sabari Shankar S;Anand G A;Immanuel S;Vennila A (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Off Yari Road, Versova, Mumbai-400 061, Email: sheelaimmanuel@yahoo.com) : Fishers' knowledge on marine fisheries management and conservation. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 125-9.

Marine fishers play an important role in the management of marine resources. Hence, there is a need to analyse the fishers' knowledge level in relation to marine fisheries resource management and conservation. The present study was undertaken in selected fishing villages of Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. The 'Teacher made test' was constructed and used for the assessment of fishers' knowledge. More than 60% of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on marine fisheries management and conservation, marine policies and regulatory measures and mariculture practices. Fishers' knowledge on marine parks and sanctuaries, community based approach, oil spillage, installation of artificial reefs, mesh size for catching shrimps and catching of brood fishes was found to be low. Fishers had medium level of knowledge on issues like over exploitation, mangrove destruction, marine pollution, and mesh size regulations, mechanisation of boats, indiscriminate fishing methods and fishing with nets of reduced mesh size. These areas need to be taken into account for enhancing the fishers' knowledge level for increasing sustainability of fishing.

3 tables, 8 ref

001356   Roy S;Gayen A K;Biswas M;Dey E;Mitra B;Dey E; Mitra B (Zoological Survey of India, , M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: sroy.zoology@gmail.com) : Diversity of true flies (Diptera) in and around East Kolkata, West Bengal. Bionotes 2014, 16(3), 91-2.

10 ref

001355   Raghunathan C;Senthil Kumar S;Kannan S D; Mondal T;Sreeraj C R;Raghuraman R;Venkataraman K (Zoological Survey of India, , Port Blair-744 102, Email: kscraghu@gmail.com) : Mass stranding of pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846 in North Andaman coast. Curr Sci 2013, 104(1), 17-41.

3 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

001354   Pathak S;Goswami M M;Sarma N N (Zoology Dep, Bijni College, Bijni, Chirang-783 390, Email: sewalip@gmail.com) : Occurrence of the genus Amblyceps blyth (teleostei: amblycipitidae) from the Indo-Bhutan streams of the Brahmaputra drainage of Assam, India. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 177-81.

Three species of the genus Amblyceps, namely, A. apangi, A. arunachalensis, A. mangois are described from Kanamakra and Langkhar (26°45'0"-26°48'0"N and 90°35'0"-90°40'0"E) hill streams of Chirang district of Assam. The torrent catfishes are distinguished within the genera on the basis of their general appearance of the body and the caudal fin structure, adipose fin, eye diameter, inter-orbital space, fold on lip and number of vertebrae. The caudal peduncle height for A. apangi (12.36 ? 12.73%SL), A. mangois (14.25 ? 15.36% SL) and A. arunachalensis (10.01 ? 11.42% SL), caudal peduncle length for A. apangi (20.29 ? 20.87% SL), A. arunachalensis (22.00 ? 22.11% SL) and A. mangois (19.09 ? 19.31% SL) and other taxonomic details of the congeners with their distributional status are discussed.

1 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

001353   Pandey P K;Sethi L N;Pholane L P;Panda S N; Pandey V K;Biswas S;Soupir M (Population Health and Reproduction, California Davis Univ, California, USA, Email: kpandey@ucdavis.edu) : Growth performance and economic analysis of Indian major carps and tilapia in rainwater ponds. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 71-7.

Enhancing water resources is crucially important for improving food production in rainfed regions. The income of rural people in these regions is mainly tied with water availability. One option is disseminating rainwater harvesting for conserving rainwater and utilizing it for food production. Here we propose a rainwater harvesting method, which helps to conserve rainwater in the rainy season, provide water storage for rearing fish and facilitate supplemental irrigation to crops in the dry season. To - 100 - verify the suitability of rainwater harvesting approach for improving food production and rural, income, here author conducted a field study, which involved designing rainwater harvesting ponds (lined and unlined), storing rainwater and water recycling for irrigating crops. The growth of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, and tilapia in, lined and unlined rainwater harvesting ponds was assessed and the resulting benefits were calculated under various scenarios. Water quality measurements showed the suitability of water stored in both rainwater harvesting ponds for fish culture. The Specific Growth Rates (SGR) of all the species in the lined ponds were greater than the unlined ponds except SGR of C. mrigala. Results show that the fish culture in the ponds improved the annual net benefit of rainwater harvesting systems. For estimating Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV), the cost and benefits of the rice-fish integration was inflated using Consumer Price Index (CPI) data of 2001-2002 and 2011-2012. Unlined and lined ponds with fish culture produced annual net benefits of 118 and 188% of that without fish culture. The IRR in unlined and lined pond rainwater harvesting systems without fish rearing were 9.5 and 9.0%, while with fish culture these values increased to 13 and 26%, respectively. We I anticipate that the research presented here demonstrates the potential benefits of the rainwater harvesting system and will enhance water resources in rainfed regions.

3 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

001352   Obulesu T;Mathew S;Lakshmanan P T;Krishna G; Lakra W S;Anandan R (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: kranandan@email.com) : Salubrious effects of dietary supplementation of squalene and n-3 polunsaturated fatty acid concentrate on mitochondrial function in young and aged rats. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 98-101.

Study was designed to investigate the salubrious effects of dietary supplementation of squalene and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate on mitochondrial function in liver tissue of young and aged rats. The combined dietary supplementation of squalene and polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly attenuated age-associated inhibition on the activities of mitochondrial tricarcarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydroge-nase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate de-hydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase) and respiratory marker enzyme (NADH dehydrogenase) and maintained the hepatic energy status at near normal. Co-supplementation of squalene and n-3 PUFA exerted synergistic effect in counteracting the reactive oxygen species in the liver mitochondria of aged rats by maintaining the mitochondrial antioxi-dant status at level comparable to that of young controls. The results of the present investigation have shown that the combined dietary intake of squalene and PUFA concentrate is more effective in ameliorating the age-associated aberrations as compared to per se supplementation.

4 tables, 16 ref

001351   Morteza K;Javier A (Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: mkahrarian@iauksh.ac.ir) : Preliminary isotomidae fauna (collembola: entomobryomorpha) in Kermanshah areas, Western Iran. J ent Res 2013, 37(1), 81-4.

Isotomidae family is one of the largest and widely distributed of the entomobryomorpha order. In a taxonomical study made in Kermanshah province, total of six species were found, Two of those with cosmopolitan distribution, one palaearctic and one endemic. Desoria tigrina and Folsomides (aff. marchicus) are recorded for the first time for the Iranian fauna.

001350   Mitra B;Mishra P;Shah S K (Lepidoptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, , Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: bulganinmitra@gmail.com) : Orthoptera associated with the tea plants in North Bengal. Bionotes 2014, 16(3), 96.

2 ref

001349   Majumder A;Raha A;Mitra B;Ghate H V;Chandra K (Zoological Survey of India, , Prani Vigyan Bhavan, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal-700 053, Email: amitavamajumder.eco@gmail.com) : Longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Chhattisgarh, India. J Threatened Taxa 2014, 6(1), 5393-9.

An inventory of longhorned beetles of Chhattisgarh state has been attempted for the first time resulting in the enumeration of 10 species belonging to 8 genera and 6 tribes under 2 subfamilies. The descriptions of these species and distribution in Chhattisgarh and India are provided. Being economically important, the present account on longhorned beetles is - 99 - important as it might help the state forest authorities to adopt control measures to minimize damage caused by these insects.

1 illus, 21 ref

001348   Lizanne A C M;Pai I K (Carmel College of Arts, Science & Commerce for Women, , Nuvem, Salcette, Goa-403 604, Email: marializanne@gmail.com) : Preliminary survey on soil and plant parasitic nematodes of southern Goa, India. J Threatened Taxa 2014, 6(1), 5400-12.

A preliminary study was conducted to record the diversity of nematode fauna in Goa during 2011-2012. For the present study 50 samples were collected from five talukas of South Goa District, covering 25 villages and 20 landscapes. Permanent slides were prepared after extraction of nematodes using Cobb's decanting and sieving method and modified Baermann's funnel method. The study resulted in recording 52 species of seven orders. Dorylaimida was the dominant order both in number of species and genera while the least was Araeolaimida.

1 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

001347   Kumar N R;Nayyar K;Sharma R;Anudeep (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: anuresearch_aedes@yahoo.com ) : Ultramorphology of antennal sensilla of open-nesting honey bees Apis florea F. and Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: apidae). J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 315-19.

Antenna of honey bees is geniculate and has been known to possess a wide variety of sensilla. The sensilla are sensitive to odor, temperature, humidity, air pressure and gustatory stimuli. In the present investigation, ultrastructural study on the antenna of the two open-nesting worker honey bees- Apis florea F. - the dwarf honey bee and A. dorsata F. - the giant honey showed considerable amount of variation in the types and distribution pattern of sensilla in the two species. The antennal form as well as the sensilla arrangement has been suggested to be adapted to the pheromone perception need of regarding a particular species.

26 illus, 9 ref

001346   Kumar N R;Anita Devi (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh, Email: anniekadian@gmail.com) : A study on biochemical composition of the sting gland (poison gland) and the reservoir (poison sac of the dwarf oney bee Apis florea F. workers. J appl nat Sci 2014, 6(1), 101-5.

The glands associated with the sting apparatus of worker honey bee Apis florea produce Venom which is known to be composed of a wide spectrum of biomolecules ranging from biogenic amines to peptides and proteins. The Venom apparatus showed the presence of two important associated exocrine glands i.e. Venom gland and Dufors gland. The secretions of both glands are apocrine and are released into the lumen to be stored in the venom sac. The presence of some exocrine cells in the distal part of venom sac which is otherwise known to only store the component of Venom gland led to the present study. The present study that there were considerable differences in the biochemical composition of Venom gland and Venom sac secretions of Apis species The concentration of lipids (Sting gland =1.423±0.0001 and Reservoir = 1.21±0.0067), proteins (Sting gland=0.440±0.0226, Reservoir = 0.390± 0.032), activity of acid phosphatase (Sting - 98 - gland=112.09±21.100, Reservoir=22.63±1.467) and hexokinase (Sting gland=20.7±4.016, Reservoir=10.66±2.465) was found to be more in case of Venom gland while cholesterol(Sting gland=0.138±0.0161 reservoir=0.324±0.00323), glucose (Sting gland=189±1.31, Reservoir=321±7.19), free amino acids, and activity of alkaline phosphatase (Sting gland=21.03±0.195 Reservoir=22.4±0.685) was more in Venom sac. Glycogen was absent in both Venom gland and Venom sac of Apis species as confirmed by the absence of glucose-6-phosphatase activity. It is established from the present study that Venom sac also secretes various biochemicals and enzymes which are added to the total Venom.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

001345   Knight J D M (Flat `L', Sri Balaji Apartments, 7th Main Road, Dhandeeswaram, Velache, , , Email: jdmarcusknight@yahoo.co.in) : Oreichthys andrewi (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) a new species from Assam, northeastern India. J Threatened Taxa 2014, 6(1), 5357-61.

Oreichthys cosuatis (Hamilton, 1822) was believed to be a monotypic genus widely distributed throughout India, Myanmar and ranging up to Thailand. Though the genus Oreichthys was known to have an incomplete lateral line, certain studies showed that there are species possessing a complete lateral line, as well as a much higher lateral line scale count. One such species is described here as a new species, Oreichthys andrewi, which can be distinguished from its congeners by the possession of a complete lateral line; 30+1 scales in the longitudinal series; 1/2 4 / 1 / 2 1/2 scales in the transverse row; 9 predorsal scales and bright yellow pelvic fins.

16 ref

001344   Kirti J S;Singh N;Saxena A (Zoology & Environmental Sciences Dep, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002) : External male and female genitalia of the moth Tanaoctenia haliaria (Lepidoptera : Geometridae). Bionotes 2014, 16(3), 88-9.

5 illus, 6 ref

001343   Jan M;Jan U;Shah G M (P.G. Zoology Dep, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir-190 006, Email: janmuneera@ymail.com) : Studies on fecundity and Gonadosomatic - 97 - index of Schizothorax plagiostomus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). J Threatened Taxa 2014, 6(1), 5375-9.

Investigation deals with the assessment of fecundity and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of Schizothorax plagiostomus collected from the river Jhelum, Kashmir. The mean value of fecundity was estimated as 14599 (SD 9219.7) eggs with a mean total length of 34.340 (SD 6.86) and a mean total body weight of 440.60 (SD267.62). The relationship of fecundity with other parameters such as total length, total weight, ovary length and ovary weight were found to be linear and the value of correlation coefficient (r) was 0.965, 0.961, 0.933 and 0.972 respectively. The highest value of GSI was recorded in the month of May 12.56 (SD1.81).

6 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

001342   Hema G S;Shyni K;Mathew S;Ninan G;Joshy C G (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: hema.sukumaran@yahoo.com) : Comparison of collagen extracted from skin of double-spotted queenfish and malabar grouper. Fish Technol 2014, 51(2), 93-7.

Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin digestible collagen (PDC) from the skin of double-spotted queenfish (Scomberoides lysan) and Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabariciis), were isolated and characterized. On wet weight basis, the yields of ASC and PDC from queen fish and grouper were 7.82, 3.92, 12.5 and 6.49% respectively. Amino acid analysis revealed that they contained glycine as a major amino acid with high contents of alanine, proline and hydroxyproline. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns and subunit compositions, all were identified to be type 1 collagens when compared with calf skin type 1 collagen. α₁, α₂ and β chains were the major components of the presently isolated collagens. While comparing these two species, queen fish skin had good yield of collagen which could be served as an alternative source of collagen for different applications.

1 illus, 4 tables, 29 ref

001341   Hassan M E;Gupta J D;Biswas B (Hemiptera Section, Zoological Survey of India, , Pranivigyan Bhavan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: ehtashamulhassan@gmail.com) : Entomophagy in Manipur, NE. India Eurostus grossipe (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae), an edible insect for the Tangkhul Naga Tribe. Bionotes 2014, 16(3), 82-3.

11 ref