003218   Sakhare S S;Kamble N A (Zoology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004, Email: seemasakhare24@rediffmail.com) : Impact of physico-chemical parameters on gills of freshwater crab Barytelphusa cunicularis (westwood, 1836). Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(3), 1248-57.

Environmental pollution is one of the undesirable side effects of industrialization and found responsible factor for environmental degradation. Water samples and crabs Barytelphusa cunicularis were collected from Gadhinglaj tahsil and analyzed for Physico- chemical parameters and heavy metals respectively. The results showed high range of pH and high values of alkalinity, hardness, chloride, sulphate, TDS, COD. The heavy, metal contamination was in the order of sodium <62> iron <62>potassium. The results indicate altered physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals resulting in massive destruction of gill architecture which was concentration and time dependent. Fluctuations in physico-chemical parameters has influenced gill lammelles of crab Barytelphusa cunicularis. Histopathological studies revealed noticeable changes in the gills like clumping of cells, detachment of epithelial surface in primary lamella and destruction of mucosal cells. The gills showed vacuolization in the gill stem, ruptured gill lamellae, connective tissue cells was damaged, destructed with congestion of haemocytes in the gill lamellae are observed. The results obtained were discussed in relation to physico-chemical parameter over respiratory mechanism in crab Barytelphusa cunicularis.

42 ref

003217   Saifur R G M;Dieng H;Hassan A A;Manaf U A; Rawi Che Salmah M (Zoology Dep, National Univ, Gazipur-1704, Bangladesh, Email: gmsaifur20@yahoo.com) : Proteomic profile during embryonic development of dengue vector Aedes albopictus mosquito. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1227-34.

Despite the potential impact of moisture on embryonation and egg eclosion of Aedes mosquitoes, little is known about its effect on protein synthesis during critical embryonic development as well as in the proteomic profiles. Thus, we quantify the protein concentration and proteomic profile during embryonic development of Ae. albopictus from far early of egg laying to egg eclosion in contact with sufficient moisture. It was observed that the concentration of protein started to decrease from the early hours (6th h) with progressing of embryonic development. There were more or less 13 bands observed in Coomassie blue staining of different embryonic stages within the range of <126>58 kDa and <126>7 kDa by using 12% separating gel in 1D SDS-PAGE. Among them highly expressed bands on the position of 11-13 of lower molecular weight at around 7 kDa were found in all treatments. They may have controlling effects on egg hatching. Identification of these specific proteins can give an insight direction of effective vector control way.

2 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

003216   Prabakaran S;Pugazhendy K;Revathi A (Zoology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai nagar-608 002) : Therapeutic efficacy of Pisonia alba and Cardiospermum halicacabum on the biochemical parameters of atrazine intoxicated liver tissue in fresh water fish Labeo rohita. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2014, 4(3), 27-36.

Static bioassay were made to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of dietary supplementary feed of Pisonia alba and Cardiospermum halicacabum to counter stress exerted by the herbicide atrazine on fresh water fish Labeo rohita. In the present experimental study Labeo rohita were exposed to sublethal concentration of atrazine (20mg/L of atrazine) for 120 hours and certain biochemical parameters were estimated. The variation of biochemical parameter like protein, glycogen and lipid level were found to be decreased in the liver tissue of atrazine treated fish, simultaneously the glucose and amino acid level was increased compared to the control. During the treatment of Pisonia alba and Cardiospermum halicacabum against atrazine exposed fish were restored near normal level (Group III and IV). The observed results were discussed in detail.

42 ref

003215   Neeraja B (Zoology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007) : Studies on free amino acid content in cestode infected white leg horns (Gallus gallus) treated with petroleum ether extract of Butea frondosa (MODUGA-T). Asian J biochem pharm Res 2014, 4(3), 187-92.

In the present investigation the effect of the plant [Butea frondosa (MODUGA-T)] petroleum extract for the elimination of cestode parasites from the common white leg horns (Gallus gallus) was done. The plant extract was Buteasol is obtained by using petroleum ether and designated as Butea / PET. The final therapeutic dose was 1200 mg/kg/ body weight; this was quite effective in controlling helminthic infection in general and cestodial infection in particular. The investigation was concentrated on quantitative estimation of free amino acid content in the selected tissues like heart, liver, small intestine. When compared to the controlled and treated birds the levels of free amino acid are decreased in infected birds.

16 ref

003214   Al-Hasawi Z;Al-Wesabi E;Al-Harbi H (Biological Sciences Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) : Study of histological structure of ovary Garra tibanica tissue fresh and water fish (Gunther, 1874). Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2014, 11(3), 1303-8.

Consists wall Ovary in Fish Garra tibanica of three layers, external where a peritoneal epithelium and Central a tunica albuginea which consists of vascular connective tissue. The interior is a germinal epithelium a layer responsible for the formation ovigerous lamellae and there are Oogonia near epithelial germ, as well as along the plate and pass mothers ovarian eggs many of the formative stages that eventually lead to the formation of mature oocytes and their surrounding vesicles.

7 illus, 24 ref

002285   Sharma B K;Sharma S (Freshwater Biology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong, Meghalaya-793 022, Email: probksharma@gmail.com) : New records of rotifers (rotifera: eurotatoria) from deepor beel - a ramsar site of India with an update on its rich rotifer diversity. J Threatened Taxa 2015, 7(3), 7011-16.

Plankton samples collected from Deepor Beel (a Ramsar site), during July 2011 to June 2013, revealed 155 species of Rotifera, belonging to 35 genera and 20 families. Of these, 16 species belonging to eight genera and seven families are new records to the rotifer fauna of this wetland of northeast India. Our observations raise the total richness of the phylum known till date from this important floodplain lake (beel) of the Brahmaputra river basin to 171 species and thus highlight its biodiversity value as one of the globally rich Rotifera habitats. The updated list is interesting for following meta-analyses of rotifer occurrence in this only well sampled freshwater ecosystem of the Indian sub-region.

1 illus, 37 ref

002284   Rawani A;Ghosh A;Chandra G (Zoology Dep, The Univ of Burdwan, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, Email: goutamchandra63@yahoo.co.in) : Mosquito larvicidal potential of four common medicinal plants of India. Indian J med Res 2014, 140(1), 102-8.

Selective concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of crude extract of all four plant leaves were tested against I st to IV th instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Log probit analysis (at 95% confidence level) revealed the LC₅₀ values. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analyses of crude extracts were also done. The lethal concentrations (%) of crude extracts at 24 h against III rd instar larvae were also studied on non-target organisms. In a 72 h bioassay experiment with crude extract, the highest mortality was recorded in 1.5 per cent extract. A. sessilis showed the highest mortality (76.7%) at 1.5 per cent crude extract against II nd instar larvae having LC₅₀ value of 0.35 per cent, followed by R. tuberosa (LC₅₀ =1.84%), G. carinata (LC₅₀ = 2.11) and T. orientalis (LC₅₀ = 2.95%). The regression equation showed a dose-dependent mortality, as the rate of mortality (Y) was positively correlated with the concentration (X). Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract showed the presence of many bioactive phytochemicals such as steroids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, etc. No changes in the swimming behaviour and survivality of non-target organism were noticed at the studied concentrations. Crude extract of the four selected plants showed larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The extracts at the studied concentrations did not produce any harmful effect on non-target organisms.

5 tables, 22 ref

002283   Raja M M R U;Dey A R;Begum N;Kundu U K;Ashad F A (Parasitology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh, Email: rakib.raja@gmail.com) : Coprological prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in carnivores and small mammals at Dhaka zoo, Bangaldesh. J Threatened Taxa 2014, 6(3), 5574-9.

A study on the coprological prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites using 94 faecal samples from different carnivores (n=32) and small mammals (n=15) was undertaken from January to May 2012 at Dhaka Zoo. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 78.72%, with a prevalence of 51.06% for helminths and 27.66% for protozoa. The identified parasites included-Toxascaris leonina (9.57%), Balantidium coli (25.53%) Spirometra sp. (10.64%), Toxocara cati (12.76%), Hook worm (4.26%), unidentified strongyles (3.19%), Trichuris sp. (7.45%), Coccidia sp. (2.12%), Capillaria sp. (1.06%), Trichostrongylus sp. (1.06%), and Physaloptera sp. (1.06%). Mixed infection was observed in Indian Lion (Toxascaris leonina and Spirometra sp.), Royal Bengal Tiger (Balantidium coli and Toxocara cati), Spotted Hyena (Balantidium coli and hook worm), Leopard (Balantidium coli and Spirometra/I> sp.), Rhesus Macaque (Trichuris sp. and Coccidia sp.), Pig-tailed Macaque (Balantidium coli and Trichuris sp.), Hamadryas Baboon (Balantidium coli and Trichuris sp.), Golden Mangabey (Trichuris sp., Balantidium coli and unidentified strongyles), Large Indian Civet (Balantidium coli and unidentified strongyles), Torior Dog (Balantidium coli and Physaloptera), Rabbit (Balantidium coli and Hook worm), Hanuman Langur (Balantidium coli and Capillaria sp.). Due to the high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites, the present study suggests to apply control measures against these parasites in order to safeguard the health of housed wild animals, especially in case of threatened species.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

002282   Purushothaman J (NO, , Zoological Survey of India, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal-700 053, Email: jasbose@gmail.com) : Diversity of planktonic ostracods (crustacea: ostracoda) in the mixed layer of northeastern Arabian sea during the summer monsoon. J Threatened Taxa 2015, 7(3), 6948-86.

Planktonic ostracods contribute significantly to the biomass of zooplankton in the Arabian Sea with an unusually high density due to swarming. However, due to the small size, their abundance is often underestimated. In this paper, the diversity of planktonic ostracods in the mixed layer depth of the northeastern Arabian Sea in relation to environmental parameters during the summer monsoon is presented. The mean abundance in the mixed layer depth was very high. About 26 species belonging to 17 genera representing two families were recognized. Out of this, 25 species belonged to (3 sub families, 16 genera) the order Myodocopa and one to the order Myodocopida. The dominant species were Cypridina dentata, Euconchoecia aculeata, Conchoecia subarcuata and Orthoconchoecia atlantica. Cypridina dentata and Euconchoecia aculeata contributed to about 89% of the total abundance. The results suggest that the distribution and diversity of ostracods were very much influenced by the hydrographic conditions of the Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon.

4 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

002281   Marcus Knight J D;Balasubramanian S (NO, , Flat L, Sri Balaji Apartments, 7th Main Road, Dhandeeswaram, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu-600 042, Email: keepfishingin@gmail.com) : On a record of two alien fish species (teleostei: osphronemidae) from the natural waters of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. J Threatened Taxa 2015, 7(3), 7044-6.

25 ref

002280   Bijukumar A;Smrithy R;Sureshkumar U;George S (Aquatic Biology and Fisheries Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695 581) : Invasion of south american suckermouth armoured catefishes Pterygoplichthys spp. (loricariidae) iin Kerala, India - a case study. J Threatened Taxa 2015, 7(3), 6987-95.

This paper documents the occurrence of the exotic South American suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) of the genus Pterygoplichthys spp. in the drainages of Thiruvananthapuram City, Kerala. The morphological taxonomy revealed that the specimens are closely related to Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus (Weber, 1991) and P. pardalis (Castelnau, 1855), in addition to intermediary forms of unknown identity. DNA barcoding using the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) also failed to establish the identity of the invaded species. There may be possible hybridisation in aquariums or in fish farms or in the wild, but this needs to be found out aided by detailed studies incorporating different molecular markers and with sequences of topotypes. The possible threats due to Pterygoplichthys spp. Invasion and management options are discussed in the paper.

2 illus, 2 tables, 48 ref

002279   Andrew R J (Zoology Post Graduate Dep, Hislop College, Nagpur, Maharashtra-440 001, Email: rajuandrew@yahoo.com) : Observations on a gynochromatic (?) male of the dragonfly, Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) (Odonata: libellulidae). J Threatened Taxa 2015, 7(3), 7007-10.

The dragonfly Rhodothemis rufa exhibits a conspicuous sexual dimorphism in its body colour. The mature male is characterized by the homogenous striking brilliant red body while the mature female is dull brown with a prominent mid-dorsal light yellow streak running from the top of the head through the thorax and down to the fifth segment of the abdomen. The sexes can easily be identified from quite a long distance. On 7 November 2012, we observed the unusual sight of a female Rhodothemis rufa chasing another female and forming a tandem link which was followed by copulation. This peculiar reproductive behavior instigated us to net the specimen. On inspection we found that although it appeared a female, it had well developed external male genitalia in the form of the secondary copulatory apparatus on the venter of the second and third abdomen, a pair of coxites on the ninth abdominal tergum and an additional infra anal appendage at the terminal tip of the abdomen. The testes contained a large number of lobules filled with mature spermatozoa, and the vasa differentia also contained mature sperms. The sperm sac was filled with sperms embedded in seminal fluid. Observations indicate that this could be a rare case of a gynochromatic male of Rhodothemis rufa which has retained the colour patterning of the female even after sexual maturity and concomitantly exhibiting active sexual behaviour, although the case of it being a subadult male which has yet to attain its typical red coloration cannot be ruled out.

1 table, 11 ref

001307   Swargiary A;Roy B (Zoology Dep, Bodoland Univ, Kokrajhar-783 370, Email: ananbuzoo101@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and antioxidant property of shoot extracts of Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt (family - zingiberaceae). Med Pl 2015, 7(1), 48-54.

Aqueous extract of Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) is a widely used traditional medicine by Tripuri tribe of North-east India against intestinal helminthiasis. Our earlier studies have established the anthelminthic properties of the plant; however, very few literature is available about its antioxidant properties. The present study tries to explore its phytochemical constituents and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activities of the plant was investigated using 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), FRAP assay, Ferric reducing power test and hydrogen pero xide (H₂O₂) free radical scavenging power tests. Qualitative test for alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols and saponins were also determined along with the quantitative test for total phenolic compounds (TPC). The extracts showed positive results for all the phytochemicals studied. The total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 40.65±0.43 and 25.66±0.3 mgGAE/g for ethanol-and aqueous extracts, respectively. Good antioxidant and free radical scavenging power have also been seen compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Ethanol extract was found more active compared to the aqueous extract. Therefore, the shoot-extract the Alpinia nigra could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidant and may be a good candidate for plant based pharmaceutical products.

3 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

001306   Pandit J K;Satpathy S K;Dey D G (Zoology Dep, Betnoti College, Betnoti-757 025) : Reproductive behaviour of raily ecorace of wild tasar silkmoth A. mylitta drury under Ex-situ condition at similipal biosphere reserve, Odisha, India. Bull Indian Acad Seric 2014, 18(1-2), 19-25.

Raily ecorace of Antherea mylitta D an endemic, predominant and wild variety of tropical Tasar silkmoth is mainly found in the forests of Bastar District of Chhattisgarh. It is a lepidopteran polyphagus insect feeds on plants like Shorea robusta (Sal), Terminalia tomentosa (Asan), Anogeissus latifolia (Sidha), Largerstromia parviflora (Dhaw). However, mainly it favours Shorea robusta about 72.23% under in situ condition. Reproductively it behaves as bivoltine insect in nature. In Darbha forest of Bastar it is distributed between 450 m ASL to 600 m ASL altitude. As Bastar of Chhattisgarh and Sarat of Similipal Biosphere of Mayurbhanj are belong to same altitude and climatological parameters so an attempt was taken to study reproductive behaviour of Raily under ex-situ condition in Similipal Biosphere. From reproductive behaviour (grainage and rearing performance) it has been concluded that Raily is less adaptive in Similipal Biosphere but it can be reared here in ex-situ condition as a substitute if any epidemic will broke out in its natural abode of this insect at Bastar.

2 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

001305   Das A K (Zoology Dep, Dr. Jadunath College, Rasalpur, Balasore-756 021) : Bioenergetics of larva of Antheraea mylitta drury (saturniidae) living in secondary host plant ber (Ziziphus jujuba). Bull Indian Acad Seric 2013, 17(1-2), 73-82.

Ecological energetics of larva of Antheraea mylitta living in Ziziphus jujuba host plant was evaluated in rainy season. Towards fifth instar life the rate of food energy consumption, absorption, body growth, silkgland growth and respiration suddenly increased. The amount of consumption, absorption, body tissue growth and silk gland growth during fifth instar only was about 75%, 76%, 77%, 96% respectively of the total amount utilized in the entire larval life. The female larva at fifth instar indicated significantly higher overall efficiencies than male larva. Gradual increase was observed in amount of energy stored per mg dry weight from first to fifth instar. It was also higher in male than female. The absorption and growth efficiency was lowest in 2nd instar indicating that this is the most vulnerable instar and more care should be given during rearing. Fifth instar showed highest alround efficiency and so best care for feeding and rearing should be given to fifth instar larva to optimise silk productivity.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

001304   Bhami L C;Das S S M (Zoology and Research Centre Dep, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, Email: sambiocontrol@gmail.com) : Boric acid ovicidal trap for the management of Aedes species. J Vector Borne Dis 2015, 52(2), 147-52.

Use of low concentrations of boric acid as a potential and effective control agent for the eggs and immature stages of Aedes aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) is found to be safe and effective as compared to synthetic chemical insecticides. The study aims to determine the ovicidal concentration of boric acid, its effective concentration for oviposition attraction and the larval mortality concentration for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The ovicidal concentration of boric acid was determined by incubating the eggs in different concentrations of boric acid (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%). Different dilutions of boric acid were taken in the oviposition cup and the ovicidal concentration, effective concentration for oviposition attraction and the mean survival/mortality rate of III and IV instar Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae were determined. The ovicidal concentration of boric acid for 100% mortality in Aedes sp eggs is 1%. Effective concentration for the oviposition attraction is 0.5%. At 1% concentration, larvae of both the species died within 24 h. Boric acid is less toxic compared to different pesticides, and in low concentrations, it attracts the ovipositing female Aedes sp as well as fertile males. Dilute boric acid solution is an effective ovitrap since the eggs laid by mosquitoes either die or the larvae that hatch out from them do not survive in boric acid. Boric acid kills the males that come in contact with the solution, which are attracted to the trap by the females hovering around.

4 tables, 28 ref

000193   Vass K K;Wangeneo A;Samanta S;Adhikari S; Muralidhar M (NO, , C-218, Pocket 7, Kendriya Vihar-II, Sector 82, Noida-201 304, Email: kuldeepvass@rediffmail.com) : Phosphorus dynamics, eutrophication and fisheries in the aquatic ecosystems in India. Curr Sci 2015, 108(7), 1306-14.

Phosphorus (P) is the most limiting nutrient element in the inland aquatic ecosystems. In Indian context also, many water bodies are deficient in the readily available form of the nutrient. The present effort was to understand the P-dynamics in relation to fish production. While feed and fertilizer are the main inputs of P for the culture systems, the element is accumulated in the bottom mud to a great extent. Fish harvests accumulate 10-20% of P. In culture systems with water exchange, significant amount of P flows with the discharge/exchange water. The wetlands, rivers and reservoirs in the country show gradual accumulation of the element and eutrophication is becoming a serious concern mostly due to anthropogenic activities. East Kolkata wetlands are a unique example where fish is used as the bio-remediating agent. In general, mangrove plants also have good capacity to recover from adverse effects of commercial shrimp farming. There is scope to utilize advanced mathematical models to optimize the production and at the same time, conserve the resources. As a whole, there is ample scope for improvement and to understand the P-dynamics in different water resources of India.

4 tables, 64 ref

000192   Sumit Rose;Vincent S;Meena B;Suresh A;Mani R (Zoology Dep, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034, Email: sumit7574@gmail.com) : Immunolocalization of metallothionein in different tissues of fresh water catfish, Clarias gariepinus on exposure to cadmium. Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(12), 5315-20.

Metallothionein (MT) is a cysteine-rich protein that binds to heavy metals, and it is induced by them. The objective of this study to identify the MT protein induction/expression and localization in liver and kidney tissues (treated with 20 mg/L of CdCl2 for 72 hours) by immunohistochemical techniques and Western Blotting methods in the fresh water catfish, Clarias gariepinus. MT expression (MT-I and MT-II) levels were analyzed by Western blot method (using Mouse Monoclonal Anti-Metallothionein primary and Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) secondary antibody). MT bands were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence system (West Femto Super Signal detection kit, Thermo Scientific Inc. USA) method. Antibodies showed a positive cross reactivity with MT proteins, MT immune activity was high in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in Cd exposed fish liver and also detected in the nephrocytes present in the proximal tubules of the nephron and more precisely in their basal labyrinth in kidney. Western blotting showed increased MT expression levels in Cd treated tissues when compared with control tissue. The differential induction/localization of MTs in different cell types described in this study suggests that the presence and quantification of MT can be used in bio-monitoring programs as a biomarker of Cd exposure in aquatic environments.

35 ref

000191   Sarma D;Sanwal S;Das P (NO, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal-263 136) : Food and feeding of chocolate mahseer (Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis) from fry to juvenile stages in captivity. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 10-17.

Chocolate mahseer, Neolissochilus hexagonolepis was reared from the juvenile stages in captivity to establish it as a new candidate species in hill aquaculture. Gut content analysis of fry showed that the food consisted of 50.48% zooplankton, 29.72% phytoplankton, unidentified matter 14.09% and 5.71% sand and mud. In fingerling stage, 56.33% phytoplankton and 24.07% zooplankton was recorded from the gut. Maximum phytoplankton percentage (60.65) was recorded during juvenile stage. The RLG (1.048 to 2.72) and GSI (3.92 to 9.65) accessed from fry till juvenile stage indicated the changing feeding habits from carni-omnivorous to herbi-omnivorous.

5 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000190   Sarkar I;Basu A;Roy S;Dutta S (Zoology Post Graduate Dep, Vidyasagar College, 39 Sankar Ghsoh Lane, Kolkata, West Bengal-700 006) : Fecundity of two freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium lamarrei lamarrei and M. dayanum. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 69-73.

^ssc6 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

000189   Roy K (Fisheries Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur-492 012) : Limnology of two unmanaged urban and peri urban ponds of Chhattisgarh in relation to fish culture. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 57-68.

Seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical parameters, dissolved nutrients, primary productivity and plankton popula-tion were investigated in two unmanaged urban and peri urban ponds, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh with special reference to fish culture during April 2013 to March 2014. The samples were collected and analysed at monthly intervals. Nutrient - wise, the peri urban pond had greater fertility than the urban pond. The urban pond was me-sotrophic in nature while the peri urban pond showed signs of progressive eutrophication as evident from the primary productivity and plankton population. Most of the physico - chemical parameters reached their peak during the winter months and were within the optimum range for fish culture throughout the year. It was concluded that the present extensive fish culture practices in these water bodies should be upgraded to semi intensive for their proper utilization and maximizing fisheries production.

2 table, 60 ref

000188   Roy A;Pandit A;Sharma A P;Bhaumik U;Majumder S;Biswas D (NO, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120) : Socioeconomic status and livelihood of fisher women of hooghly estuary. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 49-56.

Analysis of age structure of fisher women showed that 35-55 years age groups are mainly engaged in various fishery related activities (50%) in average of total population. The average family size is 6, and 51.5% being the illiterate group. About 15% of the population are migrant having immigration from Bangladesh. Undernutrition and malnutrition are quite prevalent among the fisherwomen. The fisher women earn more than fifty percent (58%) of their livelihood from fisheries and related activities. Mass media exposure and extension contact of the fisher women both in freshwater and marine stretch was very low. Most of the fisherwomen perceive (81%) that lack of credit facilities from the Banks, Co-operatives etc is the major constraint. In most of the cases fisherwomen are not aware of the facilities offered by the State and Central Governments. Launching of mass literacy campaigns particularly for fisherwomen are much needed. Formation of SHGs, Mahila Mandal to upgrade their knowledge and skill is suggested.

1 illus, 8 tables, 11 ref

000187   Ragini Kumari;Roy P K;Ghosh T K (Ichthyology Research Laboratory, Zoology Dep, T.M. Bhagalpur Univ, Bhagalpur-812 007) : Bimodal oxygen uptake of freshwater air-breathing featherback, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas). J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 1-9.

Oxygen uptake through gills and the swim bladder in relation to body weight have been measured in Notopterus notopterus at 24.5±1.0 °C, using closed glass respirometer. With increase in body weight from 4.90 to 90.00 g, the rate of oxygen uptake per unit time (ml O₂ h^{-1) increased from 1.520 to 4.113,0.994 to 3.033 and 2.514 to 7.146 mlO₂ h-1 through air, water and air+water respectively. The slope 'b' of the regression line for oxygen uptake per unit time in relation to body weight from air, water and total (air+water) were found to be 0.318, 0.403 and 0.350 respectively. The relationship has been found highly significant. The weight specific oxygen consumption in relation to body weight mlO₂ kg-1 h-1 from air, water and air + water decreased from 309.750 to 45.700,202.825 to 33.770 and 512.575 to 79.400 mlO₂ kg-1 h-1 respectively with gradual increase in the body weight from 4.90 to 90.00 g. The log-log plot between the two variables gave straight lines with the slope 'b' of-0.618, -0.597 and-0.649 through air, water and air+water respectively. It has been estimated that a N. notopterus having average body weight of 29.01 g, extracted about 63% of oxygen from aerial route while only 37% through its aquatic route.}

2 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

000186   Lal V F;Gaur K K;Thakur S;Simon S (Zoology Dep, R.B.S. College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Acute toxicity levels of copper sulphate to a teleostean fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Bioved 2014, 25(2), 137-42.

The present study deals with the acute toxicity of copper sulphate on the behavior and mortality of Channa punctatus. The LC₅₀ values for 24, 48, 72 and 96h have been determined. The results indicated that the fish exposed to different concentrations of copper sulphate exhibit abnormal behavior, profuse mucous secretion and its coagulation all over the body and a dose and dose-time dependent mortality rate.

4 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

000185   Gandotra R;Vivek;Singh D (Zoology Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu-180 006) : Food and feeding habit of different age groups of Aspidoparia morar (Ham.). J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 18-26.

Study deals with the seasonal variations in natural diet, relative abundance of food items, Gastro somatic index (GSI) and Relative Gut Length (RGL) value of different age groups of Aspidoparia morar inhabiting river Tawi and its tributaries in Jammu region. The results revealed that the fish is mainly a herbi-omnivorous and euryphagic column feeder. The RGL value was observed to increase from 0+ age group (1.02) to 3+ age group (1.15) while GSI was maximum (4.41) in immature 0+ age group arid decreased with increase in the fish length and age.

6 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

000184   Dhamija N;Joshi S (Biochemistry Dep, Daulat Ram College, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: sunjoshi5@yahoo.co.in) : Rediscovering genetics with drosophila. Resonance 2015, 20(2), 177-83.

In this section of Resonance, we invite readers to pose questions likely to be raised in a classroom situation. We may suggest strategies for dealing with them, or invite responses, or both. "Classroom" is equally a forum for raising broader issues and sharing personal experiences and viewpoints on matters related to teaching and learning science.

4 illus, 4 ref

000183   Choudhary S;Uttam Kumar;Utpal Kumar (Zoology Dep, S.K.M. College, Begusarai-851 101) : Plankton status of Chaurs in Begusari district, Bihar. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 78-83.

^ssc4 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

000182   Chandra S;Joshi K D (NO, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar-751 002) : Growth and survival of carps in salt-affected ponds under different treatments. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 36-42.

Field experiments were conducted on salt-affected fish ponds having water conductivity between 1191 and 1386 μmhos/ ! cm showed the effect of cow dung application @ 5 ton /ha/yr (T^{1), 15 ton/ha/ yr (T₂) and 10 ton/ ha/yr with 5 ton ensiled paddy straw (T₃) in replicates. Ponds were stocked with advance fry of rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) @ 8,000nos. /ha. Besides three applications, gypsum @ 1.5 ton/ha and standard practices of fish pond management were uniformly followed in all the six ponds during the culture period of 12 months. Pooled data showed significant decline in Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Percent reduction of Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids was 41.78 and 41.64 in T₁, 42.69 and 42.57 in T₂ and 47.09 and 46.72 in T₃, with survival of 55.46%, 57.85% and 62.69% respectively. Fish yield of 4239.75tonns /ha/ yr obtained in T₃, which was 26.27%, higher than T₂, and 32.41% higher than T₁. Common carp species performed better in all treatments with 25% higher growth in T3. Improvement of pond environment in T₃ resulted to faster amelioration of water parameters establishing its superiority over other applications in salt-affected fish ponds.}

2 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

000181   Chandra Mohan (Zoology Dep, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005) : The effect of phenyl vinyl sulfone on Gastrothylax crumenifer in vitro. Bioved 2014, 25(2), 149-50.

Gastrothylax crumenifer a trematode parasite of rumen in cattle causes massive damages to the host. A cystein proteases inhibitor, Phenyl vinyl sufone (PVS) which has antihelminthic and antiprotozoal effect causes lesions, structural disruption leading to gradual loss in viability, mortality and even death on prolong expos‚ of the chemicals to the parasites. Microscopic studies also depict the architectural and tegumental alterations on successive higher doses. Thus PVS appears to have significant roles in the protection of assets as animals.

1 table, 5 ref

000180   Borah B C;Gogoi R;Rahman A;Hussain M (Fisheries Research Centre, Assam Agricultural Univ, Jorhat-13) : Biology of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) raised in small ponds of Assam. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 27-35.

Present communication includes certain biological aspects of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) raised in ponds (100 m^{2) of Assam. The length-weight relationship showed linear relationship for male (Log W= -1.935+ 2.841 Log L), female (Log W= -2.514+ 3.269 Log L) and sexes combined (Log W= -2.437+ 3.211 Log L). The analysis of the gut contents showed presence of bivalves, crustaceans, insects, etc. The average relative length of gut recorded in the present study was 0.54, which reveals that the species is basically carnivorous in nature. The fecundity of the species ranged from 340- 4493 nos. in fishes of weight ranging from 30- 290 g and total length of 16.7- 32.5 cm. In females of N. notopterus, the G.S.I ranged from 0.63- 8.25, while in males it ranged from 0.15-1.08, with highest value in June. The pattern of gonadal development indicated that the species breeds once in a year with breeding period commencing from April to July, with peak during May-June. The study revealed that the species grows well and breeds naturally in pond condition and can be a potential candidate for utilization of small homestead ponds available in almost every household of rural Assam, which are not suitable for culture of carps for securing protein nutrition to rural resource poor household.}

15 illus, 27 ref

000179   Bhattacharjya B K;Yengkokpam S;Gogoi P;Sarma K K;Dipesh Debnath (NO, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Housefed Complex, Dispur, Guwahati-781 006) : Rearing of carried over carp seed in pen enclosure in a closed floodplain wetland of Assam. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 43-8.

Results of a pen aquaculture experiment carried out during 2009 for rearing carp fingerlings in Damal beel, (a closed I type floodplain wetland), Morigaon district, Assam are described. A rectangular pen of 741 m^{2 constructed using net-lined split-bamboo screens was stocked with carried over fingerlings of Indian major and exotic carps @ 5 No. m-2. Average stocking size were 14.2 cm/ 41.9 g for Catla catla, 9. 6 cm/ 19.3 g for Labeo rohita, 10.2 cm/ 9.4 g for Cirrhinus mrigala, 15.3 cm/ 45.7 g for Ctenopharyngodon idella and 17.2 cm/ 46.0 g for Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Stocked fishes were fed with rice polish and mustard oil cake mixture (1:1) fortified with vitamin-mineral premix (1%) @ 5% of body weight. Water in the pen was characterized by favourable temperatures (23.0-33.9 °C), clear water (Secchi disc visibility 48-50 cm), alkaline pH (7.1 -8.2), optimal dissolved oxygen (7.0-7.5 mg l-1), undetectable free carbon dioxide and moderate total alkalinity (22-23 mg l-1). Seed were reared for 70 days before releasing them in the beel. Highest specific growth rate was observed in silver carp (2.40) followed by mrigal (2.11), grass carp (1.51), rohu (1.43) whereas catla recorded the lowest rate (0.80). Estimated fish production in the pen was 1529 kg ha-1 in 70 days. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.8 showing that rearing carried over carp seed in the pen was economically viable.}

4 tables, 12 ref

000178   Agrawal S P;Saxena V L (NO, D.A-V. (PG) College Civil Lines Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: agrawals1111@yahoo.in) : Prediction of LD₅₀ of some common pesticides through QSAR (an alternative method to save experimental animals). Int J pharm Sci Res 2014, 5(12), 5356-73.

The most common test of acute toxicity is the LD₅₀ test. LD₅₀ means, the lethal dose of a substance that will kills 50% of animals. But this requires large number of animals. To reduce the sacrifice of animals. In present study we are using QSAR based software T.E.S.T. (toxicity estimation search tool 4.1 version) for predicting oral LD₅₀. For prediction of oral LD₅₀ we have taken 100 insecticides, 40 fungicides and 40 herbicides. During our analysis we find that for experimental oral LD₅₀, 27 insecticides are highly (value between 5-50) and 36 are moderate potent (value between 50-500). For predicted oral LD₅₀ value, 24 insecticides are highly and 34 are moderate potent. For fungicides 3 experimental and 3 predicted are moderate potent. For herbicides 6 experimental and 7 predicted herbicides are moderate LD₅₀ potent.

8 ref

023489   Yougesh Kumar;Sharma R (Zoology Dep, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar-251 001, Email: dryougeshkumar@yahoo.co.in) : On a new nematode species Ascardia muzaffarnagarensis N. SP. recovered from Clarias batrachus (Bloch). J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 675-8.

During a survey of helminth parasites of freshwater fishes in Muzaffarnagar region a new species of nematode belonging to genus Ascaridia was isolated from the intestine of the fish Clarias batrachus (Bloch). Morphological description of the species is supported by light microscopic and Motic microscopic drawings and photomicrographs.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

023488   Yougesh Kumar;Anjum A (Zoology Dep, D.A.V. College, Muzaffarnagar-251 001, Email: dryougeshkumar@yahoo.co.in) : New nematode species Hammerschmidtiella muzaffarnagariensis N. SP. (nematoda, oxyurida, thelastomatidae) from periplaneta americana L. (insecta, dictyoptera, blattidae) from Muzaffarnagar, India. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 649-54.

A new nematode species Hammerschmidtiella muzaffarnagarensis n.sp. (Nematoda, Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae) was recovered from the hindgut of Periplaneta americana Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Dictyopera, Blattidae) from Muzaffarnagar (U.P.) India. It is the first record of this parasite from Muzaffarnagar, India. The present species differs from other species of the genus in having two pairs of pre-anal and lateral papillae and one pair post anal papillae on tail, testis extending upto anterior one - third of the body. Vulva equatorial in position and anteriorly dilated cardia. Morphological description of the species is supported by line drawings, photomicrographs and scanning electron microscopic observations. Hammerschmidtiella was described as a valid genus by Chitwood 1932, distinguished by its prominent pseudobulb.

9 illus, 20 ref

023487   Srivastav A K;Srivastava K;Roy D (Fish Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, S.M.M. Town P.G. College, Ballia-277 001, Email: ashvanisri.21@gmail.com) : Microcystin - LR induced changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 581-3.

Any change in the environment or any stressful condition causes changes in the biochemical parameters. Histology gives useful information concerning tissue degeneracy prior to external manifestation of abnormalities. Thus microscopic examination of fish tissues before and after the effect of toxicant reveals the structural changes and gives indication of the level of water contamination by toxic substances. Therefore, alternations in the levels of biochemical parameters like glycogen in liver and muscles and blood glucose were observed in Cyprinus carpio due to microcystin - LR treatment. Cyanobacteria is a dominant phytoplanktonic group in eutrophic freshwater bodies. They produce cyanotoxin, which is harmful for fishes. Microcystin - LR was injected intraperitonially (20 μl of stock solution) to Cyprinus carpio.After 96h of injection, fish was sacrificed for liver glycogen, muscle glycogen and blood glucose. The level of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen decreased and blood glucose increased after 96h of injection. After microcystin - LR injection evoked hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis with concominant hyperglycaemia.

1 table, 33 ref

023486   Sivaperuman C;Patel M C;Dinesh J; Gokulakrishnan G (NO, Zoological Survey of India Andaman & Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair-744 102, Email: c_sivaperuman@yahoo.co.in) : Diversity and distribution of butterflies in North Andaman. Ann For 2014, 22(2), 223-43.

The study was carried out in North Andaman Islands during 2011 through 2014 and line transect methods was used to assess the population of butterflies. Total of 125 species belongs to 5 families and 81 genera were recorded and highest number of species was recorded from the family Nymphalidae followed by Lycaenidae, Hesperidae, Pieridae and Papilionidae. Species richness and abundance was high in Kishorinagar, Ramnagar, Pachim Sagar and Kalighat. The overall diversity Index (H') was 4.49 and (λ) 0.01 in the study area. Among the recorded species, the Common Mormon was highest in dominance followed by Andaman Cruiser, Leopard Lacewing, Gray Pansy and Peacock Pansy. The species richness, abundance and diversity of butterflies were discussed in this paper. This study confirms the importance of butterfly and conservation in North Andaman Islands.

7 tables, 76 ref

023485   Singh R;Singh B N (Genetics Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: bnsingh@bhu.ac.in) : Pattern of sex-combs in two sibling species of Drosophila and their hybrids. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 513-17.

Drosophila ananassae and D. palllidosa are sibling species. Male sex-comb tooth number was scored in five strains of Drosophila ananassae and three strains of Drosophila pallidosa along with their hybrids. Mean number of sex-comb teeth ranges from 25.40 to 36.95 forD. ananassae and 19.65 to 26.50 forD.pallidosa. Hybrids have mid parent values. Analysis of variance shows highly significant variation in the mean number of sex comb teeth among different strain of D. ananassae and D. pallidosa which provides evidence for heterogeneity with respect to sex comb tooth phenotypes.

2 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

023484   Singh B N;Patra P (Genetics Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: bashisthsingh2004@rediffmail.com) : Testing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in human populations. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 599-602.

During the present study, the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium or Genetic Equilibrium was tested in human populations of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar underABO blood group system by analyzing the data on different blood group phenotypes obtained from a blood donor centre in Varanasi. Using Hardy-Weinberg formula, allelic frequencies were calculated which were used to test the deviation from equilibrium in these samples. In the total sample of 1991 individuals, 1468 were from U P and 523 from Bihar. In each state, the sample was further divided into two religious groups: Hindu and Muslim. Interestingly, the statistical analysis shows that there is significant deviation from equilibrium in all the samples indicating that there is no demonstration of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in these samples. Furthermore, the application of R x C contingency chi-square test to test the distribution of blood group phenotypes in two states and two religious groups in each state, shows that there is significant difference in distribution of ABO blood group phenotypes in U P and Bihar as well as in Hindu and Muslim groups. These results are explained by suggesting that since the blood donors come from different districts in U P and Bihar, the number of individuals from each district is small which were combined to form a group which consists of a large number of subpopulations which is the main cause of deviation from the equilibrium and significant differences in distribution of blood group phenotypes in different groups. These findings provide evidence for Wahlund effect causing significant deviation from equilibrium. As far as the allelic frequencies are concerned, in both the states as well as both the religious groups, the frequency of i allele remains higher than the other two alleles (I^{A and IB).}

1 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

023483   Shendge A N;Pawar B A (Zoology Dep, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati-413 102, Email: anil_shendge4030@rediffmail.com) : Length-weight relationship and relative condition factor in freshwater Notopterus chitala (Hamilton) from Bhima river, district Pune, Maharashtra. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 759-62.

Notopterus chitala (Hamilton) is a common freshwater cat fish found abundantly in Bhima River and it has high economic value and considerable fishery importance. The length - weight relationship in the logarithmic way for this fish can be described by the equation Male : Log W = - 6.992890573 + 3.777736842 Log L and Female Log W = - 6.687165094 + 3.652841849 Log L. This is close to the cubic law indicating the isometric growth of the fish in its natural habitat. The correlation coefficients (r) were registered as 0.9968 for males and 0.9969 for females which show a good relationship between the two parameters. The mean relative condition factor (Kn) was 1.00094416 for males and 1.000414332 for females suggesting the well being of the fish. The mean Kn values for different months and length groups indicated good conditions of the fishes in the Bhima River with a scope for aquaculture.

6 illus, 11 ref

023482   Priyadarshi S (Zoology Dep, Dr G.S.P.G. College, Soyepur, Varanasi-221 002, Email: shireesh18@rediffmail.com) : Flexion crease pattern (PLP) study in orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) in comparision to human (homo sapiens). J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 531-5.

The flexion crease and it's pattern was studied among 75 orangutans in reference to four major palmer creases i.e. DFC, PFC, TOC, and VFC as found fully developed in Human Palm. The family Hominidae exhibit both an opposable thumb and big toe, flattened nails at the ends of the phalanges (except humans), The Palm of Orangutans showed 7FxC pattern only in other words all the four major creases were not fully developed. The flexion creases were reported very ugly, only DFC has been found well developed but in 95% cases it was collapsed with PFC similar to UTF (Universal Transverse Crease) in Humans. PFC was absent among 95% cases but was present in 5% cases diverted toward mercury zone at the origin of DFC and angular. TOC was absent in 90% cases and was present with two or three breaks in 10% cases. VFC has been reported mostly absent but straight unclear and breaky was reported in very rare cases. Orangutans are separated into the genus Pongo because they share less characteristics with humans than do Gorillas and Chimpanzees. A vertical line originating from Venus region from base of TOC and moving to margin of Palm (similar to allergy line in Humans) surrounding moon region. Orangutans showed greatly developed moon region compared to human. Palm of Orangutans showed all the finger in equal size and shape while thumb was too small compared to humans, On the other hand Human Palm is consist of flexion creases (Palm lines) in different types of patterns called flexion crease pattern or Palm Line Pattern (PLP) differing from person to person. Palm Line pattern have been classified under five categories on the basis of DFC(Heart Line) PFC (Brain Line) TOC (Life Line) VFC (Luck Line), VLC-I (Sun Line) and VLC-II (Mercury Line) as 3 FxC,4 FxC,5 FxC,6 FxC and 7 FxC.

3 illus, 18 ref

023481   Pawar B A;Shendge A N;Pandarkar A K (Zoology Dep, P.V.P. College, Pravaranagar, Tal. Rahata, Ahmednagar-413 713, Email: ba_pwr2007@rediffmail.com) : Studies on water quality of Kotmara lake in relation to pisciculture, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 751-4.

Changes in water quality parameters of a rain fed Kotmara lake were investigated to assess the suitability of this lake for pisciculture. Several parameters viz., temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, chloride, hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrite and phosphate have been studied for a period of one year beginning from December 2011 to November 2012. All the physico-chemical parameters determined, revealed that the fluctuations in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and nitrite were within the desirable limits for fish and fisheries practices. However, low level of chloride and high level of hardness and phosphate were recorded. These parameters need to be modifying in order to favour fish culture.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

023480   Pawar B A;Shendge A N;Pandarkar A K (Zoology Dep, P.V.P. College, Pravaranagar, Tal. Rahata, Ahmednagar-413 713, Email: ba_pwr2007@rediffmail.com) : Fish diversity of Kotmara lake in relation tofish culture, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 723-6.

The fish diversity of Kotmara lake was studied during December 2011 to November 2012 to assess suitability of this lake for fish culture. Altogether 19 fish species belonging to 13 genera, 8 families and 5 orders were found to be present in the lake. Among fish species family Cyprinidae dominated the lake. The study revealed the lake subsistence fishery and served the need of local fishermen community and also protein rich food to the local people. However, the population of predatory and weed fishes should be under control in order to favour the fish culture.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

023479   Pandey A K;Pandey S;Sridar N;Singh S P (NO, National Bureay of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, Lucknow-226 002, Email: akpandey.ars@gmail.com) : Changes in neurosecretory cells of eyestalk, brain and thoracic ganglia of Penaeus indicus in relation to ovarian maturation. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 411-23.

Changes in neurosecretory cells of eyestalk, brain and thoracic ganglia of Penaeus indicus during different stages of ovarian maturation were recorded. There were five types of neurosecretory cells (NSCs) in eyestalk with size in range of 5-35 m. They were distributed along medulla externa, medulla interna and medulla terminalis. Axonal terminals of these neurosecretory cells were found to terminate in sinus gland. Brain and thoracic ganglia possessed five types of neurosecretory cells such as giant neuron (<62>80 μm), A (61-80 μm), B (41-60 μm), C (21-40 μm) and D (<60> 20 μm). They were arranged in several groups in different parts of brain - in anterior region B, C and D cells were observed, in posterior region giant neurons and A cells more in number while A, B, C and D cells were found in lateral regions. Of the three regions in thoracic ganglia (anterior, middle and posterior), NSCs were distributed in anterior and posterior portions but were lacking in middle region. A and B cells were noticed in anterior region followed by C and D cells. In posterior region, giant neurons and A cells were seen. Ovarian maturation in P. indicus seems to be under dual control of inhibitory action by the secretion of B and C cells of eyestalk and stimulatory influence by giant neuron (GN), A and B cells of brain and thoracic ganglia as these NSCs of eyestalk were active in immature stage whereas cells of brain and thoracic ganglia were active in mature females. The active stage of secretion was characterized by hypertrophy, increase in number of nucleolus, staining intensity, granulation and migration of secretory material towards axons. Histochemical tests showed the neurosecretory cells of the shrimp strongly positive to acid fuchsin, paraldehyde fuchsin but exhibited feeble reaction to Sudan black B and periodic acid-Schiff's reagent (PAS).

8 illus, 5 tables, 98 ref

023478   Pandey A K;Mishra D K;Bohidar K (NO, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, Lucknow-226 002, Email: akpandey.ars@gmail.com) : Histopathological changes in gonadotrophs of Channa punctatus (Bloch) exposed to sublethal concentration of carbaryl and cartap. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 451-5.

Channa punctatus (14.28±1.03 cm; 41.9±8.75 g) were exposed to sublethal concentrations (30% of LC₅₀ for96 hours) of Carbaryl (5.20 mg l^{-1) and Cartap (0.18 mg l-1) for 96 hours. Using specific stains (PAS, alcian blue and aniline blue), the gonadotrophs were localized in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the pituitary gland. Exposure to the pesticides resulted in the initial loss of staining affinity and hypertrophy of the gonadotrophs (by 24), however, the vacuolization progressed by 48 and 72 hours. Thereafter, there were excessive vacuolization in the cytoplasm of gonadotrophs and occurrence of pycnotic nuclei in the murrels treated with both the pesticides by 96 hours.}

10 illus, 48 ref

023477   Mukhopadhyay A;Ghosh L K (Zoology Dep, Bidhannagar College, Saltlake city, Kolkata-700 064, Email: aditi_mukhopadhyay@yahoo.in) : Effect of water pollution on the dragonfly assemblage and diversity at two water bodies of Kolkata, West Bengal. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 719-21.

The history of dragonfly is closely linked with water bodies. They use a wide range of flowing and stagnant water bodies for reproduction. Even though most species of dragonflies are highly specific to a habitat, some have adapted to urban areas and make use of man-made water bodies for foraging and reproduction. Habitat specificity has an important role about the distribution and ecology of dragonfly. Dragonfly assemblages with reference to their habitat characters have been widely studied. We have investigated dragonfly assemblages for a period of seven months in selected localities with reference to the habitat characters - Central Park Lake (non-polluted and undisturbed) and a fish pond in Belgharia (polluted, disturbed and infested by human interaction), the seasonal variation of dragonfly and the effect of water pollution on the dragonfly community residing there. A total of 10 species were identified during the study period.

5 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

023476   Mathur S;Jain S;Varma M (Zoology Dep, R.G.P.G. College, Meerut-250 108, Email: shubhra1976@gmail.com) : Fish otoliths and their significance in taxonomy. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 407-10.

Otoliths are structures located in the inner ear cavity of all teleost fish and serve as a balance organ and also aid in hearing. Otoliths, used to circumvent problems because they are taxonomically distinct and are a powerful taxonomic feature for fish species identification because of their high inter-specific variability in shape. Certain intrinsic properties of otoliths, including continual growth, deposition of distinct daily and seasonal increments, ability to permanently record chemical aspects of the environment, and species specific shape, combine to create one of the most versatile vertebrate structures used in science and management. Otoliths thus propose a series of criteria for evaluating available taxonomic information in determining the potential reliability of species identification, including recency and comprehensiveness of revisionary studies, methods used for systematic and phylogenetic studies and adequacy of documentation.

48 ref

023475   Kharoo V K (NO, Regional Sericulture Research Station, Selakui, Dehradun-248 002, Email: kharoolg@gmail.com) : Review of Renicola indica Mehra and Kharoo, 1974 (Trematoda : Digenea : Renicolidae dollfus, 1939) from Turdoides striata, a new host record from India. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 585-90.

Renicola indica Mehra and Kharoo, 1974 is redescribed from Turdoides striata, the Common Babbler in Allahabad, (U.P.), which is the first record of the genus and the host from India. Although the general morphology of the digenetics collected by the author resemble several species described so far, however, R.indica differs from other renicolids by its conspicuously short oesophagus, extent and distribution of vitelline follicles, length of intestinal caeca, shape of gonads and disposition of uterine coils.

3 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

023474   Jurry R;Gupta S;Mishra P (Zoology Dep, Govt. Nagarjun P.G. College of Science, Raipur-492 010, Email: seemagupta0202@gmail.com) : Investigation of hemopoietic effect of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. on Indian walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758). J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 519-24.

Plant has been an important source of precursor and products used in a variety of industries, including those pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, agrochemicals etc. The continuing search for new drugs researchers has seen looking to natural world for potential product. The plant is the main part of folk medicines, which lead to the rise of traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda in India. One of the important medicinal plant Cynodon dactylon family (Poeceae) is a hardy perennial grass known as doob, commonly occurring weeds in India which is renowned position in Indian system of medicine. According to the Unani system of medicine this herb is bitter, sharp, hot taste, good odour, laxative and used as brain and heart tonic. It has many pharmacological properties such as antiemetic, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, antiviral, antiinflammatory, hyperglycemic (Paul et al., 2012). In the present study, efforts were made to investigate the effect of the alcoholic extract of Cynodon dactylon on haematological parameters of the Indian walking catfish, Clarias batrachus that is the most important and highly nutritive cultivable fish.Adequate numbers of equal sized and similar weighed fishes of mixed sexes were collected from local market, treated with 0.2% KMnO₄ solution to remove any dermal infection and were acclimatized under laboratory condition for a week before transferring them to experimental aquaria. Fishes were segregated after acclimatization in three groups (each having eight fishes). Group1 was normal fishes receiving no treatment and group 2 & 3 fishes were exposed to 50ppm and 100ppm alcoholic extract of Cynodon dactylon for 28 days. At the end of every seven days exposure period the blood from control and treated fishes were collected from caudal peduncle. Different hematological variables, like red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, haematocrit and red cell indices were determined using standard procedures. The result of analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant treatment and duration effect for RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and pack cell volume and the interaction of TxD were insignificant for all of the above parameters. No significant changes were observed in red cell indices.

7 illus, 39 ref

023473   Jilna Alex J;John Thomas K (NO, Animal Behaviour and Wetland Research Laboratory Christ College, Irinjalakuda-680 125, Email: jilnaalexn@yahoo.co.in) : Heterospecific familiarity of shoaling preferences of Puntius sarana subnasutus. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 425-9.

The ability of fish to recognize and preferentially associate with familiar conspecifics has been well documented in a series of laboratory experiments. The present study investigated the influence of heterospecific familiarity and shoal size on sibling preferences of Puntius sarana subnasutus during selection of a particular shoal. The fish preferentially associated with sibling shoal than another larger shoal composed of unfamiliar, Anabas testudineus. However, Puntius sarana subnasutus reared along with Anabas testudineus from the day of hatching onwards preferred to shoal with Anabas testudineus depending on the group size of the shoal. When the stimulus shoals were equal in number, the test fish always selected the sibling shoal regardless of their familiarity with the heterospcific Anabas testudineus stimulus shoal. But when the group-size of the latter increased, the test fish shifted their preference towards the larger, familiar heterospecific group. Our results indicate the overriding influence of familiarity and group-size on the sibling preferences of Puntius sarana subnasutus. The development of familiarity from larval stages onwards provides a good promise for composite fish culturing.

3 illus, 22 ref

023472   Jain S;Dhiman S C (Zoology Dep, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Muzaffarnagar-251 001, Email: sjaindav@gmail.com) : Some ecological aspects of Pauropsylla tuberculata crawford induced galls of Alstonia scholaris R.BR.. J expl Zool 2014, 17(2), 431-6.

Few ecological aspects of a gallinaceous insect, Pauropsylla tuberculata Crawford, which forms galls on Alstonia scholaris R.Br. are worked out in lab and field. Maximum infestation of gall is recorded in Behat and Sarsava of district Saharanpur and on the host plant in east, west and south directions. Further, maximum number of galls were observed from August to October at 19 to 32° and 55 to 93% R.H. Increase in field temp has direct influence on gall formation and population built up of P. tuberculata. 0.0° and 40.0° are with the lower and upper lethal limits for either sex of this psyllid. Adults hibernate, eggs diapause and nymphs prolonged growth period during winter months late Nov. to Feb. Local migration within territory and distant migration in search of host plants has been observed.

3 tables, 14 ref