017277   Onwuaso I C;Samuel M N;Nwagbo E D (Veterinary Anatomy Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Univ of Nigeriam, Nsukka, Nigeria, Email: ndubuisi.machebe@unn.edu.ng) : Age-related morphological changes in the foetal thyroid gland of white fulani (Zebu) cattle. Indian J Anim Res 2014, 48(5), 438-43.

Morphological and morphometric changes of the thyroid were studied in the foetal White Fulani (Zebu) cattle from 90-260 days of gestation. The results showed that a dorsolateral attachment of the thyroid lobes to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx was common in all foetal age. A parenchymatous isthmus was consistent on the 1st to 2nd tracheal cartilage in all foetuses examined. The size h(weight, length and thickness) of the thyroid lobes increased with foetal age and were significantly different (p<60> 0.05) along the gestational age. The clusters and cords of maturing follicular cells interspersed with venous sinuses and few follicular structures in the centre of the lobe were predominant in the foetal age of 90-140 days. The lumen of follicles showed faint PAS-positive material which increased in intensity along the gestational age. Peripheral colloid vacuoles, which is an evidence of resorption of thyroglobulin of colloid was observed copiously from 150-210 days foetuses and this also increased during gestation, with contraction of solid colloid at 225-260 days with numerous vacuoles. Presumptive active cuboidal follicular cells were also evident from 150-210 days foetuses and C-cells were apparent in a parafollicular position at this age. Histomorphometry indicated a significant increase (p<60> 0.05) in most of the measured parameters. The morphological observations suggested a highly active prenatal function of the thyroid gland from the mid-gestation age of development in the White Fulani (Zebu) cattle.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

017276   Mitra B;Roy S;Biswas O;Chakraborti U; Jehamalar E E (NO, , Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alopore, Kolkata-700 053) : New records of aquatic bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera) from Sunderban biosphere reserve, West Bengal, India. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(4), 9-11.

Present study reports six species of aquatic Hemiptera belonging to the families Belostomatidae, Nepidae and Hydrometridae as the new record from Sunderban Biosphere Reserve namely, Lethocerus indicus (Lepeletier & Serville, 1825), Diplonychus annulatus (Fabricius, 1781), Diplonychus rusticus (Fabricius, 1781), Laccotrephes griseus (Guerin-Meneville, 1835), Ranatra digitata Hafiz & Pradhan, 1947 and Hydrometra butleri Hungerford & Evans, 1934. The communication also provides a list of aquatic bugs so far reported from this biosphere reserve.

6 illus, 11 ref

017275   Malla S;Banik S (Zoology Dep, Aquaculture Research Unit, Tripura Univ (A Central Univ), Surjyamaninagar-799 022, Email: Samir.malla@gmail.com) : Captive breeding of an endangered catfish Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) of Tripura, India: a step towards conservation. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(4), 1909-18.

The endangered catfish, Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) was the subject of captive breeding programme in Tripura, India from 2011 to 2013 in order to re-establish the wild population and develop breeders for stock management. Approximately, 110 nos. of wild O. bimaculatus were collected from natural habitats (initial mean weight 16±3.50 g) and were reared in pond carp poly culture system. Intramuscular injection of Ovaprim was administered 40 days before spawning as preparatory dose (male 0.3 mL/kg; female 0.5 mL/kg) for gonadal maturation. Induced spawning under captivity was carried out by administering intramuscular injection in 4 different doses (0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mL/kg body weight) of Ovaprim during June to July. In the four experimental sets, distinct spawning behavior was noticed with different hormonal doses whereas in control set, no spawning activity was observed. The most suitable and economical dose of Ovaprim was estimated to be 0.5 mL/kg body weight for male and 0.6 mL/kg body weight for female and the latency period for spawning was 7-8 hrs at water temperature of 28.5±1.5°. The fecundity ranged from 151-257 eggs/g body weight of fish and the fertilization rate was 75.3-92.8%. The eggs hatched out in 24±1.5 hrs and the hatching rate was 55-78.6%. The mean egg diameter was 0.98 ±0.22 mm and the yolk-sac was completely absorbed in 3 days. The newly hatched larvae measured 5.64±0.38 mm in length and 0.009±0.0008 g in weight in 3 days. The survival rate of hatchlings varied from 45.8 to 66.5%. Feeding of larvae with live tubifex worms along with zooplanktons showed best result in terms of survival rate, health condition and growth performance. Natural mortality and cannibalisms were also lower on these foods and the optimum frequency of feeding was 4 times/day. These findings show a farmer friendly and low cost technology (Benefit-Cost Ratio=2.46) for captive breeding in and around O. bimaculatus inhabiting areas of Tripura.

1 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

017274   Kuruvilla K (NO, Vimala College, Thrissur, Kerala) : Behavioural responses of Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae nesting in human dominated ecosystems during their breeding season. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(4), 25-7.

Bird tourism is increasingly becoming popular, which results in varying degree of pressure on the avian fauna. Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae, a ground-nesting endemic gull of Australia, which breeds in colonies have their nesting sites often becoming tourist attractions. This study looks into the altered behaviour of breeding birds induced by the presence of tourists in the vicinity of their nesting sites. Nest density showed positive correlation with the distance from the boardwalk. Gulls nesting <60>5 m from the boardwalk were more vigilant towards a stationary investigator than the birds stationed farther away. Gulls within 5m of the structure exhibited high level of investigator oriented behavior (39% of occasions). Visual observation of the investigator (28% of occasions), flight (8%) and intrusion into neighbor's territory (3%) were noticed. Investigator oriented behavior in birds tend to decrease with increasing distance from the boardwalk. The gulls apparently perceived larger groups of tourists as more threatening. Parents with mobile chicks showed increased intra-specific aggression. These groups were nested farther from the boardwalk, as early comers tend to occupy better nesting sites leaving less favorable sites for the latecomers. Presence of an investigator often resulted in the temporary neglect of nest in 12% of the birds stationed at a distance of <60>5 m from the boardwalk. Reduced focus on nesting activities among the Silver gulls, their increased energy expenditure and stress levels due to heavy tourist traffic may affect their reproductive success.

6 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

017273   Kerketta S;Singh M;Patel B H M;Verma M;Prasad J K;Upadhyay D;Bhushan B (Livestock Production and Management, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly-243 122, Email: mpatellpm@gmail.com) : Buck's mating behaviour, libido score and semen biology in local goat of Rohilkhand region, India. Indian J Anim Res 2014, 48(5), 491-5.

Experiment was conducted to record normative sexual behaviour, libido test along with physico-morphological characteristics of semen in bucks of local goats maintained at sheep and goat unit, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar Bareilly. Available bucks were categorized in to Group I: Experienced (2yrs), Group II: Non experienced Adolescence (1 year), Group III: Pubertal (6-12 months). Six males from each group utilized for the normative sexual behaviour. Each male was observed 3 times for recording sexual behaviour for 30 min. Semen collection using artificial vagina was done using bucks from group II. Mean time spent in licking and vocalization was higher in Gr₂, followed by Gr₁ and Gr₃. Irrespective of group sniffing and licking were predominant courtship activities observed. False mounting was higher in Gr₃, followed by Gr₂ and Gr₁ Mounting and number of ejaculation was higher in Grfollowed by Grand Gr₃ The time spent in standing without any mating activities was highest in Gr₂ followed by Gr₁ and GrIntroductory ejaculatory latency (IEL) for. Gr₁, Gr₂ and Gr₃ was 0.72± 0.38, 1.75± 0.94 and 6.91± 1.73 min. respectively. The lowest IEL was in Gr₁ followed by Gr₂ and Gr₃ The same trend was observed for 1st, 2nd and 3rd post ejaculation interval (PEI). Mean values was lowest in Gr₂ followed Gr₁ and Gr₃ for 4th PEI except Gr₃ for 2nd PEI. 5th onwards there was no particular trend followed which might be due to less number of males which exhibited the mating (Gr₂). However, the number of bucks which showed the mating was higher in Gr₁. Initial mount latency (IML) for Gr₁, Gr₂ and Gr₃ was 0.20 ± 0.02, 0.31± 0.04 and 0.68± 0.27 min., respectively. However, there was no particular trend observed in Gr₂ and Gr₃. The probable reason for no trend in Gr₂ and Gr₃ was due to inexperienced bucks. Further, the numbers of bucks showed 4th mating onwards were less. Therefore, Gr₁ showed the increment in the refractory period in a consistent manner except 6th and 7th refractory period. Libido score was almost similar in Gr₁ and Gr₂ but it was higher than Gr₃, which differed significantly (P<60> 0.05). The average volume, concentration, live and abnormal sperm by local goat was 0.42± 0.03 ml., 2782.78 ± 191. 22 million/ml, 87.21± 0.92% and 3.53± 0.5% respectively.

3 tables, 25 ref

017272   Kaushik C;Chaubey A K (Zoology Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Univ, Meerut-250 001) : Esterase and catalase isozymes of temperature tolerant Steinernema isolates recovered from Meerut and Ghaziabad region of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(4), 38-41.

In the present study, we undertook laboratory investigations on the effect of temperature exposure (ranging from 5-45 °C for 72 h treatment) on survival and infectivity of isolates of Steinernema species, which were recovered from Meerut and Ghaziabad regions of Western Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was conducted to find out the temperature tolerant isolate, which can withstand the semi-arid and sub- tropical climatic conditions of western Uttar Pradesh. Biochemical characterization of 4 temperature tolerant isolates of Steinernema was undertaken, on the basis of isozymic profiles of esterase and catalase. The isozymic patterns of esterase of 4 isolates of Steinernema species by mini slab gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis revealed species specific enzyme phenotypes for CCS-EPN-14S, CCS- EPN-30S and CCS-EPN-53S characterized by having two, one and three species-specific bands respectively. Isozyme profiles of catalase also revealed species-specific phenotypes with one band at Rf 0.24 for the strain CCS-EPN-13S, at Rf 0.31 for the strain CCS-EPN-14S, at Rf 0.29 for strain CCS- EPN-30S and at Rf 0.34 for the strain CCS-EPN-53S.

3 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

017271   Janaki M;Santhi V;Kannagi A (P.G. Research Centre of Zoology, Jayaraj Annapa Ckiam College for Women (Autonomous), Periyakulum, Theni Dist, Tamil Nadu) : Bioactive potential of Fusinus nicobaricus from Gulf of Mannar. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(5), 262-70.

Whole body crude extract of Fusinous nicobaricus with Methanol,Chloroform, Ethylacetate, Methanol and Chloroform (1:1) and Ethyl acetate and Chloroform (1:1) solvent were assayed against six human bacterial pathogens viz Vibrio cholerae Ogawa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas fluorescens using disc diffusion technique. Among the crude extracts of methanol, ethylacetate, chloroform and methanol and ethylacetate (1:1) and ethylacetate and chloroform (1:1) extracts of F.nicobaricus maximum inhibition zone was obtained in ethylacetate followed by ethylacetate and chloroform (1:1) extract and the most sensitive pathogens inhibited were P.fluorescens, S.flexneri, S. typhi respectively. To identify the compound responsible for antibacterial activity the most potent ethyl acetate extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. 14 compounds were identified and characterized. Of the fourteen compounds Cyclohezane, isothiocynato, Phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z), 1,4- Benzenediamine,N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-ph enyl, 1-Hexadecanol,2-methyl,1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisocytyl ester, 1-Docosanol, Methoxyacetic acid, 2-pentadecyl ester, Cholesterol and Ergost-5- en-3-ol,(3a), might be responsible for antibacterial activity.

6 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

017270   Datta S;Mahapatra B;Sardar P (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Educatio, 32-GN Block, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700 091, Email: subhadatta@gmail.com) : Search for a herbicide suitable for controlling submerged aquatic weeds under Indian condition. Indian J Anim Res 2014, 48(5), 473-9.

It was observed that glyphosate and different types of 2,4-D which are being used extensively for controlling floating aquatic weeds could not produce any significant effect on any of the test weeds even at higher than the recommended doses. Fluridone, a new systemic herbicide, worked well in controlling rooted submerged aquatic weeds. Experiment was conducted under indoor condition for 90 days and tested at different doses from 0 to 90 μgL^{-1 on three rooted submerged weeds i.e. Vallisneria, Najas, Hydrilla and one non-rooted weed i.e. Ceratophyllum. Fingerlings of rohu were released at higher doses of fluridone (30 to 90 μgL-1). Herbicidal symptoms of fluridone appeared within seven days and slowly killed the rooted submerged weeds over 45 to 90 days. Because of this, it didn't pollute the environment and fish didn't suffer from oxygen deficiency. Efficacy of fluridone in controlling four tested submerged weeds was of this order: Najas <62> Hydrilla = Vallisneria <62> Ceratophyllum. Analysis of blood biochemical parameters of fish revealed that fluridone had no toxic effect on fish at the doses in which it killed the weeds. Presently management of aquatic ecosystem is the only option to control submerged weeds as herbicides available in India are not effective on submerged aquatic weeds. Fluridone has the potentiality to be an ideal herbicide to solve the problem of submerged aquatic weeds in India.}

4 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

017269   Biswas O;Chakraborti U;Roy S;Mazumder A; Mallick K (Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053) : New citation record of Horaga onyx (Moore, 1857) from Sunderban biosphere reserve, West Bengal, India. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(4), 12-14.

Horaga onyx onyx (Moore, 1857) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Horagini) is a butterfly commonly known as Variable common onyx. Within India, this species is distributed in Assam, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. Other than India this species is reported from Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal and Thailand. This butterfly is mostly reported from high altitude areas. This is the first record of this species from Sunderban Biosphere Reserve, which is under the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a biogeographical region of India, with an elevation of +6 to +9 meters. H. onyx (Moore, 1857) is protected under Schedule II part II of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

3 illus, 18 ref

017268   Balai V K;Sharma L L;Ujjania N C (NO, Maharana Pratap Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Email: ncujjania@yahoo.com) : Diversity and seasonal variations of zooplankton in Jaisamand lake, Udaipur, India. Indian J Anim Res 2014, 48(5), 432-7.

In the present work, seasonal variations of zooplankton and selected physico-chemical parameters were studied in Jiasamand Lake, a large man-made reservoir in Udaipur (Rajasthan). In the study period, 51 species of zooplankton -17 species of Rotifera, 18 species of Cladocera, 5 species of Ostracoda and 4 species of Copepoda were observed. Among zooplankton, Rotifera was (727 No.l^{-1) observed as the dominant group throughout the study period and the highest count was recorded in the summer or pre-monsoon period while low incidence was observed in winter season. Zooplankton community is also correlated with certain physico-chemical parameters. The results of this study indicate that the distribution and density of zooplankton species were influenced by prevailing physical and chemical factors of the aquatic environment.}

2 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

016435   Vohra P;Khera K S (Zoology Dep, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab, Email: vohra.prerna123@gmail.com) : Three generation study with effect of imidacloprid in rats: biochemical and histopathological investigation. Toxic int 2015, 22(1), 119-24.

This study was designed to evaluate the dose-dependent toxic effects of imidacloprid on the female ratsthat were treated through three generations (F0, F1, and F2). F2 female rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment to see the long-term effect of imidacloprid. Rats were divided into three groups of 6 each. Group I served as control. Group II served as treated I and given 1/45th LD₅₀ (10 mg/kg/day) of imidacloprid. Group III served as treated II and given 1/22th LD₅₀ (20 mg/kg/day) of imidacloprid. After 60 days, oral administration of imidacloprid females were mated with normal males to get F1 and F2 generation. F2 generation female rats were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Biochemical and a histopathological investigation was done for three groups of F2 generation and statistically analyzed by ANOVA. Average feed intake of F2 female rats was significantly reduced (P <60> 0.01) at 20 mg/kg/day dose of imidacloprid. There was a significant increase in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, AKP, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Group III rats of F2 generation. There was a significant decrease in acetylcholine esterase activity in plasma and brain of both the imidacloprid treated groups. Tissue samples of liver, kidney, and brain of females of F2 generation showed histopathological condition. The results indicated that imidacloprid at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw/day exerts significant toxicological effects on biochemical and histological studies of F2 generation females as compare to 10 mg/kg bw/day.

6 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

016434   Vankara A P;Vijayalakshmi C (Animal Sciences Dep, Yogi Vemana Univ, Kadapa-516 003, Email: annuprasanna@gmail.com) : Population dynamics of cestode, Circumonchobothrium shindei (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea carus, 1863) in the freshwater eel, Mastacembelus armatus lacepede, 1800 from river Godavari, Rajahmundry. J parasitic Dis 2015, 39(2), 287-91.

The freshwater eel, Mastacembelus armatus Lacepede, 1800 is often found infected with adults and larval plerocercoids of the cestode, Circumonchobothrium shindei. The population dynamics of C. shindei was studied in the freshwater eel, M. armatus during September 2005 to August 2007 from Godavari River, Rajahmundry. A total of 494 eels were examined; 184 (37.24%) were infected with this cestode. Infection intensity ranged from 1 to 13 for C. shindei and their plerocercoids. C. shindei occupy the position of secondary species in community structure of metazoan parasites of M. armatus, with mean intensity, mean abundance and index of infection (2.5 ± 1.22; 1.1 ± 1.45 and 0.57 respectively). The present investigation deals with monthly population dynamics of C. shindei in M. armatus which summarizes percentage of prevalence, intensity, abundance and index of infection. Medium sized fish depicted more infection with this cestode and female fish illustrates comparatively higher infection rate than male fish.

2 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

016433   Udo M T;Abiaobo N;Asuquo I E (Fisheries and Aquatic Environment Management Dep, Uto Univ, P.M.B 1017, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria) : Aspects of the reproductive biology in mudskippers Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae) (Linneaus 1766) in mangrove swamps of iko estuary, Southeast, Nigeria. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 27-32.

Aspects of the reproductive biology of mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae) in the mangrove swamp of Iko Estuary, Southeast, Nigeria, was studied between November, 2011 and October, 2013. Sexes were differentiated on the basis of the genital papillae which was broader in females than males. Sex ratio of 1 male; 1.3 female was observed which depicts a significant departure (x^{2=175.598, 1df; P<60>0.001) from the theoretical 1 male: 1 female sex ratio indicating females were significantly more than males. The GSI values varied from 0.01 to 3.23% in males and between 0.02 to 4.01% in females with the mean value of 0.23±0.07% (in males) and 0.914±0.41% (in females) throughout the period of study. Mean HSI of males (1.372±0.358%) was significantly higher than that of the females (1.325±0.293). Condition index varied with sex, in males K varied between 0.17 to 1.56% with a mean value of 1.11±0.08% while that of the females varied from 0.25 to 1.62% with a mean value of 1.09±0.07. Mean K of the males was slightly higher than that of the females. Six (6) stages of maturity, immature, early development, late development, mature (Gravid), ripe and spent representing the pre-spawning, spawning and post-spawning phases were encountered in this study. The maturity stages obtained from the present study were in conformity with those reported in other teleosts though with modifications. Therefore, the sexual dimorphism, sex ratio, Gonadosomatic index, Hepatosomatic index, condition index and maturation of the species in the mangrove swamp of Iko Estuary was investigated to provide baseline data for future ecological and biological studies of this species and other species within the Nigeria mangrove swamps, estuaries and coastal waters.}

1 illus, 2 tables, 57 ref

016432   Thomas S;John L;Eapen A (National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), IDVC Field Univ, NIE Campus, Second Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai-600 077, Email: alexeapen@yahoo.com) : Biometric variations among populations of carnatic ricefish (Oryzias carnaticus, Jerdon, 1849), a native larvivorous fish of South India. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 22-6.

The possibility of any biometric variations in Oryzias (ricefish) populations present in three geographically isolated drainages around the city of Chennai, India were studied. Though biometric characters were insufficient to differentiate the three populations as distinct species, the dorsal and anal fin ray counts had shown considerable variation from the baseline information reported earlier besides, certain scale counts were significantly different among as well as between the populations. Branched pelvic fin ray counts (6-7) of Sriperumbudur population was different from the baseline information (6). The anal fin rays of saline inhabitant population were higher compared to those in freshwater. Furthermore, as most of the baseline meristic variables overlap from one species to another, identification of Oryzias carnaticus and Oryzias dancena need not be solely based on the meristic characters. The application of biometrics has limitations in identifying this species and molecular techniques may resolve the taxonomic ambiguity of Oryzias species in the Indian subcontinent.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

016431   Thomas A;Manju K G (Zoology Dep, Mar IV Anios College, Thiruvananthapuram-695 015) : Comparative evaluation of biochemical composition of three perciforme fishes from the south west coast of India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 195-9.

Accurate information about the nutritive value of the fish is essential for selection for consumption and commerce. This study attempts to evaluate the biochemical composition of three Perciformes fishes which commonly occur in the south west coastal landings. Muscle tissue of Terapon jarbua, Pristipoma maculatum and Terapon quadrilineatus were subjected to analysis of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture and ash. The statistical significance of mean difference of parameters was tested. Among these three fishes, T. jarbua possesses the highest lipid (2.99 ± 0.01) and ash content (1.41 ± 0.06). This indicates the nutritional value of T. jarbua in relation to the presence of fatty acids and minerals. P. maculatum has the highest protein (11.63 ± 0.09) and carbohydrate content (10.90 ± 0.06). T. quadrilineatus shows significantly higher moisture content (79.27 ± 0.03). This evaluation helps to update the fish nutrition database and is also useful for the right choice of fish for consumption.

1 table, 17 ref

016430   Solomon O O;Ahmed O O (MSc International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology, Bremen Univ, Germany) : Ecological consequences of oysters culture. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 1-6.

The oyster culture is a profitable and operationally diverse aquaculture industry that has prevailed worldwide. Different culture techniques have been employed from farm to farm, with growers using either, the rack and rail method, longlines, or a combination of two or more methods to grow oysters. They are grown in either intertidal or subtidal marine zones, with post-harvest activities taking place predominantly at land-based facilities. There are number of environmental issues that are relevant to the growing of oysters in the coastal waters. These are typically associated with the operation of the farm or the land-based service facility. If the farm is designed or managed inappropriately, there is a potential for ecological harm. Therefore, this paper reviewed some of the ecological damage associated with oyster culture and proffered possible solutions to the problems.

5 illus, 60 ref

016429   Sisodia S;Verma P;Singh B N (Genetics Labortatory, Zoology Dep, Banars Hindu Univ, Varanasi-221 005, Email: bashisthsingh2004@rediffmail.com) : Effect of diet quality and associated metabolic changes in adult stress response and life-history traits in Drosophila ananassae. Curr Sci 2015, 109(9), 1687-96.

While investigating the role of larval nutrition in adult stress tolerance in Drosophila ananassae during the course of the previous study, we have assumed certain hypothesis behind the mechanisms underlying ecological adaptation of this species. Keeping this in view, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the mechanistic role of diets during stress response at cellular and metabolic level in D. ananassae. To gain insight into the molecular and physiological basis of variation in stress tolerance in flies developed on different nutritional regimes, we identified a novel factor that depositions of uric acid crystals in Malpighian tubules of flies has a regulatory role in tolerance to desiccation. To assess the role of diet in variation in the physiological process by immunostaining method, we checked (Na^{+/K+) ion-pump in Malpighian tubules. Results suggest that physiological activities of flies fed on carbohydrate food are higher as indicated by the elevated level of (Na+/K+)-ATPase ion transport. We also found significant dietary effects on egg production and eggto-adult viability, suggesting a possible trade-off between the traits investigated. Expression of Hsp60 was also modulated by diet. Hsp60 was highly expressed in carbohydrate and protein-enriched medium compared to normal food.}

5 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

016428   Singh N;Ranjan R (Zoological Survey of India, Gangetic Plains Regiional Center Sector-8, Bahadurpur Housing Colony, Patna-80 026, Email: nsgill007@gmail.com) : Redescription of genus Toccolosida walker (Pyralinae: Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 225-6.

The present manuscript deals with the redescription of genus Toccolosida Walker (Pyralinae : Pyralidae : Lepidoptera) by incorporating the attributes of external male genitalia of its type species.

3 ref

016427   Singh J;Singh S;Vig A P (Zoology Dep, Khalsa College, Amritsar-143 001, Email: singhjassi75@yahoo.co.in) : Occurrence of Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) and Eutyphoeus waltoni (Michaelsen, 19070 (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from Amritsar, India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 201-6.

Earthworms are the major terrestrial organisms found in the soil and are also called as "ecosystem engineers". The regional earthworm biodiversity and species distribution pattern is affected by varying biotic and abiotic forces such as vegetation type, land history, regional climate and soil properties. The present study describes the two earthworm species Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) and Eutyphoeus waltoni (Michaelsen, 1907) belonging to the families Megascolecidae and Octochaetidae respectively as the species newly recorded in Amritsar, Punjab, India. Metaphire houlleti (Perrier) belongs to the houlleti group of the genus Metaphire, dwelling in the plant nursery of Guru Nanak Dev University campus and belongs to endogeic ecological category. Eutyphoeus waltoni is an earthworm dwelling in the company bagh garden of Amritsar and belongs to anecic ecological category.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

016426   Sheema S H;John M V;George P V (Research Div, Zoology Dep, Mar Ivanios College, Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram-695 015, Email: sheemash81@gmail.com) : The phenomena of colouration, crowding effect and site selection behaviour of Echinorhynchus veli (Acanthocephala) infecting the flat fish, Synaptura orientalis. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 213-17.

The phenomena of colouration, crowding effect and site selection behaviour were observed in the acanthocephalid worm, Echinorhynchus veli infecting the brackish water flat fish Synaptura orientalis. The coloration was due to carotenoid pigment. Crowding effect indicated the relationship between the mass of the worms and the density of infection; the size/weight of the worms being inversely proportional to the number of worms per host. In E. veli infection, the worms preferred the middle region of the intestine, the mature worms occupying the anterior and the immature worms, the posterior infection sites of the intestine.

1 illus, 18 ref

016425   Sharma D;Brahama S;Saha N;Kundu M;Saha G K; Aditya G (Zoology Dep, Calcutta Univ, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019) : Association of larval odonata and hydrophytes in wetlands of West Bengal, India: implications for conservation and monitoring. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(3), 35-9.

Abundance and distribution of the larval odonates (dragonfly and damselfly) depend on the hydrophytes, which was tested in the present study. A total of 19 genera of Odonata were observed in different relative abundance against the hydrophytes. Among the damselflies and dragonflies genera, Ceriagrion and Pantala respectively, remained dominant over others with significant variations in relative abundance in the samples. Hydrophytes like Wolffia and Marsilea were key factors in explaining the relative abundance of larval odonates as explained through the canonical correspondence analysis. The species specific abundance seemed highly dependent on the hydrophytes in the concerned water bodies. In order to enhance the sustenance of the Odonata in wetland habitats, availability of different species of hydrophytes seems to be an essential criterion. Considering the multifunctional role of the larval odonates in the in freshwater aquatic communities, conservation effort should include the systematic inclusion of the preferred hydrophytes in the wetlands.

4 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

016424   Shalini B;Sharma J D (Zoology Dep, Reproductive Physiology and Environmental Toxicology Lab, Centre for, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Beneficial effects of Emblica officinalis on fluoride-induced toxicity on brain biochemical indexes and learning-memory in rats. Toxic int 2015, 22(1), 35-9.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of Emblica officinalis against fluoride-induced alterations in the behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in rats. The healthy adult albino rats of Wistar strain (Rattus norvegicus) weighed 200-250 g were used for experiments. The animals were divided into three groups. Group I, control rats received only drinking water (F 0.9 ppm). Group II rats were exposed to fluoride (10 ppm) water for 60 days. Group III rats were treated with E. officinalis (100 mg/day/rat) along with fluoride water for 60 days. In order to investigate the effects of elevated levels of fluoride (10 ppm) in drinking water on behavioral pattern of rat, a maze test was carried out in all three groups from day 1 till completion of treatment. The animals were weighed before and after treatment. After respective treatment, the animals were autopsied. The blood was collected through cardiac puncture and brain was excised blotted free of blood weighed and used for biochemical parameters. The estimation of protein, enzyme activity of cholinesterase (ChE), and lipid peroxidation were carried out in brain using standard techniques. The tissue (brain) and serum fluoride was estimated by a fluoride-specific electrode (Orion). Learning and memory abilities assessed during maze test showed reduced memory retention in rats exposed to fluoride water in comparison to control whereas amla powder (E. officinalis) fed rats showed increased memory retention than fluoride water exposed rats. The protein content and ChE enzyme activity in brain of fluoride exposed rats diminished as compared to control whereas the same was found to be elevated in E. officinalis fed rats. The level of malanoaldehyde showed a significant increase in fluoride-treated group and decrease in E. officinalis treated group. The results suggest that exposure of rats to Na-F has detrimental effects on the brain as reflected in diminished learning and memory. Administration of E. officinalis during fluoride exposure significantly overcome neuronal fluoride toxicity and, therefore, may be used as a therapeutic agent for fluorotic victims.

4 tables, 27 ref

016423   Saxena B;Sharma S (Zoology Dep, Bareilly College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, Email: beenam_1972@yahoo.co.in) : Food color induced hepatotoxicity in swiss albino rats, Rattus norvegicus. Toxic int 2015, 22(1), 152-7.

Certain dietary constituents can induce toxicity and play a critical role in the development of several hepatic disorders. Tartrazine, metanil yellow and sunset yellow are widely used azo dyes in food products, so the present study is aimed to investigate the food color induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino rats. Swiss albino rats were divided into four groups, each group having six animals. Group I served as control, Group II, Group III and Group IV were administered with 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight blend of sunset yellow, metanil yellow and tartrazine for 30 days. Hepatotoxicity in rats treated with a blend of these food colors was studied by assessing parameters such as serum total protein, serum albumin, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were assessed. Significantly increased concentrations of serum total protein, serum albumin, serum ALP and hepatic MDA and significantly lowered levels of SOD, reduced GSH and CAT in the liver tissue of treated animals were observed when compared with control animals. The alteration in the liver includes necrosis of hepatocytes, infiltration and vacuolation. The result indicates that consumption of food color in diet induces liver tissue damage. The used doses of food color were mostly attributable to hepatocellular damage and drastic alteration in antioxidant defense system.

8 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

016422   Rizvi A N;Maity P (Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, 218 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195) : Diversity and abundance of soil-inhabiting nematodes in wheat agricultural fields of Dehradu (Uttarkhan), India. Ann For 2015, 23(1), 67-76.

Soil inhabiting nematode analysis in wheat agricultural fields of Dehradun yielded 49 species of nematodes (excluding order Dorylaimida). Bacterivore nematodes were dominant group comprising 51.02% while, Herbivorous 28.57%, Fungivore 12.24%, and Predatory nematodes 8.16%. In terms of taxonomic diversity among the 49 species identified, 38.7% belonged to order Rhabditida, comprising 19 species, followed by Tylenchida (30.6%) with 15 species, Araeolaimida, Aphelenchida and Mononchida comprises 6.1% with 3 species each, Triplonchida (4.0%) with 2 species, and the orders Chromadorida, Monhysterida, Alaimida, and Enoplida comprising 2.0% with 1 species each. In terms of abundance, Tylenchida were the most abundant group representing 49.12% followed by Rhabditida with 34.86%; Aphelenchida (4.14%); Araeolaimida 2.59%; Alaimida 2.26%; Chromadorida 2.07%; Monhysterida 1.68%; Enoplida 1.29% ; Monochida 1.16% and least abundant were Triplonchida with just 0.77% abundance. The diversity indices such as the Shannon-Weaver and Inverse Simpson showed that this site has a high nematode diversity of 3.63 and 30.42 respectively. Nematode Channel Ration (NCR) showed 0,861 which shows that bacterial decomposition pathway is dominant in the wheat fields of district Dehradun.

1 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

016421   Perera D A;Phelps R P;Tuong D D;Zapta M;Tam B M;Corporation W H D (Research and Development, Gus R.Douglass Institute, West Virginia State Univ, Institute, WV 25112, USA, Email: dperera@wvstateu.edu) : Use of shrimp Penaeus spp. and krill Euphauisa spp. in a feed training diet for striped snakehead Channa striata. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 12-15.

Snakehead Channa striata fry, with an initial average weight of 60 mg were trained to accept artificial feeds containing either freeze-dried krill powder, or pulverized dried shrimp. A third, more traditional diet, containing 36% fishmeal was used as a control. Training diets were given, which contained 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, or 0% krill meal by weight, or the same rates of pulverized shrimp by weight. Feed training began with the 100% krill or shrimp diets, and they were lowered by 25% every two days until 0% krill and shrimp diets were reached. The control received a 36% protein containing powder feed throughout the study period. The experiment contained four replicates per treatment group. Each replicate contained 200 fry at the starting of the study. Fry were fed to satiation four times a day for 10 days. At harvest, survival of fish given the control diet (47.25 ± SD 13.34%) was lower than those given krill (84.13± SD 12.41%) or shrimp diets (87.5 ± SD 1.47%) (P <62> 0.05). The survival of fish which were given the krill or shrimp diets was similar (P <62> 0.05). Weight gain differed between treatments (P = 0.0009), being highest with the shrimp diet, intermediate with the krill diet, and lowest in the control. Condition factors were similar between the treatments.

2 illus, 22 ref

016420   Pandey A K;Dubey S (Zoology Dep, U.P. College, Varanasi-221 002, Email: sunandadubey@rediffmail.com) : Histological changes in liver and kidney of cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis, exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP). Pl Archs 2015, 15(2), 1117-20.

Present investigation deals with the effect of Pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the histo-architectural changes in kidney and liver of a fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish was exposed to low and high doses of sub lethal concentration (6μg and 32μg/l/day) of PCP for a period of 21 days. Histological observation exhibited progressive degenerative changes in kidney which are marked by shrinkage of glomeruli, increase in Bowman's capsule space, damage and necrosis in tubular cells. Liver showed degeneration and disintegration in most cytoplasmic content, lymphatic aggregation, necrosis and rupture of hepatocytes.

2 illus, 17 ref

016419   Palita S K;Jena S K;Debata S (Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Dep, Resources Central Univ of Orissa, Koraput, Odisha-764 021) : Odonata diversity along different habitats of Koraput district, Odisha, India. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(3), 40-7.

Odonates are considered to be indicator of ecological balance. An inventory was carried out to document the over looked odonate diversity in four habitat types (hill stream, river, reservoir and pond) of Koraput district, southern Odisha, India. The study recorded 64 species representing 45 genera under 9 families. Family Libellulidae was the dominant group representing 32 species. Maximum species (n=58, 90.6%) were recorded along hill streams. Forty-one species were recorded from single habitat type, of which 37 species were confined to hill streams. A decreasing trend in species diversity was observed from the water bodies in the forested areas to human dominated landscapes indicating human impact on odonate species diversity. Ditch Jewel (Brachythemis contaminate) was most frequently sighted in the water bodies near human habitations, indicating highly polluted water not suitable for human consumption, whereas species like Common Clubtail (Ictinogomphus rapax) and Common Hooktail (Paragomphus lineatus) were only recorded along hill streams, indicating unpolluted water.

4 illus, 2 tables, 42 ref

016418   Lakshmaiah G (Zoology Dep, Sri Krishnadevarya Univ, Anantapuramu-515 003) : Effect of phorate lethal concetrations on the histological aspects of liver in common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Int J chem Stud 2016, 4(4), 6-9.

Hazardous effect of acute lethal concentrations of phorate on the histology of liver in the fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) was investigated in the present study. Fish were exposed to acute lethal toxicity (LC₅₀/96 hours - 0.71 ppm/l) of phorate (ALTP) for one day and 4 days and the acute toxicity tests were carried out under laboratory conditions. On exposure for a period of 1 day to ALTP, mild degenerative changes were observed in the liver of the fish, but the structure of the liver was distinct. Further on exposure for a period of 4 days to ALTP, severe pathological changes were observed in the liver of the fish. The results obtained demonstrated that the histopathological changes induced by ALTP in the liver of C. carpio were not only dependent on the concentration of the pesticide but also on the length of the exposure period.

2 illus, 26 ref

016417   Khullar N;Singh D;Jha C K (Zoology and Environmental Science Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002) : Short COI marker: a valuable tool for identification and phylogenetic analysis of 6 foresically important blow fly species from India. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(3), 27-31.

There are complex morphological differences in the species of blow flies associated with therndecomposing corpses in different habitats and environments. A thorough diligent examination of each specimen is required for identifying them, as species associated with an exposed corpse differ from those on the buried or burnt bodyrnor when the corpse is writhed after death. Molecular data serves as a lucrativerntool in identifying insect specimens, suitably when the specimens are damagedrnand their morphological identification is arduous. Mitochondrial cytochromernoxidase subunit I (COI) DNA of 6 blow fly species were analysed to studyrnits application value as the identification marker. The sequencing of a 350bp COIrngene of these six species was done, and the data was eventually analyzed.rnPhylogenetic tree was constructed based on UPGMA method and which showedrnsimilitude in phylogram pattern. Also thernsequences obtained for these species were compared with the sequences obtainedrnfor them in the other parts of the world for population studies.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

016416   Khalaf-Allah H M M;Azab A M;Afifi M A M (Marine Biology and Ichthylology Branch, Zool Dep., Fac. Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt) : Structure and mechanism of open-close brood pouch in male pipefish, Trachyramphus bicoarctatus at lake Qarun, Egypt. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 16-21.

The present study deals with the structure of brood pouch and its mechanism of open-close in male pipefish, Trachyramphus bicoarctatus. 241 fish samples were collected by seine net from Lake Qarun in El-Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. The wall of brood pouch consists of two lateral folds and is made up of three layers; perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium. The perimetrium is composed of simple squamous epithelium. This layer is increased in thickness towards the brood pouch opening for protection of embryo during closing and opening of the brood pouch. The myometrium is made up of two layers; outer thick layer of fibrous connective tissue is relaxed when brood pouch is opened. The inner thin layer of areolar connective tissue is gradually increased in thickness towards the dorsal side of brood pouch to make cushion to protect embryos and richly supplied with blood vessels for enrichment of embryos. The endometrium is made up of thin layer of simple squamous epithelium with large numerous mucous cells. This layer is protruded to form stopper like anchor between left and right lateral folds for close the opening of brood pouch. After finishing of young born, the ends of two folds are curved to the inside gradually until fused for closing the brood pouch.

11 illus, 18 ref

016415   Kaushik G;Bordolot S (NO, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781 035, Email: gitarthakaushik@gmail.com) : Adaptive modifications in lip and barbel of an endangered catfish Amblyceps arunchalensis nath & dey, 1989. Curr Sci 2015, 109(9), 1554-6.

2 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

016414   Jamakala O;Rani U A (Environmental Biology Div, Zoology Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tiruati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: aur_suv9@yahoo.co.in) : Amelioration effect of zinc and iron supplementation on selected oxidative stress enzymes in liver and kidney of cadmium-treated male albino rat. Toxic int 2015, 22(1), 1-9.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic, nonessential heavy metal with many industrial uses that can contribute to a well-defined spectrum of diseases in animals as well as in humans. The present study examines the effect of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) supplementation on oxidative stress enzymes in Cd-treated rats. Wistar strain male albino rats were treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) at a dose of 1/10th LD₅₀/48 h, that is, 22.5 mg/kg body weight for 7, 15, and 30 days (d) time intervals. The 15d Cd-treated rats were divided into three groups. The first group received Zn (12 mg/kg), second group Fe (40 mg/kg) alone, and third group supplemented with both Zn and Fe and observed for 7, 15, and 30d. After the specific time intervals, rats were decapitated and oxidative stress enzymes like catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were assayed in liver and kidney. Simultaneously lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were also measured. A significant elevation in LPO levels with decreased activity levels of CAT, SOD, GPx, and GST were observed during Cd intoxication. With Zn and/or Fe supplementation, a significant reversal in the oxidative stress enzymes was observed. Our study reveals that combination of Zn and Fe supplementation is effective in detoxifying the Cd body burden from the test tissues.

4 tables, 78 ref

016413   Hasan M R;Islam M S;Afroz A;Bahadur P;Akter S (Fisheries and Marine Bioscience Dep, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jessore Univ of Science and Technology, Jessore-7408, Bangladesh) : Captive breeding of striped spiny Eel, Mastacembelus pancalus (Hamilton, 1822) considering the various hormonal responses. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 7-11.

The spawning performance of spiny eel, M. pancalus was investigated by using different hormones. The water quality parameters were within optimum ranges such as average temperature, DO and pH were 29.13 °C, 4.19 mg/L and 8.32 respectively. Hormones were administered into females in two doses; a lower priming dose followed a 6 h interval by a higher resolving dose. In first dose, the female were injected ovaprim, HCG and PG at 0.25 ml/kg, 200 IU/kg and 30 mg/kg of body weight respectively. The second dose was applied to both male and female and female received double amount of hormone of the first dose. The male were administered a single dose at 0.5 ml/kg, 400 IU/kg and 60 mg/kg of ovaprim, HCG and PG respectively. It is indicated that the use of ovaprim was more effective in spawning (100%), fertilization (75%) and hatching (55%) of M. pancalus compared to the other stimulators.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

016412   Goel S C;Chandra K;Kushwaha S;Mukherjee P (PG Zoology Dep, Sanatan Dharm College, Muzaffarnagar-251 001, Email: upzsdrscg@yahoo.co.in) : Review on the reduviidae fauna of district Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 219-24.

Reduviidae a large, polyphagous, voracious and predatory agents of biological control are Cimicomorph geocorid bugs under suborder Heteroptera (Hemiptera). About the global abundance, they have been approximately estimated 7.42% in India. The family had 14 subfamilies. It has been reported that maximum are from subfamily Harpactorinae followed by Reduviinae and Ectricodiinae. The distribution and diversity of Reduviidae at Muzaffarnagar, the subfamily Peiratinae has abundant species from Ectomocoris, the subfamily Stenopodainae and Reduviinae are in abundance, thereafter. The assassin bugs are categorized in three forms viz. the tropical rain forest, the semiarid zone and the scrub jungle forms. The former viz. tropical rain forest forms are predominant, arboreal, diurnal and found in litter. The last two concealed underneath the boulders, bark of trees, scrubs and litter. The assassin bugs species adjacent to the tropical rain forest ecosystems relatively much more in numbers and attracted to light called the agroecosystem forms. The rostrum, tibial pads and wings have been used to categorize taxonomic grouping of assassin bugs. Majority of entomosuccivorous assassin bugs feed over insect pests. Congregational feeding is common amongst the tropical rain forest forms. The fecundity is high or eggs are not hatches out all at the same time, hence, the residual eggs are left over to hatch out at a later stage, to conserve species during adverse conditions. The eggs are elongate, oval and exposed, and laid over in clusters, glued with the substratum or the vegetation whereas the other forms lay lesser spherical eggs in more clusters without any cementing material. The mating behaviour involved in prolonged pre-copulatary act. The riding is either absent or for short duration. Lateral copulation is characteristic feature in the several subfamilies. End to end copulation is a common feature. Adaptive nymphal camouflaging as a defensive behavior is found only among the, members of all microhabitat forms. The nymphal cannibalism is uniformly prevalent. Besides, adaptive, structural and behavioural adaptations are found in tropical rain forest forms, the semiarid zone and scrub jungles exhibit biological diversity. The subfamily wise comparatively hatching percentage is higher separately. Tropical rain forest reduviids exhibit higher fecundity and hatchability than their counter parts. Likewise, on the basis of multivoltine with shorter stadia, and univoltine or bivoltine with longer; stadia in two forms are differentiated. The incubation and stadial periods are shorter in one group than the other two. Eclosion and emergence periodicities are observed in the forenoon and afternoon whereas in members of other subfamilies are found at dusk.

3 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

016411   Godwin W (East Texas Natural History Collection (ETNHC.org), 805 Holbrook Street Mount Vernon, Texas-75765) : New species Aphodius geomynidomus n.sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) from burrows of the pocket gopher, geomys arenarius merriam 1895 (Mammalia:Rodentia: Genomyidae) in El Paso, Texas. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(3), 16-18.

This paper reports a newrnspecies of coleopteran of family Scarabaeidae from far western Texas in thernvicinity of El Paso, Texas. Aphodius geomynidomus n. sp. lives as arncommensal symbiotic inquiline in the nest chambers of the pocket gopher, Geomysrnarenarius Merriam 1895^{[4]. It is distinguished from the nearestrncongeneric species by morphological features including sculpture of the head,rnshape of the male genitalia and adentate condition of the clypeus.}

3 illus, 8 ref

016410   Dutta J (Zoology Dep, School of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Lovely Professional Univ, Jalandhar-Ludhiana GT Road (NH-1), Phagwara-144 411, Email: jdutta08@gmail.com) : Effect of cypermethrin on the growth of ciliate protozoan Paramecium caudatum. Toxic int 2015, 22(1), 100-3.

The objective of this study is to assess the effect of cypermethrin on the growth of ciliate protozoan Paramecium caudatum. Monoxenic culture of P. caudatum, were exposed to different doses (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 μg/L) of cypermethrin along with control for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h time interval. The total numbers of live and dead cells were counted after trypan blue staining in Neubauer hemocytometer. Marked decrease in the number of living cells with the increase in the concentration of cypermethrin and with increasing exposure time intervals was recorded. The results indicate that cypermethrin is toxic to P. caudatum even at low concentrations when it enters in the aquatic system through runoff.

1 illus, 20 ref

016409   Das M K;Chowdhury S (Zoology Dep, Dhaka Univ, Bangladesh) : Record of two new butterflies for Bangladesh. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(3), 32-4.

Butterflies are considered as one of the most studied groups of insects and are termed asrnbio-indicator. Hence the total number of butterflies of a certain region should be well documented. In the field survey of Pablakhali Wildlife Sanctuary and Madhabkunda Eco Park, we found two butterflies which are new to Bangladesh, according to the most recent checklist. The Plane (Bindahara phocides, Fabricus) was recorded from Pablakhali Wildlife Sanctuary and Orange Tail Awl (Bibasisrnsena, Moore) from Madhabkunda Eco Park. Though Plane was recorded byrnGladman (1947) and Emmet (1948) but Larsen did not find this species. In addition, no one ever recorded Orange Tail Awl from this region.

4 illus, 21 ref

016408   Chandra K;Gupta D;Goel S C (NO, , Zoological Survey of India, 'M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: devanshuguptagb4102@gmail.com) : On scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Sidhi district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 235-43.

The family Scarabaeidae from Sidhi district of the state Madhya Pradesh comprise a small collection of scarab beetles belonging to 53 species, 27 genera and 6 subfamilies; Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae, Rutelinae, Melolonthinae, Cetoniinae and Dynastinae. The subfamily Scarabaeinae includes 36 species, Aphodiinae 2 species, Rutelinae 9 species, Dynastinae 3 species, Cetoniinae 2 species and Melolonthinae 1 species. The subfamilies, Scarabaeinae and Aphodiinae include the beetles which exclusively feed on dung and carrion whereas the beetles in the subfamilies; Rutelinae, Melolonthinae, Cetoniinae and Dynastinae are pests of various commercial crops of agricultural and forestry importance.

12 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

016407   Anil Kumar;Paliwal R (Northern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Dehradun-248 195, Email: anilsonta@gmail.com) : Some observations on mammals from spiti valley and adjacent localities, Himachal Pradesh, India. Ann For 2015, 23(1), 77-84.

Field observations on the mammals of Spiti Vally and some adjacent localities such as Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary and Pin Valley National Park were made in three extensive surveys undertaken during 2012 to 2014. Analysis of the data revealed the occurrence of 14 species (based on direct sightings and indirect evidences) belonging to 5 orders and 10 families. Order Carnivora was the most dominant group represented by 6 species. Seven species, namely Asiatic Ibex Capra sibirica, Blue Sheep Pseudois nayaur, Himalayan Fox Vulpes vulpes, Himalayan Weasel Mustela sibirica, Woolly Hare Lepus oiostolus, Royale's Pika Ochotona roylei, Mountain Vole (Alticola sp.) were sighted directly in their natural habitats. However, identification of Mountain vole could not be confirmed at species level.

4 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

016406   Allotey J;Patelelo S O;Makate N;Mpho M (Biological Sciences Dep, Botswana Univ, Gaborone, Botswana, Email: alloteyj@mopipi.ub.bw) : Muscid and calliphorid flies in gaborone (Insecta: Diptera). Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2015, 35(3), 185-94.

A survey of synanthropic species of flies in Gaborone, Botswana was carried out in various areas namely Block 9, Block 8, Village, Extension 16, Tlokweng, Block 3, Phase 4, Gaborone West, Block 5 and Extension 10. Fly maggots were collected from dustbins. Collection was done 3 times per dustbin for a period of 10-14 days. Fly maggots were identified using the posterior spiracles. Adult venation, thoracic bands and hairs of reared maggots were also used for identification. Two species, Musca domestica (Family Muscidae) and Chrysomyia megacephala (Family Calliphoridae) were identified. C. megacephala was the most predominant species and had the highest number recorded compared with M. domestica. There was a significant difference (F=4.66; P<60>0.05) in the number of maggots collected and this could be due to factors such as the contents of the dustbins, the refuse collection time of the dustbins and environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. The pupation time of the reared from maggots studied at temperature range 28-32°C and relative humidity of 65-68 R.H. was 5 days for M. domestica and 5-6 days C. megacephala.

5 illlus, 1 table, 20 ref

016405   Abu-Hassan F A M;Khalil R H;Saad T T;Amer M T;Abdel Latif H M R (Poultry and Fish Diseases Dep, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria Univ, Edfina, Egypt) : Histopathological outcomes designating the toxicological aspects of fumonisin B1 on cultured nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(3), 52-60.

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. They occur worldwide and are found predominantly in maize and in maize-based animal feeds. A total of 100 Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus were grouped and fed ration contaminated with different levels of Fumonisin B1 and observed for one week to determine the median lethal dose (LD₅₀). Another experiment was operated to determine the clinicopathological picture of O. niloticus when experimentally fed with ration containing 1/10 and 1/2 of the LD₅₀ of Fumonisin B1 and then observed for another six weeks. The clinical signs postmortem (PM) lesions and mortalities were recorded daily. Kidney, gills, brain, liver and spleen were sampled and examined for any histopathological alterations. It was found that the LD₅₀ of Fumonisin B1 was 0.6 ppm. Additionally, there were no any pathognomonic clinical signs. The results of histopathological sections were in the form of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic alterations, hyperplasia of gill filaments, ischemic neuronal injury and demyelination of the brain and depletion of the lymphoid elements and melanomacrophage centers of spleen.

29 illus, 24 ref

016404   Abdul-Ameer A;Karim M;Waheed I N; (Biology Dep, College of Science, Diyala Univ, Iraq, Email: intissar_numman@yahoo.com) : In vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from rat bone marrow into nerve- like cells. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 27(1), 17-26.

Neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has great potential for cellular therapy. This study was designed to investigate the differentiation potential of rat bone marrow (BM) derived MSCs into nervelike cells after treatment with specific growth factors. Rat BM-MSCs are spindle like shaped cells has the ability to aggregate and generate colony forming unit such as fibroblast cells. The protocol that was used to direct the differentiation of MSCs into neuronal pathway consisted two steps: Step (1): the cells were cultured with Human recombinant epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. While Step (2): the aggregates of cells which were formed in step (1) were treated with brain derived -neurotophic factor and all-trans retinoic acid. The results showed that treated MSCs attached readily on the plate surface and a number of cells began to migrate from these clusters and occupied the surrounding area, and subsequently acquired neuronal shape. These cells showed positive response to neuronal specific markers [glial fibrilary acidic protein and beta III tubulin]. In conclusion, the protocol used in the present study directed the differentiation pathway of MSCs to neuronal cells and might open a new opportunity for clinical cell therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.

4 illus, 28 ref

015237   Ullah A;Ullah W;Bibi A;Rehaman H U;Ahmed M B (Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, Univ of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan) : Ichthyofaunal diversity of Muzaffargarh and Taunsa Punjab (TP) link canals, Punjab, Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(2), 11-12.

Present study was carried out to find out the ichthyofaunal diversity of two canals i.e, Muzaffargarh and Taunsa Punjab linked canal of Punjab, Pakistan during the period of January to December 2015. A total 7 species were find out to identified in which four were belong to one family cyprinidae, while the other three were belong to the different three families, cichlidae, channidae and poeciliidae tropica.

8 ref

015236   Singh S;Yadav A S (Human Genetics Laboratory, Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra, Haryana) : Evaluation of MN and other nuclear anomalies in smoker COPD subjects. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(2), 20-4.

Present study was carried out to analyse the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear anomalies in smoker COPD subjects. For the present study, a total of 110 COPD subjects were analysed out of which 77 were males (mean age 57.299±1.584 years), 33 females (mean age 55.424±1.630years), 49 smokers (mean age 57.347±1.954 years ), 61 non-smokers (mean age 56.246±1.528 years ) matched with respect to age, lifestyle and socioeconomic status with 90 controls out of which 63 males (mean age 52.444±1.974 years), 27 females (mean age 56.518±2.753 years), 31 smokers (mean age 50.968±2.717 years) and 59 non smokers (mean age 55.084±1.997 years). Nuclear anomalies were analysed using micronucleus assay. In smoker COPD subjects micronuclei (MN) frequency was significantly p<60>0.001 increased along with that the frequency of binucleate (BN), broken egg (BE), karyolysis (KL) and karyorrhexis (KH) were also increased. In case of KH the significant difference was observed at p<60>0.01.

1 illus, 4 tables, 40 ref

015235   Rehman H U;Haseeb A;Wahab A;Zeb A;Ullah K R; Ahmad I (Chemistry Dep, Kohat Univ of Science and Technology-26000, KPK, Pakistan) : Fish diversity of Dargai Pal Dam South Waziristan agency, KPK, Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(2), 28-9.

Present study was carried out to find out the fish diversity of Dargai Pal Dam South Waziristan Agency, Pakistan during the period of June 2010 to July 2011. A total 5 species were found and identified in which all of 5 were belong to one family cyprinidae. These five species were Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosus; Tor tor. The current study shows that dargai dam is favourable for cyprinidae species.

1 table, 12 ref

015234   Rehman H U;Haseeb A;Ullah R;Ahmad I;Wahab A; Hafeez S A;Ullah S;Ziba A (Chemistry Dep, Kohat Univ of Science & Technology, Kohat, 26000, KPK, Pakistan) : Ichthyofauna of Dandy dam North Waziristan agency of FATA, KPK, Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(2), 25-7.

Study was conducted in Dandy dam North Waziristan from July 2010 to June 2011. During the present study about five species were identified which are Cyprinuscarpio, Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cirrhinus cirrhosus and Tor tor. From the above study it may be concluded that Dandy dam environment is favourable for cyprinidae species.

1 tables, 12 ref

015233   Ramachandran A;Manohar K A;Venugopal P;Nameer P O (Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural Univ, KAU Main Campus, KAU (P.O.), Thrissur-680 656, Email: nameer.po@kau.in) : Spider feeding on a vespertilionid bat from Kerala, South India. Curr Sci 2015, 109(7), 1245-6.

2 illus, 13 ref

015232   Pereira C (NO, , Independent Scholar, Mumbai) : Effect of hypothermia on cognitive capabilities in snail (Achatina fulica) and their recovery post exposure to the buddhist meditative chant "Om Mani Padme Hum". J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(2), 1-6.

In humans, music therapy is a proven relaxation technique that helps manage stress and acts as a form of secondary treatment for several neural based disorders. The basis of this study was to understand whether the "Om Mani Padme Hum" meditative chant, can enhance brain related activities mainly cognitive behaviour in snails post exposure to an induced stress, thus hypothesizing the interaction and recovery to be mediated at a cellular level. Cognition is an important attribute of every living organism which although varies considerably from species to species, helps facilitate their day to day activities. Hypothermia stress and recovery in snail Achatina fulica has shown no long-term effects of hypothermia and therefore has been proposed as a model of studying consciousness in a previous study (Pereira 2016). The intention of this study was to validate whether the vibrations generated by the "Om Mani Padme Hum" chant can enhance and improve cognitive abilities and behavioural responses in snails which have been imperilled to hypothermic stress. In this study, a significant effect of hypothermia induced stress was observed as reduced cognitive capabilities of snail Achatina fulica despite the quick recovery from the hypothermic induced stressed state. Significant improvement was observed in cognitive abilities of the snails subjected to hypothermic stress, when exposed to the Om Mani Padme Hum chant confirming a therapeutic effect that can be directly correlated to the frequencies associated this chant. The results of these studies confirm that the "Om Mani Padme Hum" meditative chant generates vibrations that can augments cognitive capacity of the brain and simultaneously demonstrate significant therapeutic effects. The significant effect of hypothermia induced stress on cognitive abilities and its recovery from this state is a first time report for this snail species.

31 ref

015231   Mahajan T;Sarma K;Suri S;Jonali Devi (Veterinary Anatomy Div, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-J, R.S. Pura, Jammu-181 102, Email: kamalasarma73@yahoo.com) : Topographical and gross morphological development of the kidneys in goat foetii (Capra hircus). Indian vet J 2015, 92(11), 50-3.

Present study was conducted on the kidneys of 18 goat foetii. At 61 days (CRL=8.8 cm) and 62 days (CRL=10.10 cm) of gestation, the left kidney was extended from posterior border of the 2nd to anterior border of the 5th or 6th lumbar transverse processes. At 80 days (CRL=16.3 cm), the anterior extremity of the right kidney was related to the renal fossa of the liver and the left kidney was related to the rumen. The hilus of the kidneys became more distinct and the fat layer intensified with the advancing age. At 135 days (CRL= 32.90 em) of gestation, the kidneys showed a darker outer cortex and a lighter inner medulla.

6 illus, 13 ref

015230   Karmore S K;Dalvi R S;Nagmalleshwari Y; Deshmukh S K (Veterinary Anatomy Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow-453 446, Email: shyamsagar_53@rediffmail.com) : Age related changes in the ultra structure of the interstitial and sertoli cells in goat (Capra hircus). Indian vet J 2015, 92(11), 23-8.

Electron microscopic studies on interstitial and Sertoli cells of testis of goat were conducted on 18 specimens. Six each from the kid, young and adult healthy normal goats. The samples of testicles were processed for ultra structural studies by Transmission Electron microscopy. In kid, immature Sertoli cells had prominent features of presence of electron dense membrane bound bodies and abundant microtubules in cytoplasm, while in young and adult, the nuclei of the Sertoli cells were deeply indented. Four types of leydig cells were observed viz. Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV on the basis of ultra structure appearance of shape of nuclei, chromatin material and cytoplasm.

4 illus, 12 ref