023456   Jawale C A (Zoology Dep, Shri Madhavrao Patil Mahavidyalaya, MURUM.Dist. Osmanabad, Maharashtra-414 605, Email: drcajawale@gmail.com) : Consequence of organophosphate dimethoate pesticide on acid phosphatase activity in gills of freshwater fish, Catla catla. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(1), 89-92.

The freshwater fish, Catla catla were exposed in various doses of 0.195, 0.39 and 0.78 ml/lit of dimethoate (Rogor) pesticide for 7, 14 and 21 days duration. The effect of dimethoate pesticide on the gills was observed. The gills showed damaged and ruptured. Acid phosphatase are known as inducible enzyme whose activity in animal tissues goes up when there is a toxic effect and enzymes begin to counteract. The effect of dimethoate on gills significantly changed the cell and fish activities were reduced in experimental, but in control fishes value was maximum. It was in turn an indication of toxic effect of dimethoate on acid phosphatase activities was shortened. Detailed results are summarized in the present paper.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

023455   Debnath N;Kalita J C;Ghosh S K;Dhar B (Zoology Dep, Cachar College, Silchar, Assam-788 001, Email: nitudebnath1234@yahoo.co.in) : Uterotrophic responses and modulation of uterine gene expression induced by combinations of genistein and coumestrol in ovariectomized mice. Bioscan 2015, 10(2), 553-61.

Genistein and coumestrol are potent dietary phytoestrogens which interact differentially with estrogen receptors and thus mediate comparable estrogenicity. However, data on their combinatory effects in vivo are limited. We assessed individual and combined responses on uterine estrogen-sensitive endpoints and uterine gene expression in ovariectomized mice following subcutaneous treatment for 3 consecutive days, 14 d after ovariectomy. Effects on uterine wet weight, luminal epithelial cell height, stromal gland number and uterine ERα, ERβ and PR mRNA expression were determined using qRT-PCR. 17β-estradiol acted as positive control. Coumestrol singly exhibited stronger uterotrophic responses than genistein. However, combinations significantly increased uterine wet weight and luminal epithelial height. Pretreatment with ICI 182,780 revealed ER-dependent activity of the compounds. In contrast to 17β-estradiol, genistein up-regulated ERα while coumestrol up-regulated both ERα and ERβ expression. But, combination resulted in a dose-dependent mixed response, exhibiting marginal up-regulation of ERa at certain dose while significant down-regulation of both ERa and ERβ at other. Thus, endpoint specific and dose-dependent estrogenic responses and differential expression pattern of ERs and down-regulation of PR suggests that the tested compounds may potentially modify sensitivity and physiology of estrogen target organ, which may therefore play significant role in the prevention of endometrial cancer.

4 illus, 1 table, 77 ref

023454   Bushra S;Sanjota N D;Ghazi R R;Khan A (Zoology Dep, Sindh Univ, JAMSHORO 76080, Pakistan, Email: drsanjota2@gmail.com) : Knopowitschiatrema sternulai sp.n (trematoda:heterophyidae) in Sternula albifrons(little tern) (aves: laridae) of Hyderabad, Singh, Pakistan. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(1), 69-75.

Knipowitschiatrema sternulai sp. nov. is described from the intestine of a bird Sternula albifrons (Little tern). The new species is characterized by having: smaller body size, a short pre-pharynx, 1 st quarter position of acetabulum, elongated seminal vesicle, saccular with narrow anterior portion, situated far below the acetabulum, roughly spherical ovary, size of testes, commencement of vitelline follicles from level of testes and smaller size of eggs.

2 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

023453   Bhawane G P;Gaikwad Y B;Gaikwad S M;Mamlayya A B (Zoology Dep, Balwant College, Vita-415 311, Email: drgbhawane@rediffmail.com) : Longicorn beetles and their diet breadth from forests of Kolhapur district, Northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra. Bioscan 2015, 10(2), 679-84.

Signs of wood and bark boring activity and Cerambycidae larvae in living and felled forest trees were discovered during September- October 2010 in the forests of Kolhapur district, Northern Western Ghats Maharashtra with a new host plant record. Prompted by this result, we conducted a field study to determine the complex assemblage of bark and wood boring longhorn beetles and their breadth of diet with distribution in the forests of Kolhapur district. Adult specimens were collected by caging infested bole samples under the laboratory conditions as well as by applying light trap near the selected sampling sites in the forests of Kolhapur district. A total of 26 species were recorded during the study period under 23 genera distributed in 4 subfamilies of family Cermabycidae viz. Prioninae, Lepturinae, Cerambycinae and Lamiinae from the forest area of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, India. The beetles of economic importance are Aeolesthes holosericea, Xystocera globosa, Olenocamptus bilobus, Coptops aedificator, Batocera rufomaculata, Diorthus simplex, Plocaederus obesus, Celosterna scabrator, Stromatium barbatum and Xylotrechus subscutellatu. These species were recorded as major wood borer species in the forests of Kolhapur district. Cleonaria bicolor is being reported for the first time from this region of Western Ghats Maharashtra.

2 illus, 31 ref

023452   Ahirwar R;Singh R P (Zoology Dep, Post Graduate College, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, Email: rpsinghbnv@gmail.com) : Diazinon disrupt lipid on excretory organ and stomach of Channa punctatus. Flora Fauna 2016, 22(1), 121-4.

The impact of pesticide like Diazinon was localized histochemically on the activities of the neutral lipid and phospholipid on kidney and stomach of Channa punctatus. It has been observed that the pesticide interfere with protein and lipid metabolism. Our experimental evidences may be useful in revealing the mechanism of injury caused by this pesticide.

4 tables, 14 ref

023451   Agnihortri P;Sarkar U K;Nagpure N S;Mishra R; Kumar R;Pal A;Awasthi A;Pandey B K;Kumar N (NO, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120, Email: usarkari@rediffmail.com) : Comparative analysis of length-weight relationship (LWR) of Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) from six tributaries in the river Ganges basin, India. Adv appl Res 2015, 7(2), 101-4.

The length-weight relationship studies were carried out in Butter Catfish, Ompok bimaculatus collected from six rivers of the Ganges Basin during January, 2011 to December, 2013. Relationships between total length and total weight of the fish were calculated separately for male, female and pooled sexes collected from each river. Two types of length-weight relationship offish were observed from this study in the six river populations, hi pooled sexes, the slope b ranged from 2.61 to 3.38, in the female it ranged from 2.28 to 4.46 and in male it varied between 3.12 and 3.98. hi all the rivers, high coefficient of correlation (r²=0.91-0.99) was observed in the length-weight relationship of male, female and pooled populations.

ref

023450   Agarwal S;Goswami D N (Zoology Dep, Nehru Gram Bharti Univ, Allahabad-221 505) : Genetic variation in Chrysomya megacephala F.. J nat Resour Dev 2015, 10(2), 34-9.

Allozyme Esterase pattern was assessed in Chrysomya megacephala a calliphorid fly. The twoone gene enzyme system was analyzed by using electophoretic techniques. Five zones of esterase activity were whereas one zone of acid phosphatase were observed in zymogram of a single fly homogenate. In the order of increasing anodal migration, these zones were designated as, EST-1, EST-2, EST-3, EST-4, EST-5. Enzyme activity at EST-1, EST-2, EST-3, EST-4 loci were monomorphic while EST-5 and ACPH shows polymorphism for two electromorphs and three phenotypes.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

022377   Verma P;Mishra B B;Prabha Rani (Post Graduate Dep of Zoology, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005, Email: drprakriti@gmail.com) : Infulence of endocel and rogor on serum free amino acid and total protein level in Clarias batrachus (Linn.). J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 639-43.

The present work was conducted to evaluate the serum free amino acids and total protein level in control and pesticide exposed fish. The fresh water catfish Clarias batrachus were exposed to single (1.5 μl l^-1 Rogor and 0.008 μl l^-1 Endocel) and combined (1μl l^-1 Rogor + 0.004 μl l^-1 Endocel) dose of Rogor and Endocel pesticides for 21 days. Every week blood was collected, centrifuged and serum was separated to estimate free amino acids by thin layer chromatography. Amino acids were located on chromatogram with 0.1% ninhydrin solution in acetone. Spectrophotometric reading found that each chromatogram revealed 4-5 fractions with a wide range of amino acid such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, valine, isoleucine and threonine. The quantity and presence of each amino acid depends on the doses and exposure of pesticides. Other amino acids were present in lower concentration and quantitative estimation was not possible. Total protein content showed a decreasing trend in all the pesticide exposed group from 5.64 g dl^-1 to 2.65 g dl^-1 as compared to control.

2 tables, 37 ref

022376   Taufique S K T;Jha N A;Vinod Kumar (NO, Zoology Dep, Univ of Delhi Delhi-110 007, Email: vkumar@zoology.du.ac.in) : Circadian rhythm determines the timing of activity, and ingestive and grooming behaviours in Indian house crows, Corvus splendens. Curr Sci 2016, 110(5), 897-901.

Corvids show an episodic memory with the temporal information on 'when' an event has actually occurred. We propose that crows keep the time and duration of an event by involving the endogenous circadian clocks, reliably measured in behavioural rhythms. The aim of the present study is to find out if circadian rhythms were involved in the organization of daily behavioural patterns in Indian house crows, Corvus splendens. We monitored the activity, ingestive (feeding: eating and drinking) and grooming (preening) behaviours in crows sequentially exposed to 12 h light : 12 h darkness (12 L : 12 D) and dim constant light (LL_dim) for one and three weeks respectively. The behavioural patterns were synchronized and diurnal was under 12 L : 12 D, while freeran had a circadian period under the LL_dim. In general, eating and drinking, not grooming, patterns were more closely related to the activity - rest cycle. These results show the persistence of circadian rhythms in behavioural patterns, and extend the idea that endogenous circadian clocks determine daily timing of the physiology and behaviour in Indian house crows, in particular, and birds, in general.

4 illus, 21 ref

022375   Singh R K;Singh S K (Zoology Dep, Dr. V.K.S. College, Rafiganj, Aurangabad, Email: sks_mu@rediffmail.com) : Biological studies of Stomopteryx subsecivella zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 157-9.

Soybean is relatively a new name in the list of economically important cultivated crop in India and its large scales cultivation is only for four decades old. Biology was studied in laboratory at prevailing room temperature at 24°C -25°C during August and 32°C -33°C during April, while relative humidity was 83%-84% and 32%-33% respectively. The freshly laid egg was glistening white, and measured 0.35 mm in length. There were four larval instars, in each instars size and colour differed. Adult Stomopteryx subsecivella Zeller (general colouration dark brown) have the fore wing darken than hind wing and had a white speck on the coastal margin towards the distal end. During the present investigation female moth was observed to be larger in size (10.2mm, wing span) than the male (9.2 mm, wing span). Moths were observed mating during morning hours between 9 and 10:30A.M, while oviposition during dusk and dark. The present research reveals that female laid 189 eggs, which may vary under the different ecological conditions and state of the host plant.

8 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

022374   Sharma P K (Zoology Dep, D.A.V.(P.G.) College, Dehradun-248 001, Email: insect1980@rediffmail.com) : Species composition and abundance of ladybird beetles in a wheat agro-ecosystem, Dehradun, (U.K.) India. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 81-4.

Present study was conducted to know the current status of predatory and phytophagous coccinellid beetles in the wheat and mustard agro-ecosystem near Dehradun city, during 2014-2015. A total of 1196 specimens of coccinellids were collected at four sites representing agricultural ecosystem of wheat, mustard and some other weeds plants. Nine species of ladybird beetles belong to 6 genera under 1 family, 2 subfamilies and 2 tribes were recorded, viz., Coccinella septumpunctata (Linn.), C. transversalis (Fab.), Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fab.), Micraspis discolor (Fab.), Micraspis vincta (Gorham), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Hippodamia sps., Oenopia sauzeti (Mulsant) and Epilachna vigntiopunctata (Fab.). From this study, it was observed that C. septumpunctata and C. transversalis were the dominant species. Maximum numbers of coccinellids species were recorded from site-3 followed by Site-2, Site-1 and Site- 4.

3 tables, 22 ref

022373   Saha P;Bhattacharya S (Zoology Dep, M.B.B. College, Agartala-799 004) : Induction of sperm-head abnormality in swiss albino mice Mus musculus by administration of fresh and processed betel nut extracts. Curr Sci 2016, 110(5), 891-6.

Chewing betel nuts is a worldwide masticatory habit. However, these nuts have many harmful effects on human body. Sperm-head abnormality test is an easy and rapid in vivo technique to determine the ability of an agent to introduce abnormal change in the process of spermatogenesis. In the present study this test has been adopted to compare the dose-dependent toxic potentialities of fresh betel nuts of Tripura and processed nuts (tambul) of Assam. Both are capable of inducing significant dose-dependent toxic changes as well. Aqua leaching of small pieces of fresh betel nuts or tambul for 24 h only, makes them much less harmful in terms of this potentiality.

2 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

022372   Rajashekara S;Venkatesha M G (Studies in Zoology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru-560 056, Email: venkatmelally@gmail.com) : Temporal and spatial avian community composition in urban landscapes of the Bengaluru region, India. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 607-16.

A study was undertaken to know the abundance, diversity and species richness of bird communities in urban landscapes of Bengaluru region, India. One hundred and eighteen species of birds belonging to 43 families under 78 genera was documented. Of them, Gyps indicus, Neophron percnopterus and Parus nuchalis were critically endangered, endangered, and vulnerable species. Among 19 landscapes, the mean population density (number of birds seen/km²) was highest at Bannerghatta National Park and lowest at Kempegowda Bus Station. Species diversity, species evenness and richness of bird communities were significantly different between landscapes. Seasonal occurrence of bird species was not significantly different. The mean population density of birds was positively correlated with tree density and negatively correlated with canopy coverage, human population density and buildings.

4 illus, 6 tables, 41 ref

022371   Pullanna K;Reddy D N;Philip G H (Zoology Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya Univ, Ananthapuram-515-003, Email: ghphilip@rediffmail.com) : Effects of cigarette smoking on semen parameters of men. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4310-15.

Addicted smokers Semen analysis from a cross section of population of Anantapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh, India was done as it provides a useful profile of the function of the male reproductive health. Seventy two (72) men were drown from a cross section of smokers and divided in to two age groups namely 25-30 years and 31-40 years. In both age groups persons were selected basing as how many cigarettes they smoked in a day. Different semen parameters like volume, liquefaction, alkalinity, sperm count, motility and morphology were analysed. Incidences of Hypospermia in 25, Teratozoospermia in 27, Oligozoospermia in 54, Oligoasthenozoospermia in 20, and Oligoasthenoteratozoopermia in 6 persons were observed. Abnormalities were seen in both age groups and in persons who smoke either moderately or heavily.

35 ref

022370   Pande H;Goswami D;Kaushal B R (Zoology Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital-263 002) : Influence of cow manure, horse manure, and pine litter on growth and reproduction of the earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum under laboratory conditions. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 7-12.

Growth and reproduction of the endogeic species Octolasion tyrtaeum in cow manure, horse manure and pine litter were studied under laboratory conditions. Mean growth rate was 6.24 mg day^-1, sexual maturity was reached at 32 days and 0.07 cocoons day^-1, were produced when worms were kept singly; mean growth rate was 6.92 mg day^-1, sexual maturity was reached at 31 days and 0.04 cocoons day^-1 were produced when worms kept in batches in cow manure. The growth rate was 5.65 mg day^-1, sexual maturity was reached at 31 days and 0.04 cocoons days-1 were produced by batches of worms in horse manure. The growth rate was 5.67 mg day^-1, the time to sexual maturity was 31 days and 0.04 cocoons day^-1 were produced (worms kept singly), and 3.6 mg day^-1 (growth rate) 31 days to sexual maturity and 0.08 cocoons day^-1 produced by batches of worms in pine litter. The mean number of cocoons produced by worms kept in batches was significantly higher than by worms kept singly. After incubation of 24.1±2.1 days, 100% of the cocoons had hatched with a mean of 2.1±0.11 hatchlings per cocoon.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

022369   Lee N S;Kim D J;Lee B I;Kim S K;Kim K K (New Strategy Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan-619 705, South Korea, Email: djkim4128@korea.kr) : Distribution of ghrelin immunoreactivity in artificially reared Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, leptocephalus and metamorphosed glass eel. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 521-9.

Ghrelin plays a role in regulation of appetite and satiety, and the orexigenic effects of peripheral or central ghrelin administration in fish have been reported. Ghrelin distribution in artificially reared eel leptocephalus and metamorphosed glass eels were examined in the present study using immunohistochemical methods. Immunoreactivity was detected in spinal cord, mucinous pouch, vascular tubules, and skin of eel leptocephalus on various days-after-hatching. Moreover, predominant immunopositive reactions were detected in the vascular system, including heart, along with spinal cord, notochord, head kidney and skin of the metamorphosed glass eel. Ghrelin immunopositivity was elevated after development of hematopoietic and vascular systems of the metamorphosed eel. Ghrelin thus, has more marked effects on physiology after the metamorphosis stage in Japanese eel.

4 illus, 28 ref

022368   Khanum H;Yeasmin T (Parasitology Branch, Zoology Dep, Univ of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Email: hamida_khanum@yahoo.com) : Infestation of helminth parasites in sheep (Ovis aries). J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 1-6.

The present investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of helminth parasites in sheep at Azimpur, in Dhaka, during February, 2012 to January, 2013. Total 60 hosts were examined. Twelve species of helminth parasites were identified in sheep, of them, 3 trematode, 3 cestode and 6 nematode parasite species. Highest prevalence was shown by Strongyloides sps. (71.67%), lowest by Dictyocaulus sps. (3.33%); found comparatively higher in adults (85.71%) than in young (80%) and 28% in lambs. The male sheep were more susceptible (81.58%) to helminth infection than female (72.73%). Prevalence of helminthes was found higher in winter (95%) than in summer (80%) and in rainy (60%). The value of co-efficient of correlation between the prevalence and intensity of infestation of helminth parasites in sheep was 0.978 respectively. In both cases these two variables differed significantly (P<60>0.01).

1 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

022367   Kavitha R;Chandrasekaren D (Animal Feed Analytical and Quality Assurance Lab, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal-637 002, Email: vetkavi2004@gmail.com) : Effect of non starch polysaccharide (NSP) degrading enzymes and phytase on intestinal histo-morphology in broilers fed with corn- soya based diet. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 211-3.

A trial was conducted with 270 broiler chicks. (Nine treatment groups with three replicates of ten chicks each).The level of multi enzyme added was 0, 250, 500 and 1000 g/ton of feed and for phytase 300 IU/kg and 600 IU/ kg. At the end of the experiment six birds from each treatment were slaughtered and the samples were taken from jejunum for histological studies. A significant (P<60>0.05) increase in villi height was observed in all the enzyme added groups when compared with control. The T8 group recorded a significant (P<60>0.05) increase in the width of the crypt compared with control. A significant (P<60>0.05) reduction in the number of goblet cells was observed in all the enzyme added groups. It is inferred from the study that the increase in the height, and decrease in the number of goblet cells will contribute better nutrient absorption and result in better nutrient utilization.

2 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

022366   Karmore S K;Dalvi R S;Nagmalleshwari Y; Deshmukh S K (Veterinary Anatomy Dep, College of Veterinary Science & A.H., Mhow-453 446, Email: shyamsagar_53@rediffmail.com) : Ultrastructural study and histoenzymic distribution of ductus deferens in post- natal goat (Capra hircus). Indian vet J 2016, 93(4), 51-4.

The present investigation was undertaken to establish anatomical norms on ultrastructural and histoenzymatic parameters of ductus deferens of goat.Age related changes in the ultrastructural and histoenzymic status of the ductus deference conducted on thirty goats of different age groups viz. kid, young and adult.The ductus deferens was lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. The ductus deferens had four main tunics viz., tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, tunica submucosa and mucosa. At terminal segment ductus deferens showed some variation in the submucosal layer in young and adult groups. Intense to mild activity of histoenzymes were observed at different sites of ductus deferens.

4 illus, 11 ref

022365   Joshi B D;Joshi N;Mishra I;Rawat S S (Zoology & Environmental Sciences Dep, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar-249 404, Email: joshi_bd@rediffmail.com) : First report on the occurrence of acute viral erythrocytic necrosis in the freshwater cat fish H. Fossilis bloch, from India. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 85-6.

This paper describes about the occurrence of VEN in the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch. Out of a batch of twelve fishes obtained from the local fish market of Haridwar, in the month of November 2014, three fishes ( 25%) were found infected with VEN exclusively, while in two other fishes VEN was found in association with other haematozoan parasites. Out of the three fishes one specimen showed that its 100% erythrocytes harboured the VEN particles, in the form of cytoplasmic inclusions as almost circular structures, appearing light pinkish in the plasma part of the blood while intracellular forms were darker in coloration. These inclusions were also found at intra-lymphocytic to intra-lymphoctyic-nuclear sites. Presence of these VEN structures caused leucopnea, hypochromasia, anisocytosis and degeneration of eryuthrocytes causing sever haemolysis and increased number of erythroblasts in circulation, which were also found infected by the VEN.

4 illus, 12 ref

022364   Gupta P (Zoology Dep, D.A.K. College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Effects of azodyes on differential leucocyte count in the blood of a fresh water teleost Colisa faciatus. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 103-5.

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the effects of two azodyes Metanil yellow (4'Aniline azobenzene-m-sulfonic acid) and Bismark brown (2,4, diamino 3' aminoazobenzene) on differential leucocyte count in the blood of a fresh water fish Colisa fasciatus. It was found that Lymphocytes decreased significantly (P <60> 0.01), while Monocytes, Neutrophils and Eosinophils increased significantly (P <60> 0.01) in the blood of Colisa fasciatus at both acute exposure ( 48 hrs and 96 hrs ) and chronic exposure (15 days and 30 days) under the stress of metanil yellow and bismark brown. All the alterations were highly significant (P<60>0.01).

2 tables, 12 ref

022363   Gupta P (Zoology Dep, D.A.K. College, Moradabad) : Alteration in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase enzyme in the blood of fresh water fish Labeo rohita induced by azodyes. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 99-101.

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the toxic effects of two azodyes Metanil yellow (4-aniline azobenzene-m-sulfonic acid) and Bismark brown (2,4-diamino 3' amino azo benzene) on succinic dehydrogenase activity in blood of a fresh water teleost Labeo rohita. The enzymatic activity of succinic dehydrogenase was found to be depleted significantly (P <60> 0.01 ) at both acute and chronic exposures in the blood of Labeo rohita intoxicated with metanil yellow and bismark brown.

1 table, 20 ref

022362   Gupta D K;Gupta N;Gupta A (Zoology Dep, Bareilly College, Bareilly, 243 005) : Trypanosoma tengari N. SPS. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) A new haemoflagellate from the blood of Mystus vittatus Bloch. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 93-8.

During a parasitic survey in the Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh, (India), the blood of the striped dwarf catfish, Mystus vittatus Bloch was found to be infected with a new species of flagellate blood parasite, Trypanosoma tengari n. sps. (prevalence 12.12, intensity 2.5-8.2 forms/100 RBC). The parasite is dimorphic (small (22.25-30.00 μm) & large (38.05-43.55 μm), active and takes a differential stain with Giemsa. Free flagellum of large form (10.89 μm) is almost twice as long as the small form (5.44 μm). Its specific cytoplasmic granulation pattern, nuclear and kinetoplast position, flagellar and cell body ratio do not conform to any of the earlier reported monoflagellate and is thus described as a new species. This is the first dimorphic trypanosome being reported from Mystus vittatus. Early divisional stages are reported.

3 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

022361   Dadupanthi P (Zoology Dep, Biyani Girls College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: drpriyankadadupanth81@gmail.com) : Effects of Aloe vera on liver of swiss albino mice against sublethal dose of gamma radiation. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(10), 4284-9.

The radioprotective effect of Aloe vera was studied in liver of Swiss albino mice. Animals were divided into three groups. Animals of group I administered double distilled water only, group-II Aloe vera (drug) and control set of group III were given radiation only where as animals experimental set of group III were administered by Aloe vera + Radiation. Animals were given Aloe vera leaf extract orally 1000 mg/kg body weight/day for 15 consecutive days before radiation exposure (4.5 GY gamma-radiation).Biochemical parameters such as LPO, GSH, protein, glycogen and cholesterol were assessed at different intervals of post-irradiation i.e. day 1 and 30. Radiation treatment showed decrease in GSH content and an increase of LPO, protein, glycogen and cholesterol observed in control set animals, however the animals of experimental group i.e. Aloe vera and radiation combined group showed a significant increase in GSH content and decrease in LPO, protein, glycogen and cholesterol but values remained below normal. Results suggest that Aloe vera modulate the radiation induced biochemical alterations in Swiss albino mice.

36 ref

022360   Brraich O S;Saini S K (Zoology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: singhonkar@yahoo.com) : Study of zooplankton diversity of Ranjit Sagar Wetland, Punjab (India). J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(1), 45-50.

The occurrence of zooplankton in any aquatic ecosystem helps to enhance its productivity. These are most essential for many aquatic invertebrate and fishes as food. The growth of zooplankton feeding fishes mostly depends on zooplankton dynamics of the water body. In the complex aquatic food chain, different communities at different trophic strata are participating and a fraction of which ends up as fish flesh. Therefore, structure of different fish food biotic communities assumes greater significance in the management of different wetland ecosystems. A study on species abundance and diversity of zooplankton in Ranjit Sagar Wetland was conducted to check the status from productivity point of view and to provide new insights into its ecology. The value of number of zooplankton species indicating the pattern of biodiversity and exhibiting a dominating trend of its major subgroups as Protozoans<62>Rotifers<62>Cladocerans<62 >Copepods<62>Ostracods. A total of 17 taxa were identified: 6 members of Protozoa, 6 members of Rotifera, 2 members of Cladocera, 2 members of Copepoda and 1 member of Ostracod. Protozoa and Rotifera species have shown a high magnitude of biodiversity in comparison to other zooplankton groups.

1 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

022359   Bhinder P (Zoology Dep, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: preety.bhinder@yahoo.com) : Chlorpyrifos induced gene mutations in Culex quinquefasciatus. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 531-5.

Mutagenicity of chlorpyrifos was evaluated by using the genetic material of mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. Second instar larvae were treated with LC₂₀ of chlorpyrifos for 24 hrs and induced mutations in the sequence of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (543bp) were studied from restriction patterns generated with AluI, PacI and PsiI restriction endonucleases. Variation in the number and size of digested fragments were observed from treated individual when compared with control, showing that the restriction enzymes created a cut at unrelated locations. In addition, sequences of 16S gene from control and treated individuals were also used to confirm the RFLP patterns. When 16S gene sequences of control and treated individuals were compared, induced mutations in the form of deletion, insertion and substitution of bases were observed in chlorpyrifos treated individual. It was found that after chlorpyrifos treatment, 16S gene sequence suffered 4 deletions, 8 insertions and 23 substitutions.

1 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

022358   Al-Ajmi R A;Ayaad T H;Al-Anazi M;Al-Ahdal M N;Al-Qahtani A A (Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, King Saud Univ, Riyadh, 2457, 11451, Saudi Arabia, Email: ayaadmtah@gmail.com) : Molecular identification of natural sand fly species populations inferred from ITS2 gene in Saudi Arabia. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 627-31.

Sandflies are blood-sucking insects of great medical importance and are transmission vectors for several organisms that are infectious to humans. Three hundred fourteen adult sandflies were collected and morphologically identified as five species: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. bergeroti, P. sergenti, Sergentomyia antennata and S. clydei. P. papatasi was the most abundant species (22.29%) of central region of Saudi Arabia, while S. clydei was the most abundant species (18.79%) of southwestern region. Molecular classification of sandflies was done based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences. ITS2 region was amplified using specific primers designed from a conserved region. Several clones from each individual were sequenced and analyzed using different DNA sequence analysis software. The results showed moderate variations (0.06%) between clones of same P. papatasi individual. However, P. sergenti individuals were highly divergent (0.207%). A phylogenetic tree, based on neighbor-joining analysis, showed that morphologically identical individuals of same species exhibited significant variations at the molecular level. Cloned P. bergeroti sequences were highly related to P. papatasi sequences (0.05%). Further, S. antennata species sequences were similar to S. clydei species sequences. In conclusion, molecular typing of sand fly species from Saudi Arabia based on ITS2 region may aid in differentiating between species and, possibly, sub-species.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

022357   Aarif K M;Prasadan P K;Basheer P M;Abdul Hameed S V (Zoology Dep, Mary Matha and Science College, Vemom PO, Mananthavady, Wayanad-670 645, Email: achuarif@gmail.com) : Population trend of wintering gulls in Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu community reserve, Southern India. J envir Biol 2015, 36(3), 597-600.

Data on population trend of birds in stop-over sites is a prerequisite for managers to implement/execute species/ecosystem-oriented conservation programme. However, such data for wetland birds and their associated ecosystems is meagre/unavailable in India. At this juncture, population trend of gulls in Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve (KVCR) was evaluated on the basis of primary and secondary data collected between 1989 and 2009. Data of 1,26,103 birds belonging to five species were recorded during the study. During 2005-2009, Black-headed Gull and Brown-headed Gull were dominant species, while Pallas's Gull and Slender-billed Gull were lesser in number. In response to data on observation made during 1989, population of scavenging gulls viz., Black-headed Gull and Brown-headed Gull was increased to 165 and 135% respectively, while the population of specialist gulls such as Pallas's Gull and Slender-billed Gull found to be stable or on decline. Increasing trend of scavenging gulls and declining pattern of specialist gulls could be attributed to the consequences of habitat loss and other anthropogenic pressure (over-fishing, mining, pro-human developmental activities and dumping of poultry wastes) in KVCR. Site-specific conservation measures need to be undertaken across the stop-over sites in the West and East Coast of India to conserve this vital habitat in the Central Asian Flyway.

1 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

021552   Wali A;Masood-ul Hassan B;Maqbool R;Shah F A; Bhat F A;Darzi M M;Ashwani Kumar;Bhat B A (Phd Faculty of Fisheries, SKUAST-K, Rangil, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir) : Histopathological alterations and distribution of Pomphorhynchus kashmirensis in intestines and their seasonal rate of infestation in three freshwater fishes of Kashmir. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 22-8.

In the present study water, fish and parasite samples were collected during different seasons from various sites and processed. Three fish species (Schizothorax niger, Schizothorax esocinus, Schizothorax curvifrons) were recovered from two water bodies of Kashmir valley. Acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus kashmirensis (27.47%) were recovered from all the three species of Schizothorax. The parasite showed higher prevalence during summer and least during winter. Overall the mean intensity of Pomphorhynchus kashmirensis was highest in Dal Lake whereas its abundance was higher in River Jhelum. Parasitic infections were prevalent more in male fishes compared to females. The presence of the parasites had reduced the condition coefficient of the infected fishes in both the water bodies. Histopathologically, the parasite induced various intensities of enteritis coupled with hyperplastic goblet cells with increased acid mucopolysaccharide concentrations.

9 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

021551   Vital V D S J;Kpogue O N S;Apollinaire M G; Didier F E (Lab Research on Wetland, Zoology Dep, Faculty of Sciences & Techniques, Univ of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou Benin) : Culture of earthworm (Eisenia fetida), production, nutritive value and utilization of its meal in diet for Parachanna obscura fingerlings reared in captivity. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(5), 1-5.

The impact of the substitution of fish meal (FM) with earthworm meal (EM) in Parachanna obscura fingerlings diets was investigated for 42 days. Growth parameters, nutrient utilization and economical incidence of the fish were measured. Earthworms were cultured using animal wastes for 90 days and harvested, dried and stored. Five triplicate groups of fingerlings with initial average body weight of 1.13 ± 0.05g were respectively fed with earthworm meal containing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% isonitrogenous diet (45% crude protein). The fish were reared in 15 circular tanks which volume of 90 l each, at a density of 20 fingerlings per tank. Better growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were obtained with the fish's diet containing 50% of earthworm meal. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency rate and specific growth rate between the groups of fish fed with 25% and 50% EM content diets were statistically similar (p<62>0.05).

1 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

021550   Thakur M S (Biosciences Dep, Himachal Pradesh Univ, Shimla-171 005, Email: mahender74@yahoo.co.in) : Molecular characterization of seven species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Insecta) by RAPD-PCR. J Insect Sci 2015, 28(2), 317-25.

Molecular characterization of seven butterflies was carried out using five RAPD markers. Total 91 bands were scored with five decamer primers of which 91 were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphism was 100 per cent. Genus specific bands have been observed i.e. 1142bp with primer 1, 1166bp, 658bp, 570bp with primer 2, 1027bp with primer 12 and 428bp with primer OPP-5. Dendrogram based on average similarity coefficient of five primers grouped seven butterfly species in to three clusters. Cluster-I comprises of five species, viz. Dodona eugens, Lycaena phlaeas, Heliophorus sena, Celastrina cardia and Celastrina hugelii. Cluster-II and Cluster-III comprises of one species each i.e. Aricia astrarche and Lampides boeticus, respectively. Cluster -I is subdivided in to two, sub-cluster-I consists of only Dodona eugens, sub-cluster-II consisting of Lycaena phlaeas, Heliophorus sena, Celastrina cardia and C. hugelii. Su-cluster-II is further divided in to two sub-sub-clusters, sub-sub cluster-I comprises of Lycaena phlaeas and Heliophorus sena and sub-sub cluster-II comprises of Celastrina cardia and Celastrina hugelii.

7 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

021549   Shrikhandia P;Bhatia S (Zoology Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu-180 006, Email: shrikhandiapallavi@gmail.com) : Survey on the invasive alien insect species of order homoptera of district Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir. J Insect Sci 2015, 28(2), 246-51.

The studies were conducted to enumerate the invasive alien insect species in Rajouri District of the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir. The main objective of the study was to find out their origin, spread, introduction pathway, invasive status and their impact on native species. A total of seven (07) invasive insect species, viz. Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausman), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Icerya purchasi Maskell, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky), Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) and Heteropsylla cubana (Crawford) were recorded in the survey.

1 illus, 7 tables, 11 ref

021548   Sarwade A B;Pati S K;Kamble N A (Zoology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004, Email: drknitinkumar@yahoo.in) : Diversity of molluscan fauna from freshwater bodies of Sangli district: A comprehensive study in relation to environmental variables. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(8), 3563-70.

Molluscs as a second largest phyla includes snails, slugs, clams, oysters, scallops, cuttlefish, squid and octopus. Present study revealed, diversity of molluscan fauna from three sites i.e Khanderajuri lake, Mhaishal lake and Krishna river in the period of January, 2011 to December, 2013. Among collected molluscs 10 species were identified from seven families i.e. Physidae, Lymnaeidae, Viviparidae, Corbiculidae, Thiaridae, Planorbidae and Littorinidae included in class Gastropods and Bivalve. Seasonal variations showed quantitative difference in gastropods, Quantity was observed to be minimum in mansoon season as compared to premansoon and postmansoon season. Physicochemical alterations were showed influence on the biodiversity at the various sites.

41 ref

021547   Rao P Y;Krishna Veni D N;Sirisha I R (Marine Living Resources Dep, College of Science and Technology, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: raopykmlrau@gmail.com) : Biology of orange fin pony fish, Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes, 1835), Off Visakhapatnam, East coast of India. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1159-71.

Sex ratio indicated that there was a significant difference (p <60> 0.05) between the sexes in their occurrence. A scale of six stages of maturity of gonads was identified. The mean length at first maturity was found to be 85mm in females. Peak spawning takes place during September to December. GSI was found to be high during Sep to Dec in females. Fecundity varied from 6009 to 18786 ova. P. bindus was a carnivore, feeding mostly on copepods, lucifers, euphasids, crab zoeae, amphipods and megalopa larvae in the order of importance. There was no marked difference in the food composition between males and females. A common regression equation was given for both the sexes as W = 1.2694E-05 L^3.0288 (r = 0.94). Analysis of covariance showed significant difference between regression slopes of males and females. Relative condition factor was low during September to December in males and during February and September to November in females of P. bindus.

7 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

021546   Pal M;Mahapatra B K (NO, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Salt Lake City, Kolkata) : Fecundity and GSI of Mourala, Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)from South Bengal district of West Bengal. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(5), 47-53.

Mature specimensof Amblypharyngodon mola ranging from 2.13 g to 4.46 g and 59 mm to 78 mm were analysed. Fecundity varies from 940 to 7210 and the fecundity factor ranged from 429.65 to 2281.65. The mathematical relationship of fecundity with fish length, fish weight, ovary weight and ovary length were calculated. The mathematical relationship of fish weight-ovary weight, fish length-ovary length and fish weight-ovary length was also carried out. The computed relationships were found to be highly significant especially between fecundity and ovary weight (r=0.890, p<60>0.01). The GSI of A. mola varies from 1.88 to 20.42, lowest value was recorded in January and maximum GSI was recorded in June and other in November i.e., it breeds twice in a year.

9 illus, 28 ref

021545   Nandi S;Saikia S K (Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Lab, Zoology Dep, Visva-Bharati Univ, Santiniketan, West Bengal-731 235) : Does size matter? Observation on the availability of micronutrients in two different sizes of small freshwater fish Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822). Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(5), 17-19.

Two size groups (based on Total Length, TL) of Amblypharyngodon mola (small, TL=4-7cm; big, TL<62>7cm) were studied for availability of Ca, Fe, Zn and Vitamin A contents in its body using AAS and HPLC methods. The Ca, Fe and Zn contents of small sized A. mola were found to be significantly higher than that of big sized groups. The average Ca content was estimated to be highest (4680.223 mg.100g^-1) in this fish followed by Zn (18.41mg.100g^-1) and Fe (17.03mg.100g^-1). However, Vitamin A content was estimated to be more or less equal in both the size groups (small, 1.27446 g.100g^-1 and big, 1.21854 g.100g^-1). The study showed that smaller size A. mola are rich in micronutrients than its bigger counterparts.

3 illus, 9 ref

021544   Munir T;Malik M F;Hashim M;Qureshi M A;Naseem S (Zoology Dep, Gujarat Univ, Punjab, Pakistan, Email: munir.talat@yahoo.com) : Therapeutic applications of blowfly maggots. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 33-6.

Blowfly maggots (Diptera: Calliphoridae): greenbottle blowflies (Lucilia illustris; Meigen, L. sericata; Meigen) and blackbottle blowfly (Phormia regina; Meigen) used in maggot therapy. Necrotic wounds that are complicated and resistant to conventional treatment are treated with maggot therapy due to its effectiveness and environmental friendly nature. It is used for the treatment of traumatic wounds such as pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers, neurovascular and vascular ulcers, osteomyelitis, postsurgical wound infections, and burns. Recently, maggots are produced and distributed especially and supplied to hospitals as a medical device using in medicine. There is still little research on the effectiveness of maggot therapy in comparison to other conventional treatments. We should recommend maggots therapy in hospitals due to cost effective and rapid debridement of dead tissue.

^iia52 ref

021543   Munir T;Iqbal R;Safdar S;Naseem S;Zareen A (Zoology Dep, Gujarat Univ, Punjab, Pakistan, Email: munir.talat@yahoo.com ) : Histopathological changes in stomach and heart of frog, Rana tigrina, upon exposure to lambda- cyhalothrin. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 29-32.

This study was carried out in ICBS laboratory of Zoology researchers, Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan from April 2015 to August 2015. Analysis has been made to evaluate the effect of different concentration of lambda cyhalothrin on histopathology of stomach and heart of frog, Rana tigrina. In this study 24 frogs divided into 4 groups, 6 for each group. One group was control being untreated group while remaining received low, medium, and high doses respectively. A morphological and histopathological study reveals, it adversely affects the stomach and heart of frog that leads to limited ages of frog species and ultimate cause reduction in population size. Results suggested that these animals are sensitive to lambda cyhalothrin; therefore measures must be taken to secure these animals otherwise pernicious effects of agrochemicals will lead to extinction of this group.

10 illus, 8 ref

021542   Majumdar S;Amir M;Gupta R;Yasmeen S (Zoology Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Uttar Pradesh) : Histopathological effect of deltamethrin on the midgut of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linn.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 13-16.

Periplaneta americana, the American cockroach is a major nuisance and also act as mechanical vector in transmitting bacteria that cause diarrheal diseases, nosocomial infections and allergic symptoms. Deltamethrin, in the concentrations 0.005% and 0.01% were provided in feed of adult cockroaches to observe histopathological changes in midgut after 24 hours. Midgut is lined with enteric epithelium which rest upon a basement membrane and is covered by inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. Midgut contains a thin peritrophic membrane as innermost layer. Histopathological studies on midgut resulted in degradation of basement membrane and degeneration in epithelial lining in both concentration (0.01% and 0.005%). Higher dose caused more disruption in longitudinal and circular muscles as compared to low dose. Peritrophic membrane was detached from epithelial lining and is degenerated to great extent in high dose. In lower concentration slight constriction is observed in lumen while at higher concentration shrinkage is more pronounced.

6 illus, 21 ref

021541   Kumar N R;Sharma R;Anudeep (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014) : Biodiversity in honey bees: Scanning electron microscopic analysis of antenna of plain and hill populations of Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 5-9.

Antenna of honey bees is geniculate and has been known to possess a wide variety of sensilla. The sensilla are sensitive to odor, temperature, humidity, air pressure and gustatory stimuli. The antennal form as well as the sensilla arrangement has been suggested to be adapted to the pheromone perception need of a particular species. Electron microscopy is today considered an important tool in elucidating the external morphological details of diverse biological material. In the present investigations, ultrastructural study on the antenna of plains and hill populations of Apis cerana F. was taken into account. Studies revealed differences at electron microscopic level in the antennal morphology and types and distribution of sensilla on the antenna in different populations of honey bees.

15 illus, 23 ref

021540   Iyaji F O;Yaro C A (Biological Sciences Dep, Kogi State Univ, Anyigba, Nigeria) : Monthly occurrence of nematode parasites of Synodontis species from rivers Niger-Benue confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(5), 36-40.

This study was carried out to evaluate the monthly distribution of nematode parasites of Synodontis Fish species between March 2014 and February 2015. A total of 484 fish hosts were examined for nematode parasites microscopically using sedimentation method. A total of 326 (67.4%) were infected by nematode parasites. Five species of nematodes were encountered: Procamallanus laevionchus (37.81%, 183 fishes), Rhabdochona congolensis (15.08%, 73 fishes), Spinitectus guntheri (19.42%, 94 fishes), Camallanus spp (31.20%, 151 fishes) and Contracaecum spp (14.05%, 68 fishes) and larval nematodes (1.65%, 8 fishes). The highest prevalence of 57.9% and mean abundance of 11 ware recorded by Camallanus spp in October and August respectively. Monthly variation in prevalence revealed that P. laevionchus was highest in July. There was significant difference in infections of nematode parasites between rainy and dry seasons (P<60>0.05). The nematode parasites of Synodontis fish species are of high prevalence at the confluence of River and Benue.

3 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

021539   Iyaji F O;Yaro C A (Biological Sciences Dep, Kogi State Univ, Anyigba, Nigeria) : Endoparastic helminths of Synodontis schall (Bloch and schneider, 1801, siluriformes, mochokidae) at the confluence of Niger and Benue rivers, Lokoja, Nigeria. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(5), 30-5.

Monthly sampling of catches at the confluence area of Niger and Benue rivers was carried out between March 2014 and February 2015 to determine the occurrence of endohelminth parasites in Synodontis schall. A total of 193 hosts were examined and the prevalence of infection was 85.59%. Endohelminth species encountered included 2 digeneans (Allocreadium ghanensis, Metacercaria of Pygidiopsis spp), 3 cestodes (Monobothrioides woodlandii, Bothriocephalus acheilognathii, and Proteocephalus spp), 3 nematodes (Procamallanus laevionchus, Rhabdochona spp, Spinitectus guntheri, larval nematodes) and 2 acanthocephalans (Acanthocephalus spp, Neoechinorhynchus prolixum, acanthella - the larval stages of acanthocephalans). Among the endohelminth parasites that infected Synodontis schall Procamallanus laevionchus recorded highest prevalence of 62.2% while prevalence of other parasites ranged between 1% and 30.6%. Infection of S. schall was high between 0-100 gm weight classes and in all the length classes. Multiple infections were observed. 62.7% of the fish hosts harboured between 1 - 20 worms while 19.6% harboured between 21 - 80 worms. The overall worm burden was independent of sex of the fish hosts.

3 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

021538   Iqbal N;Khan H A A;Alvi A M;Saeed S;Khan T; Ali S;Saeed Q (Plant Protection Dep, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Ghazi Univ, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan) : Knowledge, attitude and practices of household people about termites in southern Punjab, Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 17-21.

Management of the termites depends upon the basic knowledge of their biology and associated problems. In the current study an assessment of people knowledge about termites was done by asking questions related to termite biology, hosts, activity, and management options adopted by the people. Although all people were aware about termites and regarded them hazardous, a considerable numbers (54.25%) did not have knowledge about their colony set up and habitat. They had insufficient knowledge about termite's hosts and their preference, and proper inspection of termite presence in houses. Among the preventive measures adopted against termites, majority of the people (46.7%) was using highly toxic and persistent insecticides in the houses. They did not know about the most recent technique like termite baiting. This lack of proper knowledge could be a hurdle in the effective management of termites. The results highlighted the need of proper guidelines regarding termite awareness and its management in a form of booklets, educational campaigns and short trainings.

3 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

021537   Hasan H S (Plant Production and Protection Dep, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied Univ, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan) : Survey of aphid species and associated parasitoids in Al-Homra, Jordan. J Ent Zool Stud 2016, 4(5), 1-4.

Five aphid species were identified in Al-Homra region, Jordan. Those aphid species are: Aphis gossypii, Aphis craccivora, Aphis citricola, Myzus persicae, and Brachycaudus amygdalinus. In addition, four parasitoids of the Braconidae family were identified. These parasitoids are Aphidius colemani, Aphidius sp., Trioxes sp., Ephedrus persicae, and one species Pachyneuron aphidis that belongs to the Aphelinidae family and one hyperparasite belongs to the Alloxistidae family. aphids parasitoid population were found belonging to Aphidius colemani and Pachyneuron aphidis on Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae were in large number in April.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

021536   Goyal N;Singla M;Sharma V L (Zoology Dep, Punjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: vijaylsharma@pu.ac.in) : Intraspecific systematics of genus Odontotermes inferred from analysis of the mitochondrial NDI gene. J Insect Sci 2015, 28(2), 274-8.

The genus Odontotermes is a widely diverse group comprising a large fraction of the species structure of the subfamily Macrotermitinae. We sequenced and analyzed a 482 bp fragment of the mitochondrial NDI gene to assess the level of variations in the Odontotermes populations collected from distant localities of Northern India. The data divulged an AT content of 67 per cent and an R value of 1.82. The analysis of the O.horni population clade in the maximum likelihood tree drawn on the basis of Tamura Nei percentage divergence matrix vouchsafed the possible inception of a sub-species through splitting due to the environmental constraints.

1 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

021535   Gholamzade S;Incekara U (Biology Dep, Ataturk Univ, Faculty of Science, Email: somayyeh_gholamzadeh@yahoo.com) : Review of molecular taxonomy studies on aquatic insects. J Insect Sci 2015, 28(2), 168-80.

With millions of species and their life-stage transformations, the animal kingdom makes taxonomy difficult. Insects are the most numerous group of animals, and its taxonomy is primarily based on morphological characters. However, molecular systems have been developed in recent years especially in order to discriminate closely related species and in order to identify the species which have not been distinguished by taxonomic methods currently employed. Over the last ten decades, the use of molecular methods, especially DNA sequence data has had a profound influence on taxonomy. The DNA sequences which are commonly used, occur either in the nucleus of the cell or in organelles such as mitochondria. This is a review article about molecular taxonomy studies on insects, especially aquatic ones.

3 illus, 3 tables, 109 ref

021534   Drishya M K;Binu Kumari S;Mohan Kumar M; Ambikadevi A P;Aswin B (Zoology PG and Research Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore) : Histopathological changes in the gills of fresh water fish, Catla catla exposed to electroplating effluent. Int J Fish aqua Stud 2016, 4(5), 13-16.

Histopathology changes have been widely used as biomarkers in the evaluation of the health of fish exposed to contaminants, one of the great advantage of using histopathological biomarkers in environmental monitoring is that this category of biomarkers allows examining specific target organs including gills that are responsible for vital functions. Such as respiration, accumulation, biotransformation of metals in fish and may cause many diseases structural alternations and functional changes in the organs of animals. Histology acts as an integrated parameter, providing a more complete evaluation of the organisms health, effectively monitoring the effects of exposure to environmental pollutants. The electroplating effluent was collected from vellalore station, Coimbatore. The fresh water fish Catla catla was selected as the test animals. 1/10th of 96 hrs LC₅₀ was taken as sublethal concentration of electroplating effluent. After the stipulated period of exposure (24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs) fishes were sacrificed and gill was isolated and used for histopathological studies.

5 illus, 19 ref

021533   Das S;Das B K;Kar D (Life Science and Bioinformatics Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar-788 011, Email: biplabkumar1987@gmail.com) : Fish diversity and physico-chemical parameters of river Singla, Assam, India. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(6), 1140-6.

A total of 16 species of fishes belonging to 12 genera, 5 orders and 11 families were collected from the Singla River. Among them Order Cypriniformes (31%) and Siluriformes (31%) were found to be the most abundant and Beloniformes (6%) the least. Certain physicochemical parameters viz., Water colour, Water Temperature, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Free Carbon dioxide (FCO₂), Total Alkalinity (TA), pH etc. of the river were recorded during the month from December 2012 to May 2013. The results revealed low DO and high free CO₂. Conclusively all these parameters were found to be not very healthy for the aquatic biota.

4 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

021532   Chakravarty H;Singha H;Dutta B K (Ecology and Environmental Science Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar, Email: hilloljyoti.singha@gmail.com) : Avian diversity in and around Sone Beel, Assam. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2015, 3(2), 147-53.

'Sone Beel' is the largest fresh water tectonic lake in the north eastern Indian state of Assam. Systematic list of the birds of this region was lacking. The present study (September 2012 to February 2015) documented the avian fauna in and around Sone Beel. A total of 89 species of birds belonging to 32 families were recorded. Out of these 89 species 39 were water birds, 13 water depended birds while 37 species were terrestrial birds. There were two vulnerable species and two species were listed as near threatened, and 27 were winter visitors. The conservation threats of the beel have been highlighted.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 re

020640   Vineela D;Reddy S J (Fishery Science and Aquaculture Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati, Email: sajnardanaredy@gmail.com) : Effect of silver nanoparticles on haematological and protein metabolic indices of carp fish, Catla catla, treated with lihocin and A. veronii. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(4), 4393-04.

Fish is an important component of human diet and one of the cheapest sources of quality animal protein available to millions across the world. Fish serves as a major health food owing to its higher protein, beneficial fat and various micro nutrients. The freshwater fish, Catla catla, exposed to sub lethal concentration of Lihocin, Aeromonas veronii, and with Silver Naoparticles for a period of 45 days. In the present study the Lihocin striking behavioural, haematological, serological and antibacterial activity changes in the experimental fishes. After introduction of chemical, fishes showed interestingly try to jump out of aquarium to avoid the chemical stress followed by increased swimming, restlessness, surfacing and hyper activity. Lihocin and bacteria caused to significant (P<60> 0.05) decrease in haematological parameters such as Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) over the control fishes. The Lihocin and bacteria also caused a significant decrease in total proteins, whereas significantly increased free amino acids levels in gill, liver and muscle tissues of the fish Catla catla, indicating that increase of free amino acid levels were the resulting the breakdown of proteins for energy and impaired incorporation of amino acids in protein synthesis and increase in proteolytic activity. Reduced in tissue protein content suggests stress in metabolic process and impairment of protein synthesis machinery in fish and the catabolic process was initiated by increased proteolysis that led to rapid decline in protein content to meet the energy demand in extremely stressful medium. Increased activities of AAT and AlAT were observed in both lethal and sublethal concentrations of Lihocin and bacteria, A. veronii for over 45 days. Elevation of AAT and ALAT in different tissues of fish suggests either increased operation of transamination or increased synthesis of amino acids from other sources like glucose or free fatty acids during Lihocin toxicity.

9 tables, 66 ref