030375   DEVI A N, MOHAN G K (Pharmacognosy Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana, Email: nikithaasha3@gmail.com) : A review on Chloroxylon swietenia. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 502-6.

Chloroxylon swietenia is a moderate sized deciduous tree, belonging to the family rutaceae. Chloroxylon swietenia is the sole species in the genus Chloroxylon. Distributed in India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. In India it is distributed in Kerala, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Researches on Chloroxylon swietenia gives the evidence that it contains chemical constituents like alkaloids, lignans, mono and sesquiterpenes, phenolics, coumarins, sugars and their derivatives and fatty alcohols. However, the researchers also prove that it is used as anti-oxidants, anti- fungal, anti–microbial and anti-inflammatory. This article collates the phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of Chloroxylon swietenia.

2 tables, 31 ref

030489   SURYAWANSHI J S, GAWADE S P (Pharmacognosy Dep, Satara Coll of Pharmacy, Satara, Maharashtra, Email: jay.suryawanshi79@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) seed oil in water nanoemulsion. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 488-94.

The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate the Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) seed oil in water nanoemulsion by using low energy Emulsion Phase Inversion (EPI) method.To formulate the nanoemulsion, minimum concentration of non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and Span 20 were used. The nanoemulsions were evaluated for analysis of globule size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, refractive index and physical stability. The optimized nanoemulsion was composed of 6 % Karanj oil, 40 % Smix and 54 % aquous phase. The average droplet size of the optimized nanoemulsion was found to be 245 nm. The results revealed that, the developed nanoemulsion was found to be stable at long term stability study.

3 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

030364   BEGUM N, KIRAN B R (Botany Dep, Sahyadri Science Coll, Shivamogga - 577 203, Karnataka, Email: drbrk2003@gmail.com) : Documentation of forage yielding plants of Shivamogga taluk, Karnataka. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 470-4.

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in order to document the forage plants in and around Shivamogga taluk of Karnataka from January to December 2016. A total of 38 plant species belonging to 17 families were reported from the study area which are sources of fodder to the livestock. Among 17 families Fabaceae is dominant with 11 species. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the main occupation in this study area. The diversity of forage plants is a proportion of the enormous biodiversity occurring in this region. The present findings suggest a high scope of the utilization of these natural and cultivated/uncultivated plants for supporting livestock-based livelihood in the studied area.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

030471   SELVADHAS S, NATARAJAN S (Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Dep, L.N.G. Coll, Ponneri, Email: selvadhas1982@gmail.com) : In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Euphorbia nivulea Ham. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 462-9.

Traditional information possess that the juice of the leaf is used as a purgative, diuretic etc. The paste of the leaf made with neem oil is applied externally in rheumatism. Plant latex is used for treating jaundice, dropsy, enlargement of liver and spleen, and applied to hemorrhoids. Coagulated latex is used for bronchitis. Phytochemical studies indicated that the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts contain a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites like terpenes, flavonoids phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and tannins. Phenol, tannins and flavonoids were predominantly found in ethyl acetate and methanol solvent extracts and petroleum ether and chloroform exhibits phytosterols, fixed oils and terpenoids. In the present study the in-vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Euphorbia nivulea Ham (Euphorbiaceae) was evaluated against various strains of bacteria and fungi. The aerial parts of the plant extracts were tested for the anti-bacterial activity against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholera) bacteria. The anti-fungal potency was tested against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Monococcus purpura and Candida albicans. The preliminary anti-microbial activities were done by agar well diffusion method. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts displayed very less anti-microbial activity; whereas ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed very good anti-microbial activity with widest zone of inhibition which was comparable to standard drug. Hence these two extracts were further tested for their MIC by micro broth dilution method. From the study it was found that ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited remarkable anti-microbial activity against the tested micro-organism.

6 tables, 20 ref

030418   LALITHA N, DHANDAPANI R (Botany Dep, Government Arts Coll, Ariyalur - 621 713, Tamil Nadu, Email: paniroever2007@rediffmail.com) : Qualitative and quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites from the sea weeds of Gulf of Mannar South India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 455-61.

Considering the significance and important of marine algae, especially sea weeds as food and raw material for industrial products. In the present study, sea weeds are collected from the Gulf of Mannar, nearly 18 Sea weeds were taken for qualitative and quantitative determination of secondary metabolites. The results shown that lowest to highest content of secondary metabolites from the 18 sea weeds. The results shown that the selected sea weeds contain rich source of secondary metabolites.

4 tables, 30 ref

030481   SIVARAJ C, SARASWATHI K, SINDHU R, SUBASREE S, SANGEETHA S T, ARUMUGAM P (ARMATS Biotek Training and Research Institute, Chennai - 600 032, Email: shivaraj27@gmail.com) : Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of methanol peel extract of Punica granatum L. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 445-54.

Peels of Punica granatum L., a well-known medicinal plant, has extensively been used in ayurvedic medicines to treat various diseases. The Punica granatum is usually found growing on river banks or near dry river beds in West Bengal and South and Central India. Phenols and flavonoids content were analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods. Methanol extract of peels of Punica granatum was evaluated for the antioxidant activity using DPPH˙ radical, superoxide radical (O₂. -), Fe²⁺ chelation assay, Fe³⁺ reducing power and phosphomolybdenum reduction assay. The IC₅₀ of methanol extract of peels of Punica granatum for DPPH˙ radical, superoxide radical (O₂. -) and Fe²⁺ chelation was 181.09, 94.66 and 51.69 μg/mL concentration. The RC₅₀ of methanol extract of peels of Punica granatum for Fe³⁺ reduction and phosphomolybdenum reduction was 15.00 and 16.92 μg/mL concentration respectively. The IC₅₀ of methanol extract of peels of Punica granatum for antidiabetic activity carried out by α-amylase enzyme inhibition assay was found to be 37.18 μg/mL concentration. From the present investigation it is concluded that methanol extract of peel of Punica granatum L. was found to be good source of natural antioxidants and can be used effectively to inhibit radicals.

1 illus, 6 tables, 45 ref

030417   LALITHA N, DHANDAPANI R (Botany Dep, Government Arts Coll, Ariyalur - 621 713, Tamil Nadu, Email: paniroever2007@rediffmail.com) : Estimation of vitamin components in selected green algal sea weeds collected from Gulf of Mannar Islands, Tamil nadu state south India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 426-33.

Vitamins are more important in nutrition aspects, now a day’s sea weeds are providing nutrients in various ways. In Bay of Bengal region, grown number of sea weeds and algal species 18 different seaweeds collected from the study area and analyzed the vitamin contents such as A, C, E and B complex vitamins such as B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12 by standard methods. The results are discussed with the literature.

3 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

030406   KSHETRIMAYUM K, RENUKA DEVI N, ARIBAM P S, LONGJAM U, LONGJAM K D, Ng A, Keisam S, OINAM P C (Modern Coll, Imphal, Manipur, Email: opchanu@gmail.com) : Quantitative estimation of total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in Oreopanax xalepensis. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 410-5.

Manipuri people have the traditional habit of eating raw leaves and other parts of plants by preparing traditional delicacies such as eromba, kangshu and shingju. The present work is based on the medicinally important plant Oreopanax xalepensis, locally called chom which is consumed as boiled leaves in kangshu preparation. We quantified the total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in both the septate and aseptate leaves of O. xalepensis using five different solvents (80 % acetone, acetone absolute, 95 % ethanol, methanol or water). Here, we report the higher content of both chlorophyll and carotenoid in septate leaves compared to the aseptate leaves. Our results showed that methanol and ethanol are the best extraction solvents for septate and aseptate leaves of O. xalepensis respectively.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

030488   SUNITHA K, NAGULU M, SRISAILAM K (Satavahana Univ, Telangana - 505 001, Email: kailasasuni@gmail.com) : Evaluation of methanolic extract of Physalis minima fruits for immunomodulatory activity. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 394-401.

Traditional plants are used to treat several ailments. They are rich source of variety of phytoconstituents. The present phytochemical studies have addressed extracting, isolating and identifying bioactive compounds of plants. In the present study, Physalis minima unripe fruits were extracted with methanol and screened for active group of chemical constituents by different analytical methods. The literature survey revealed that there is no evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of the fruits. So, the present work was aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extract of unripe fruits of Physalis minima. From research studies in the past and present HPLC and LC-MS data, it can be assumed that the extract possess steroidal alkaloids, which are responsible for immunostimulant properties.

1 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

030350   ACHARYA U C, OINAM R, MAHESH M (Azyme Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore - 560 069, Karnataka, Email: mahesh@azymebio.com) : Screening for bioactive compounds of leaves and root samples of Plantago asiatica. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 352-9.

Phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants are used as traditional medicine to cure various diseases. Plantago asiatica from Plantaginaceae family is considered as orthodox medicinal herb throughout the years and used in the treatment of diseases includes, wounds bronchitis, chronic constipation; diarrhea. The aim of the present study is to investigate the phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic, and quantitative estimations of phytochemicals by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Leaves and root samples of plant were dried, powdered and used for phytochemical extraction with successive solvents such as Petroleum Ether, Acetone, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol and Cold extract using Soxhlet apparatus. Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Phenols, tannins, terpenoids, saponins were detected both in leaves and root extracts of different solvents. Acetone extract of plant leaves, showed high free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC₅₀ values in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) assay (9.95 μg/ml), 2,2¹-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay (51.55 μg/ml), reducing power (FRAP) (3.23 mg/ml), superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (2.39 mg/ml) and cold extract showed Nitric oxide (NO) (10.5 μg/ml), scavenging assays. The HPLC analysis of methanol extract of plant leaves showed phenols (51 mg/g), flavonoids (163.4 mg/g), ethyl acetate of plant root showed Tannins (35.41 mg).The antidiabetic activity of α-amylase was observed in petroleum ether extract of leaves with IC₅₀ of 236.47 μg/ml. Our findings provided evidence that the extracts of plant contain medicinally bioactive compounds and it justifies their medicinal uses.

17 ref

030399   KALAIVANI V, SUMATHI R (Botany Dep, PSGR Krishnammal Coll for Women, Coimbatore - 641 004, Email: kalai.vishvanathan@gmail.com) : Antifungal, phytochemical, protein and FT-IR analysis of Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch.. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 339-43.

In recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world. The therapeutic effect of these plants for the treatment of various diseases is based on the chemical constituents present in them. Medicinal plants provide affordable means of health care for poor and marginalised people. Ampelocissus is a genus of Vitaceae family. The FT-IR analysis of stem and fruit powder showed the alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, amines, ketones, aldehydes. Despite its well- recognised medicinal and economic potential, there are no commercial plantations worldwide. Wild plants have continuously been used to meet the growing commercial demand in terms of their socio-economic value. Ampelocissus latifolia is the plant which may not be freely available in future due to over exploitation, habitat destruction or lack of domestication and cultivation. Since this plant species is an important ingredient of several medicines due to its usefulness, phytochemical investigation for isolation of important active ingredients through cell culture will be helpful.

9 tables, 11 ref

030506   VIJAYA JYOTHI M, SALAMMA S, BHARGAV E, CHAITANYA M V N L, RAO B R P (Pharmaceutical chemistry Dep, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ananthapuramu - 515 721, Andhra Pradesh, Email: biodiversityravi@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening, anthelmintic and antioxidant potential of Dipcadi krishnadevarayae (Asparagaceae). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 332-8.

Dipcadi krishnadevarayae (Asparagaceae) is a bulbous monocotyledonous medicinal plant discovered in 2016 in different localities of Ananthapuramu district, Andhra Pradesh. In the present work, we studied its anthelmintic and antioxidant potential of methanolic and n-hexane extracts. Phytochemical investigations revealed that methanolic extract of both whole stem and bulbous parts possess flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. Significant anthelminthic activity was found with methanolic stem extract against Standard drug Albendazole. Antioxidant potential was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu’s method, Free Radical Scavenging Activity (FRSA), UV spectrophotometric method and Oyaizu method and the results revealed that both methanolic stem and bulb extracts possess considerable antioxidant activity when compared with standard antioxidants.

2 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

030367   BHARGAVI B, KALOORI K (Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Telangana - 500 07, Email: battu.bhargavi@gmail.com) : Preliminary phytochemical analysis of different solvent extracts of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. ex Nees. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 311-4.

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds which are used for treatment of various human diseases. Some herbs have been added to foods since ancient times, not only as flavoring agent, but also as food preservatives and to treat common ailments. This study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of Andrographis paniculata which belongs to the Accanthaceae family. The phytochemical analysis of total extracts in water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata were investigated. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Phenols, Flavonoids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Alkaloids, Saponins, Tanins, Anthroquinones, Terpenoids, Steroids, Glycosides, Cardic glycosides, Xanthoproteins in varying solvents.

1 table, 28 ref

030436   NAYEK A (Botany Dep, Trivenidevi Bhalotia Coll, Paschim Barddhaman – 713 347, West Bengal, Email: amitavanayek@gmail.com) : Invigouration of seeds of Rauvolfia serpentina and Withania somnifera by chemical manipulation techniques. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 281-90.

An experiment was conducted to arrest the ageing-induced fast loss of germination and also to enhance the permeability of seeds of two drug yielding plants viz. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. (Apocynaceae) and Withenia somnifera Dunal. (Solanaceae) with antioxidants like reduced glutathione, mercaptoethanol, ascorbic acid, cysteine and a growth retardant salicylic acid. The seeds were pretreated with concentrations of 10^-2 to 10^-5 M for 8 Hr. The pretreated seeds were then imposed for accelerated ageing treatment for 20 and 40 days at 99.1 % Relative Humidity (RH) at 30 ± 2 °C. Field emergency capacity was found better in chemically pretreated seeds than non-treated seeds. Plant potentiality, measured in terms of chlorophyll and protein content, Hill activity was higher in the plants developed from pretreated seeds ignoring the adverse storage condition. Catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity was also remarkably supports Hill activity. Therefore, the trend of activities of antioxidants follows: reduced glutathione > salicylic acid > mercaptolethanol > ascorbic acid > cysteine. The most effective concentration was 10^-4 M in both the cases antioxidant and growth retardant.

7 tables, 36 ref

030465   SAJI J A, VEENA R (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, CPAS, Cheruvandoor, Email: veenarevikumar@gmail.com) : Ethanol extract of Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa degener leaves suppresses adipogenesis by down regulation of PPAR-γ in in vivo and ex vivo models. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 270-80.

The anti-adipogenic as well as antihyperlipidemic effects in vivo of the ethanolic extract of Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa Degener leaves (EEPE) were investigated. The pharmacological effects were assessed by measuring bodyweight (every 5^th day), serum total lipid profile (30^th day) using High fat diet (HFD) induced model. After cervical dislocation, the in vivo antioxidant property was analysed by lipid peroxidation assay using rat liver slices. The liver slices were also subjected to reverse transcriptase PCR to analyse expression of PPAR-γ gene in obesity and adipogenesis. Significant decrease in weight was observed along with marked decrease in lipid profile levels as well as atherogenic index too, demonstrated the antihyperlipidemic activity of the extract. The percentage of lipid peroxidation of extract treated was substantially reduced which implies the in vivo antioxidant property of the extract. The expression of PPAR- γ in extract treated was found to be down regulated. Significant hypolipidemic effects produced in all the in vivo parameters indicate for the first time that leaves of this plant effectively attenuates HFD- induced obesity, atherosclerosis as well as hepatic steatosis by inhibiting adipocyte formation.

10 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

030460   RANI B V, KUMARI B V (Botany Dep, S.T. Hindu Coll, Nagercoil - 629 002, Tamil Nadu, Email: vijayaranirvg@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and gc-ms analysis of freshwater algae Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 264-9.

Algae are very important component of aquatic ecosystem, known for producing several biologically active compounds. In the present study, filamentous green algae, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum was collected from Marthandeswarar temple pond of Kanniyakumari district in South India. The Benzene, Methanol, Chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane extracts of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum were subjected to phytochemical screening. The result clearly revealed that it contains alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponins, glycosides, oil and resin, and free from anthroquinone, tannin and phlobatannins. GC-MS analysis showed that 11 different compounds of varied nature were present in the benzene extract.

1 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

030412   KUMARE M M, SHENDARKAR G R (CRPS Nanded Pharmacy Coll, Nanded, Email: kmangesh008@gmail.com) : Isolation, purification and characterization of the gum exudates from mardi (Terminalia tomentosa). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 107-12.

Mardi (Terminalia tomentosa) is Important gum producing tree of Gadchiroli district and having considerable, commercial and industrial importance therefore the study undertaken for isolation of gum exudates obtained from Mardi and their characterization and evaluation. The Gum was dried, pulverized and drawn out using distilled water and isolated by acetone. Various physicochemical tests and other parameters like micromeritic properties, swelling index and viscosity were evaluated for characterizing the isolated and purified gum. The result revealed that water-based extraction of gum has excellent flow properties. It has a good swelling index of 44 ± 0.58 %. The gum was examined for purity by carrying out various phytochemical tests and showed that carbohydrates, sugar and amino acids and gum were found to be present. The pH of 1% solution of gum was found to be 5.6 ± 0.01 and the total ash value was found to be 3.20 ± 0.01. Bulk density, tapped densities were found to be 0.73 ± 0.01 g/cm³ and 0.91 ± 0.01 g/cm³, respectively. Bulkiness was found to be 1.37 ± 0.02 cm³/g. Hausner’s ratio and carr’s index were found to be 1.25 ± 0.01 and 19.78 ± 0.12%. Extracted gum wasswells and forms a gel with cold water, form a viscous colloidal solution in hot water and this property can be utilized for sustained drug delivery. The results of evaluated parameters showed that mardi gum has satisfactory pH and physicochemical properties, which can be used as pharmaceutical adjuvant in formulating various dosage forms.

1 illus, 1 tables, 23 ref

030443   OJHA S, HALDER S, DEY S (Darjeeling Government Coll, Darjeeling - 734 101, Email: subhojitojha2014@gmail.com) : Effect of Cestrum aurantiacum leaf extract and KNO₃ on seed health of black gram. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 7-10.

An investigation was carried out to analysed seed health of black gram (Vigna radiata L.) by using Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. leaf extracts and KNO₃ by some reliable physiological and biochemical parameters. It was found from the experimental results that the Cestrum leaf extracts (1:1 and 1:2) exert inhibitory effect whereas KNO₃ (100 and 500 μg ml^-1) exert promotive effect on black gram seeds. The extracts of Cestrum reduced the percentage germination and increased T₅₀ values. KNO₃ treated black gram seeds shows promotive effect on dehydrogenase activity and it was concentration dependent. Cestrum leaf extracts shows profuse leaching of amino acids and enhanced soluble carbohydrate contents. It was also found that leaf extract treated black gram seeds contain reduced amount of insoluble carbohydrates and nucleic acids in comparison to control.

2 tables, 19 ref

030362   AYUNINGTYAS I N, MUN’IM A, SUTRIYO S (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, Indonesia Univ, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia, Email: sutriyo@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : The study of safety and skin whitening efficacy of melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract loaded lipid particle gel. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 432-6.

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract (MSE) is potential as skin‑whitening agent because it contains trans‑resveratrol and its derivatives, to inhibit tyrosinase in melanogenesis process. Using MSE in cosmetic products will be challenging due to resveratrol chemical instability and bioavailability in the skin. Many cosmetic products have been developed using lipid particle technology to improve their limitation. The objective of this research was to examine the skin safety and whitening efficacy of MSE‑loaded lipid particle gel in healthy human subjects. Single occlusive closed patch test for 24 h was used as the skin irritation analysis. Irritation responses were graded after patch removal and compared to the control for evaluation. The efficacy study was performed using Mexameter to measure skin melanin index on 25 female volunteers. The result showed the test product did not induce skin irritation effect. The skin melanin index was statistically significant decreased  (P  <  0.05) after 28 days of application the test product, with the averaged by 3.50 %, and skin melanin index changed by increase 0.75% in the control group. Application MSE‑loaded lipid particle gel can brighten the skin, without cause irritation under normal conditions of use.

2 illus, 7 tables, 29 ref

030444   PAUL T S, DAS B B, INGALE S P, KILLEDAR N, APTE K G (Satellite Lab of Venture Centre, Pune - 411 041, Email: taniapaul6@gmail.com) : Oral intake of polyphenols of Chromolaena odorata: A perspective in peptic ulcer, thrombocytopenia, and heparin induced bleeding diathesis in rodent model. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 426-31.

Bleeding disorder is of two types: external bleeding due to trauma, surgery, and internal bleeding which happens mainly due to ulcers and thrombocytopenia or use of excessive anticoagulants. Proven hemostatic activity of Chromolaena odorata  (L) in bleeding and wound healing had encouraged to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract and spray‑dried powder (SDP) on ulcers, thrombocytopenia, and heparin‑induced bleeding diathesis. Internal bleeding in the form of lesions in empty stomach was induced by absolute ethanol. Busulfan is administered through intraperitoneal injection to produce thrombocytopenia in Wistar rats and heparin at 1000 IU/ml was injected intravenous to mice, and after 30  min, tail was truncated to qualitatively and quantitatively differentiate the bleeding diathesis in treated versus nontreated controls. A significant reduction in the lesions was observed in treated rats as compared to disease control rats which was evident from ulcer index and histopathology data. Considerable protection and production of platelets were observed in the thrombocytopenia model which was drastically reduced in the Busulfan administered disease control. Both aqueous extract and SDP were successful in preventing blood loss in heparin‑induced tail‑bleeding model. The presence of polyphenols attributes to the crucial role of C. odorata in arresting internal bleeding from stomach ulcer, protecting the thrombocytes from destroying, and minimizing the bleeding diathesis in mice.

4 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

030349   ABHIRAMA B R, RAJAGOPAL S, NEETHU I S, ARIYA S G, ATHIRA B, DHANALEKSHMI K M (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, J.K.K Nattraja Coll of Pharmacy, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, Email: abhiramabr266@gmail.com) : In vitro assessment of antioxidant and antiurolithic activities of ethanol extract of whole plant Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 417-21.

Previous research studies have demonstrated that the formation of urinary stones leads to oxidative stress in patients; hence, search for antiurolithic drugs possessing antioxidant activities from natural sources has gained great potential. The present study was undertaken to investigate in vitro antioxidant and antiurolithic potency of ethanol extract of whole plant Biophytum sensitivum Linn. DC  (EEBS). The antioxidant potential of EEBS was determined by nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. Inhibition capacity of EEBS on calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization was evaluated by nucleation assay, aggregation assay, and microscopic assay (image analysis of CaOx crystal morphology). Half‑maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of nitric oxide radical scavenging activity of EEBS was found to be 90.12 µg/mL and that of ascorbic acid (standard) was 37.23 µg/mL. In nucleation assay, IC₅₀ of EEBS was found to be 68.82 mg/mL, compared with 52. 41 mg/mL for cystone (standard). In aggregation assay, IC₅₀ value was indicated as 52.39 mg/mL and for cystone, it was found to be 41.62 mg/mL. Addition of various concentration of EEBS (20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/mL) resulted in change in structure of CaOx crystals. EEBS a concentration of 160 mg/mL reduced the size of CaOx crystals to 812.68 µm whereas size of CaOx crystal treated with the control was 1398.05 µm. The size reduction of CaOx crystals was found to be dose‑dependent. This plant can be used alone or in combination with other herbal drugs, as EEBS showed significant antioxidant and antiurolithic activities.

8 illus, 37 ref

030431   MONDAL S, PANIGRAHI N, SANCHETI P, TIRKEY R, MONDAL P, ALMAS S, KOLA V (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, GITAM (Deemed to be Univ), Visakhapatnam - 530 045, Email: mondalresearch@gmail.com) : Evaluation of toxicological, diuretic, and laxative properties of ethanol extract from Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich) aerial parts with in silico docking studies of polyphenolic compounds on carbonic anhydrase II: An enzyme target for diuretic activity. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 408-16.

Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich) is a species of fern having a wide range of reputed medicinal properties for the treatment of inflammation, fever, renal failure, stomach problems, etc. The present investigation focused on the evaluation of toxicity profile and diuretic and laxative activities of ethanol extract from M. torresiana aerial parts (EEMTAP), with in silico docking studies of polyphenolic compounds on carbonic anhydrase (CA)‑II, an enzyme target for diuretic activity. Acute and subacute toxicity was performed according to the Organization for Economic Co‑operation and Development guidelines. EEMTAP at doses of 200, 400, and 600  mg/kg, p.o., employed for the assessment of diuretic and laxative activities with loperamide‑induced constipation in Wistar albino rats. Furosemide (10 mg/kg, p.o.), agar‑agar (300 mg/kg, p.o.), and sodium picosulfate (5 mg/kg, p.o) were used as reference standards, respectively, for activity comparison. During saluretic activity study, total urine volume, body weight before and after the experiment, and urinary levels of Na⁺, K⁺ (by flame photometry), and Cl⁻ (by titrimetry) were estimated. Polyphenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and quercetin were successfully detected through chromatographic method of EEMTAP, and to rationalize the results obtained in diuretic activities, we carried out docking studies of the natural phenolic compounds against CA‑II enzyme co‑complexed with furosemide (Protein Data Bank ID: 1Z9Y CA‑II in complex with furosemide as sulfonamide inhibitor). In acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed at 2000  mg/kg, p.o., and in subacute toxicity study, the extract‑treated group did not show any significant changes in body weight and organ weights. The hematological and biochemical parameters did not show any significant changes in the sample‑treated groups when compared with the control group animals. The laxative activity of the extract was found to be in a dose‑dependent increase in fecal output of rats at selected dose levels; similarly, EEMTAP significantly increased the urinary output as well as urinary electrolyte concentration in a dose‑dependent manner. The molecular docking studies of phenolic compounds (caffeic acid and quercetin) into the binding site of CA II enzyme reveals that these analogues are having more favourable interaction when compared to the furosemide with better docking scores and hydrogen bonding interactions. The result demonstrated that the EEMTAP possesses a reasonable safety profile and shows promising diuretic and laxative activities in a dose‑dependent manner.

7 illus, 5 tables, 59 ref

030379   DUBEY S, RAMANA M V, MISHRA A, GUPTA P S, AWASTHI H (Pharmacology Dep, Amity Univ, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: hawasthi@lko.amity.edu) : Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) seed oil in combating inflammation: A mechanistic approach. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 404-7.

This study assessed and compared in  vivo anti‑inflammatory activity of Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) and Hippophae salicifolia (HS) seed oil. HR and HS seed oil was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and characterized using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Wistar rats were used for predicting anti‑inflammatory activity. HR and HS (2 and 4 ml/kg, respectively) exhibited dose‑dependent inhibition of carrageenan‑, histamine‑, prostaglandin‑, bradykinin‑, and arachidonic acid  (AA)‑induced paw edema. Significant leukotriene‑induced inhibition was observed in HR. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lipid‑peroxidase (LPO) assays were performed and HR and HS seed oil significantly decreased the level of MPO and LPO at 4 ml/kg dose (P < 0.001). Dual inhibition of AA metabolism in HR and cyclooxygenase inhibition in HS was observed that might be attributed to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically, a correct balance of n‑3 and n‑6 PUFAs. However, the findings should be interpreted in the light of limitation of this study. Detailed experimentation at enzymatic levels would further help in substantiating the results inferred in this study.

2 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

030355   ALHAGE J, ELBITAR H, TAHA S, BENVEGNU T (ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), CS 50837-35708 Rennes, France, Email: thierry.benvegnu@ensc-rennes.fr) : In vitro assessment of antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of Campanula retrorsa crude extracts. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 397-403.

Campanula retrorsa belongs to the Campanulaceae family and the Campanula genus. The species of this latter are traditionally known for their antiallergic, spasmolytic, antiphlogistic, antioxidant, and antiviral properties. Few studies were realized on the bioactivity of Calicotome villosa crude extracts. The objective was to investigate, for the first time, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, and anti‑inflammatory potentials of dichloromethane, methanol, and aqueous crude extracts of C.  retrorsa leaves, flowers, and stems. The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts was determined using the free radical, 1, 1‑diphenyl‑2‑picrylhydrazyl. Antimicrobial activity against three Gram‑positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Enterococcus faecium), two Gram‑negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumanii) bacterial strains and a fungal strain (Candida albicans) was evaluated in a plate‑hole diffusion assay. Cytotoxic activity of C. retrorsa dichloromethane and methanol crude extracts on Hela cells was realized using the Trypan blue dye exclusion technique. Antidiabetic activity against α‑glucosidase and anti‑inflammatory activity against bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were assessed using a colorimetric test. Leaf and flower aqueous extracts possessed very high radical scavenging activity  =  90 %. The dichloromethane extracts of leaves and flowers were the most active against A. baumanii and C. albicans. After 48 h of treatment, all extracts except the methanol flower extract showed an inhibition of 90 % of cell growth at 2 mg/mL. Dichloromethane and methanol stem crude extracts showed a modest inhibition of α‑glucosidase. While no inhibition of the PLA2 was displayed by any of the tested extracts. Obtained results give an overall view on C. retrorsa crude extracts’ bioactivities.

2 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

030380   FARZAEI F, HEYDARPOUR F, FARZAEI M H, HAGHIGHI Z M S, ABBASABADI Z, SADEGHI E (Kermanshah Univ of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran, Email: mh.farzaei@gmail.com) : Protective effect of Ferulago angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. hydroalcoholic extract against acetic acid induced colitis in rat: Role of pro inflammatory cytokines. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 391-6.

Ulcerative colitis  (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Ferulago angulata  (Schltdl.) Boiss. has been proposed as an efficacious treatment for gastrointestinal ulcers and UC in the traditional Persian medicine. In the present study, we investigated the possible protective effect of F. angulata  (Schltdl.) Boiss. hydroalcoholic extract (FAE) against acetic acid‑induced UC in rats. The aerial parts of FAE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered orally after acetic acid induced‑inflammatory bowel disease. On the 3rd  day, animals were euthanized by an overdose of ether inhalation and the abdomen was rapidly dissected for macroscopic, histological, and biochemical (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‑α, interleukin‑1β [IL‑1β]) analyses. All doses of F. angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. extract ameliorated acetic acid‑induced macroscopic and microscopic scores, except for 50 mg/kg. Furthermore, our observations were accompanied by a significant (P < 0.05) suppression in the elevated amount of IL‑1β and TNF‑α. These findings demonstrated the beneficial effect of hydroalcoholic extract of F. angulata  (Schltdl.) Boiss. in acetic acid‑induced ulcerative lesions via anti‑inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and mucosal healing properties. F. angulata (Schltdl.) Boiss. possesses promising protective function on colitis.

4 illus, 41 ref

030466   SALEH M S M, SIDDIQUI M J, SO’AD S Z M, MURUGESU S, KHATIB A, RAHMAN M M (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, International Islamic Univ Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia, Email: jamshed_siddiqui@iium.edu.my) : Antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profile of salak (Salacca zalacca) fruit peel extracts. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 385-90.

Salacca zalacca or better known as salak fruit is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, and it is traditionally used to treat diabetes. This study was aimed to investigate the salak peel extracts for their biological and chemical activities. Also, the chemical profile of the most promising extract was analysed on gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The peel extracts were prepared by maceration process at room temperature with different ratio of ethanol/water. All the extracts were determined for their α‑glucosidase inhibitory activity using α‑glucosidase enzyme. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined through their Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The chemical constituents of salak peel extracts were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC MS). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid contents in all the extracts. About 100% ethanol extract shows the highest phenolic content (116.70 ± 0.764 µg/mL) while 60% ethanol extract has the lowest content 18.65 ± 1.155 µg/ml using gallic acid as a reference. 100% ethanol extract was observed to exhibit highest radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and α‑glucosidase inhibitory activities  (IC₅₀:  49.45  ±  3.87 µg/mL, 144.81  ±  3.72 µg AAE/g, IC₅₀:  11.62  ±  0.67b µg/mL), respectively. Water extracts had the lowest FRAP, radical scavenging activity as well as α‑glucosidase activity. The phytochemical investigation on GC‑MS showed the presence of active compounds in salak fruit peel extracts.  Salak fruit peels showed the highest antioxidant as well as α‑glucosidase inhibitory activities. Phytochemical analysis on GC‑MS confirms the presence of gallic acid, linoelaidic acid, palmitic acid, α‑tocopherol, and steric acid which may contribute to α‑glucosidase inhibitory activity.

2 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

030498   TORKI A, HOSSEINABADI T, FASIHZADEH S, SADEGHIMANESH A, WIBOWO J P, LORIGOOINI Z (Shahrekord Univ of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, Email: zahralorigooini@gmail.com) : Solubility of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystallization in the presence of crude extract and fractions from Kelussia odoratissima Mozaf. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 379-84.

Urinary tract stones are the third common urinary tract disease that may lead to renal failure. Kelussia odoratissima is traditionally used in the treatment of kidney stones in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari region. This study was designed to investigate in vitro effect of crude extract and fractions of K. odoratissima on kidney stones (calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate). A total of 70% ethanolic extract of K. odoratissima was prepared by maceration method followed by liquid–liquid extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and saturated n‑butanol to get four fractions. Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate were synthesized and then were treated with hydroalcoholic extract and fractions. Their effects on the dissolution of generated stone were assayed by calcium kit. The stones were synthesized and confirmed by fourier‑transform infrared technique. Results showed that total extract and its fractions had significant potency to dissolve calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals. The results indicate the higher potency of fractions containing nonpolar compounds to dissolve calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stones compared to the fractions containing polar compounds. n‑butanolic fraction had the least effect and hexane fraction had the greatest effect on the calcium phosphate stones. Furthermore, the total extract has less dissolution ability, compared to the fractions. The obtained results of this study exhibited that the use of K. odoratissima extract and its fractions could help to dissolve urinary stones. Therefore, it can be effective in prevention and treatment of kidney stones on people who are prone to the formation of calcium oxalate and phosphate stones.

7 illus, 30 ref

030384   GHAREEB M, SAAD A, AHMED W, REFAHY L, NASR S (Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, P. O. 12615, Giza, Egypt, Email: m.ghareeb@tbri.gov.eg) : HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS Characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from Strelitzia nicolai leaf extracts and their antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 368-78.

Strelitzia nicolai Regel and Körn (Strelitziaceae) is native to Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly investigated. In the current work, different solvent extracts of S. nicolai were screened for their chemical profiles through high‑performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry  (HPLC‑DAD‑ESI‑MS/MS) analyses. Furthermore, their in  vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities were evaluated using 2,2’‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2’‑azino‑bis  (3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulphonic acid)  (ABTS) & ferric reducing antioxidant power  (FRAP) and crystal violet staining  (CVS) colorimetric assays, respectively. HPLC‑DAD‑ESI‑MS/MS analyses led to the identification of nineteen and eleven phenolic compounds from the ethyl acetate and n‑butanol extracts, respectively including flavonoids (e.g., quercetin 3‑(2 G‑rhamnosylrutinoside, quercetin, quercetin‑3‑O‑glucoside, kaempferol‑3,7‑O‑dirhamnoside, isorhamnetin‑3‑O‑rutinoside and kaempferol‑3‑O‑glucoside), phenolic acids derivatives (e.g., chlorogenic acid glycoside, protocatechuic acid‑O‑glucoside and caftaric acid ), chalcones (e.g., xanthoangelol), and phenylethanoids (e.g., ligstroside glucoside). Moreover, in the DPPH assay the IC₅₀ value of the most active ethyl acetate extract was 20.49 µg/mL, relative to 2.92 µg/mL of ascorbic acid. ABTS and FRAP results reinforced the results of DPPH assay. According to the National Cancer Institute criteria, the tested extracts showed weak to moderate cytotoxic activities with IC₅₀ values ranged from 65.23 to 451.29  µg/ mL. Furthermore, the EtOAc and n‑BuOH extracts showed a noticeable anticancer activity with CVS spectroscopic readings for liver hepatocellular carcinoma growth 0.806 and 0.684 at a concentration (125 µg/mL), as well as 0.730 and 0.618 at concentration (500 µg/mL), respectively against control at 1.022. The obtained results reveal the high efficacy of the phenolic‑rich extracts from S. nicolai as naturally occurring antioxidant and anti‑tumor agents.

7 illus, 5 tables, 48 ref

030397   JHA S, GUPTA S K, BHATTACHARYYA P, GHOSH A, MANDAL P (Botany Dep, North Bengal Univ, Siliguri - 734 013, Email: nbubotanypm@gmail.com) : In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of oligopeptides derived from different mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 361-7.

Several plant peptides have been known to exhibit various pharmacological activities. However, the bioactivity of mulberry peptides is not yet reported. In the present study, the peptides from different mulberry cultivars, namely S1, V1, S1635, and Dudhiya, were isolated and assessed for their in vitro free radical scavenging capacity and inhibitory activity of two key enzymes  (α‑amylase  [AA] and α‑glucosidase  [AG]) associated with type‑II diabetes. The 0.5–3 kDa ranged oligopeptides were isolated using cation exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration system and further characterized by high‑performance liquid chromatography and protein sequencer. The peptides were investigated for their in  vitro antioxidant potential by 1,1‑diphenyl‑2 picrylhydrazyl, 2,2‑azinobis‑(3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, and nitric oxide scavenging capacity and reducing power, metal chelating, and anti‑lipid peroxidation activity along with in  vitro antidiabetic activity by AA and AG inhibition. The results revealed that the peptides were found to possess significant free radical scavenging as well as AA and AG inhibitory activity in a dose‑dependent manner. Overall, the peptide isolated from S1 cultivar exhibited the most promising therapeutic potential. Further, the variation in amino acid composition of the oligopeptides could be associated with the observed variation in their bioactivity. These natural peptides may constitute an important part of the antioxidant defense system as well as antidiabetic agent and further could be used for the formulation of functional food and nutraceuticals.

6 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

030390   HAMID A, LIAN C P, HUDIN N H S, GHAZALI A R, JUFRI N F (Kebangsaan Malaysia Univ, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: asmah0901@ukm.edu.my) : Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes extract exhibits faster open wound healing in rats. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 354-60.

Zingiber zerumbet rhizome ethyl acetate extract (ZZRE) has the potential to be developed as a wound‑healing agent with its profound anti‑inflammatory property. This study was conducted to evaluate the wound healing effects of 5 % ZZRE on open wound in rats. Wistar rats  (n  =  90) were divided into three groups, negative control (treated with PBS), positive control (treated with solcoseryl gel), and 5 % ethyl acetate extract of Z. zerumbet, respectively. Wounds were induced on the rat’s dorsal surface on day 0. Measurements of wound closure, total protein, uronic acid, hexosamine, cathepsin B, hydroxyproline, and histological observations were conducted on the wound tissues. ZZRE‑treated group showed increment in wound closure, protein, and hydroxyproline level. The uronic acid and hexosamine levels of ZZRE‑treated wounds significantly increased on the 3^rd day (P < 0.05). Histological observations demonstrated formation of granulation tissue was faster and denser in ZZRE‑treated group. ZZRE enhances open wound healing in rats and has potential to be developed as a healing agent in the future.

9 illus, 42 ref

030389   HAJRA D, PAUL S (Botany Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata - 700 019, Email: spaul_1971@yahoo.com) : Study of glucose uptake enhancing potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) leaves extract on 3T3 L1 cells line and evaluation of its antioxidant potential. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 347-53.

The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing at an alarming rate globally. There is a need for suitable natural alternatives for its treatment, as the regular use of drugs causes several secondary health issues. Aim: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the phenol and flavonoid content; antioxidant and anti‑diabetic activity of fenugreek seeds and leaves in water and ethanolic extracts. Dried and powdered seeds and leaves of fenugreek were treated at different time and temperature combinations (100°C for 10 min; 80°C for 30 min; 60°C for 1  h; 37 °C for 6  h; 24 °C  [room temperature] for 24  h; 100 °C for 10  min followed by overnight soaking). Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2‑Diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl  (DPPH), and glucose uptake assays on 3T3‑L1 cell lines were performed on the extracts. The results show that fenugreek leaves treated at 100 °C for 10  min and overnight soaking yield extracts with the highest concentrations of desired phenols  (46.08  ±  0.15  mg GAE/g sample) and flavonoid content  (13.02  ±  0.44  mg/g sample) and antioxidant activity (DPPH) (45.41 ± 2.1 %) with enhanced glucose uptake activity in 3T3‑L1 cell lines. The phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antidiabetic activity was highest in the water extract of fenugreek leaves treated at 100 °C for 10 min and subsequent soaking for 24 h before filtration as compared to the other protocols tested. Furthermore, water extracts showed enhanced activity as compared to the ethanol extracts in case of both seeds and leaves and in all the treatment combinations.

9 illus, 1 table, 36 ref

030450   PRATHOSHNI S M, ROY A , LAKSHMI T (Pharmacology Dep, Saveetha Univ, Chennai - 600 077, Email: anitharoy2015@gmail.com) : The effect of capsicum oleoresin on nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase gene expression in macrophage cell line. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 343-6.

Nitric oxide  (NO) is an inflammatory agent produced by macrophages. It also acts as a neurotransmitter. However, overproduction of NO results in acute or chronic inflammation. Capsicum is well known for its anti‑oxidant, anti–inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of capsicum oleoresin on NO production and NO synthase gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune with Passage no  16. RAW macrophages were treated with 12.5 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, and 50 µg/ml of Capsicum extract with 1 µg/ml of LPS and incubated for 24 h. When capsicum was added at three different doses of 12.5  µg/ml, 25  µg/ml, and 50  µg/ml, the inducible NO synthase  (iNOS) levels was significantly suppressed, compared to that of LPS treatment only. The level of NO increased by LPS induction was significantly decreased in a dose‑dependent manner when treated with different concentrations of capsicum extract and capsicum had a suppressing effect on iNOS gene expression in LPS – stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage. This study concludes that capsicum oleoresin is good enough to suppress iNOS gene expression and NO production. Hence, it may be used in inflammatory conditions with excessive NO production.

2 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

030505   VED A, GUPTA A, PRAKASH O, RAWAT A K S (Pharmacy Dep, Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences,, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Email: akashved@gmail.com) : Central nervous system activity of phenol-rich fraction of Piper sylvaticum roots. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 339-42.

Piper sylvaticum Roxb. is an important folk medicine in Indian Traditional System of Medicine widely used by different tribes in many countries. In the present study, the anticonvulsant activity of extract/fractions of Piper sylvaticum  (PS) roots was investigated. 70 % ethanolic extract of PS roots was successively extracted using hexane and ethyl acetate to prepare various fractions. Total phenol content was found at maximum 324.65 mg/gallic acid equivalent/g in ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (phenol‑rich fraction [PRF]). High‑performance thin‑layer chromatography fingerprinting profiling of PS roots was performed. The anticonvulsant properties of the EAF of roots of PS were examined by maximal electroshock method as compared to standard phenytoin  (25  mg/kg body weight). It was found that EAF shows potent anticonvulsant activity at different dose levels against maximum electroshock seizure‑induced convulsions in Swiss albino mice. From the observation, it can be concluded that the current study has expressed that the phenol‑rich EAF of the ethanolic extract of the roots of PS has shown the dose‑dependent anticonvulsant effect in mice. The anticonvulsant potential may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds in PRF. The outcomes suggested a high potential for application of EAF of PS root as an anticonvulsant agent.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

030496   THOM V T, TUNG N H, DIEP D V, THUY D T, HUE N T, LONG D D, TUNG B T, HUYEN P T, HUONG D T L (Vietnam National Univ, Hanoi, Email: lyhuong.smp@vnu.edu.vn) : Antithrombotic activity and saponin composition of the roots of Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. growing in Vietnam. Pharmacogn Res 2018, 10(4), 333-8.

Panax bipinnatifidus  (PB) Seem. is a highly valuable and indigenous medicinal plant wildly distributed in the northwest region of Vietnam. The PB root has been used as a tonic in Vietnamese traditional medicine, but its chemical profile and pharmacological activity have not been extensively studied. In this study, we investigated the major saponin components and antithrombosis activity of the root of PB. Individual saponins were isolated by column chromatography. The structural elucidation of the isolated saponins was based on analyses of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry spectra. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis of the isolated compounds was run on an Agilent 1260 high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. To evaluate antithrombotic activity, in vitro anticoagulant, platelet aggregation, and clot lysis effects were successively tested by the respective protocols. Two principal saponins were isolated from the butanolic fraction of the root of PB, and their structures were identified as stipuleanoside R2 (1) and araloside A methyl ester (2). The HPLC analysis suggested that the two isolated saponins are major saponins of the title plant. The biological testing showed that both the crude and butanolic extracts of PB exhibited significantly antiplatelet aggregation activity. The efficacy linearly increased according to the tested doses  (0.5–5  mg/mL). On anticoagulant activity, only butanolic extract exhibited positive action via prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time at the high dose. These results suggested that PB Seem. might bring benefits for preventing cardiovascular events through inhibition of platelet aggregation.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

030467   SANGEETHA D N, RAJAMANI S (Botany Dep, Bharathair Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, Email: sangetha_dn@yahoo.co.in) : In-vitro cytotoxic activity of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. on A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929 cell lines. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1216-20.

Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Cancer is one of the killing diseases and causes severe defects on human being. There are many types of cancer diseases in human beings affects the different organs. There is no proper medicine to cure such kind of cancer diseases. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the test substances for their cytotoxicity against selected cell lines. In the present study the  in-vitro  cytotoxicity potential of chloroform and methanolic leaf extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. was carried out against five cell lines, four of which were cancerous and one normal cell line i.e., A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929. The results revealed that the cytotoxicity potential of the leaf and rhizome increased with the increase in concentration of leaf and rhizome extracts. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A549 cell line. The methanol leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A431 cell line. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against CaCo2 cell line. The chloroform rhizome extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against U87 cell line. The methanolic leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against L929 cell line .This shows that for different cell lines the highest percentage growth of inhibition was shown by different extracts. The present study has suggested that the leaf and rhizome extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. , Possesses potent anticancer property which can be used to prepare anticancer drug with proper standardization methods.

5 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

030410   KUMAR T T, SALIQUE S M, ILYAS M H M, THAJUDDIN N, PANNEERSELVAM A, PADUSHA M K S A, JAHANGIR H S (Botany Dep, Jamal Mohamed Coll (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 020, Email: syedbot2000@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies in leaf extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.). Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1208-15.

In traditional Indian herbal medicine, the plant Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.) has been used to treat various human ailments. Various phytochemical compounds (Rf value) such as Tannin (1.14), Flavonoid (1.14), Saponin (0.87), Sterol (0.88) and Phenol (0.86) were found in the leaf extract. The antimicrobial effects of the phytoconstituents were examined for three bacterial and fungal species. The highest anti-bacterial and antifungal activities were found in flavonoid compound, where the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus 18mm compared to positive control chloramphenicol (24 mm). 13 mm observed in A. flavus and A. ochraceous where positive control streptomycin exhibits 18 mm. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds in 8α (2H)-Phenanthrenol, 7-ethenyldodecahydro-1,1,4α, 7-tetramethyl-, acetate, [4αs(4αα, 4bα, 7α, 8αα, 10αα)], Benzoic acid, 4-methyl- , 2-oxo-2- phenylethyl ester and Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, [1S-(1α,2α,5α)] in the crude extracts. The preparative HPLC analysis proved the presence of single peak from the crude flavonoid compounds, where the absorption maximum was between 207-290nm exhibited by the UV spectrum analysis. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of amide group, phenol group, carboxylic acid, alkynyl, alkene and aromatic ring. NMR studies proved the presence of phenyl group, methyl group and H₂ C-CH group and their molecular weight recorded as 353 through the mass spectrum analysis. The identified compound considered as the vital compound to design the “green antimicrobial drugs”.

9 illus, 3 tables, 54 ref

030445   PAYUM T (Jawaharlal Nehru Coll, Arunachal Pradesh, Email: teminpayum519@gmail.com) : Chemical composition and ethnobotany of Livistona jenkinsiana griff: An endangered thatching palm tree of eastern Himalayas. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1202-7.

To study the uses of various parts and cultivation of Livistona jenkinsiana among tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh in addition to study the chemical composition and the related health benefits if any. Field survey and interview were used for ethnobotany and GC-MS was used in the studies of chemical compositions. This study reports numbers of volatile and non-volatile compounds from the fruit of Livistona jenkinsiana with various health benefits. Presence of remarkable high percentage of trehalose sugar is reported in this work from the fruit of L. jenkinsiana. The study also reports various uses of the parts of this palm tree as thatching tree, fencing and house construction. The study also reports need of conservation of this bioculturally important endangered and threatened thatching palm tree. L. jenkinsiana is a bioculturally and economically important endangered thatching palm tree. The fruit could be a source of plant originated fats and trehalose sugar. Fifty percent of compounds present in this fruit are useful in various health problems. There should be further scientific studies in the domains of industrial utility of this underutilized palm tree.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

030491   TALLURI M R, GUMMADI V P, BATTU G R (Andhra Univ, Andhra Pradesh - 530 003, Email: gummadi.veda88@gmail.com) : Chemical composition and hepatoprotective activity of Saponaria officinalis on paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1196-201.

The present day life style causing different illness including liver diseases and different health complications. So, there is a need to identify new chemical entities with more efficiency in the treatment of diseases and less side effects. There were many reports in recent times, about identifying new drugs from different medicinal plants and also precursors for synthesis new bioactive molecules for treating various diseases. The present study was carried out on root parts (rhizomes) of S. officinalis for phytochemical analysis and hepatoprotective activity on Paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. The phytochemical analysis was carried out to know biological active compounds in different extracts of S. officinalis using standard procedures and quantified the total alkaloid and phenolic contents. Hepatoprotective activity of the S. officinalis extracts were carried out by using Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The phytochemical analysis of S. officinalis roots’ extracts showed presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and absence of saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. The S. officinalis roots extracts are found to be safe at 2000 mg/kg b. w. in acute toxicity study and showed dose dependent percentage protection on liver toxicity. Methanol extract showed more activity at 500 mg/kg b. w. and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein with percentage protection 66.67 %, 60.63 %, 65.93 %, 64.24 % and 60.98 %. The present study results indicates that phytochemical constituent’s diversity in S. officinalis and those extracts possess hepatoprotective activity. Further studies are needed and should involve the isolation of pure, biologically active compounds.

3 illus, 3 tables, 48 ref

030394   INDRIANI D, ELYA B, NOVIANI A (Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry Dep, Indonesia Univ, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia, Email: berna.elya@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : Arginase inhibitory activity and total flavonoid content on Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1180- 3.

Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81 % and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.

4 tables, 22 ref

030508   WULANSARI A, ELYA B, NOVIANI A (Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry Dep, Indonesia Univ, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia, Email: berna.elya@gmail.com) : Arginase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. bark extract. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1174-9.

The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory and the antioxidant activities of the bark extract of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Dewi tree). The bark of Dewi tree was extracted successively under reflux condition with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested for its activity in inhibiting arginase activity by measuring the quantity of urea produced in the reaction mixture using a microplate reader. The active extracts were determined for their total flavonoid content followed by antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Arginase inhibitory activity test showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have average inhibition values of 14.43 and 33.59%, respectively, at concentration of 100 µg/mL. The total flavonoid content of the methanol and ethyl acetate extract were 7.75 and 6.30 mgQE/g sample, respectively. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ values of 4.720 and 3.647 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract contained flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid, while the methanol extract contained flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. In conclusion, C. coriaria bark extracts possessed low arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts have good antioxidant activity.

6 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

030476   SINGARAVELU S, SANKARAPILLAI J, CHANDRAKUMARI A S, SINHA P (Pharmacology Dep, Shri Sathya Sai Medical Coll and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Email: drshree20@gmail.com) : Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) seed extract in experimentally induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1169-73.

Trigonella foenum graceum (Fenugreek) seeds are commonly used in India as traditional medicine for diabetes, dysmenorrhea, lactation and arthritis. The gastro-protective role of Fenugreek seeds are yet to be explored. To evaluate the effect of Fenugreek seed extract in Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models. Albino wistar rats were divided into five groups with eight animals in each. Gastric ulcer was induced using Indomethacin 20 mg/Kg. Fenugreek at dose of 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg was administered to group III, IV and group V received Rantidine 30 mg/Kg. Ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity was estimated. To study the anti-oxidant property the level of catalase, SOD, GST and T. Bars were done. Fenugreek treated group III showed a significant decrease in ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity when compared to control positive group II. Oxidative enzyme study indicated a significant increase in Catalase, SOD and GSH value in treated group when compared with control positive group II and significant decrease in T. Bars value in treated group. Fenugreek seed extract has both gastro-protective and anti-oxidant property.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

030358   ARISTYANI S, WIDYARTI S, SUMITRO S B (Biology Dep, Brawijaya Univ, Indonesia, Email: sutiman@ub.ac.id) : Network analysis of indigenous Indonesia medical plants for treating tuberculosis. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1159-64.

Indonesia is the biggest archipelago country with the second biggest biodiversity in the world. A lot of medical plants for treating various diseases can be found in Indonesia, including medical plants for tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The goal of this research is to document the information of Indonesia indigenous medical plants that used various local societies to treat tuberculosis and also analyze active compounds of medical plants with proteins that related to tuberculosis. The annotation of medical plants for treating tuberculosis was collected from a various source comprising local research papers, theses, and other resources. The information of active compound was taken from Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. A network of active compounds-proteins was analyzed by using Cytoscape 3.6.0. The result described that there were twenty-seven species from nineteen families of medical plants used by local societies of Indonesia for tuberculosis therapy, and there were sundry of active compounds from fourteen medical plants had direct interaction with proteins related tuberculosis. Most of the active compounds targeted proteins that had a prominent role in immune system. It indicated that medical plants treating tuberculosis through regulating immunity of human body.

3 illus, 2 tables, 71 ref

030403   KHATUA S, ACHARYA K (Botany Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata - 700 019, Email: krish_paper@yahoo.com) : Functional ingredients and medicinal prospects of ethanol extract from Macrocybe lobayensis. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1154-8.

Mushrooms are a good source of bioactive components and have been traditionally consumed across the globe for maintaining health. However, information concerning medicinal activity of ethnically popular macrofungi still remains limited. Therefore, the present study was aimed for determination of functional constituents and therapeutic efficacy of a less explored mushroom, Macrocybe lobayensis that has been habitually used in local diets. In this context, an ethanol extract was prepared from dried basidiocarps and characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC to identify bioactive constituents. Alongside, the fraction was also subjected for evaluation of medicinal properties namely antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The formulation was found to be consisted mainly of phenolic compounds (pyrogallol> cinnamic acid > p-coumaric acid > p-hydroxybenzoic acid). As a result, the fraction exhibited strong antioxidant activity evident by the ability of quenching DPPH and ABTS radicals, chelating capacity of Fe²⁺ as well as reducing components with EC₅₀ of 1000 to 2264 μg/ml. Besides, the formulation also emerged as a potent source of antibiotic as it inhibited growth of investigating microbes in order of Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli > Bacillus subtilis> Salmonella typhimurium> Listeria monocytogenes. Thus, the outcome might encourage use of M. lobayensis as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical, cosmetic or food industries.

2 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

030468   SAPUTRI F C, AVATARA C (Pharmacology Dep, Indonesia Univ, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia, Email: fadlina.chany@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : Antithrombotic effect of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on collagen-epinephrine induced thromboembolism in mice. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1149-53.

Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. have been proven to possess antiplatelet activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effect of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in a mouse thrombotic model. The ethanol extracts of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza were orally administered with three different doses (7, 14 and 28 mg/20 g BW) in two experimental mouse models. Bleeding time prolongation was observed on mice tail that had been cut and the survival rate of mice was observed after thromboembolism induction by collagenepinephrine. These two experiments were observed after 7 days extracts pre-treatment and compared to the positive control, aspirin. A potent effect of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts were demonstrated through significant bleeding time prolongation compared to control group. C. xanthorrhiza extract exhibited better activity than K. galanga extract. Moreover, both K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts significantly protected mice from thromboembolic death, where the protective effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract was stronger than K. galanga extract in a dose-dependent manner. K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts have a potential to be developed as antithrombotic agents against platelet thromboembolism.

2 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

030377   DHAL P, ROUT J R, DASH P K, PANDA S, PATI P, RATH C C, PRADHAN C, SAHOO S L (Asian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar - 752 101, Email: routjr@aiph.ac.in) : Larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer leaf extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1137-42.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum leaf extracts against disease causing vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Five different concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) of leaves were prepared by using aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and tested for both the activity. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of leaf extracts were determined with the help of probit analysis. Among the different extracts of leaf screened, the ethanol extract of C. philippinum was recorded the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity of 100 ± 1.9 % (1^st instar) and 58 ± 0.8 % at 600 ppm concentration for controlling An. stephensi, respectively. Similarly for Ae. aegypti, 97 ± 1.2 (1st instar) and 51 ± 0.5 (pupa) percentage of inhibition were achieved for the same solvent extracts of the leaf which were maximum than others. Moreover, the values of LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ clearly indicate that the activity of both larvicidal and pupicidal are not only solvent extracts dependant but also depend on their concentration. The obtained data highlight the potential role of ethanolic extracts of C. philippinum for controlling An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at their larval and/ pupal stages of development.

10 tables, 40 ref

030490   TAEPONGSORAT L, RATTANA S (Mahasarakham Univ, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand, Email: ladachart20@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant activities of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Asparagus racemosus roots. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1129-32.

Asparagus racemosus (AR) is commonly known as shatavari, satawar or satmuli in India and in Thailand it is call sam-sib or rak-sam-sib. The dried root of AR is used in Ayurveda as an antiulcerous and antiinflammatory and has medicinal/pharmacological value. To investigate the antioxidant activities of Asparagus racemosus root extracts via total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Antioxidant capacity measurements were carried out by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The ethanolic extract possessed higher antioxidant capacities than the aqueous extract in the three antioxidant assays (p < 0.05).These results have shown high phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanolic extract of AR root possessed higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents than the aqueous extract. The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract was higher than that in the aqueous extract.

2 tables, 25 ref

030435   NAJIB S Z, FACHRI W, SAURIASARI R, ELYA B, TJANDRAWINATA R (Indonesia Univ, Depok, Indonesia, Email: rani@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : Cholesterol-lowering effects of extract from Garcinia daedalanthera in hyperlipidemic rats. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1125-28.

A native plant from Indonesia, Garcinia daedalanthera has been scientifically proven have antidiabetic effects and antioxidant activity. We hypothesized that Garcinia daedalanthera can modulate the lipid profiles of hyperlipidemic rats. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic potential of Garcinia daedalanthera extract. Garcinia daedalanthera leaves extract (GDE) were orally administrated to high fat diet-induced rats for 15 days. After the end of experimental period (43 days) the lipid profiles were estimated along with histopathological liver examination of animals. The results showed that Garcinia daedalanthera extract significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein as compared to control group with an increasing level of serum high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, the extract has a favorable effect on histopathological study. This study proved antilipidemic property by lowering altered levels of lipid profile in male wistar rats and suggest lipid lowering effects of Garcinia daedalanthera extract which serves as a new potential natural product for preventing hyperlipidemia.

4 illus, 14 ref

030459   RAMZAN A, TAHIR I, REHMAN R U (Bioresources Dep, Kashmir Univ, Jammu and Kashmir - 190 006, Email: rreiazbiores@gmail.com) : Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of Amaranthus caudatus L. grown in Kashmir region. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1119-24.

Plants have a well-developed defensive machinery for minimizing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated damages in the form of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The in-vitro mechanism of antioxidant action of plant extracts may involve direct inhibition of the ROS generation or ROS scavenging. The antioxidant activity of the extracts may be due to active constituents alone or the combination of constituents. However, the amount of constituents are known to vary according to the change in environment. In our study, antioxidant activity of Amaranthus caudatus L. from two different sites (elevation sites) was investigated at three stages, (vegetative, pre flowering and post flowering) using ethanolic extract (EtOH). The phenolic and flavonoid content increased at all stages from site 1 to site 2. The total reducing power, Ferrous reducing antioxidative power (FRAP), diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, superoxide dismutase scavenging (SOD) assay and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging activity increased from site 1 to site 2 at all the three stages. The results reveal that the altitude and the growth stage have a significant effect on antioxidative potential of Amaranthus.

3 illus, 1 table, 44 ref

030352   AHMAD I, ANDRIYANI D, GUNAWAN C, FAUZIAH N D, SUTRIYO S, MUN’IM A (Indonesia Univ, Depok, West Java, Indonesia, Email: munimabdoel@gmail.com) : Effects of food processing on resveratrol and total phenolic content in melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(6), 1096-100.

Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Melinjo seed was roasted at 145 ^oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100 ^oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170 ^oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96 % ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36 % to 10 % (trans-resveratrol) and 15 % to 4 % (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60 %, 68 %, and 92 % (trans-resveratrol) and 41 %, 45 %, 97 % (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

1 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

030387   GUNA G (Botany Dep, Islamia Coll of Science and Commerce, Srinagar - 190 002, Email: gunagowher@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used in Kashmir, India. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(12), 5339-43.

Antimicrobial activity of 11 ethnomedicinal plant extracts was evaluated against five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris) and one fungal strain (Candida albicans). Plants were collected from different regions of Kashmir Valley and the ethnomedicinal data were gathered from traditional healers and elders of the study area. Cold percolation method was used to obtain hexane and methanol extracts and the antimicrobial activity was found using paper disc diffusion method. The results indicated that all plants, exhibited antimicrobial activity against one or more of the tested microorganisms at three different concentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/disc. Among the plants tested, Nepeta cataria, Allium consangium, Artemisia biensis and Ocimum sanctum were most active. The highest antifungal activity was exhibited by hexane extract of Nepeta catariaagainst Candida albicans. Compared to hexane extract, methanol extract showed significant activity against tested organisms. This study also showed that Nepeta cataria, Allium consangium, Artemisia biensis and Ocimum sanctum could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents. Among the tested microbial strains, bacteria were found to be more susceptible to many plant extracts than fungi.

2 tables, 6 ref