029089   SALUNKHE A, GHUMRE S, SHIRKE S, NIKAM S, KADAM V (Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Coll of Pharmacy, Navi Mumbai - 400 614, Email: ashu.salunkhe3095@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava and Manilkara zapota against human pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3944-8.

Natural drugs are boom to mankind. They have few side effects as compared to allopathic medicines. Psidium guajava, is an important food crop and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical countries is widely used like food and in folk medicine around of the world. Psidium guajava linked with the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardio active, anti-cough, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities and also used as hypoglycemic agent. Decoction of the bark used for diarrhoea and fever of Manilkara zapota. It contains linoleic acid, oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, tannins, flavonoids. Crude extract of Manilkara zapota and Psidium guajava showed anti-microbial activity against gram positive Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii. The alcoholic fractions of leaves of Psidium guajava and Manilkara zapota were taken. The concentrations of leaf extract are made and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. DMSO is used as standard for antimicrobial assay. Highest zone of inhibition seen on the concentration of (0:2) and (0.4:1.6 ) for all the micro-organisms i.e. for Bacillus subtilis 19.5 mm, for Staphylococcus aureus 17.8 mm, for Escherichia coli 14.3 mm, for Salmonella typhii 14.6 mm for 0.4:1.6 concentration and the zone of inhibition of standard was found to be 18.1 mm. This antimicrobial activity of Manilkara zapota and Psidium guajava on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii and Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus suggest that it has anti-microbial activity. This study provides significant insights into the therapeutic effect of Manilkara zapota and Psidium guajava on gram positive and negative microbes and opens the way for further studies on identification of novel antimicrobial targets of Manilkara zapota and Psidium guajava.

8 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

029077   PRASANTH B, ALEYKUTTY N A, HRINDRAN J (Pharmacognosy Dep, Nirmala Coll of Pharmacy, Muvattupuzha - 686 661, Email: prasanthbpillai81@yahoo.co.in) : Pharmacognostic studies on leaves and stems of Ipomoea sepiaria roxb. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3938-43.

Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb., also known as Purple heart glory is a slender vine belonging to family Convolvulaceae. It is one among the ten sacred plants known collectively as “Dasapushpam” in Kerala. These plants are used for rejuvenating the body in the form of ‘karkidakakanji’ in the monsoon season in Kerala. Juice of the plant is used as deobstruent, diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic and antidote to arsenic poisoning. The present study aims at providing a detailed information of microscopic features of the leaf and stem. In cross sectional view the leaf exhibits short adaxial core, semicircular abaxial midrib and smooth lamina. The vascular bundle of the midrib is single, planoconvex and collateral. The vascular bundle includes wide, angular compact metaxylem elements and narrow circular protoxylem elements. Prominent glandular trichomes occur frequently on adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers. The glands of these trichomes are capitate type. The stem is circular, with short conical spiny ridges at certain places. It consists of intact epidermis, narrow cortex, elliptical hollow cylinder vascular tissues and central pith. Inner to the epidermis occur three layers of small radially compressed parenchyma cells mixed with sparsely distributed sclerenchyma. Secondary phloem and secondary xylem are cylindrical and elliptical in outline. Large calcium oxalate druses are sparsely distributed with pith parenchyma cells. The relevant pharmacognostic data obtained by this study will serve as a standardisation tool in identification and authentication of the plant samples.

4 illus, 13 ref

029075   PATTAR M, TEERTHE S S, KERUR B R (Physics Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Kalaburagi - 585 106, Email: kerurbrk@hotmail.com) : Estimation of macro and micro nutrients content in the leaves of Murraya koenigii (l.) sprenge. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3926-32.

The macro and micro nutrients content estimation was carried out for leaves of indigenous medicinal plant Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge collected from different places of North Karnataka region viz. Bidar, Kalaburagi, Shahapur, Sandur and Kappathgudda. About few kg of leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprenge plant material was collected and then they were washed in deionized water to eliminate contamination due to dust and environmental pollution. The washed leaves were airdried under shade for more than a monthand then grinded to get fine powder. The powdered sample was heated at higher temperature to get ash. The obtained ash was digested with conc. HCl, deionized water and ash (25:25:1:950). The contents of macro, micro nutrients and harmful heavy meats such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mo, Cu, Mn, Zn, Al, V, Cd and Ti were estimated by an analytical atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The experimental results confirmed the presences of mineral nutrients which are beneficial to the human body and are within the limit. The heavy metal which are harmful to human body i.e., Cd, Al, within the limit but concentration of Al is absent for the leaves of Shahapur and Kappathgudda.

6 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

029048   GHAFARI R, MOUSLEMANIE N, NAYAL R (Botany Dep, Aleppo Univ, Aleppo, Syria, Email: mirago82@yahoo.com) : Antibacterial activity of Rubia tinctorum Linn. root extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3914-8.

This research aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of methanolic, aqueous, chloroformic and petroleum ether extracts of Rubia tinctorum roots against two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria using agar well-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using microdilution method. Extracts were dissolved in DMSO to obtain a concentration of 10 % (w/v), and the density of bacterial suspension was 1.5 × 108 cfu/ml. Results showed that methanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.1562 to 0.3125 mg/ml, while aqueous extract showed no activity against the tested bacteria. However, chloroformic extract showed antibacterial activity only against Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 2.5 mg/ml. But petroleum ether extract showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.3125 to 1.25 mg/ml. But in conclusion, methanolic extract was the most effective against all tested bacteria. Further studies are needed for pharmaceutical purposes.

4 tables, 16 ref

029039   DAVOODI A, JOUYBARI H B, FATHI H, EBRAHIMNEJED P (Pharmaceutics Dep, Mazandaran Univ of Medical Sciences, Sari, 17th Kilometer of Sea Street, Iran, Email: p_ebrahimnejad@yahoo.com) : Formulation and physicochemical evaluation of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) and oak (Quercus castaneifolia C. A. Mey.) effervescent tablets. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3870-5.

Effervescent tablet is a convenient oral dosage form, which has special ingredients. This potency of effervescent tablet helps to delivered drugs, effectively. Medicinal plants have a wide range of usage in the world. Mespilus germanica (Rosaceae) and Quercus castaneifolia (Fagaceae) are important medicinal plants used in several diseases such as diarrhea. Medlar and oak, the fruits of M. germanica and Q. castaneifolia respectively, were harvested and extracted using hydro-acetonic solvent by maceration method. In addition, total phenol and tannin contents were assayed using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antimicrobial activity of extract was determined using broth dilution test on some intestinal pathogens. Finally, effervescent tablets were prepared using wet granulation method and analyzed. Total phenols and tannins were obtained 0.9 % and 0.1 % respectively. This reduces the amounts of total tannins will disappear with adding antioxidant agents. Tablet hardness, friability and disintegration time were significantly dependent on the amounts of lubricant, acidifying and alkalizing agents. This work investigated the potential of developing Oak and Medlar effervescent tablets to facilitate drug administration and mask drug taste. This formula may be encouraging in improving patient compliance and drug efficiency.

1 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

029032   BHATTACHARYA S, ROY S (Zoology Dep, Gour Banga Univ, Malda - 732 103, Email: subhrajyoti_roy@rediffmail.com) : Qualitative and quantitative assessment of bioactive phytochemicals in gobindobhog and black rice, cultivated in West Bengal, india. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3845-51.

Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds produced by plant through primary and secondary metabolism. Phytochemicals are found to be more effective than conventional synthetic chemicals. Rice is considered as the staple food for most of the people residing in this part of world, i.e., the eastern part of India. There are many varieties of rice cultivated in West Bengal, India and among which Gobindobhog and black rice are common. In the present study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, thiamine, etc. of Gobindobhog and black rice were performed. All the methods followed are standard biochemical and spectrophotometric procedures for detection and quantification of phytochemicals. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals indicated the presence of glycoside, steroid, phenol, protein and carbohydrate in both of the rice varieties, whereas tannin, phlobatannin, terpenoid, alkaloid and flavonoid were identified only in black rice. Quantitative analysis indicated the presence of ascorbic acid, riboflavin and lipid in significant amount in both of these rice varieties. Therefore, it can be concluded that both Gobindobhog and black rice possess medicinal properties apart from their food value. Therefore, isolation and identification of active principles from these rice varieties should be prioritized and it will advance the existing knowledge in relation to human health.

2 tables, 24 ref

029088   SAHA U, GHOSH C, MALLICK C (Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management Dep, Vidya - sagar Univ, Midnapore - 721 102, Email: chhanda_mallick@yahoo.com) : Antihyperglycemic and antioxidative effect of hydro-methanolic extract of leaf of Abroma augusta in streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3788-94.

The present study was conducted to investigate protective effect of hydro-methanolic (2:3) extract of leaf of Abroma augusta in streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat. For this purpose animals were divided into three treatment groups (n = 6): control group, STZ induced diabetic group (STZ 4 mg / 0.1 ml citrate buffer/ 100 g body weight), hydro-methanolic extract of leaf of Abroma augusta treated group (20 mg / 0.5 ml distilled water/100 g body weight). Treatment was conducted for 28 days. Blood glucose, serum insulin, glycated haemoglobin levels along with activities of hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were assed in all experimental groups. Oxidative stress markers like catalase, peroxidase enzyme activities, conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels in liver were measured. All these parameters were significantly recovered towards the control level after the treatment of hydro-methanolic extract. Pancreatic islet diameter, count of islet and number of cells in islets also decreased in diabetic animals. Treatment of these animals with extract resulted significant recovery towards the control level. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were assed in all the groups and it has been revealed that the said extract has no metabolic toxicity in general. From this study it may be concluded that hydro-methanolic extract of leaf of A. augusta has protective effects on diabetes induced complications.

6 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

029103   SOUMYA K, JESNA J, SUDHEESH S (Kannur Univ, Kannur - 670 327, Email: sudheeshs@knruty.ac.in) : Screening study of three medicinal plants for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3781-87.

Plants have been used in traditional medicine for several thousand years since which may have been described to have curative value. Terminalia chebula (TC), Terminalia arjuna (TA) and Holarrhena antidysenterica (HA) are very important medicinal plants in the traditional Indian systems of Ayurveda and Siddha. In this work, fruit of Terminalia chebula, bark of Terminalia arjuna and Holarrhena antidysenterica were selected for experiments. 80 % methanolic crude extracts of these plants were fractionated by diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. Diethyl ether fraction of 80 % methanolic extract (DM) and ethyl acetate fraction of 80 % methanolic extract (EM) of all the three plants were compared for their phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity to find out their therapeutic potential. The phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and was found to be higher in Terminalia chebula extracts (>36 mg GAE/g)). The antioxidant activity was assayed through some in-vitro methods such as DPPH radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum method and reducing power assay. Antioxidant activity was also found to be highest in Terminalia chebula extracts. Cytotoxicity of extracts was determined by the MTT assay using HeLa cell lines which showed that the increase in concentration of the extract increases the cell death. All the extracts showed moderate cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 147.91 to 1701 µg/ml. These findings showed that extracts from Terminalia chebula is a potential source of natural antioxidants and could be good alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in pharmaceutical industries.

7 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

029113   THONANGI C V, AKULA A (Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam - 530 002, Email: chandivishala@yahoo.com) : In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Polyalthia longifolia (sonn.) thwaite seeds. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3774-80.

The present study is designed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaite seeds. Initially, the extracts (Nonpolar to polar) were screened for in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical considering ascorbic acid as standard. Among the extracts the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed greater antioxidant activity further, the antioxidant activity of the extracts is supported by evaluating the total phenol content (114±1.7, 146.5±2.4 mg/g gallic acid equivalents respectively) and flavonoid content (2.86±0.10, 6.2±0.12 mg/g rutin equivalents respectively). Based on the initial study, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were evaluated for acute anti-inflammatory activity against the egg albumin (1%) induced inflammation. The selected extracts (200, 400 mg/kg) were administered 1 hour prior to the induction of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity is measured as a decrease in paw edema, measured at regular intervals (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h) of time, taking diclofenac (5 mg/kg) as a standard drug. Both the extracts showed significant dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the control. The 400 mg/kg dose of methanol extract showed greater percentage of inhibition (58.46%) when compared with the diclofenac (56.92%). The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts is attributed due to the presence of active constituents like phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, etc. Hence Polyalthia longifolia seeds can be used in developing the lead molecules for the treatment of various chronic diseases like cancer, which are associated with the generation of ROS and inflammation.

1 table, 32 ref

029056   KAUR S, SHRI R (Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala - 147 002, Email: nijjarsanimar@yahoo.co.in) : Comparative study of pharmacognostic parameters, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea var. Acephala. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3718-24.

Green leafy vegetables are known for their antialzheimer potential. There are many leafy vegetables, however, that have not been examined scientifically for this activity. The present study was designed to evaluate antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of two Brassica species namely B. napus and B. oleracea var. acephala, along with the comparison of their pharmacognostic characters and phytochemical profiles. A comparative evaluation of macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters and qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out on leaves of the selected plants as per Indian Pharmacopoeia. Further, a parallel analysis of antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of both species was done using DPPH and Ellman assay, respectively, followed by standardisation of the extracts on the basis of total phenol and total flavonoid content. The hydromethanolic extract of B. oleracea var. acephala showed higher radical scavenging activity than that of B. napus. Similar results were obtained in case of total phenol content (B. oleracea var. acephala: 15.18 ± 1.82 % w/w, B. napus: 12.69 ± 2.26 % w/w). The hydromethanolic extract of B. napus showed higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity than B. oleracea var. acephala.The pharmacognostic profiles of the two Brassica species generated in the present study could assist in proper identification, collection and investigation of the plant material in future. Both plants have good antioxidant effect but B. napus showed significant antiacetylcholinesterase activity and it could be investigated for anti-alzheimer potential.

6 illus, 8 tables, 25 ref

029033   BIJAULIYA R K, ALOK S, SABHARWAL M, CHANCHAL D K (Pharmacognosy Dep, Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi - 284 128, Email: rkpharma3791@gmail.com) : Syzygium cumini (linn.) - an overview on morphology, cultivation, traditional uses and pharmacology. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3608-20.

Syzygium cumini (L.) is a widely used medicinal plant for the management of various diseases. Syzygium cumini posses various chemical constituent which are responsible for pharmacological activity. This plant reported to possess many pharmacological activities like antidiabetic activity, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal activity, antiviral, antifertility activity, gastroprotective, antipyretic, antihistaminic, antimicrobial and antiplaque. The present review presents specific information on morphology of plant, cultivation of plant, traditional uses and pharmacological actions of S. cumini (L.). Further applications of Syzygium cumini (Linn.) in the field of novel drug delivery has been also elaborated in the review. Apart from its application in the management of various ailments there is need to explore chemical and toxicity concern of Syzygium cumini (Linn.).

1 illus, 1 table, 71 ref

029090   SAMANI Z N, KOPAEI M R (Medical Plants Research Cent, Shahrekord Univ of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, Email: rafieian@skums.ac.ir) : Effective medicinal plants in treating hepatitis B. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3589-96.

Medicinal plants and natural products have many applications in the treatment of viral diseases, due to much lower side effects. Different types of hepatitis, especially hepatitis B, are of the viral diseases whose treatment using herbal medicines is currently of great interest due to the limited availability of effective chemical drugs and having numerous side effects. Due to the attention paid to herbal drugs and their importance for the treatment of hepatitis B, we conducted this review to take a look at the evidence regarding the action mechanisms of viruses, antiviral herbal remedies and various herbal antihepatitis drugs and their therapeutic mechanism published until 2017. To provide data for conducting this review, the most up-to-date electronic journals including those indexed in the Pubmed, Elsevier, Institute for Scientific Information, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database databases and various books, has been used. There are several plants for the treatment of viral diseases, including hepatitis B, which prevent or decrease infection via various mechanisms. Medicinal plants counteract viruses by various mechanisms, but most of them including Ganoderma lucidum and Oenanthe javanica inhibit the transcription of hepatitis B virus in hepatocytes. Most of action mechanism of medical plants exert an antiviral effect through inhibiting the transcription of HBV in hepatocytes; the need to study effective medicinal plants for treating different types of hepatitis, including hepatitis B and their action mechanisms have been intensified more than ever before, which makes this subject even more important. 

2 tables, 83 ref

030369   BU U, ME O, TO M (Pure and Applied Chemistry Dep, Calabar Univ, Calabar, Nigeria) : Phytochemical constituents of Taraxacum officinale leaves as eco-friendly and nontoxic organic inhibitors for stainless steel corrosion in 0.2 M HCl acid medium. Int J Chem Sci 2018, 2(6), 35-43.

Taraxacum officinale leaves were extracted of its phytochemical compounds (crude saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids) and used in the investigation of corrosion inhibitor of stainless steel in the presence of HCl acid solutions using methods ranging from weight loss, thermometric, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The weight loss results revealed that the plant extracts are good corrosion inhibitors to the exposed metal. Electrochemical polarization data revealed a mixed mode of inhibition and the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have shown that the change in the impedance parameter (charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance) with the change in concentration of the inhibitors was due to the adsorption of active molecules leading to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of steel. A physical adsorption mechanism was revealed from the inhibitor /metal interface and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was well obeyed (R² = 0.999). The thermodynamic parameter (ΔG_ads) proved inhibitors to be stabled on the metal surface and a spontaneous reaction process was recorded also.

9 illus, 6 tables, 35 ref

030475   SHIRODE D S, POWAR P V, JAIN B B (Dr. D. Y. Patil Coll of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra) : Determination of in vitro antioxidant capacity of Albizia lebbeck leaves. Int J Chem Sci 2018, 2(6), 1-4.

Potential research on natural products has expanded a wide popularity due to the potential of discovering bioactive molecules. The antioxidant properties confined in plants have been proposed as one of the tool for the observed beneficial properties for various diseased conditions. Therefore, the present study has been accomplished to phytochemical testing and evaluation of antioxidant capacity of 70 % ethanolic extract of Albizia lebbeck Leaves (EEAL). The antioxidant property of 70 % EEAL was tested by using reducing power and free radical (superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide) scavenging models (in vitro). Albizia lebbeck ethanolic extract has shown dose dependent antioxidant activity in all the models of the study (i.e. 82.03 %-reducing power, 79.12 %- superoxide, 49 %-hydroxyl scavenging activity at 100mcg concentration). The 70 % EEAL possess significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant property may be attributed to the polyphenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins that are present in the 70 % EEAL.

5 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

030404   KIARASH J G, WILDE H D, AMIRMAHANI F, MOEMENI M M, ZABOLI M, NAZARI M, MOOSAVI S S, JAMALVANDI M (Plant Breeding Dep, Islamic Azad Univ, Yazd 8616871967, Iran, Email: jamshidi_kiarash@iauyazd.ac.ir) : Selection and validation of reference genes for normalization of qRT-PCR gene expression in wheat (Triticum durum L.) under drought and salt stresses. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1433–44.

Eight candidate housekeeping genes were examined as internal controls for normalizing expression analysis of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) under drought and salinity stress conditions. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyse gene expression of multiple stress levels, plant ages (24 and 50 days old), and plant tissues (leaf and root). The algorithms BestKeeper, NormFinder, GeNorm, the delta Ct method and the RefFinder were applied to determine the stability of candidate genes. Under drought stress, the most stable reference genes were glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate, ubiquitin and β-tubulin2, whereas under salinity stress conditions, eukaryotic elongation factor 1-α, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and actin were identified as the most stable reference genes. Validation with stress-responsive genes NAC29 and NAC6 demonstrated that the expression level of target genes could be determined reliably with combinations of up to three of the reference genes. This is the first report on reference genes appropriate for quantification of target gene expression in T. durum under drought and salt stresses. Results of this investigation may be applicable to other Triticum species.

9 illus, 4 tables, 47 ref

030487   SUN W-J, ZHAN J-Y, ZHENG T-R, SUN R, WANG T, TANG Z-Z, BU T-L, LI C-L, WU Q, CHEN H (Sichuan Agricultural Univ, Sichuan, China, Email: chen62hui@163.com) : The jasmonate-responsive transcription factor CbWRKY24 regulates terpenoid biosynthetic genes to promote saponin biosynthesis in Conyza blinii H. Lev. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1379–88.

Conyza blinii H. Lév., the most effective component is saponin, is a biennial medicinal material that needs to be overwintered. WRKY transcription factors family is a large protein superfamily that plays a predominant role in plant secondary metabolism, but their characteristics and functions have not been identified in C. blinii. The CbWRKY24 sequence was selected from the transcriptome database of the C. blinii leaves constructed in our laboratory. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that it was associated with AaWRKY1 which can regulate artemisinin synthesis in Artemisia annua. Expression analysis in C. blinii revealed that CbWRKY24 was mainly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and cold treatments. Transcriptional activity assay showed that it had an independent biological activity. Overexpression of CbWRKY24 in transient transformed C. blinii resulted in improved total saponins content, which was attributed to upregulate the expression level of keys genes from mevalonate (MVA) pathway in transient transformed plants compared to wild type (WT) plants. Meanwhile, overexpression the CbWRKY24 in transient transformed tomato fruits showed that the transcript level of related genes in lycopene pathway decreased significantly when compared to WT tomato fruits. Additionally, the MeJA-response-element was found in the promoter regions of CbWRKY24 and the histochemical staining experiments showed that promoter had GUS activity in transiently transformed tobacco leaves. In summary, our results indicated that we may have found a transcription factor that can regulate the biosynthesis of terpenoids in C. blinii.

9 illus, 43 ref

030396   JEYARANI J N, YOHANNAN R, VIJAYAVALLI D, DWIVEDI M D, PANDEY A K (Botany Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi -110 007, Email: arunpandey79@gmail.com) : Phylogenetic analysis and evolution of morphological characters in the genus Jasminum L. (Oleaceae) in India. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1225–39.

Jasminum L. (Oleaceae) consists of ∼200 species that are distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. In India, this genus is represented by ca 47 species of which 16 are endemic. Based on the nuclear (internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nrDNA and chloroplast markers (matK, trnL-F and trnH-psbA), phylogenetic relationships in 22 species including one variety of Jasminum in India have been assessed. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses from individual markers, as well as from combined dataset, reveal that the group is monophyletic if Menodora spp. are excluded from the analyses. Our analyses recovered three strongly supported clades. Ancestral character state reconstruction of taxonomically useful characters (leaf forms, leaf arrangement and flower colour) which were used to demarcate sections within the genus reveals homoplasy. Our study suggests that after split from the last common ancestor, there have been at least four reversals to unifoliolate condition. Pinnately compound leaf form evolved at least twice and trifoliolate condition evolved one time only. Alternate leaf form evolved at least twice, once in clade 1 and once in clade 3 and all the time from ancestors having opposite leaf forms. Flower colour evolution clearly depicts that clade 1 is yellow-flowered and clades 2 and 3 have admixture of white and yellow-flowered Jasminum species. Our study suggests that yellow-flowered condition evolved from the white-flowered ancestor. The present study is first to estimate the evolutionary history of Indian Jasmines.

5 illus, 6 tables, 29 ref

030492   THAKUR J, DWIVEDI M D, UNIYAL P L (Botany Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi - 110 007, Email: mayank_dwivedi10@yahoo.com) : Ultrastructural studies and molecular characterization of root-associated fungi of Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach.: a threatened and medicinally important taxon. J Genet 2018, 97(5), 1139–46.

Crepidium acuminatum (Orchidaceae) is a threatened medicinal orchid that grows under shady and moist forest floor where light remains for a very short period of time. Mycorrhizal association is known to be essential for seed germination and seedling establishment in a majority of orchids. Identification of fungi that form mycorrhizae with orchids is of crucial importance for orchid conservation. We used both morphological as well as molecular approaches to study this plant–fungal interaction. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fungi grow and proliferate in the middle layers of the cortex. Also, spiral-root hairs were found along with root hairs, which is an unusual observation. Spiral-root hairs provide more surface area for fluid absorption and entrance of colonizers. Further, total root genomic DNA was isolated and fungal internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified using specific primer combinations ITS1F/ITS4 and ITS1/ITS4tul. ITS sequences were obtained and analysed to know the closest sequence matche in the GenBank using BLASTn hosted by NLM-NCBI. Subject sequences were identified to be belonging to three main genera, namely, Tulasnella, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Results indicate that mycorrhizal association is necessary for the growth and development of the plant. In addition, this symbiosis influences the distribution and rarity of this medicinally valuable taxon. Specific fungal partners may lead to an enhanced seed germination rate and increased efficiency of nutrient exchange between both the partners. Hence, knowledge of mycorrhizal fungi is essential for future in vitro germination and seedling establishment programmes, because they rely on fungi for germination. Identification of mycorrhizal fungi can be used for orchid propagation and conservation programmes.

2 illus, 68 ref

030353   AHMAD M S, SHAWKY A, GHOBASHY M O, FELIFEL R H A (Botany and Microbiology Dep, Beni -Suef Univ, Egypt) : Effect of some medicinal plants on life cycle of citrus brown mites (Eutetranychus orientalis). Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2018, 7(4), 13-7.

Citrus brown mites, Eutetranychus orientalis seemed to be one of the most common phytophagous species found in citrus orchards. Four methanol plant extracts such as Myrrh, Ginger, Black cumin and Rosemary were used to screen their effects on the life cycle of citrus brown mites. Rosemary extract showed the highest activity on the rate of hatching ability and egg laying behavior. The four plant extracts showed the moderate effect on the egg viability, where methanol extracts of Myrrh showed the highest effect on the egg viability. Both Rosemary and Black cumin extracts showed the highest activity on the control of reproductive potentials of citrus brown mites.

4 tables, 14 ref

030419   LATA S, SHARMA G, GARG S, MISHRA G (Fruit Science Dep, Dr Y S Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan - 173 230, Himachal Pradesh, Email: sumanindia14@gmail.com) : Pollen viability, germination and stigma receptivity studies in different strawberry cultivars. Agric Res J 2018, 55(4), 627-32.

The present investigation was carried on 16 strawberry cultivars at the experimental field of Department of Fruit Science, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Pollen viability with acetocarmine (1%) ranged from 72.52 to 84.73 per cent and from 60.05 to 78.35 per cent with erythrocin B. Cultivar Fern recorded maximum pollen viability with both the dyes (84.73 and 78.35 %, respectively). Pollen germination was best with 15 per cent sucrose solution followed by 10 per cent and the lowest was in 20 per cent solution. Stigma receptivity through visual and fruit set method was maximum on the day of anthesis in all the strawberry cultivars studied. The generated information may be useful to crop improvement programmes.

4 tables, 18 ref

030382   FIDRIANNY I, RAHMAWATI A, HARTATI R (Pharmaceutical Biology Dep, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia, Email: irdafidrianny@gmail.com) : Comparison profile of different extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi L. in antioxidant properties and phytochemical content. Rasayan J Chem 2018, 11(4), 1628-34.

The negative effects of free radicals can be reduced by antioxidants. Antioxidants inhibit the oxidation reaction due to free radicals. Antioxidants can be found in a variety of plants, such as Bilimbi (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.). The objectives of this research were to study antioxidant activity of leaves, fruit and twigs of Bilimbi by DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulphonic acid)] and determine its phytochemical content. Antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were performed by the UV-Visible spectrophotometric method. Correlation of TPC and TFC with their IC₅₀ of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS and also a correlation of two methods were conducted by Pearson’s method. All parts extracts of Bilimbi were generally classified as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH and ABTS methods. Waste products of Bilimbi (leaves and twigs) were a potential antioxidant. The major contributors in antioxidant activities of leaves, fruit and twigs extracts of Bilimbi by DPPH and ABTS methods were phenolic compounds. DPPH and ABTS methods gave linear results in antioxidant activities of leaves and twig extracts of Bilimbi.

4 tables, 30 ref

030405   KRISHNAMOORTHI R, ELUMALAI K (Zoology Dep, Government Arts Coll for Men, Chennai - 600 035, Email: kmoorthi222@gmail.com) : In vitro anticancer activity of ethyl acetate extract of Premna latifolia against MCF-7 cell line. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1193-6.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of in vitro anticancer activity of the ethanolic extract of Premna latifolia against mCF-7 human breast cancer cell line using MTT assay showed a percentage of cell viability of 49 % at 25 μg/ml which decrease with increase in concentration of extract. Anticancer activity of ethyl acete extract of premna latifolia on Mcf-7 human cancer cell line showed potent cytotoxic activity. The inhibition percentage with regard to cytotoxicity was found to be 52 % at 75μg/ml which was comparable to the control Cyclophosphamide that showed a cytotoxicity of 55 %. Therefore, the minimum effective concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Premna latifolia was toxic to Mcf-7 cells was recorded at a concentration of 25 μg/ml of the ethyl acetate extract of premna latifolia.

3 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

030386   GOWRI R, DURGADEVI K, MINI S T, RAMAMURTHY V (Biochemistry Dep, Marudupandiyar Coll, Thanjavur - 613 403, Email: v.ramamoorthy07@gmail.com) : Phytochemical profiling of ethanolic leaves extract of Cassia auriculata. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1177-83.

This study was conducted to assess the phytochemical constituents in Cassia auriculata Leaf extracts using standard methods. The qualitative analysis of bioactive compounds for the three extracts have been analyzed in this study and there is wide range of phytochemical compounds present in the three extracts. Cassia auriculata extract was found to have a wide range of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, proteins, phenols, reducing sugars, steroids and tannins. In the present study ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata was analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and the compound structures were identified with help of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of test plant revealed the presence of 48 bioactive compounds. The prevailing compounds were Orcinol (25.54 %), Eptacosanol (10.22 %), Utanol, -Dihydro-Benzofuran (5.76 %), 3-Methyl-, Acetate (5.45 %), Eptacosanol (4.50 %), Eptacosanol (4.15 %), Gmast-5-En-3-Ol, (3.Beta.)- (3.97 %), 2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-Trimethyltridecy (3.63 %), Benzamide, N-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Pyrrolidi (3.52 %) etc are important bioactive compounds which act as essential drugs for dangerous diseases and disorders and other compounds are used in antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and cancer preventive activities.

1 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

030372   CHADALAWADA P K, BOYAPATI P, THADANKI M L (Pharmacy Dep, Southern Institute of Medical Sciences, Guntur - 522 001, Email: palispavan@gmail.com) : In-silico study and drug target for anti-inflammatory study with CoX-2 receptor (1PXXX) from elucidated compounds of Muntingia calabura. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1161-6.

In the present study, we have done molecular docking using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) on isolated moieties of ethanolic extract of Muntingia calabura and Diclofenac to compare between in silico and in vitro studies. Based on the studies, the main compounds of the ethanolic extract of Muntingia calabura are 8-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, 3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy flavone, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, galangin, 3-hydroxy-1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy phenyl) propan-1-one and p-nitro phenol showed that Moldock Score was found to be -106.874, -102.866, -100.724, -99.7945, -97.6133, -61.9784 respectively. The Re-rank score of above said moieties was found to be -88.1573, -83.1704, -71.7152, -74.79 -86.7314, -79.8167, -52.5166 respectively. The hydrogen bonds of 8-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, 3, 7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone and diclofenac with amino acid of CoX-2 were Ser 3530, Tyr 3385. All the extracted compounds of Muntingia calabura was further proceeded for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. The percentage of HRBC membrane stabilization was calculated. The isolated compounds showed mild to moderate in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity. 8-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone derived from ethanolic fraction was found to be most active among the series of isolates in comparison with diclofenac.

5 illus, 16 ref

030432   MURUGESAN M, BALASUBRAMANI K, JOSEPH D (Microbiology Dep, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science Coll, Coimbatore - 48, Email: devakumar09@gmail.com) : Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis of Solanum Lycopersicum esculentum leaf extract. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1147-52.

Solanum lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) leaves are considered as poisonous material globally, because of the tomatine and solanine toxin. Despite the fact of its poisonous, the plants possess many phytochemicals, antioxidants and antimicrobial activities. the present study was aimed to in vitor phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial analysis of Solanum lycopersicum esculentum leaves. Solanum lycopersicum esculentum leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction apparatus with hydroethonol solvent. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract proves the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins. Hydroethanolic leaf extract was tested on gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogens and gram-negative E. coli, Pseudomonas aerogenous, enterococcus fecalIs, Bacillus subtillis subsp spizizeinii. Zone of inhibition proves that the solanum lycopersicum esculentum hydroethanolic leaf extract possess antimicrobial property.

3 tables, 22 ref

030449   PRABHAKARAN D, RAJESHKANNA A, SENTHAMILSELVI M M (Chettinad Cement Corporation Ltd., Tamil Nadu, Email: prabhakarandhanaval@gmail.com) : In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory of the flower extracts of Pedalium murex L. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1132-9.

To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the solid powder obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower Pedalium murex L. The flower extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by 1,1–diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay was carried out by FRC (Ferric Reducing Capacity) assay method. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate nitric oxide (NO) production method. The solid powder obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower Pedalium murex L showed a good antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radical and FRC assay with compared standard sample. This solid powder also showed good anti-inflammatory activity in cell viability (LPS induced PBMCs) assay and nitric oxide (NO) assay. These results suggest that the solid powder obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction from the flower Pedalium murex L have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

4 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

030434   NAGARGOJE M G, KASHID N G (Vasant Mahavidyalaya Kaij, Beed - 431 123, Email: manisha.mukta21@gmail.com) : Effect of mutagen on frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through induced mutation. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1127-31.

Mutation breeding can constitute a valuable tool to the conventional breeding methods in widening the genetic base of cultivated germplasm in crops through creation of some useful mutants, henceforth, mutation breeding finds a prominent place in the augmentation and recreation of genetic variability and has played a significant role in the development of many crop varieties. The frequency of chlorophyll mutation is useful in assessing the potency of mutagen and it is also an indicator of factor mutation. It is considered as a dependable index for evaluating genetic effects of mutagenic treatments. Chlorophyll mutation helps in the study of the effects of specific genes products in differentiations. Mutations in genes responsible for chlorophyll synthesis bring outs deficiency of chlorophyll pigments. The mutagenic effectiveness is reflected in the segregation of chlorophyll mutants and it is also a good indicator to forecast the spectrum of genetic variability that can arise from the mutated sectors. In present investigation a wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutations like albina, xantha, chlorina and viridis could be recorded in M2 generation, grown from the harvested seeds of M1 in Chickpea. The frequency of these mutants revealed an increasing trend with an increasing concentration of all the mutagens in both the cultivars of chickpea. The frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutants induced by EMS, SA and Gamma rays’ mutagens in Chickpea varieties BDNG-797 and PG 0408. High frequency of mutant in BDNG 797 were recorded in SA 0.04 % treatment while in PG0408 highest frequency was observed while 0.06 % SA treatments.

4 tables, 15 ref

030429   MITTHOLIYA S, CHITTORA D, SHARMA K (Botany Dep, University College of Science, Udaipur - 313 001, Email: shivangimittholiya@gmail.com) : Isolation, screening and quantification of exopolysaccharide produce by plant pathogenic fungi. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1089-98.

Exopolysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates secreted by some bacteria and fungi outside their cell walls. Exopolysaccharides extracted from plant pathogenic fungi have wide applications. Four species of fungi i.e. Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp. and Candida sp. were isolated from different plants sources ( chilli, tomato and mazie) and each species were tested for their polysaccharide producing ability. Polysaccharide production was recorded in incubating all four species in shaking flask, incubation condition of 28 °C at 150 rpm for 14 days was found most suitable for exopolysaccharide secretion from each test species. Among all four species, Alternaria alternata produces maximum exopolysaccharide & minimum production was seen with Penicillium notaum. Total biomass (dry weight and wet weight) was also recorded. Maximum biomass was found to be in Fusarium equisetum. Total carbohydrate and protein produced was found to be highest in Alternaria alternata (approx 95 % carbohydrate content). Fungal flora is affluent and thus can be used for the production of extracellular polysaccharides at a commercial level. The screening of such different natural sources for production of exopolysaccharides secreting fungi is promising as there is hope of isolation new productive microorganisms with properties superior to those of existing polymers. Isolation of exopolysaccharide secreting fungi from various fungi infected plants will be a valid alternative to plant and algal products considering that their properties are almost identical to those currently of used gums (Sutherland, 1956) and these exopolysaccharides activities can play a relevant role in biomedical and industrial applications, particularly in the field of antibacterial, emulsification, flocculation etc. for their intrinsic biocompatibility and potential low cost.

3 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

030480   SIRIPURAM M, MONDI S R, GOTTUMUKKULA K M, GOWRI M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Hyderabad, Email: maheshsiripuram955@gmail.com) : A review on Clerodendrum inerme (L) Gaertn. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1077-81.

Wild Jasmine isan evergreen mangrove plant which belongs to the family Verbenaceae (Lamiaceae). It is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the countries, grown as small trees, Sprawling shrubs and herbs in costal India. It is as a versatile plant and can be grown as a topiary or as a bonsai in India. These plant include parts like leaves, Flowers, Stems, Fruits and Barks are used for the medicinal purpose in ancient times.The researches on Clerodendrum inerme provide the proof that it contains chemical constituents like Triterpenoids, Tannins, diterpenoids, Alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, and, volatile oils and steroids. However, the researches also prove that it is used as anti-diabetic, anti–microbial anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic activity, anti-malarial, anti-oxidant. These plant mainly used for the traditional purpose like febrifugal and uterine stimulant. So these article describe about the phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of Clerodendrum inerme.

1 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

030422   MADHAVI B, KUMAR A N, SRINIVAS K V N S, KUMAR J K, RAVI G, MOHAN G K (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Hyderabad, Email: b.madhavi9666@gmail.com) : In-vitro antioxidant activity profiling of Indigofera astragalina Dc. extracts along with estimation of its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1071-6.

Indigofera astragalina (Silky Indigo) a rare herbaceous weed of Leguminosae family has shown astringent, diarrhea and toothache treating properties. The present study involves the in-vitro determination of antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method, Total Phenolic Content by Folin’s ciocalteu method and Total Flavonoid Content by quantitative aluminum chloride method (using Quercetin and Catechin standards) for various extracts of I. astragalina. From the study it was observed that the leaf methanolic extract (with 73.70 % inhibition rates on free radicals at 50 μg/mL) showed highest antioxidant activity along with highest phenolic content 40.02 mg GAE / gm extract whereas stem Methanolic and leaf Ethyl acetate extracts (90.40 & 50.43 mg QE & CEs / gm extract) showed highest flavonoid content.

3 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

030415   KUNDU S, NANDI A K, KANP U K, BHATTACHARJEE A (Distance Education Dep, Vidyasagar Univ, West Bengal - 721 102, Email: souravkunduind@gmail.com) : Allelopathic effects of Chromolaena and Lantana leaf extract on mung bean seeds. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1055-60.

Among the natural or man guided agro-ecosystems, surrounding plants may interact with the growth and improvement of other species. The compounds (allelochemicals) connected in interspecific chemical interactions (allelopathy) with higher plants are often phytotoxic a herbicidal to other species or even to the species producing them (autotoxicity). The purpose of this investigation is to screen out the phototoxicity of the leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara on mung bean (Vigna radiate L. cv. K 851), measured in terms of seed germination, plant growth and some feasible biochemical indices. Modern study exhibition that seed pretreatment of mung bean with several concentrations [1:1 and 1:2 (w/v)] of Chromolaena and Lantana leaf extracts for 24 hours duration reduced percentage germination. Levels of DNA and RNA were significantly reduced with concomitant increase of amylase activity in seed samples pretreated with leaf extracts of Chromolaena and Lantana. Decreased plant potential in the plant extract-pretreated samples was evidenced from the lower level of chlorophyll, DNA and RNA as well as higher level of amylase activity. Leaf extract-induced reduced germinability and influenced activity of amylase enzyme being the important allelopathic indices, it can be concluded that Chromolaena and Lantana can potentially render allelopathic action on mung bean. Consequently, this study calls for the proper monitoring of Chromolaena and Lantana and other invasive weeds showing similar behaviour.

4 tables, 49 ref

030378   DOSS B A, PARTHEPAN B, MOHAN V R (Botany Dep, V.O.Chidambaram Coll, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, Email: vrmohanvoc@gmail.com) : Scavenging effect of stem extracts of Niebuhria apetala Dunn on free radical. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1049-54.

Extracts of stem of Niebuhria apetala Dunn was assessed for its antioxidant activity by in vitro methods. Antioxidant activity was studied using 1, 1- Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Superoxide scavenging activity, Hydroxyl scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging and reducing power assay. Antioxidant activities compared with ascorbic acid as standard antioxidant. Results showed that the crude extracts exhibited significant DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl, ABTS and reducing power assay. From results, it is concluded that the ethanol extract is the most potent antioxidant. This holds great promise for the use as a source of strong antioxidant compounds.

5 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

030457   RAMESH C, PRAMEELA RANI A (Pharmacology Dep, East West Coll of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Email: rameshcology80@gmail.com) : In vivo and in vitro evaluation of Tephrosia villosa for anti-diabetic properties. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2018, 8(4), 1038-48.

The objective the present work was to investigate in vivo and in vitro anti-diabetic potentials of methanol extract of Tephrosia villosa against alloxan induced diabetes in albino rats. For in-vivo evaluation, diabetes was induced in albino rats by administering a single dose of alloxan. The study was designed test the acute effect of methanol extract of Tephrosia villosa (TVME) to reduce blood glucose in OGTT. The chronic study of 21 days was performed against diabetic rats and blood glucose was determined at 1^st, 7^th, 14^th and 21^st day. In chronic in vivo study, serum concentrations of insulin, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT and AST were also estimated at 21^st day. The in vitro α-glucisidase inhibitory activity and α-amylase inhibitory activity were performed and IC₅₀ values of extract was determined. The glucose up take by rat hemi-diaphragm model was also used test potentials of the extract to increase utilization of the glucose by tissues. In OGTT, standard glibenclamide and TVME at 400 mg/kg treated anomals have shown significant reduction in blood glucose at 90 mins but at 120 mins, blood glucose level was significantly reduced in glibenclamide and TVME at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg treated animals compared to diabetic control group. In chronic model the methanol extract effectively, reduced blood glucose levels (P<0.001) at 14 ^th and 21^st day of study in therapeutic groups and effect was comparable to that of standard. The extract could also significantly (P<0.001) reduce concentrations of SGOT, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea in serum and significantly (P<0.001) increased the insulin level in blood which proves beneficial effects of the extract in diabetes. The change in concentrations of SGPT and urea were less significant (P>0.01).

3 illus, 5 tables, 40 ref

030438   NISHA S A, ATHIRA S P, KUMAR R S (Botany and Research Centre Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Coll, Kerala - 695 004, Email: nishasa2014@gmail.com) : Allelopathic potentialities of aqueous leaf extracts of Ochlandra wightii (munro) C.E.C. Fisch. in gamble on germination and biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum (L.). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 1009-13.

The aqueous extracts of fresh and dry leaves of Ochlandra wightii showed both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on seed germination, Biochemical and Phytochemical components in Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram) seedlings. The different parameters were found to be either decreasing or increasing on adding the aqueous leaf extracts of different concentrations from 1 % to 9 %. The maximum germination was shown in control condition and the minimum or no growth was reported in 10 %, 20 %, 50 % and 100 %. The seeds germinated at concentration below 10% were taken for different analysis. The biochemical and phytochemical constituents in the shoot and leaf and in the cotyledon of the germinated seeds of Cicer arietinum were also analysed. The pigment analysis of the leaves was also undertaken. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect on the germination of seeds may be due to allelopathy and the allelochemicals present in the leaves of this bamboo species. The findings of the present investigation showed that the stimulatory and inhibitory effect of O. wightii aqueous extracts of fresh and dry leaves may be due to the presence of allelochemicals in the leaves of bamboo species.

8 tables, 10 ref

030430   MOHIL P, BHARTI V, JAIN U (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur, Email: praveenmohil@gmail.com) : Effects of fertilizers on root and shoot biomass of Amaranthus. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 981-8.

Urea, potash and super phosphate were used for biomass (Fresh weight) production of amaranth i.e. Amaranthus hybridus Subsp. cruentus var. Paniculatus (L.) Thell. Urea shows uniform increasing impact on biomass while potash and superphostate shows different responses which are promotory as well as inhibitory. Uniformly increased biomass was observed in urea treatment in root and shoot while superphosphate only in shoot. Inhibitory effect was observed in potash where biomass decreased with increasing concentration of treated plants. Relative effectiveness was, urea > superphosphate > potash found as per total biomass.

6 tables, 18 ref

030507   VIJAYALAKSHMI S, ANANTHI T (Biochemistry Dep, S.T.E.T Women’s Coll, Mannargudi – 614 016, Email: elangani576@gmail.com) : In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the stem bark of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (L.). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 976-80.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is popularly known as Night jasmine used extensively in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of ethanolic bark extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin. Different concentrations viz 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis were used to study the in vitro anti-inflammatory activities albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization activity. Aspirin was used as reference drug. It was found that ethanolic bark extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was dose dependent RBC membrane stabilization and protein denaturation activity. The results suggested that anti-inflammatory activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was reasonably due to the presence of flavonoid, quercetin. So, it can be used as a potential source of anti-inflammatory agent.

3 tables, 11 ref

030446   PEER M K, YASODAMMA N (Botany Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati - 517501, Email: khaja.botany@gmail.com) : Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and antimicrobial studies in leaf aqueous extract of Sophora interrupta Bedd. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 954-61.

In nanotechnology, the plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has terrific application in biomedicine due to its novel properties and its eco-friendly nature. The present study deals with the biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (SNPs) from leaf aqueous extract of Sophora interrupta an endemic species of Seshachalam hill ranges of Tirumala. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by UV–VIS spectroscopy, Zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, with TEM and EDAX. Colour change, Observed from Gray to brown indicates the formation of nanoparticles and UV–VIS surface plasmonresonance spectroscopy observed at 442 nm further confirmed the synthesized nanoparticles as SNPs. FTIR spectroscopic studies confirm that phenols and proteins of leaf extract is mainly responsible for capping and stabilization of synthesized SNPs. The XRD data shows crystalline nature of nanoparticles and EDAX measurements reveal the13.56 % percentage presence of Ag metal. Zeta potential at -19.7 mV, negitive value indicates the high stability of Nanoparticles. TEM microscopic analysis revealed that the size of synthesized SNPs ranging from 5 to 50 nm with spherical shape. Further, the antimicrobial studies of synthesized SNPs show high activity towards different bacterial isolates.

9 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

030472   SHAHEEN S, KHAJAPEER M, KAVITHA B (Botany Dep, Rayalaseema Univ, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, Email: kavithab15@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical studies and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of Sophora interrupta Bedd. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 935-47.

The present study mainly focuses on the establishment of pharmacognostical studies and antimicrobial activity of Sophora interrupta leaves. It is a woody perennial shrub which grows endemically in Seshachalam hills of Thirumala, India. The plant was investigated and was found out to possess anti- cholesterolemic, anti- inflammatory, abortifacient, antibacterial, anti-spasmodic, diuretic, emetic, emollient, febrifuge, hypotensive, purgative, styptic and tonic properties. Methods: The powder of S. interrupta was successively extracted with aqueous, acetone, alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and petroleum ether for pharmacognostical studies and antimicrobial activity. Extractive values of leaf yielded highest amount in aqueous 20.80 w/w. Leaves yielded highest number of secondary metabolites as alkaloids, phenols, glycosides and saponins, tanins and lignins in most of the extracts. Antibacterial activity of leaf aqueous and methanol extracts showing more effective activity on E. coli with 29.50; 24.75 mm zone of Inhibition than other extracts. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations with leaf extracts at 0.25 to 2.52 mg; compared to that of the 10 mg of Ampicillin. Antifungal activity of leaf benzene and chloroform extracts were more effective on C. albicans with 12.75; 12.50 mm zone of inhibition than A. niger when compared to Nystatin the control drug at 10 mg/well with 10.2 to 12.1 mm of zone of inhibition. From this study we can conclude that the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of infectious diseases is promising alternate supplement against pathogenic bacteria.

6 illus, 8 tables, 26 ref

030500   UMADEVI V, SHETTY A N, RAO S (P. G. Studies and Research in Botany Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, Email: srinathraomm@gmail.com) : Antibacterial activity of Tribulus terrestris L. against clinical pathogenic bacteria. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 885-8.

The microbial infections are growing at an alarming rate. The discovery and exploration of antibiotic is a continuous process. There is an urgent need to curb the growing bacterial infections. Now a days the emerging antibiotic resistant strains are threat to mankind. The phytochemicals and secondary metabolites explored from plants have immense therapeutical and pharmaceutical properties. Tibullus terrestris is a member of family Zygophyllaceae. It is a low trailing prostrate annual herb. Each part of the plant is enriched with diverse phytochemicals and is a rich repository for phytochemicals such as Saponins and Flavonoids. These secondary molecules act against different gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. In the present study different solvent (Methanol, Chloroform and Hexane) extract of the plant was evaluated against different clinical isolates such as Pseudomonas aerogenes, Klebsiella sp. and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity of the plant was carried out by agar diffusion method and the same was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition (mm) according to the standard clinical parameters. In our study the methanolic extract (500 μg) of plant found to be effective against all the tested organisms.

1 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

030455   RAJAKANI M, MUTHULINGAM M, KARUPPASAMY R (Zoology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar – 608 002, Email: muthuau@rediffmail.com) : Renal hypolipidemic efficacy of seaweed, Padina gymnospora (kutzing) on streptozotocin induced diabetics in male albino Wistar rats. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 836-40.

Plants have been considered as sources of medicinal agents for the treatment of many diseases. The renal hypolipidemic efficacy of seaweed, Padina gymnospora was evaluated by streptozotocin induced diabetics in rats. Male albino wistar rats were orally treated with seaweed, Padina gymnospora methanolic extracts (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) or glibenclamide (600 μg/kg) daily with administration of streptozotocin (45 gm/kg body weight- ip) only one day. Streptozotocin induced diabetics and significantly increased the levels of total cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids in kidney as compared with control group. Treatment with seaweed, Padina gymnospora methanolic extracts or glibenclamide consecutively for forty-five days could significantly decrease the levels of renal lipid profiles when compared with streptozotocin alone treated rats.

1 illus, 30 ref

030470   SEENA K K, VALSAMMA V T (Botany Dep, Little Flower Coll, Guruvayoor, Kerala, Email: seenakk29@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial studies on Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. leaf and rhizome extract. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 826-30.

The results of the preliminary screening experiments proved that Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm., exhibited considerable antibacterial activity. The plant was selected for detailed study because, the plant had been ethnobotanically relevant, non-toxic, easily available and a widely spread vegetation. A single species for the genus Drynaria was reported according to the biodiversity documentation of Kerala, Pteridophyes by (Easa, 2003). The acetone extract of Drynaria rhizomes shows anti-bacterial property against Vibrio cholerae and antifungal property against Aspergillus sp. The acetone extract of rhizome indicates anti-bacterial property by producing maximum zone of inhibition by 3 cm in diameter. The water extract of rhizome shows negative result with absence of anti-bacterial property. The acetone extract of leaf was less when compared with rhizome extract. The anti-fungal activity of Drynaria rhizome was also high in acetone extract than in water extract. The rhizome extract prevented the fungal growth. The rhizome can use effectively for preventing the growth of the fungus than the leaf because the extract shows less anti-fungal property. So the present study clearly indicates the anti-microbial efficiency of rhizome and leaf extract of Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm.

3 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

030495   THENMOZHI M, MANI P, BOOMINATHAN M (Botany Dep, Kundavai Nachiyar Coll of Arts and Science for Women, Thanjavur - 613007, Tamil Nadu, Email: master.maniji@gmail.com) : Production, purification and biochemical characterization of biosurfactant produced by Candida tropicalis VEMS 27. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 810-6.

Nowadays, biosurfactants are one among the most important biochemical compound required for many industrial applications. So, the need for medium optimization is significant for enhanced production, this study used a potential biosurfactant producing estuarine yeast, Candida tropicalis VEMS 27 to accomplish the stated aim. This study optimized various physicochemical factors under shake flasks conditions and showed enhanced biosurfactant production at 42 h incubation with 2 % of glucose, 1.5 % of ammonium nitrate as carbon and nitrogen sources with pH 7, 35 °C temperature and 10 pp salinity. Under standardized conditions, the large-scale production was carried out and the biosurfactant was extracted with acid precipitation procedure and purified using silica gel column chromatography. The final dry weight of the purified biosurfactant was accounted as 4.85 g/L and was biochemically characterized as glycolipid using TLC method. Thus, from the present study, the estuarine yeast C. tropicalis VEMS 27 proved the enhanced production of the glycolipid biosurfactant which is ideal for the industrial scale production and possible for the development of many industrial applications.

6 illus, 22 ref

030365   BHARATHI K, THIRUMURUGAN V (Chemistry Dep, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam Coll, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Email: hiteshniteshkrrish@rocketmail.com) : Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the ehanolic extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa L. and Cichorium intybus L. CCL₄ - induced hepatic damage in rats. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2018, 8(4), 419-31.

In traditional medicine Boerhaavia diffusa and Cichorium intybus are used as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant drugs. The aim of the present study is designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective, and antioxidant properties of Boerhaavia diffusa and Cichorium intybus leaf powder (drug) in experimental albino rats study and access toxicity related drugs through histopathology studies in drug treated animals. The LD₅₀ value of the ethanolic extract of two plants are found out by acute toxicity studies. It is found out that both plants have greater than 2000 mg/kg as none of the animals has experienced any signs of toxicity nor death. The ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa and Cichorium intybus leaf powder (100 mg / kg and 200 mg / kg individually and combination of two plant extract 100 mg / kg and 100 mg / kg) are administered respectively to the animals. The drug CCl₄, used to induce the hepatotoxicity and the drug silymarin (25.0 mg / kg) is given as the reference standard. The both plant extracts are effective in protecting the liver aginst the hepatotoxicity induced by the CCl₄ in rats. This is evident from the significant reduction in Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) , Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Acid Phosphatase (ACP), and total bilirubin levels and also effective against free radical scavenging activity by significant reduction in enzyme parameters like Glutathione peroxidase, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance (TBARS). It is concluded from the result that the ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa and Cichorium intybus leaf powder possesses good hepatoprotective activity and antioxidant against CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Further studies are required to isolate and characterize the active principles which are responsible for the hepatoprotective efficacy of this medicinal plants.

10 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

030456   RAMANA H, VASANTHI R, ANNAPURNA P, PRASHANTHI M, MAMATHA V (Venkateshwara Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nalgonda, Telangana, Email: hechhu.ramana@gmail.com) : Preliminary phytochemical screening, in-vitro evaluation of Trifolium repens L. for anthelmintic and antibacterial activities. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 763-7.

The present work was conducted to investigate the preliminary phytochemical studies, antihelminthic and anti-bacterial activities on the leaf extracts of Trifolium repens L. family Fabaceae. The anthelmintic activity was evaluated on adult Indian earthworm Pheritima posthuma due to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal roundworm parasites of human beings. The antibacterial activities of the extracts of Trifolium repens L. were performed by agar cup plate method. Preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves of T. repens L. revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, triterpenoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and amino acids. All the tested extracts showed mild to moderate anthelmintic activity and antimicrobial activity, albendazole and amikacin sulfate were employed as reference standard for anthelmintic and antibacterial activities respectively. Among the tested extracts the aqueous and methanolic extracts were found to possess potent anthelmintic activity while ethyl acetate extract showed moderate activity. Whereas petroleum ether extract showed most promising antibacterial activity, while ethyl acetate showed moderate activity. The present study shows the potent anthelmintic as well as antibacterial activity of T. repens L. that was good in their action against the worms.

1 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

030485   SUJATHA B, BHAVANI V D, PRIYADARSHINI B, KUMAR M V V P, JYOTHI L B D (Botany Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, Email: sujathaau@yahoo.co.in) : Changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and hill reaction during seedling development of Cajanus cajan (L.) genotypes. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 732-43.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh), the material selected for the present investigation is the second most important pulse crop in India. Twelve genotypes of pigeonpea which were divided into three groups based on the duration for flower initiation i.e. Short duration (ICPL151, ICPL87, ICPL1, ICPL6), Medium duration (T21, HY2 mutant, Pusa agheti, C11) and Long duration (ICPL270, ST1, PDM1, LRG30) were selected and was raised at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Botany, Andhra University, Waltair, Visakhapatnam, A.P., India for the current study on apparent photosynthesis, hill reaction activity, photophosphorylation, organic acids, ascorbic acid content and catalase activity in the 10^th leaf. The apparent photosynthesis was observed greater in the ICPL87 of short duration, the T21 of medium duration and the PDM1 of long duration genotypes. The hill reaction activity of the 10^th leaf of pigeonpea genotypes ICPL87, Pusa agheti and PDM1 of short, medium and long duration genotypes exhibited greater values in their respective groups. Variation in cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation in ICPL87 and ST1 recorded the greatest and lowest values among all the genotypes studied. Among the genotypes, ICPL6 of short duration, the Pusa agheti of medium duration and the ICPL270 of long duration genotypes exhibited maximum values of free organic acid content in their respective groups. Among all the genotypes studied the PDM1 and T21 showed the maximum and the minimum values of ascorbic acid content and ICPL1 and ICPL6 of short duration genotypes showed a decrease in catalase activity respectively.

7 illus, 39 ref

030363   BASUDAN N, ABU-GABAL N S (Jeddah Univ, Jeddah - 21589, Saudi Arabia, Email: enas_mahdy@yahoo.com) : Phytochemistry and biological properties investigation of Teucrium polium L. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 660-70.

To perform successive extraction of the dried plant of Teucrium polium L. belonging to Lamiaceae family, obtained from Saudi Arabia, using five extracting solvents to evaluate its antimicrobial activity comparatively. GLC analysis of the saponified and unsaponified parts of the ethereal fraction. The volatile content of Teucrium polium L were identified using GC-MS of, and determine their structures. The chemical composition of the protein and ash contents of the plant were analizded. Phytochemical investigation of the successive five extracts. Collection of Teucrium polium L from Saudi Arabia Mountains, successive solvent extraction, application of different research points, including antimicrobial activity, GLC analysis of the saponified and unsaponified ethereal parts, GC-MS analysis of the volatile content of Teucrium polium L, and determination of the protein and mineral contents of the plant material. Teucrium polium L. was collected in spring 2014 from the mountain region of Alkurr Wadi, Tabuk area, Saudi Arabia. Teucrium polium L shade dried, and ground into powder. The plant was applied to successive extraction using petroleum ether, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, methanol and water, respectively, at room temperature. The afforded extracts were tested against a set of pathogenic microorganisms for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion assay; the unsaponified and saponified fractions of petroleum ether extract were analyzed by GLC analysis, while the essential oil components of the plant have been determined by GC-MS analysis. The biochemical composition (protein and mineral contents) of the plant was determined as well. A phytochemical assay for the entire natural classes of the five extracts were determined as well. Teucrium polium L. was collected from the mountain region of Alkurr Wadi, Tabuk area, Saudi Arabia. GLC analysis of the saponified and unsaponified parts of the ethereal fraction of T. polium L confirmed the existence of 20 fatty acid ester and 19 unsaponified hydrocarbons, among them 4 sterols: cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol. the most abundant fatty acid was Linoleic acid (66.10 %) in the saponified fraction, while n-octadecane, (12.0%), n-heptacosane (11.73%), n-nonacosane (10.25%), n-pentacosane (8.87), n-tricosane (7.49), n-hexadecane (6.03%), and cholesterol (6.01%), represent the most abundant unsaponified components. The hydro-distillation wasused for volatile oil content of Teucrium polium L and determined by GC-MS analysis, indicating the existence of 29 diverse bioactive compounds, namely (-)-caryophyllene oxide (17.83%), farnesol (14.32%), spathulenol (11.88%), α-Curcumene (7.21%), caryophyllene (5.17%), 2,2,6- trimethyl-1- (2-methyl-cyclobut-2-enyl)- hepta-4,6-dien-3-one (3.15%) representing the most abundant constituents of the essential oil (EO). The chemical composition of the protein content and mineral of the ash content was studied. Finally, the phytochemical evaluation of the successive five extracts was emphasized as well. Based on the antimicrobial activity testing, the pet. ether fraction revealed the most potent activity against the diverse set of Gram positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus), Gram negative (p. auragenosa) bacteria, yeast (C. albicans) and fungi (S. servisia, A. niger). T. polium L. is rich with several nutrient minerals and numerous diverse bioactive compounds, and hence it can be served as amale source of various medicinal compounds which can be exploited for their merchant production.

8 tables, 64 ref

030400   KAUR A (Botany Dep, D.A.V.Coll, Amritsar -143 001, Email: amanjotdav@gmail.com) : Some commonly used anti-inflammatory plants and their administration. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 654-9.

Medicinal plants are used traditionally all around the world as source of medicines. These are being used since centuries for flavoring and conserving food, to cure health disorders and to prevent diseases including epidemics. In humans, the immune system of humans gets activated when it recognizes anything that is foreign that may be a chemical, an invading microbe or plant pollen and this may cause inflammation. In this paper, some plants have been discussed which have anti-inflammatory properties which are clinically proven. Also, their administration in the humans has also been reviewed.

36 ref

030385   GHOSH A, DUTTA S (Botany Dep, The Univ of Burdwan, Burdwan - 713 104, West Bengal, Email: sikha.bu.academia@gmail.com) : Beneficial aspects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on plant growth and vigour of Arachis hypogaea L. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 605-11.

Biofertilizers are the organisms which are responsible for the enrichment of soil nutrients quantitatively and qualitatively. One of the most commonly used and ubiquitously distributed biofertilizer is AM fungi. In the present study our main motto was to produce ground nut by using mycorrhizal biofertilizer in low nutrient soil of the Birbhum district, West Bengal. In this study, we selected the plant Lathyrus sativus as a host for the production of AMF inoculum in pot culture. We have isolated the spores of Rhizophagus irregularis (previously known as Glomus intraradices) from the rhizospheric soil of the host plants like Zea mays, Aloe vera and Lathyrus sativus. Pot culture of the selected host plant L. sativus was done and the young seedlings as well as the soil in pot culture were inoculated with the spores of R. irregularis and the mycorrhizal inocula of R. irregularis have been produced in the pot culture as biofertilizer. The ground nut plants were then cultivated in red laterite soil and maintained in pot culture where mycorrhizal inocula of R. irregularis were applied. Field trial was also done by the use of AMF inoculum. The percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization, soil nutrients parameters like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium etc. and physiochemical properties of soil like bulk density, specific gravity, percentage of clay, slit and sand had also been studied. It was evidenced that the percent of root colonization by R. irregularis was increased with concomitant increase in soil nutrients parameter like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other microelements.

8 tables, 26 ref

030361   AYESHA A, DHAYA SHREE V S, SAEMA NOORAIN G K, NOORAIN G K S, PRASHITH KEKUDA T R (Microbiology Dep, S.R.N.M.N Coll of Applied Sciences, Shivamogga - 577 201, Karnataka, Email: p.kekuda@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Strobilanthes heyneana Nees (Acanthaceae). Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 565-72.

The present study was carried out to evaluate antifungal and antioxidant activity of leaf extract of Strobilanthes heyneana Nees. (Acanthaceae). The shade dried, and powdered leaf material was extracted by maceration technique using methanol. Antifungal activity was determined by poisoned food technique against two seed-borne fungi. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging and Ferric reducing assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the detection of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and triterpenoids. Extent of reduction of mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger and Bipolaris sp. by leaf extract was found to be >50%. Extract was shown to exhibit marked dose dependent radical scavenging and ferric reducing potential. Leaf extract of S. heyneana was promising in terms of antifungal and antioxidant potential. Further studies are to be undertaken to isolate active principles from the leaves and to investigate their biological activities.

4 illus, 2 tables, 76 ref

030411   KUMARAVEL S, VINOTH R, RANGANATHAN R (Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Email: kumaravels1593@gmail.com) : Evaluation of morpho-anatomical characters of Pichavaram mangrove plants. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2018, 8(4), 544-52.

Mangroves are developed in tropical and sub-tropical coastline spots of the world. In these living space to displays novel tolerant possibilities against the ecological worries with the assistance of morpho – anatomical exceptional characters. Be that as it may, Mangroves were securing the coastline and to keep beach front disintegration from catastrophic event. The Present examination was done anatomical varieties and morphological connections to survey their inter and intra particular connections among the mangrove plants species. In view of the morphological perception morphologically a few modification, for example, stilt root, vivipary germination, crypto vivipary, spread root, succulence leaf and anatomical discoveries distinctive writes stomata saw under same survival environment we finish up the human or non-human exercises seriously harmed and propensity, natural surroundings misfortunes of mangroves decent variety. Thus, in this basic circumstance to improving and to creates exsitu protection procedures of mangroves in pichavaram mangrove woodlands.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref