030392   HERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ L, COUTIÑO-MEGCHUN J T, RINCÓN-MOLINA C I, RUÍZ-VALDIVIEZO V M, CULEBRO-RICALDI J M, CRUZ-RODRÍGUEZ R I, PALOMEQUE-DOMINGUEZ H H, RINCÓN-ROSALES R (Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérr, 29050, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, México, Email: reriro61@hotmail.com) : Endophytic bacteria from root nodules of Ormosia macrocalyx with potential as plant growth promoters and antifungal activity. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 997-1005.

The present study was carried out to determine the diversity of cultivable endophytic bacteria associated to leguminous Ormosia macrocalix, and selected strains with potential as plant growthpromoting bacteria (PGPB) and antifungal activity. The isolated microorganisms were characterized using morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The genetic diversity and phylogeny of isolatedmicroorganisms were revealed by ERICPCR and sequencing of 16S rDNA. The plant growth promoting ability, plant inoculation assays and test for antagonism were evaluated to know the potential as plant growth-promoting bacteria. The amount of 105 endophytic bacteria was extracted from the root nodules of legume. According to the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences, these strains were grouped within the bacterial genera Bacillus, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Novosphingobium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea and Ensifer. Due to the capacity for nitrogen fixation, auxin production, phosphate solubilization and antagonism against certain pathogenic fungi were confirmed to be done by the plant growth promoting bacteria. The isolate of Pantoea sp. CA-02 produced the highest concentrations of IAA and Ensifer sp. CA-14 showed the maximum nitrogen fixation potency. The Bacillus sp. CA-11 and Pantoea sp. CA-02 isolates exhibited higher degree of phosphate solubilization. Isolate CA-02 showed ability to inhibit the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxyporum and F. solani. The fungus Fusarium verticilloides was strongly inhibited by isolate of Citrobacter sp. CA-15. Bacterial endophytes have potential use as bio-inoculants for the cultivation and propagation of leguminous tree O. macrocalyx. Use of endophytes may be particularly important in growing plants with high biological potential for reintroduction into their natural habitat.

2 illus, 5 tables, 33 ref

030426   MANJUNATHA N, PRAJAPATI M, DUNNA V, MAITY A, WASNIK V K, GUPTA C K, PARMAR S S (Seed Technology Div, ICAR-Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003, Email: manjuigfri17@gmail.com) : Effect of cupric oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on seed mycoflora and seed quality of fodder crops. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 973-9.

Advancement in nanotechnology has amplified the effectiveness of traditional fungicides against pathogens when seeds are treated with nano formulation of fungicides. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on seed mycoflora and seed quality parameters of fodder crops, in a view to accomplish nanoparticles application in near future. Fodder seed samples were subjected to standard blotter paper method and plated on Potato Dextrose Agar to isolate seed mycoflora. The major seed mycoflora were used as test organisms for further studies. Suspension of different concentrations (5 mg l^-1, 10 mg l^-1, 15 mg l^-1 and 20 mg l^-1) of cupric oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from 200 mg l^-1 stock suspension. The same concentrations of NPs were used for antifungal assay and to test effect on seed quality parameters. The results showed CuO NPs had greater antifungal impact on seed mycoflora than ZnO NPs. An incremental radial growth was observed with ZnO NPs at lower concentrations but at 20 mg l^-1 growth was retarded as compared to control. The efficacy was directly correlated with the concentration and maximum  reduction of spore germination was observed at 20 mg l^-1. Nanoparticles enhanced seed germination, root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight at lower doses, but reduction was noticed at higher doses in all fodder crops studied. These results suggest that CuO and ZnO NPs can be used as an effective seed protectant fungicide against seed mycoflora with proper standardization of concentration to overcome their phytotoxic effect.

1 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

030427   MATHARU K S, MEHTA P K (Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: matharu38@rediffmail.com) : Antifeedant and ovipositional deterrent activity of medicinal plants of Western Himalaya on Plutella xylostella. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 966-72.

Medicinal plants of Himalayan region is inadequately known for their role in pest management. The present study was conducted to assess the response of different extracts of Acorus calamus (L.) and Vitex negundo (L.) on antifeedant and ovipositional deterrent activity of Plutella xylostella. Acorus calamus (Rhizome) and Vitex negundo (leaves) were taken as an experimental material. Methanol (polar solvent) and hexane (non-polar solvent) were used for extraction. Antifeedant and ovipostional deterrent effect of two plants were workout against Plutella xylostella. The data were statistically analysed by t-tests for paired comparisons. Stronger ovipositional deterrent effects was observed in A. calamus (methanol extract) with higher oviposition deterrent indices (ODI) (38.7), followed by hexane extract of V. negundo. The leaves treated with plant extracts of A. calamus and V. negundo deterred the female of P. xylostella to some extent to lays eggs. After three days of treatment, methanol extract of A. calamus showed a residual deterrent effect to female of P. xylostella due to its low volatile nature. Application of methanol and hexane extracts of A. calamus and V. negundo on host plants render them less attractive and show ovipositional deterrent to females of P. xylostella.

1 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

030388   GUPTA D, BALA P, SHARMA Y P (Botany Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu-180 006, Email: yashdbm3@yahoo.co.in) : Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil against the mycoflora of stored dried fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(6), 951-7.

The study aimed to investigate the fungal contamination in dried fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum and the effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against the deteriorating fungi and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Mycoflora analysis of dried fruits of Z. armatum was done by dilution plate technique, while the antifungal assay of essential oil of C. citratus against seven isolated moulds was carried out by poisoned food technique. Aflatoxigenic potential of Aspergillus flavus and anti-aflatoxigenic activity of essential oil of C. citratuswas done by spectrophotometric method. A total of 17 fungal species were isolated with Aspergillus as the predominant genus. The characterization of C. citratus essential oil revealed α- citral and β- citral as major components. Essential oil significantly exhibited antifungal activity against the growth of tested fungal species. The minimal inhibitory -1 -1 concentration of essential oil was found to be 1.5 µl ml for Fusarium graminearum, 2.5 µl ml for Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus and Penicillium expansum and 3.0 µl ml for A. parasiticus and P. citrinum, respectively. The essential oil completely checked the production of aflatoxin B by the toxigenic 1 strains of A. flavus. Both mycelial growth and aflatoxin B production followed a declining trend with an 1 increase in essential oil concentration, demonstrating its practical efficacy as a plant based antimicrobial for enhancing the shelf-life of Z. armatum.

1 illus, 6 tables, 48 ref

030469   SATHAMMAIPRIYA N, THAMILMARAISELVI B, STEFFI P F, SANGEETHA K (Microbiology Dep, Cauvery Women Coll, Tamil Nadu, Email: steffi.titu@gmail.com) : Investigation of phytochemical constituents in Azolla microphylla for antibacterial activity. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(11), 1500-4.

Modern day food and lifestyle have resulted in an increasing number of diseases and disorders. A major percentage of the population depends on herbal medicines due to various needs. The aim of the study was to investigate phytochemical and antibacterial activity in Azolla microphylla. The present studies will reveal the activity of A. microphylla as an antimicrobial agent. Preliminary phytochemical studies were carried out to screen the components present in the species, and their antimicrobial activity was performed. Azolla extract found to possess enhanced antimicrobial action on bacteria. The methanol, ethanol, and water extracts showed good antibacterial activity when compared to chloroform and petroleum ether and it may be due to the presence of more phytochemical constituents, and hence, it can be used in therapeutic preparations.

6 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

030493   THAMILMARAISELVI B, STEFFI P F (Microbiology Dep, Cauvery Women Coll, Tamil Nadu, Email: steffi.titu@gmail.com) : Investigation of phytochemical constituents in Spirulina fusiformis for antibacterial activity. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(11), 1491-5.

Spirulina fusiformis provides a wide range of health benefits, so a major percentage of the population in developing countries depends on S. fusiformis due to its nutritional value. To examine the phytochemical constituents in Spirulina fusiformis for antibacterial activity. This study was a laboratory observational, phytochemical analysis, and antibacterial assay of S. fusiformis was carried out. Ethanol and chloroform extract showed a maximum inhibitory effect against all species chosen for this study. S. fusiformis sample found to contain certain phytochemicals in higher ratio and a wider range of protein and amino acids. It also possesses good antibacterial activity against various organisms.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

030504   VANDEBROEK I, VOEKS R (Geography & the Environment Dep, California State Univ—Fullerton, CA 92832, USA, Email: rvoeks@fullerton.edu) : The gradual loss of African indigenous vegetables in tropical America: A review. Econ Bot 2018, 72(4), 543–71.

Leaf vegetables and other edible greens are a crucial component of traditional diets in sub-Saharan Africa, used popularly in soups, sauces, and stews. In this review, we trace the trajectories of 12 prominent African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) in tropical America, in order to better understand the diffusion of their culinary and ethnobotanical uses by the African diaspora. The 12 AIVs were selected from African reference works and preliminary reports of their presence in the Americas. Given the importance of each of these vegetables in African diets, our working hypothesis was that the culinary traditions associated with these species would be continued in tropical America by Afro-descendant communities. However, a review of the historical and contemporary literature, and consultation with scholars, shows that the culinary uses of most of these vegetables have been gradually lost. Two noteworthy exceptions include okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and callaloo (Amaranthus viridis), although the latter is not the species used in Africa and callaloo has only risen to prominence in Jamaica since the 1960s. Nine of the 12 AIVs found refuge in the African derived religions Candomblé and Santería, where they remain ritually important. In speculating why these AIVs did not survive in the diets of the New World African diaspora, one has to contemplate the sociocultural, economic, and environmental forces that have shaped—and continue to shape—these foodways and cuisines since the Atlantic slave trade. Since these vegetables are neglected and underutilized species (NUS) that represent the biocultural heritage of the African diaspora in the Americas, their culinary traditions merit intensified scholarly attention and conservation efforts. 

8 illus, 1 table, 118 ref

030461   RASHFORD J (Sociology and Anthropology Dep, Charleston Coll, SC 29424, USA) : The use of Baobab leaves (Adansonia digitata L.) for food in Africa: A review. Econ Bot 2018, 72(4), 478–95.

The massive long-lived African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is a celebrated member of a small pantropical group of trees in the Malvaceae family. Its much-loved fruit is generally considered the tree’s most important food offering, and the baobab is more widely known as a fruit and fiber tree than a vegetable tree. Recent studies indicate that baobab leaves are eaten throughout its range, most notably in West Africa, and there is now ample documentation of the tree being valued in some places chiefly for its edible leaves. This paper presents a review of the use of baobab leaves for food in Africa. It identifies the species as one of Africa’s important leafy vegetables and highlights issues related to baobab management strategies for leaf production, the distinguishing characteristics of palatable leaves, and the seasonal dimension of leaf consumption. The culinary uses of baobab leaves and their nutritiousness are discussed, as well as current efforts to cultivate young baobabs for their leaves. The use of baobab leaves for food outside of Africa is also noted, and several suggestions are offered for future studies of baobab leaf consumption in Africa. 

80 ref

030499   TOWNS A M, SHACKLETON C (Towson Univ, MD, USA, Email: atowns@towson.edu) : Traditional, indigenous, or leafy? A definition, typology, and way forward for African vegetables. Econ Bot 2018, 72(4), 461–77.

Traditional, Indigenous, or Leafy? A Definition, Typology, and Way Forward for African Vegetables. Around 1000 different species of indigenous and naturalized vegetables contribute to the dietary diversity, food security, and livelihoods of populations across sub-Saharan Africa. These foods are also a part of alimentary traditions and cultural identity, but have suffered as neglected and underutilized species. Slowly, African vegetables are beginning to gain the attention of universities, research centers, and development organizations; however, the terminology used to describe the plants is characterized by widespread disagreement and redundancy. Key terms and concepts used such as indigenous, traditional, and leafy have different interpretations and are used interchangeably, creating a challenge for coordinated research and extension efforts. Through analyzing a broad set of peer-reviewed journal articles on African vegetables, we (1) provide an overview with respect to definitions and terms used in the literature, (2) propose a definition of the term traditional African vegetable (TAV), (3) create a typology to classify the main groups of African vegetables, and (4) identify trends and gaps for further research and extension on African vegetables. We propose not only a unified way to categorize these vegetables but also a way for a more holistic and interdisciplinary systems approach to further the research agenda and practical management of African vegetables.

7 illus, 6 tables, 44 ref

030424   MANDUNA I, VIBRANS H (Colegio de Postgraduados, Estado de México, Mexico, Email: heike@colpos.mx) : Consumption of wild-growing vegetables in the Honde valley, Zimbabwe. Econ Bot 2018, 72(4), 436–49.

This study evaluates the relevance of wild-growing vegetables in two villages of the Honde Valley, Zimbabwe, by documenting the use, knowledge of, and attitudes toward these plants. Information on plant use was gathered through 20 food diaries, 8 focus group discussions, and semi-structured interviews with 76 individuals (32 male) from the villages. Forty-two ethnospecies of wild vegetables were recorded and 26 identified to species. Wild leafy vegetables were consumed about twice a week by participating families; Cleome gynandra and Bidens pilosa were eaten most frequently. Preferred vegetables were dried and conserved for off-season use. Knowledge of wild food plants was transmitted orally within families, acquired in early childhood, and gradually increased with age. Gender differences were found in the quantity and type of knowledge. According to the villagers, the advantages of wild vegetables were their nutritional and economic value, as well as their accessibility. The perceived drawbacks were mainly related to quality issues, strong tastes, and lack of year-round availability. Despite preference for cultivated alternatives among younger people, there was renewed interest in wild plants due to recent health concerns such as diabetes and HIV.

5 illus, 4 tables, 42 ref

030453   RAEISI M, HASHEMI M, AMINZARE M, AFSHARI A, ZEINALI T, JANNAT B (Birjand Medical Sciences Univ, Birjand, Iran, Email: ta.zeinaly@gmail.com) : An investigation of the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Mentha piperita essential oils to improve the chemical stability of minced meat. Vet World 2018, 11(12), 1656-62.

Extending the shelf life of foods is an essential concept in food safety. Most of the time, foods deteriorate through the growth of microorganisms or oxidation process. Essential oils (EOs) derived from plant material have well-documented antioxidant and antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss EO (ZEO) and Mentha piperita EO (MEO) on the chemical stability of minced meat during storage at 7 $°$C. Total phenolic content, β-Carotene bleaching test, ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity were used to determine the antioxidant potential of EOs. Five different groups including control, ZEO 0.3 %, ZEO 0.5 %, MEO 0.3 %, and MEO 0.5 % were designed to assess the chemical stability of minced meat by measuring pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), and peroxide value (PV). pH did not have any significant change during storage. TBA values in the control group were significantly higher than the treatment groups, especially from the 5^th day of storage. TVBN in the treatment group was significantly lower than the control group during storage. PV values in the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group during storage. Results indicate that ZEO and MEO had an excellent antioxidant activity and retarded the spoilage process in minced meat.

1 illus, 4 tables, 34 ref

030373   DAR P A, RASHID N, PARWEZ A, KALAM A (Kashmir Univ, Jammu and Kashmir) : Ethnomedicinal practices of Kashmir valley: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 278-84.

Ethnomedicinal practices reflect the corrum of knowledge, beliefs, traditions and practices of the inhabitants of different communities of a particular geographical region having a certain geographical demarcation and a unique biodiversity. A global perspective of the herbal medicine in the present technologically progressive results has changed tremendously. Research and development of physio-pharmaceuticals is nowadays paralleled by an intensified evaluation of active principles of polyherbal formulations. Documentation and validation of the ethnomedicinal practices is the need of the hour as the ever-escalating biopiracy controversies has posed a new challenge. As per the W.H.O the traditional medicine has widespread acceptance throughout world and 70 % of the world population depend on traditional health care system for management of various ailments (W.H.O. 2002). Low cost, easy access and minimal side effects are some key factors for its widespread acceptance. India is amongst the most important sources of medicinal herbs and 27 % of the total known medicinal plant species are found here ^[1-3]. During the review of the ethnomedicine practices of Kashmir valley, the methods employed were designed with the main aim of eliciting the indigenous wealth of information on the ethnomedicinal practices of people indigenous to Kashmir valley and the information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search tools (PUBMED, SCOPUS, Google scholar, web of science) and floras of different region of Kashmir. This review summarizes the ethnopharmacology and pharmacological activities of 87 plant used in the different parts of Kashmir valley and an inquest to study the diversity, distribution and utilization pattern of the medicinal plants, document folklore uses, identify nativity and endemism and suggest suitable conservation and management strategies of these herbs.

2 illus, 2 tables, 53 ref

030360   ASWATHI K P, DEEPA P, CHANDRASHEKARAN P N (Botany Dep, KAHM Unity Women’s Coll, Kerala) : GC-MS analysis and somatic embryogenesis in Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Var. NeiKumbalam. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 211-5.

NeiKumbalam is a medicinal vegetable and major ingredient of ayurvedic preparations. Due to the medicinal property and rare distribution, the present study was focused on the phytochemical analysis and somatic embryogenesis in NeiKumbalam. GC-MS analysis of hexane extract of NeiKumbalam fruit pulp revealed the presence of 8 major compounds including Trichloromethane (53 %), 3-Pyrrolidinol (28 %) and Methane oxybis [dichloro- (18 %), while the major constituent of seed extract was 9,12- Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (100 %). Results showed the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds in NeiKumbalam fruit, among them 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)- was a 6 omega fatty acid. Callus induction was highest on MS medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg/l which showed 60 ± 1.4 % of callus induction frequency. Callus was white, friable and embryogenic. Within 14 weeks, the better number of somatic embryoids was observed on the same medium.

5 illus, 30 ref

030408   KUMAR A, CHAUDHARY S P, KIRTIKA, SINGH R G, SINGH R H, SINGH A K (Dravyaguna Dep, IMS, BHU, Uttar Pradesh) : Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of apamarga tandulasa (seeds of Achyranthes aspera L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 194-8.

Apamarga tandula described in ayuvedic samhitas like Charak samhita, Susruta samhita, Astang hridye etc. It is very important ayurvedic medicinal plant. Which is used in different diseases like obesity, jaundice etc. It is also used in making of ksharsutra in ayurveda. In the present study different parameters used for the analysis of seeds of Achyranthes aspera L. like determination of foreign matter, loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash hydro-alcoholic extractive value, pH, qulitative phytochemical screening, UV-Vis spectroscopy.

5 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

030486   SUMAN B, TRIVENI S, LATHA P C, SRILATHA M, RANI C H V D (Agricultural Microbiology and Bioenergy Dep, Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture Univ, Telangana) : Salinity tolerant phosphorous solubilising bacteria from saline soils of Telangana. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 175-82.

Salinity is one of the most serious factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops, with adverse effects on germination, plant vigour, crop yield and many soils throughout the world are P deficient, keeping both these points in view we isolated sixteen phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from saline soils of Telangana, which tolerated 15 % NaCl. The isolates were also characterized for morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Of all the 16 strains isolated, 5 were tentatively identified as Bacillus sp., 8 as Pseudomonas sp., 2 as Azotobacter sp. and 1 as Rhizobium sp. according to the Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The isolates were further screened for plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes like siderophore, HCN, IAA production and also for ACC deaminase activity, EPS production. Siderophore was produced by 37.5 % isolates, HCN was produced by 75 % isolates and IAA was produced by 50 % isolates respectively. Only four isolates used ACC as a sole nitrogen source and EPS was produced by only 13 isolates.

4 tables, 46 ref

030477   SINGH K, GAHLOT K (Janta Pharmacy Coll, Haryana) : Pharmacognostic evaluation of stem and leaf of Cicer arietinum Linn. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 165-74.

To evaluate the pharmacognostic characters of an important medicinal plant Cicer arietinum Linn. The present paper highlights the morphological and histological characters of stem and leaf of Cicer arietinum including ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening of the stem and leaf of Cicer arietinum. The characteristics microscopic features of leaves were observed as trichomes, xylem cells, phloem cells, spongy parenchyma and palisade cells. The characteristics microscopic features of stem were observed as cuticle, epidermis, cortex, phloem fibre, phloem parenchyma, covering trichomes, medullary rays, xylem and pith. The morphological features of leaves and stem of Cicer arietinum shows its shape, size, colors etc. The other pharmacognostical parameters were also shows a significant and identical result. This paper may help us proposed parameters to establish the authenticity of Cicer arietinum and can possibly help to differentiate the drug from its other species.

6 illus, 6 tables, 16 ref

030357   ANUSUYA DEVI R, ARUMUGAM S, THENMOZHI K, VEENA B (Botany Dep, Kongunadu Arts and Science Coll, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant of an endemic medicinal plant species, Elaeocarpus munronii (WT.) Mast. and Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. (Elaeocarpaceae). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 159-64.

Medicinal plants are imperative for the treatment of various human diseases. Elaeocarpus is a genus belonging to the family, Elaeocarpaceae. In Indian traditional system of medicine, different parts of rudraksha were taken for the alleviation of various health related problems such as mental disorders, headache, skin diseases and for healing wounds. The present study was undertaken to address phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant potential for the medicinal plant species, Elaeocarpus munronii and Elaeocarpus tuberculatus. Quantification of phytochemicals for various solvent systems viz., petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts and plant parts viz., leaf, stem, flower and fruit for the two medicinal plant species, E. munronii and E. tuberculatus were analyzed. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential in terms of DPPH, ABTS.⁺, reducing power, ferrous ion and superoxide radical scavenging activity were assessed using standard procedures. From the results obtained, the ethanolic leaf extracts of both the plant species of Elaeocarpus encompass significant activity. However, E. munronii determine appreciable activities than E. tuberculatus with excellent reputation in traditional Indian system of medicine. Furthermore studies are however required to elucidate their mechanism of action using molecular techniques.

3 tables, 35 ref

030497   TORASKAR M, KHANVILKAR V V (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Pharmacy Coll, Maharashtra) : Evaluation of interaction potential of Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) fruit extracts on rat hepatic enzymes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 70-3.

The present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro interaction potential of Terminalia chebula fruit powder extracts on rat hepatic CYP enzymes. Alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit powder were prepared and standardized for their gallic acid content using RP- HPLC. In vitro metabolism studies were conducted to explore interaction potential of these extracts and marker gallic acid on rat CYP 2D6 enzymes. These extracts and gallic acid were explored for their CYP2D6 enzyme interaction potential by conducting in vitro metabolism study. The study was based on the probe reaction of conversion of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan in presence and absence of extracts. Quinidine sulphate, a known inhibitor, was used as positive control. RP-HPLC with UV detector was used to quantify the metabolite generated in the study. Alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extract fractions and gallic acid in methanol showed inhibitory effect on rat CYP2D6 enzyme activity. Gallic acid proved to be a potent inhibitor of rat CYP 2D6 enzyme.

2 illus, 12 ref

030413   KUMARI V, SINGH J, MISHRA S, GAYEN R (Vegetable Science Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Chhattisgarh) : Studies on genetic divergence in chilli genotypes (Capsicum annuum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 55-8.

Sixteen genotypes of chilli were tested for genetic divergence using D² analysis in order to ascertain the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity present in the material. Genetic divergence among sixteen genotypes based on fruit yield and its component characters were were grouped into three clusters. The maximum number of nine genotypes was included in cluster-III followed by five genotypes in cluster-I. The highest inter-cluster divergence was observed between the clusters II and III (5.531) which indicated maximum exploitation of heterosis on hybridization. The contribution of various characters towards the total divergence was recorded the highest for fruit girth (40.83 per cent), dry weight of fruits (21.66 per cent), fruit yield per plant (10.83 per cent) and dry matter % of fruits (11 per cent). Thus, it can be concluded that, selection for these traits will be beneficial for future improvement programme of chilli.

1 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

030416   KURUVILLA J, ANILKUMAR M (Botany Dep, Union Christian Coll, Kerala) : Pharmacognostical studies in the leaves of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 46-54.

C. pentandra (L.) Gaertn, popularly known as ‘kapok’, is a medicinal plant with ethnobotanical importance. Morphological characterization of the plant will be useful in its identification. The study of microscopic foliar features revealed anisocytic stomata, glandular hairs and characteristics of veins such as presence of calcium oxalate crystals along the sides of veins, formation of loop by joining of free vein endings and veins covered with parenchymatous bundle sheath. Anatomy of leaf revealed the presence of mucilage cavities, calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains. Histochemical localization of starch, protein, alkaloids, flavonoids, lignin and tannin were performed. Powder microscopy and physicochemical analysis were also done. Phytochemical screening exposed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenol and resin. The pharmacognostic profile thus developed can serve as a standard for the quality control of Ceiba based herbal drugs.

5 illus, 3 tables, 65 ref

030462   ROSALIND L, BHARATHI T U, KULKARNI B S, DHANAJAYA M V, NAIR S A, MUNIKRISHNAPPA P M (Floriculture and Landscape Architecture Dep, Horticulture Coll, Karnataka) : Studies on seed germination and seedling evaluation of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) hybrids. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 23-5.

The experiment was conducted in the Division of Floriculture and Medicinal crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, to study seed germination and evaluate the seedling performance. Among the different cross combinations, the seeds obtained from the cross IIHR-6 x Mexican Single recorded highest seed germination (72.00 %) and the maximum number of days for germination was observed in the seeds obtained from Arka Nirantara x IIHR-6 (46.50 days) whereas the seeds of IIHR-6 x Arka Nirantara germinate the earliest (32.00 days). Arka Sugandhi x IIHR-6 seeds gave the maximum shoot length (16.40 cm) whereas IIHR-6 x Arka Nirantara seeds gave maximum root length (4.89 cm). Vigour index was the highest in the seeds obtained from the cross IIHR-6 x Mexican single (1242.14).

6 tables, 10 ref

030501   UMAMAHESHWARI N, REKHA A (Microbiology Dep, S.T.E.T. Women's Coll, Tamil Nadu) : Sweet flag: (Acarus calamus) - An incredible medicinal herb. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(6), 15-22.

Acorus calamus Linn. (Araceae), commonly known as ‘‘sweet flag’’ or ‘‘calamus’’, is a semiaquatic, perennial, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. The plant is found in the northern temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The plant exhibits polyploidy. Many ethnomedicinal and ethnobotanical uses have been ascribed to the rhizomes of the plant. A. calamus Linn. (AC) has been used as traditional Chinese and Indian prescriptions for its beneficial effects on memory disorder, learning performance, lipid peroxide content, and anti-aging and anticholinergic activity. Moreover, pharmacological studies have revealed that Acorus rhizome and its constituents, particularly a- and b-asarone, possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as sedative, CNS depressant, behavior modifying, anticonvulsant, acetylcholinesterase inhibi-tory, memory enhancing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, immuno-suppressive, cytoprotective, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, adulticidal, diuretic, antioxi-dant, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. This review is an effort to explore the different phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of Acorus calamus.

70 ref

029100   SOFI S, DAR G H (Plant Pathology Dep, S.K. Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Shalimar, Srinagar – 190 025, Jammu & Kashmir, Email: sofishakeela86@gmail.com) : In vitro bioefficacy of rhizobacteria, isolated from walnut (Juglans regia L.) rhizosphere in north-western Himalayas, against five fungal phytopathogens. Appl Biol Res 2018, 20(3), 234-43.

The present study was aimed to assess the bioefficacy of rhizobacteria isolated from walnut (Juglans regia) grown in North Western Himalayas against five fungal phytopathogens so that they may, in future, be exploited as biocontrol agents against fruit crop diseases. Ninety eight rhizobacterial isolates were isolated from walnut rhizosphere in major walnut growing areas of Kashmir. The siderophore & HCN production and chitinase activity were detected in 53, 82 and 35 isolates, respectively. In vitro assessment of rhizobacteria for biocontrol efficacy against 5 fungal pathogens viz., Dematophora necatrix, Alternaria solani, Pythium aphanidermatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora capsici revealed that most of the rhizobacterial isolates exhibiting growth inhibition of various fungal pathogens belonged to the genus Bacillus. In present study, 23, 20, 19, 21 and 20 isolates were found antagonistic to D. necatrix, A. solani, F. oxysporum, P. aphanidermatum and P. capsici, respectively, with maximum inhibition in each respective case by isolate WI 90 (66 %), WI 63 (55.6 %), WI 62 (43.8 %), WI 63 (45.5 %) and WI 65 (49 %). Twelve most effective isolates were morpho-biochemically and molecularly characterized and on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing were identified as Bacillus licheniformis (isolates WI 90, Bacillus subtilis (isolates WI 63 and WI 65), Bacillus tequilensis (isolate WI 62), Bacillus cereus (isolate WI 36), Micrococcus luteus (isolates WI 12, WI 41 and WI 80), Micrococcus yunnanensis (isolates WI 30 and WI 60) and Micrococcus sp. (isolates WI 11 and WI 91).

2 tables, 53 ref

029061   KUMAR S S, SRAMMA A V (Botany Dep, Maharaja’s Coll, Ernakulam - 682 011, Kerala, Email: gokulamshyam01@gmail.com) : Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and pigment composition of microalga, Nannochloropsis salina D.J. Hibberd. Appl Biol Res 2018, 20(3), 228-33.

Nannochloropsis salina D.J. Hibberd, a marine microalga, has aquaculture and biotechnological potential. The present study was aimed at to assess the influence of common plant growth regulators on growth and pigment composition of microalga N. salina. The addition of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to growth medium at lower concentration (0.1 mg L^-1 ) slightly promoted algal growth while 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) decreased the growth. Lower concentrations of auxins enhanced chlorophyll a production in N. salina while higher concentration inflicted inhibition. Addition of kinetin in medium negatively influenced the growth rate and pigment production while 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) promoted algal growth at lower concentrations (0.1 mg L^-1) but positively influenced pigment production at 2 mg L^-1.

7 illus, 30 ref

029045   FIRDOUSI S A (Botany Dep, H. J. Thim Coll, Jalgaon-425 001, Email: shakeel.talk@gmail.com) : Diversity of lenizites from the forest of jalgaon district (Maharashtra), India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2807-10.

A frequent, extensive intensive survey was made in order to collect the macro fungi of jalgaon districts. Jalgaon is one of the districts in the Khandesh region of North Maharashtra with great biodiversity of plants. A frequent survey was conducted to study the diversity of Marofungi of the forest of Jalgaon districts.The present paper deals with the three species of Lenizites from the forest of Jalgaon Districts (Maharashtra). These species are reported for the first time from Satpuda range of Jalgaon district, (Maharashtra). The study provides a detailed taxonomic description, and relevant information based on fresh collections about the Lenizites.

15 ref

029097   SINGH J, SINGH J, SHARMA D (Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla - 171 013, Email: jaggy1964@gmail.com) : Traditional wisdom to treat the most common ailments in Chopal region of Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2759-69.

A total of hundred ethnomedicinal plants belonging to 56 plant families were recorded from the Chopal region of Shimla district which were used to treat the most common ailments viz. minor cuts, wounds, boils, fever, gastric, cough, piles and jaundice etc. The maximum numbers of sixteen plant species were used for treatment of minor cuts and wounds, followed by fifteen numbers of species for boils and pimples. While twelve species each was used for treatment of fever, gastric and constipation. The number of ethnomedicinal plants used for treatment of stomach-ache, bronchitis, piles, jaundice and sprain were 11, 10, 10, 8 and 8, respectively. Among growth forms, maximum were herbaceous plants (51 no.), followed by shrubs (21 no.), trees (20 no.), climbers (6 no.), fern and fungi (1 no.) each.

2 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

029059   KISHORE A, KUMAR A, TOMER V, KUMAR V, GUPTA K (Food Technology and Nutrition Dep, Lovely Professional Univ, Phagwara - 144 411, Email: ashwanichandel480@gmail.com) : Wild food plants of Himachal Pradesh : A review. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2737-51.

Edible parts of various wild plants like flowers, fruits, seeds, stem and bark have been used traditionally to prepare a range of food products. Physicochemical analysis of these parts has revealed their richness in nutrients and phytochemicals. Processing of wild produce can help to meet the increasing energy and nutrients demand of the population along with income generation. Phytochemicals of these plants possess medicinal properties and are used traditionally to cure a plethora of diseases like cough, cold, congestion, fever, toothache, arthritis, jaundice, nephritis, regulation of blood pressure and diabetes. The utilization of wild produce in the commercial food preparations can enhance functional properties of food and can pave way for the development of nutraceuticals.

5 tables, 68 ref

029029   BENABDELMOUMEME F, MEZOUAR K, BENABADJI N (Tlemcen Univ, Algeria, Email: benabdelmoumene.f@gmail.com) : Analysis of the floristic diversity of the region of Beni-saf. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2727-31.

The present study concerns a flora located in North-West Algeria, it was devoted to the analysis of the effect of the main ecological and anthropogenic factors on plant communities. The flora to study is in character herbaceous and or more or less shrubby where we have noticed the high proportion of Mediterranean species, it is represented essentially by the family of Asteraceae. On the statistical plan, we have tried to explain some relationships that link plant groups to environmental factors, especially climatic and edaphic factors where floristic analysis by the AFC numerical method presents a remarkable floristic richness explained by the rate of inertia which remains average nearby the disturbances which they underwent.

6 illus, 1 tables, 20 ref

029052   JABBARI B, AL-ZUBAIDY A M A, HASSAN K I (Sulaimani Polytechnic Univ, Iraq, Email: adeladday@spu.edu.iq) : A comparative morphological systematic study of the genus Clinopodium L. (Lamiaceae) in Iraqi Kurdistan region with three taxa which first new recorded from Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2693-704.

The current research included a comprehensive study of the genus Clinopodium L. (Lamiaceae) in Iraq. The study examined the characteristics of the four taxa of this genus included Clinopodium vulgaresub sp. vulgare L., Clinopodium vulgare sub sp. arundanum Boiss., Clinopodium congstum Boiss. & Hausskn ex. Boiss., Clinopodiumum brosum (M. B.) C. Koch, for the first time, including the study of the external appearance of the roots, stems, leaves, bracts, bracteoles, flowers, fruits and nutlets. Also the characteristics of the value of the classification of the genus were not mentioned previously, The flowering calyx, the contact points of the filaments with anthers, the connection of the stamens to the petals, the stamens are four where two lower pairs are longer than two upper ones while all were shorter than corolla. In all studied genera the filaments are exerted from lower lip, the color of the corolla, the shape of the nutlets and it’s surface ornamentation, the location of its hilum and it’s color, and study of the indumentum of the parietal cover of all parts of the plant, and draw diagrams of the various parts of the plant and its subsidiaries for the photographic images and the work of tables for all measurements and attributes for all parts of the characters of the all parts of studied taxa was also identified the environment and the quality of the soil in which the growth of plants and state the flowering periods of all studded taxa and determine the geographical distribution of the district of Iraq in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Depending on the apparent and distinct phenotypic characteristics the key was laid to separate all the taxa for the above genus. Three taxa which are Clinopodium vulgare subsp. arundanum Boiss., Clinopodium congstum Boiss. & Hausskn ex. Boiss., Clinopodium brosum (M.B.) C. Koch, were described and new recorded for the first time in Iraqi Kurdistan region and added to Iraqi plants.

15 illus, 12 tables, 38 ref

029066   MOTAR A A (Biology Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq, Email: ahmedo.alsultani@uokufa.edu.iq) : Anatomical study for the adaxial epidermis from leaflet of some species of genus Trifolium L. in Iraq.. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2580-4.

The aim of the study was to investigate the detail adaxial epidermal characteristics of the leaflets of 12 species of the genus Trifolium L. in Iraq. The qualitative parameters such as straight or sinuous of anticlinal cell walls, types of stomata apparatus were studied by using light microscope (LM). Also quantitative traits such as length, width of epidermal cells was described in details. The results show high covariance in leaflets attributes which can be of great taxonomic significance between species in this study.

1 table, 14 ref

029087   SAHA A (Botany Dep, Narasinha Dutt Coll, West Bengal - 711 101) : Plant type mutation in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) : A review. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2553-8.

A review article on Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), an important oil seed crop of commerce is constructed considering the aspects of plant type macromutation and inheritance of traits. The objective of the work is to provide insight to the future researchers associated to the field of oil seed crop improvement for identification and selection of heritable phenotypic traits close to the plant ideotype been looked for in the species. 

55 ref

029118   VERMA P, AGARWAL N, SHAHI S K (Botany Dep, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur - 495 009, Email: sushilkshahi@gmail.com) : Effect of rhizobacterial strain enterobacter cloacae strain PGLO9 on potato plant growth and yield. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2528-32.

To assess functional potentialities of rhizobacteria in relation to plant growth promoting activities, rhizobacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae PGLO9 was obtained from rhizosphere soil of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) root. The result of in vitro assays showed that strain PGLO9 solubilize phosphate as well as produce siderophore and amylase. This strain having abilities for phosphate solubilization, siderophores and amylase production, were tested as bioinoculant to potato tubers via pot trail experiment. The results of inoculated potato plants showed significant increase in vegetative growth parameters such as root length, shoot length, root biomass and shoot biomass, compared with control and found better response in potato plant growth and yield against uninoculated control. Whereas potatoes harvested was healthy as well as not infected with any pathogen. Strain PGLO9 can be recommended as biofertilizer for reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers and providing a step forward towards sustainable agriculture.

2 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

029101   SONI D K, SHAHI S K, KHANDEL P, MAHOBIYA D, SINGH R, YADAW R K, KANWAR L (Botany Dep, Guru Ghasidas Viswavidyalaya, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), Email: sushilkshahi@gmail.com) : Extraction and estimation of chlorophylls from epiphytic orchids and their antioxidants scavenging activity analysis. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2448-52.

Epiphytic orchids are the Angiospermic plants having tremendous medicinal properties and charming, longer time sustaining fragrant flowers are facing high risk of endangerment in the wild due to several anthropogenic activities and climate changes. They are becoming rare, endangered and threatened every year as reported in Red data list of International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN). To evaluate chlorophylls and carotenoids contents and their antioxidants activity in some epiphytic orchids using different solvents, present investigation was carried out. Di-ethyl ether solvent was found to be more effective among other solvents to extract chlorophyll and carotenoids in all tested orchid. However, Diethyl ether (DEE) extraction showed that Aerides multiflorum Roxb.,, Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume., Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. and Vanda tassellata (Roxb.) Hook. contain chlorophylls in larger amount and carotenoids in trace less amount than other orchids studied. A thorough experiment on antioxidants activity of mentioned orchids showed variant result and found that Bulbophyllum has the most DPPH inhibition activity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

029015   AL-EDHARI A H, AL-REGEWI S M, SARDAR A S, GUDA M A, ALMAYAHI B A (Ecology Dep, Kufa Univ, Iraq) : Morphological study for Valerianella kotschyi Boiss. and V. muricata (Stev.) Baxt. (Valerianaceae) in Kurdistan, Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2417-24.

This study a survey for the species Valerianella kotschyi Boiss. and V. muricata (Stev.) Baxt (Valerianaceae) in Kurdistan, Iraq was presented along with survey and identification of samples preserved in some Iraqi herbaria. Several scientific excursions were made to different regions in Kurdistan and a comparative study was conducted on the vegetative and reproductive parts. These have been reinforced by graphs. The present study dealt with the environment and geographical distribution and a map was designed for this purpose.

1 illus, 18 ref

029065   MOOLENDRA, SHARMA T, MALIK A, TANDAN N (Botany Dep, Shri Venkateshwara Univ, Gajraula (UP)) : RAPD based genetic diversity assessment of cowpea. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2383-8.

Genetic diversity of 16 cowpea genotypes was assessed through RAPD analysis. 25 random primers used in RAPD-PCR produced a total number of 160 amplified DNA bands with an average of 6.4 bands per primer. Out of total number of bands, 115 polymorphic and 45 monomorphic bands were amplified from the genome of 16 cowpea genotypes. The values of genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.544 to 0.825, indicating the presence of wide genetic diversity. Dendrogram constructed based on phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that the highest genetic diversity (82.5 %) found between genotype IC559388 and IC-559390, while the lowest (54.4 %) between the genotype EC-472283 and EC-528410. Clustering classified the 16 cowpea genotypes into 4 distinct clusters i.e. cluster A, B, C, D comprising of 6, 3, 4, 3 cowpea genotypes, respectively. These approaches will be useful for developing marker-assisted selection tools for genetic enhancement of the cowpea genotypes for desirable traits.

1 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

029096   SHUKLA S, KAUR D, KAUR S, PRASAD R (Allahabad Univ, Allahabad, Email: devinderkaur02@gmail.com) : Effect of seasonality and fruit ripening stages on bioactive constituents and antioxidant potential of guava fruit cultivars. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2363-71.

Tropical fruits claim to have phenolic compounds that have been reported to possess strong antioxidant activity. Several studies are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plant origin. This study explores the phenolic content and antioxidant potential of five edible guava cultivars (Allahabad Surkha, Lalit, Red fleshed, Chittidar and Allahabad Safeda) collected in three different seasons (winter, summer and rainy) during maturity (unripe, semi-ripe and ripe). Guava fruits were screened for their bioactive components (total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, Vitamin C) as well as for the antioxidant properties by using vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP). The findings suggest that the cultivars, ripening stages and seasons significantly affected the bioactive constituents and antioxidant capacity of the fruit. The bioactive constituents and antioxidant capacity decreases as the ripening proceeds (unripe > semi-ripe > ripe) with the exception of vitamin C which increases with the ripening (unripe < semi-ripe < ripe). The study yields maximum amount of these functional components in the winter season followed by the summer and rainy season. The study provides information on the bioactive composition, as well as the antioxidant capacities of guava cultivars which is an important commercial fruit. Results obtained showed that major compositional changes in the fruit are developmentally regulated. In general, there were significant differences in the pattern accumulation of ascorbic acid while there are significant decline in the levels of phenolics and anti-oxidant capacity during fruit development and maturation.

9 tables, 24 ref

029047   GAMIT SANDIP B, QURESHIMATVA UMERFARUQ M, D’CRUZ F L, SOLANKI HITESH A (Botany Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: sandip.gamit25@gamil.com) : Documentation of ethno-medicinal plants used by Gamit tribals in Songadh taluka, Tapi district, Gujarat, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2303-10.

The present study deals with ethno-medicinal plants used by the Gamit tribals of Songadh, Taluka, Tapi District, Gujarat. Field work was done through frequent visits to the selected locality during 2013-2014. During the field work, meetings and interviews were held with the ‘Bhagats’ in different areas of the taluka. The information was gathered through the questionnaire method and through discussions with local, tribal healers. About 61 plant species belonging to 57 genera and 33 families used for ethno-medicine to cure various diseases have been documented. The study documents information on the medicinal plants including their botanical names, Gamit names, parts used, and mode of preparation of medicine. Tribals used many different forest plants, weeds, flowers, seeds and barks in their traditional treatments. They know about number a of rare medicinal plants and their application. With the help of new technologies, their data could be scientifically proved, so that the scientific world will accept the traditional systems.

1 table, 10 ref

029030   BHAT N A, JERI L, MIPUN P, KUMAR Y (North-Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong - 793 022, Email: lichajeri2013@gmail.com) : Systematic studies (micro-morphological, leaf architectural, anatomical and palynological) of genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in northeast India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2229-38.

The present paper discusses the observations on morphology, anatomy, leaf architecture and palynological characteristics of Physalis angulata L. and Physalis peruviana L. in determining their taxonomic significance in species delimitation and classification. It was found that the Physalis peruviana L. is densely pubescent with large corolla and fruiting calyx as compared to Physalis angulata L. Both the species are amphistomatic and have anomocytic stomata with single-layered epidermis and bi-collateral vascular bundle. The other epidermal characters such as stomatal index (S.I), frequency (S.F), epidermal and stomatal cell measurements, etc. have also been described in detail. The two species are also varied by showing contrasting characters in anatomical and venation patterns. Several common pollen features i.e., monads, radially symmetrical, eurypalynous, medium-sized (25.1–50 µm), 3-zonocolporate apertures with microechinate ornamentation were observed in both the species. These characters have taxonomic importance in distinguishing the genus Physalis L. at generic and species rank of the family.

4 illus, 5 tables, 36 ref

029026   BADAY S J H (Baghdad Univ, Iraq, Email: sajajawad3@gmail.com) : In vitro genetic variations of two rice varieties seeds using (Citrullus colocynthis) fruits extract. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2181-6.

Two rice varieties seeds (Furata-1 and Yasamin) were laboratory geminated in (0.0, 100.0, 200.0 and 300.0) mL.L^-1 of (Citrullus colocynthis) fruits extract; the buds then dried and grinded. The DNA samples were extracted by electrophoresis, PCRRAPD marker using the primers OPA-12, OPB-11 and OPC-13. PCR results depending on RAPD and electrophoresis for DNA samples which isolated from buds to two varieties and subjected to various concentrations of (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit extract the concentrations 200 and 300 mL.L^-1 showed differences in amplified bands, molecular weights by using primers OPA-12, OPB-11 and OPC-13, while PCR results depending on RAPD and electrophoresis for DNA samples, which isolated from buds to two varieties did not show differences in amplified bands and molecular weights using concentration 100 mL.L^-1 of (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit extract by using primers OPB-11 and OPC-13.

3 illus, 29 ref

029019   ALYASEEN F F, HASSAN B A, ABDULHUSSEIN H S (Thi-qar Univ, Iraq, Email: bassam_org@yahoo.com) : Extraction, isolation and chemical identification of piperine alkaloid from black pepper seeds and its antibacterial activity. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2171-6.

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is belong to the Piperaceae family. Its a spices crop, which is used as to enhancing the digestion of food and an essential component in commercial medicine. The aim of this study to show the antibacterial activity of black pepper and the active compound of its (piperine alkaloid) and identify the structure by reagents, TLC technique and melting point. Antibacterial activity was checked) against E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonaas, Streptococcus, Aeromonnas, Klebsiellae, Acinetobacter, which were showed a good biological activity significant of piperine alkaloids compared to crude black pepper and synthetic drugs cefuroxime.

10 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

029025   BABU B H, LARKIN A, KUMAR H (Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agricultural Technology & Sciences, Allahabad (U.P.), Email: hareeshgold69@gmail.com) : Effect of plant growth regulators on rooting behavior of stem cuttings of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2159-64.

The effect of IBA and IAA (Auxins) concentrations were examined to mass multiply plus trees of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) through vegetative propagation via rooting of stem cuttings. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications, One year old leafless branch cuttings were taken from selected superior phenotypes from the surrounding environs of SHUATS, Allahabad. Cuttings treated with 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm concentrations of Indole 3-Butyric acid (IBA) and Indole 3- Acetic acid (IAA) were planted in poly bags kept under a phyto-environmentally controlled mist chamber. A limited rooting was recorded in untreated cuttings (control), while rooting of cuttings of significantly increased with an increase in concentrations of IBA and IAA. Among two auxins tested, IBA was most effective in inducing rooting, sprouting and associated traits. Out of different concentrations, 2000 ppm IBA concentration was found best and achieved over 75 % rooting in cuttings. It also triggered more number of roots, higher root length, shoot proliferation, maximum shoot and root biomass. This paper discusses the role of growth regulators in influencing rooting of stem cutting and has practical implication for the development of protocol for asexual propagation and establishing clonal plantations of Terminalia arjuna for promoting tassar cultivation, increasing greenery and supply of timber.

4 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

029092   SHAFI S, MEHTA J P, KUMARI S, DHIMAN P (Botany Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Uttarakhand - 246 174, Email: snobarshafi2@gmail.com) : Phenology and reproductive behaviour of two perennial grasses under burnt and unburnt conditions at Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2097-101.

The objective deals with the phenological and reproductive observations of two members of Poaceae Arundinella nepalensis Trinius and Imperata cylindrica L. The investigations were made in the burnt protected site (BPS) and unburnt protected site (UPS) forest grazingland of Pauri Garhwal dominated by Pinus roxburghii. The phenological behaviour was studied on 6 point scale events: germination, vegetative growth, flowering, fruiting, seed maturation and senescence of the individual and an attempt have been carried out to analyze different phases monthly. The average plant height for Arundinella nepalensis was maximum (97.71 ± 2.1) on BPS in contrast to the UPS (92.42 ± 1.1). Plant height for Imperata cylindrica was also maximum (44.28 ± 4.7) on BPS in compare to UPS (40.28 ± 2.7). With respect to the reproductive phase, the proportion (%) of the flowering clump with flowering culms (CF) for Arundinella nepalensis was 31 % on BPS, 25 % on UPS and for Imperata cylindrica CF was 71 % on BPS, 68 % on UPS. The reproductive phase was represented during peak growing rainy season and persistent up to winter season and again enhanced vegetative growth after resprouting during the summer season. The gradation appears to be peculiarity extended on the unburnt site and the phase initiation found comparatively prompt on the burnt site.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

029023   ASHOOR L S, MOHAMMD T U, BAKER R K (Baghdad Univ, Ibn Al-Haitham, Email: lamiashaker72@gmail.com) : Extraction, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical of Clerodendrum viscosum. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2087-90.

Clerodendrum plant is believed to be very useful in many countries for treating various health disorders .“in this study was undertaken to assess antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of clerodendrum plant”. Display my alcoholic extract higher inhibition of the aqueous extract all of the bacteria (Esherichia Coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis). While the inhibition of the aqueous extract bacteria (Streptococcus, Shigelladysenteria) in higher alcoholic extract. However, the bacteria (Klebseillapneumoniae) did not shown any inhibition zone for both aqueous and alcoholic extracts. From the above results,“ it is concluded the antibacterial properties of Clerodendrum against life threatening pathogens”. So, “Clerodendrum appears to be an efficient material for evolution of antimicrobial drugs”.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

029016   AL-ZUBAIDY A M A, TOBAKARI S R A (Plant Production Dep, Technical Applied Sciences-Sulaimani Polytechnic Univ Coll, Iraq, Email: adel.adday@spu.edu.iq) : A comparative systematic study of the genus Symphytum L. (Boraginaceae) with new first record of the species Symphytum tuberosum L. from Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2068-76.

The current study includes a comparative morphological study of the genus Symphytum L. within the family Boraginaceae in relation to the phenotypic study, the study of the external manifestations of pollen, the environment and geographical distribution. The study included the study of the characteristics of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, inflorescence, fruits and nutlets. Variation in characteristics was discussed and it was noted that the characteristics of flowers were more important in taxonomic terms in identification and isolating studied species. The study also indicated that the pollen of all studied species varies in form and size and have characteristics of taxonomic significance that may be adopted in the isolation and diagnosis of these species which studied for the first time in Iraq. The research has succeeded in surveying the Iraqi geographical districts to reveal the distribution of these taxa. Therefore, the researcher obtained a large number of samples and new sites were identified for the distribution of the studied taxa. All samples collected and those recorded in the Iraqi herbaria were studied. . Symphytum kurdicum Boiss. & Hausskn in Boiss. was found to be widely distribution, while Symphytum tuberosum L. was limited. Based on morphological and pollen characteristics of the studied taxa, Symphytum tuberosum was first recorded in refined in this study as it was added as a new first record of this species to flora of Iraq.

11 illus, 1 table, 49 ref

029018   ALJABARY A M O, AL-BAYTIE M R S, AHMED Z S (Agriculture Coll, Iraq, Email: ali.omar@spu.edu.iq) : Effect of number eyes left after pruning, fertilization with humic acid and spraying with gibberellic acid in some mineral content of vineyards Thompson cv. Vitis vinifera L.. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2061-7.

This study was conducted in the grape orchard of Agricultural Research Center, Ainkawa, Erbil. The similar vineyards were selected in growth force, which were brought up in a lunar way and were planted on lines and from north to south. To study the effect of number eyes left after pruning (let 8 canes.vine^-1) (the first level 6 eyes.cane^-1, second level 8 eyes.cane^-1 and third level 10 eyes.cane^-1), humic acid was added in three concentrations (0, 4.5 and 9 mg.vine^-1) and sprayed with Gibberellic acid (GA3) with two concentrations (0 and 50 mg.l^-1) in the some mineral content of the leaves of seedless Thompson cultivar. Using the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that by increasing the level of pruning nitrogen percentage was increased significantly, however, phosphor percentage, potasium percentage, zinc and iron content in leaves were decreased. While, the data showed that the highest level of humic acid owing to decrease significantly the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium percentage and zinc content in the leaves. On other hand, the spraying with 50 mg.l^-1 of gibberellic acid led to decreasing in all of the studied elements in the leaves significantly except the iron content in the leaves.

5 tables, 25 ref

029017   ALEX B K, KOSHY E P, THOMAS G (Molecular and Cellular Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad (U.P.), Email: eapen.koshy@shiats.edu.in) : Antioxidant profile of Haematocarpus validus (Miers) Bakh.f. ex Forman (Khoonphal) leaf and fruit : A medicinally important rare ethnic fruit crop. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 2031-6.

The present study was undertaken for the antioxidant profiling of the lesser known underexplored ethnic fruit crop Haematocarpus validus (Miers) Bakh.f. ex Forman (Khoon phal). Reports on nutritional status and phytoconstituents of this plant are scanty and there is no scientific report on antioxidant potential of H. validus leaf eventhough, it is used as a hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory agent in ethnomedicine. Methanolic extracts prepared from shade dried and powdered samples of both leaf and fruit were used in the study. The secondary metabolite content recorded were: total phenolics - 113.33 and 86.67 mg GAE/g, flavonoids - 67.93 and 59.63 mg QE/g and alkaloids - 2.72 and 1.93 % for leaf and fruit, respectively. H. validus methanolic leaf and fruit extracts are found to be a potent source of natural antioxidants as it was evidenced by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and DNA protective properties (at 500 µg/ml concentration) in vitro.

4 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

029050   GUPTA M K, SUYAL S, MEENA (Botany Dep, Vardhaman Coll, Bijnor -246 701, Email: aadimaneesh@gmail.com) : Effect of altitudinal gradient on common tree species in Dhanaulti of Garhwal Himalaya. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1979-86.

Garhwal Himalaya is considered as a hot spot of biodiversity in India and support a large number of plant species. It’s wide altitudinal range and variations in other factors like soil texture, climate, rainfall etc., influence the diversity of plant species found in this region, which also supports the life and livelihood of local people in many ways. Many ecologically important trees species like Quercus floribunda (oak) and Rhododendron arboreum etc. occurring in such forest, are also being used in many ways like as fuel wood etc. But, due to different kind of existing pressure the Himalayan forest is being degraded and become less productive. The present study was carried out in Dhanaulti forest of Garhwal Himalaya to reveal the impact of altitude gradient on common occurring tree species to analyze the change in the dispersion behavior along the altitudinal gradient for proper management, sustainable utilization and conservation of the forest resources. The vegetation analysis was carried out using 10 quadrats (10×10 m²) at five different altitudes (Forest types; FT-1, FT-2, FT-3, FT-4, FT-5). The results indicated that Cupresses torulosa was dominant along all selected forest types except, FT-1 and FT-5 where Quercus floribunda was found to be dominant. Interestingly, most of the tree species showed contagious distribution at different altitudes, indicating insufficient mode of seed dispersal (Richard, 1996) or large gap created by the death of trees encouraging the recruitment and growth of new saplings (Armesto et al., 1986). Moreover, J-shaped DD curve of common occurring tree species (poor or no regeneration) in most of the selected forest types, indicate alarming situation. Therefore, it is very essential to develop proper management and conservation strategies for maintenance of such economically useful species and their sustainability in the forest of the region.

4 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref

029062   LATEEF M A A, NOORI A M, AL-QADI R A, MUHSIN M H (Kirkuk Univ, Iraq, Email: mahamed.azyz@yahoo.com) : The role of nitrogen and boron fertilizers on growth and yield in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1957-60.

The experiment was conducted in a private field of Sulaymaniyah province (Iraq), the pomegranate trees (Salimi cultivar) was used with six years in the season of 2017. To study the effect of nitrogen and boron in growth and yield of pomegranate. The trees were fertilized with three nitrogen levels in urea form CO(NH₂)₂ at a concentration of (0, 10, 15 g.L^-1) and three levels of boron using boric acid (17 % B) as a source of boron with concentrations of (0, 20, 40 mg.L^-1). The experiment was conducted using (R.C.B.D), each treatment has three replicates, the data was analyzing according to Duncan Test at 0.5 %.

7 tables, 12 ref

029117   VERMA N, YADAV R K (Botany Dep, Govt. P.G. Coll, Bilaspur (Rampur), Email: nisha6oct@rediffmail.com) : Cuscuta reflexa : A parasitic medicinal plant. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1938-42.

Cuscuta reflexa is an extensive leafless, parasitic climber belong to the morning glory family Convolvulaceae. It is yellowish green and thread like twinning herb and tangled mass covering the host plant. It occurs throughout the India. It has no chlorophyll and cannot make its own food by photosynthesis. The plant is attached to various trees, shrubs, herbs and affect commercially valuable crops. Plant is completely dependent on host plant for their food and nutrition. C. reflexa varies in the colours of the flowers produced from white to pink. Seeds are produced in the large quantities. Seeds of C. reflexa can survive in the soil for many years in the search of the appropriate host. It has 100-170 species. C. reflexa has various type of phytoconstituents including chemicals, flavonoids, carotenoids, the esters of higher aliphatic alcohol with the saturated fatty acids and carbon atoms. It is a parasite plant it sucks nutrient from the host plant for its growth and development hence its phytoconstituent also depends on the host plant. C. reflexa has been used from ancient times for various purposes viz. as a purgative in the treatment of liver disorder, cough, itching, constipation, flutance, body pain, jaundice, gout, rheumatism , urination disorders muscles pain, impotence, premature ejaculation, sperm leakage, ringing in the ear, lower back pain, sore knees, leucorrhea, dry eyes, blurred vision and tired eyes. It exhibits anti inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, antiseptic, analgesic, anesthetic, anti oxidant, antipyretic, bodycardia, antisteroidogenic, antiplasmodic, hemodynamic, nematicide, anti androgenic, hypocholestrolemic, antiandrogenic, hemolytic, diuretic, dermatigenic, immunostimulant, antiarthritic, antiasthma and anticancer activities. C. reflexa is a parasitic weed plant and causes a huge loss to the crop plants every year, still C. reflexa is called as miracle medicinal plant because many chemical compounds have been isolated from this plant having medicinal properties.

71 ref

029093   SHAHEED K A A, MURSHIDY Z R, AL-KHAFAJI B A H, ABBAS Z H (Botany Dep, Kerbala Univ, Iraq, Email: alsaimari3khokha@gmail.com) : Anatomical comparative study for some species of some genera of tribe Agrostideae (Poaceae) Dum in Iraq. Plant Arch 2018, 18(2), 1777-85.

The research in this paper includes Anatomical studies for some genera of the tribe Agrostidea in Iraq, which are: Agrostis olympica (Boss.) Bor, Apera intermedia Hack, Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell. Anatomical characters of leaves epidermisare studied and the importance of their taxonomies are discussed. Different kinds of cells are recognized in the epidermis, which are long-cells, short cells, stomatal complex and epidermal trichomes. The characteristic features of these cells show an important taxonomic value on both generic and species levels such as Aperainter media. Transverse sections of the vegetative organs have been studied and their characters are found to have a taxonomic importance especially in the arrangement and distribution of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue and the existence of keel or not. The shape of keel in Agrostis olympica has V shape in addition the presence of sclerenchyma tissue in the edge of transvers section of the leaf blade.

2 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref