029095   SHUKLA D, RAWAL R, JAIN N (Life Science Dep, Gujarat Univ, Gujarat) : A brief review on plant-derived natural compounds as an anti-cancer agents. Int J Herb Med 2018, 6(5), 28-36.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the figures of cases of cancer are increasing progressively. There are a number of medicines available in the market to treat the different kinds of cancer but no medication is found to be fully effective and safe. The foremost problem in the cancer chemotherapy is the toxicity of the conventional drugs. However, plants and plant-derived compounds have shown effective and safe in the treatment and management of cancers. These days most of the research work on cancer drugs is targeted on plants and plants derived natural compounds. Numerous natural compounds and their analogs have been identified as effective anti-cancer agents and day by day the anti-cancer property of various plants is being identified. Here an attempt is being made through this review to highpoints the natural compounds namely Turmeric, Neem, Tulasi and Ginger and their analogs established as anti-cancer agents.

5 illus, 1 table, 50 ref

029064   MI G M, LOUDS MAGDALIN JOY A, REGINALD APPAVOO M (Physiology Dep, Shri Sathya Sai Medical Coll & RI, Tamil Nadu) : Anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-mycobacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Dendrophthoe falcata leaves. Int J Herb Med 2018, 6(5), 22-7.

Emergence of virulent multidrug resistant strains of the tubercle bacilli has led to a serious search for new molecules for developing a new drug. Plants serve as resources for developing new scaffold of drugs. Dendropthoe falcata (DF), an arboreal, hemiparasitic plant is being used by indigenous medical practitioners for healing diseases such as asthma, psychic disorders, & tuberculosis. Here in this study we aim to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity of Dendrophthoe falcata leaf extract. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the extract through the absorbance measurements at 515 nm was done in a spectrophotometer. Disc diffusion method in the bacterial culture plates with discs of various concentrations ranging from 40mg/100μl, 60mg/100μl, and 80mg/100μl was used to assess the antibacterial activity. Antimycobacterial activity was assessed against H37RV, all sensitive MTB and MDR-TB. Luciferase reporter page (LRP) assay was done with concentrations 100 & 500 μg/ml of the plant extract with Rifampicin as assay control. IC₅₀ of the DF extract and the control Quercetin determined were of 37.75 μg/ml and 7.79 μg/ml respectively. Antimicrobial activity was significantly greater in against the Bacillus subtilis, and E. coli. Test drug showed inhibition of H37RV and all sensitive M.tuberculosis and no inhibition with MDR tuberculosis. Dendropthoe falcata leaf extracts showed antioxidant, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity. However further studies are required to elucidate the antimycobacterial compound present in the extract.

2 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

029114   THYLOOR R (Biotechnology Dep, Govt. Science Coll, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant potential of seeds extract from Embelia ribes. Int J Herb Med 2018, 6(5), 10-13.

Embelia ribes, commonly known as Vayuvilanga, is a medicinally valuable, woody climber, a wellknown drug in Ayurvedic system. The dried powdered seeds were subjected to sequential extraction by solvents like acetone, petroleum ether, water, methanol, and chloroform in increasing order of their polarity. The phytochemical screening of seed extracts revealed that the seeds were rich source of secondary metabolites. The results of DPPH and ABTS assays for antioxidant activity showed great free radical scavenging activity under low concentrations for methanolic extracts. Upon quantification of methanol and acetone extract showed the highest amount of flavonoid and phenolic compounds respectively. The presence of flavonoids and phenolics are responsible for the antioxidant activity as they are free radical scavengers in vivo.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

029040   DEB N K, DEB J, SI A (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, West Bengal) : Screening of antibacterial properties of crude extract of Gardenia latifolia Ait. Bark. Int J Herb Med 2018, 6(5), 01-4.

The bark of Gardenia latifolia Ait., an important medicinal plant was subjected to phytochemical screening and antibacterial investigation. The Preliminary phytochemical studies of bark extracts revealed the presence of the bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids and tannins in the bark. Methanol extracts of stem bark showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. The bioactive compounds responsible for these antimicrobial activities could be isolated and identified to develop a new drug of pharmaceutical interest.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

029109   TANGKANCHANAPAS P, JUENAK H, JONGHE K D (Agriculture Science Dep, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Bangkok, Thailand, Email: Parichate_tk@yahoo.com) : First reported occurrence of citrus bent leaf viroid and citrus dwarfing viroid on imported oranges from China and lime fruits from Cambodia. Virusdisease 2018, 29(3), 416–7.

A number of viroids can cause serious damage on Citrus spp. ranging from stunting, bark scaling, yellowing and epinasty of leaves over stem pitting and gumming. However, so far, they have never been found in Thailand. In recent years, the import of orange and lime fruits from China and Cambodia, respectively, increased, and holds a substantial risk of viroid introduction and spread in Thailand. Orange and lime fruit samples in 2013 and 2014 were screened for the presence of citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), hop stunt viroid (HSVd), citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd) and citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd; CVdIIId) by means of specific RT-PCR methods. Only CBLVd and CDVd were detected, clearly generating the expected amplification bands of around 320 and 300 base pairs, respectively. The presence of CBLVd and CDVd was confirmed by amplicon sequencing and RNA secondary structure analysis. About 34.2 and 19.5 % of 41 samples (around 2300 fruits) of the imported lime fruit were infected with CBLVd and CDVd, respectively. CBLVd was detected in 62.3 % of the 77 samples (around 2000 fruits) from imported oranges, while CDVd was found in 75.3 %. This result indicates that the incidence of both CBLVd and CDVd in the imported citrus fruits is quite high. In addition, both viroid diseases have not been reported in Thailand. However, lack of information on the actual status of both viroids leads to difficulties in determining their impact on the Thai citrus industry.

5 ref

029098   SINGH K, GERA R (Microbiology Dep, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Univ, Haryana) : Isolation and authentication of bacterial strains from root nodules of Sesbania aculeata in diverse agroecological zones of India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 202-4.

Root nodules were collected from young and healthy seedling of Sesbania aculeata using trap plant method from the soil samples collected from field at different locations of India. Ten isolates were isolated from the root nodule of Sesbania aculeata and characterized by regular tests. All strains were gram-negative and did not absorb red color when cultured in YEMA containing congo red. In the ketolactose test yellowish zone of Cu₂O not found. Moreover isolates have either deprived or no growth on the Hofer’s test which is representing nature of rhizobia. All isolates were fast grower which is confirmed by acid-alkaline production test.

2 tables, 13 ref

029074   PATEL F, MODI N R (Botany Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad, Gujarat) : Estimation of total phenolic content in selected varieties of Ocimum species grown in different environmental condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 144-8.

Plants produce specialized metabolites as part of their defence mechanism and the most prominent metabolites are alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds which have significant medicinal properties that cure several human diseases. The plants of genus Ocimum commonly called as Basil belonging to family Labiatae have remarkable therapeutic potentials. Traditionally leaves of basil used in treating cold, coughs, bronchitis, asthma, influenza, eye diseases, mosquito repellent, dysentery and diarrhoea. Essential oil of basil has antibacterial, antifungal, antifertility and antiviral properties. The objective of this research was to estimate the total phenolic content present in methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum L, Ocimum gratissimum L and Ocimum basilicum L when grown in shade and open field. Methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum L is presented best total phenolic content 0.165 mg GAE/g and 0.196 mg GAE/g when grown in shade and open field respectively.

3 illus, 13 ref

029115   VAIDYA V V, KONDALKAR P L, SHINDE M A, GOTMARE S R (Chemistry Dep, Ramnarain Ruia Coll, Maharashtra) : Optimization of extraction protocol for isolation of biomarkers with known anti-diabetic potential from fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 45-51.

Simple reproducible extraction methodology has been optimized for the simultaneous extraction of secondary metabolites which are known to have anti-diabetic potential from the methanolic extract of fruits of plant Tribulus terrestris L. The influence of different solvent mixtures, solvent amounts, temperature, extraction time, and procedures for defatting on yield and profile of various classes of secondary metabolites was investigated. The compromise extraction solvent for all of the examined compounds is 20: 80 mixture of 2 N HCl and methanol, mixed in ratio 30:1 with plant material. The mixture was refluxed at controlled 80°C on a boiling water bath for about 6 hrs, filtered, extracted with chloroform and washed with alkali and distilled water. The extract was concentrated to dryness by evaporating the solvent at reduced pressure on Rotavapor buchi at 60° C and stored in the dark, on 20°C. Extraction efficiency and presence of markers was monitored and confirmed by Biochemical test and LCMS. Proposed extraction method can be used as an analytical tool for quality evaluation of plants and formulations containing Tribulus terrestris L.

8 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

029058   KHWAIRAKPAM H M, SANJITA C, SINGH T B (Primary health centre, Manipur) : Some of the ethnomedicinal plants of Manipur use in the ayurvedic and homoeopathic treatment. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 28-31.

The therapeutic potential of ethnomedicinal plants will encourage their potentiality in the treatment of various ailments in the ayurvedic and modern medicine including homoeopathy. Such treatment often used the plant-derived bioactive compounds for the treatment of chronic diseases, child and female reproductive diseases, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease etc. the demand for the natural product in the treatment of primary health care has been increasing due to the proven side effects of chemically synthesizing drugs. This needs the management and conservation of medicinal plants including rare and endemic species at the genetic level that could enhance the mass scale production and fulfil the demands of the pharmaceutical industries. Plantation and conservation in their habitat may be the best way of overcoming difficulties in the cultivation practices. While, Manipur being located in the biodiversity hotspot zone, the region could be acted as plant hub, a potential source of bioactive compounds.

39 ref

029063   MARAK M K, WANI A M (Forest Biology & Tree Improvement Dep, Forestry SHUATS Coll, Uttar Pradesh) : Pollen morphology and viability in Gliricidia sepium. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018, 7(5), 19-22.

An investigation was carried out to study the pollen morphology and viability in Gliricidia sepium. The anthesis started around 6:30 a.m and the duration of the flowers on plant is approximately 8-10 hours. The pollen colour is yellow and pollen grains are circular in shape with three germpores. The size of the pollen grain is 0.40 µm. The pollen grain of Gliricidia sepium showed maximum percentage of pollen viability by acetocarmine test at room temperature was found to be maximum (87.50 %) in the first day of pollen collection and decreased to 18.50 % after 15 days of storage at room temperature. In in-vitro pollen germination the maximum germination 75.50 per cent was obtained in 20 per cent sucrose concentration. Within 20 per cent sucrose concentration the storage temperature of -18 ± 1˚C and 4 ± 1˚C gave germination percent of 59.50 per cent and 53.00 per cent after 90 days of storage. Pollen stored in room temperature lost viability after 60 days of storage.

3 tables, 11 ref

029010   ABU-NIAAJ L, KATAMPE I (Natural Sciences Dep, Central State Univ, Wilberforce, OH 45384, USA, Email: Labu-niaaj@centralstate.edu) : Isolation and characterization of flavones from Artemisia monosperma. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 1018-23.

Artemisia monosperma (Delile) is a green aromatic shrub that grows widely in the deserts of Middle East, Africa and China. This plant is commonly used in folk medicine as a remedy of a wide range of illness including gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, diabetes and microbial infection. The different categories of the secondary metabolites identified from Artemisia species are recognized for their biological activities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. This study aimed to isolate new flavonoids from A. monosperma that might have potential biological activities thus be translated into pharmaceutical uses. Air-dried A. monosperma extraction was done using different organic solvents. The methanolic extract was selected for isolation of flavonoids using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated flavones determined based on spectroscopic analysis of ultraviolet, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Nine flavone aglycones were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract; four of which are reported for the first time from A. monosperma. These include: 5-Hydroxy-3',4', 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone; 3',5-dihydroxy-4',6,7-trimethoxyflavone (eupatorin); 5,6-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavone(ladanein); and 2',4',5-trihydroxy-5',6,7– trimethoxyflavone (arcapillin). The remaining five flavones were previously identified from this plant as : 4',5-Dihydroxy-3',6,7-tri-methoxyflavone(cirsilineol);5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone (eupatilin);4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',6-dimethoxyflavone(jaceosidin);4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-flavone (circimaritin) and 4',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (hispidulin). In addition, two acetophenone derivatives were isolated from fractions yielded selected flavones and these were identified as 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 3-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-buten-4-yl)-4-hydroxyaceto-phenone.This successful isolation of these natural flavonoids from A. monosperma can contribute further to the evaluation of bioactive compounds against disorders including but not limited to inflammatory associated disorders and microbial infections.

6 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

029027   BADGER-EMEKA L I, KHALIL H E, EMEKA P M (King Faisal Univ, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA, Email: pememka@kfu.edu.sa) : Evaluation of different fractions of Garcinia kola extracts against multidrug resistant clinical bacterial and fungal isolates. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 1055-60.

The effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections has been on the decline due to bacterial resistance. To improve clinical management of recalcitrant bacterial infections, alternative therapy such as medicinal plant products are now being evaluated. This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of Garcinia kola fractions on clinical isolates of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria and Candida. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens and Candida species were used for the study. Microbial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using basic microbiological procedures. Confirmation of all isolates was done using the VITEK 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy I’Etoile France). The powdered dried seeds of G. kola were extracted with 70 % methanol for 7 days, using a cold maceration method. The crude extracts were evaporated to dryness, using different solvents to obtain the fractions according to standard fractionation techniques.The aqueous, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25 mg/ml were active against A. baumannii. Ethyl acetate fraction at MIC of 20 mg/ml also produced growth inhibition of same isolates. At the same MICs, the different fractions were observed to inhibit the growth of candida albicans (CF1) isolate. Overall, aqueous fraction of G. kola produced more growth inhibition followed by butanol fractions, with chloroform fractions producing the least effects. The antibacterial potencies of these extracts could be useful for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii. The aqueous fraction showed better activities than the other fractions studied.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

029070   NITAVE S A, CHOUGULE N B, KOUMARAVELOU K (PRIST Univ, Thanjavur, 613 403, Email: nitaves@yahoo.com) : Formulation and valuation of solid dispersion tablet of Andrographis paniculata extract. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 1047-54.

To enhance solubility of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata by solid dispersion technique and to perform formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion tablet. Solid dispersion of Andrographis paniculata extract was prepared by solvent evaporation technique using soluplus and PEG 6000. Prepared solid dispersions was evaluated for various micromeritic properties. The tablets of solid dispersion were prepared by direct compression technique and were evaluated for various physical tests and in-vitro dissolution study. The study showed that prepared solid dispersion has good flow property and compressibility. The solubility of extract was found to be more from solid dispersion prepared by using soluplus than that of prepared by using PEG 6000. The rate of drug release was found to be higher in acidic buffer at pH 1.2 as compared to that of in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. The study concludes that the solid dispersion tablet of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata can be effectively prepared using soluplus by solvent evaporation technique so as to increase solubility, dissolution and hence oral bioavailability of andrographolide.

8 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

029049   GOPAL KRISHNA B, CHIRANJEEV R (Botany Dep, Mithibai Coll, Mumbai -56, Email: bindu_phd@rediffmail.com) : Pharmacognostical study of Ixora coccinea flower. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 1042-6.

The medicinal values of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Raktaka) has been recorded since ancient times. It belongs to family Rubiaceae. The roots and leaves are used in treating various ailments. The flower too has therapeutic potentials. Although the flowers are used as medicine by traditional healers it is not known too many. The current study is carried out to provide scientific details in the identification and the authenticity of I. coccinea Linn. floral parts with the help of pharmacognostical standards.  Pharmacognosy of Ixora coccinea flower parts was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. The macroscopic detail of the flower is calyx persistent; corolla scarlet orange with long corolla tube; the stamen alternipetalous and gynoecium bicarpellary with basal placentation. The transverse section of flower passing through corolla, corolla tube, calyx and ovary showed the presence of unicellular trichomes, cells of anthocyanin pigments, oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. Powder microscopy showed the presence of oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals, anthocyanin pigments, starch grains, unicellular trichomes, stomata, vessels etc. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (3.1 %), acid insoluble ash (0.2 %), water soluble ash (1.25 %), alcohol soluble extractive value (11.25 %) and water soluble extractive value (12 %) respectively. Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening goes concurrent with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. The observations confirmed that in Ixora coccinea each floral whorl has its diagnostic characters. These will help in identification, authenticity and to put forth the pharmacopoeial standards of the said plant.

6 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

029034   BLONK B, COCK I E (Griffith Univ, Queensland, 4111, AUSTRALIA, Email: I.Cock@griffith.edu.au) : Interactive antimicrobial and toxicity profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. extracts with conventional antibiotics. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 1024-35.

Scaevola spinescens was traditionally used by Australian Aborigines to treat a variety of conditions including bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and cancer. Conventional antibiotics are amongst the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in allopathic medicine. Therefore, these therapies may be used concurrently by practitioners of complementary medicine and there is a need to evaluate their effects in combination. Plant extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of pathogenic triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the S. spinescens extracts and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (∑FIC). Synergistic interactions were further examined across a range of ratios using isobolograms analysis. The toxicity of the individual samples and of the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) and an MTS HDF cell viability assays. Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate to good inhibitory activity against several bacterial pathogens known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. However, combinations of the methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiellia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever respectively). In total, 4 combinations proved to be synergistic, all of which contained tetracycline as the conventional antibiotic component. Furthermore, all conventional antibiotics and S. spinescens leaf extracts were determined to be nontoxic when tested alone in the Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Combining the extracts and antibiotics did not significantly affect the toxicity of the combinations. S. spinescens extracts were effective inhibitors of the growth of several bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases when tested alone. Additionally, the methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts potentiated the activity of tetracycline against bacterial otherwise resistant to its actions. Isolation of the synergising compounds in these extracts may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever.

3 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

029078   PRATIWI S U T, HANDYANI T T (Pharmaceutical Biology Dep, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: sylvia_pratiwi@ugm.ac.id) : Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence by some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanolic extract. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 983-7.

One strategy to address the emergence of infectious diseases supported by the increasing cases of microbial antibiotic resistance is the development of anti-pathogenic drugs, a quorum quenching compound(s) capable of inhibiting microbial communication (quorum sensing inhibitor). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common source of chronic opportunistic infections, which demonstrates the most consistent resistance to antimicrobial agents. Quorum sensing (QS) controls secretion of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Settings and Design is in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay.  Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less.  Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

029106   SUNGTHONG B, SRICHAIKUL B (Mahasarakham Univ, Maha Sarakham 44150, THAILAND, Email: bunleu.s@msu.ac.th) : Antioxidant activities, acute toxicity and chemical profiling of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent extract. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 979-82.

The objectives of the study were to determine total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and assess acute toxicity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent hydroethanolic extract.The analysis of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically using micro-titer plate reader. With regard to acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were fed with a single dose of torch-ginger either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g extract/kg body weight in comparison with control group. Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents of the extract were 0.17±0.02 mM gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 0.30±0.01 mM quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant evaluation using DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 0.14±0.08 mg/ml (EC₅₀), 0.13±0.01 mmol Fe²⁺ equivalent/g extract and 0.30±0.12 mM trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. According to acute toxicity, no mortality or bizarre behavior had been observed throughout 14 days. Clinical chemistry including blood glucose, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total serum protein, albumin, globulin and total bilirubin were in normal ranges and comparable to the control (p<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and flavonoids of torch-ginger could be measured and indicated the quality of the extract as well as antioxidant activities. Regarding acute toxicity assessment, the extract was safe for experimental animals up to 2.0 g extract/kg body weight. Conclusion: Torch-ginger extract exhibited high amounts of phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and was safe in animal model.

3 tables, 17 ref

029011   ACHARYYA S, PADHY R, DASH S K (Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Institute of Pharmacy, Nadia-741 222, Email: sumanacharyya83@yahoo.com) : Pharmacognostic studies on the root of Anthocephalus cadamba (roxb.) miq.. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 973-8.

To undertake the pharmacognostic studies of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Root for the purpose of identification and differentiation from related species. The macroscopic and microscopic features of the root were studied, including the use of powder microscopy with the aid of suitable tools and reagents. Physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value and weight loss on drying were also determined. The root powder was successively extracted with different solvents followed by preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Macro- and micro-scopic studies revealed cork i.e. the layer of periderm present above the cortex along with lenticels. The periderm is many layered membranous with irregularly fissured crevices containing phellum and phellogen. Secondary phloem is comparatively massive without lignified tissues i.e. bast fibres and contains sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, many enriched with starch grains. The secondary xylem lignified mingled with medullary rays, vessels, parenchyma and wood fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, gum, steroid, tri-terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin in the root. The findings of this study facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and add clues in the preparation of herbal monographs for Phyto pharmacopeia.

2 illus, 6 tables, 30 ref

029072   NORATIQAH J M, NORHASLINDA R, AMIN B A, KHALILI R M A (Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Univ, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, MALAYSIA, Email: mohdadzim@unisza.edu.my) : Quantitative and optimization of phenolic acid extracted from pomegranate by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 969-72.

Pomegranate is scientifically known as Punica granatum L. which is a nutrient dense fruit rich in phytochemical compounds. Phenolic content is the main compound attribute for the most of the functional properties in pomegranate. The aim of this study is to quantify and optimize the composition of phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate extract by using High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The pomegranate extracted with three different methods by using two different solvents which is 50 % ethanol and water. The methods were blended (aril+ seed), Soaking (aril+ seed) and soaking + squeezed manually. HPLC-PDA was used as equipment to quantify and optimize the phenolic acids extracted from pomegranate. Validation method of HPLC was analysed according to the percentage of recovery, LOD, LOQ and coefficient correlation. Result showed that GA was detected in all sample from different method of extraction applied while CA compound not detected in any of extraction method applied. FA compound was only detected in blended method by 50 % ethanol and water as solvent while EA compound was detected only in water extraction of all three methods applied. As a conclusion, according to the standard calibration data curve showed that this method proved to detect and quantify the targeted compounds. By comparing the data obtained from this study, it showed that water blended extract method is significantly higher content of targeted compound except for the CA compound. To the best of our knowledge, this sample can be a valuable source of antioxidant for better used in health benefits.

2 tables, 13 ref

029071   NOPI N S, ANWAR E, NURHAYATI T (Indonesia Univ, Depok, 16424, INDONESIA, Email: effi.nora@gmail.com) : Optimization of extraction condition to obtain antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (ehrenb.) asch from Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 958-62.

Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Asch is one of the commonly found seagrasses spread over the coast of Indonesia and has not been utilized. Previous studies have reported its potency as an antioxidant, however, studies on optimal extraction conditions using ethanol as a solvent to obtain higher antioxidant activity are still limited. The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction condition for obtaining the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the seagrass T. hemprichii. In an addition, percentage yield of extract was also evaluated. In this study, factorial design with independent factors of ethanol concentrations (50 %, 70 %, and 100 %), the use of HCl 1 N (Yes/No), and temperature (300 C, 600 C) was developed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of the above factors towards antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀=83.48 μg/mL) was shown in sample R1 (extracted with 50 % ethanol, added with HCl 1 N, and 600 C). The sample also showed total phenolic content 41.03 mg GAE per gram and 22 % yield extract. Among the factors examined, the used of HCl 1 N showed the most significant effect to the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content, with the p-value of 0.048 and 0.034 respectively (p < 0.05). This extraction condition can be applied to obtain higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content from the plant.

4 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

029013   ADHIKARI K, ANURADHA K N, SUCHITRA N P (Dravyaguna Dep, SDM Coll of Ayurveda and Hospital, Karnataka, Email: drkopiladg@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic evaluation and HPTLC finger printing of rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 963-8.

Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

4 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

029060   KOOMSON D A, KWAKYE B D, DARKWAH W K, ODUM B, ASANTE M, AIDOO G (Environmental Engineering Dep, Hohai Univ, Nanjing, CHINA, Email: williams.darkwah@stu.ucc.edu.gh) : Phytochemical constituents, total saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and vitamin c contents of ethanol extracts of five Solanum torvum fruits. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 946-50.

Phytochemicals are frequently used in chemotherapeutic treatment or may be used as chemo preventive agents with chemoprevention. The study report the quantification of phytochemical constituents and vitamin C contents from ethanol extracts of Solanum torvum fruits. The main objective for this research was to use standard procedures to determine phytochemical and vitamin C content.The estimated alkaloids found in mature fruits were 6.32 ± 0.12 mg/g and 16.94 ± 2.3 mg/g in the immature fruits. Total saponins in mature and immature fruits were 8.60 ± 2.6 mg/g and 16.90 ± 9.4 mg/g respectively. Total flavonoids in mature and immature fruits were 21.14 ± 4.4 mg/g and 14.24 ± 1.8 mg/g respectively. Also vitamin C contents were 11.79 ± 2.0 mg/g in mature fruits and 8.70 ± 0.26 mg/g in immature fruits. With the exception of alkaloids whose difference in the mature and immature was significant, other differences obtained were not significant. The study showed that the extracts contain diversity of phytochemicals in appreciable amount that can expertly keep the body against oxidative stress triggered by free radicals and therefore be used as a source of potent natural products.

5 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

029042   ELUFIOYE T O, BERIDA T I (Pharmacognosy Dep, Ibadan Univ, NIGERIA, Email: toonitaiwo@yahoo.com) : GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity of Spondias purpurea l (anacardiaceae). Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 941-5.

There are ongoing efforts to identify the chemical composition of plants used as food or medicines in other to correlate their components with the numerous claims of their medicinal usefulness in folklore. This work was aimed at profiling the phytochemical composition of Spondias purpurea using GC-MS, as well as to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity by DPPH radical scavenging assay.  Whole fruit and stem bark of Spondias purpurea were collected, dried, extracted with methanol and concentrated in vacou before assessing them for their total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent method; total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities. The whole fruit and stem bark extracts were partitioned into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The n-hexane fraction of the stem bark and whole fruit were analyzed on GC-MS.  The stem bark had the highest phenolic content of 29.81± 1.18 GAE mg/g. Similarly, free radical scavenging activities assay showed the stem bark to be most active with IC₅₀ of 6.20 ± 1.51 μg/ml, better than the standard, ascorbic acid with IC₅₀ of 11.51 ± 0.3 μg/ml. The n-hexane partitioned fractions of the fruit and stem bark on GC-MS analysis showed 9 prominent compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (5.43 %), 3-((4Z,7Z)-Heptadeca-4,7-dien-1-yl) phenol(12 %), (Z)-3-(Heptadec-10-en-1-yl) phenol (11.76 %), n-Hexadecanoic acid (7.07 %) and 13 compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (20.51 %),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (12.61 %), Pentadecanoic acid (8.3 %), n-Hexadecanoic acid (15.24 %). This study provides justification for some of the folkloric use of Spondias purpurea.

3 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

029043   EVARY Y M, NUR A M (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Hasanuddin Univ, Makassar, INDONESIA, Email: yayumulsiani@unhas.ac.id) : Antioxidant and antidiabetes capacity of hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol extracts of Durio zibethinus murr. root. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 937-40.

Active natural products from medicinal plants are good sources for the antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. Natural antioxidants protect human health against oxidative stress and free radicals which cause degenerative disease such as diabetes. This study was conducted to try one approach to treat diabetes that is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose absorption through the inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. We made three different root extracts from Durio zibethinus Murr. The extracts were examined for their DPPH radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity using β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by a standard method. Additionally, we have also determined their total polyphenols and total flavonoids quantitatively using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The root extracts Durio zibethinus Murr. were effectively scavenged DPPH radicals in varied rate. The hexane (EHD), ethyl acetate (EEAD), and ethanol (EED) extracts revealed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ of 541.28, 83.95 and 11.24 µg/ml respectively and their β-carotene-linoleic acid assay showed activity with IC₅₀ of 273.58, 139.53, and 166.83 µg/ml, respectively. In vitro assay of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the EHD, EEAD, and EED extracts showed an IC₅₀ of 119.84, 23.69, and 3.35 µg/ml, respectively. In this present study, we found that ethanol extract revealed the most active antioxidant activity and the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme. The total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of the extracts were studied, where the ethanol extracts were found to have the highest than that of other extracts. This study proofs the medicinal potencies of Durio zibethinus Murr. root extracts.

3 tables, 17 ref

029035   CONTRERAS-ANGULO L A , VEGA-GAXIOLA D, EMUS-MEDINA A, HEREDIA J B (Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Sinaloa, 80110, MÉXICO, Email: jbheredia@ciad.mx) : Pharmacognostic study of leaves of Hedeoma patens. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 921-4.

Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

4 illus, 17 ref

029067   NAJMULDEEN G F , NARAYANAN K, KIRUBANANTHAN D, FAISAL G G (International Islamic Univ Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, MALAYSIA, Email: drghasak@iium.edu.my) : Comparison of tongkat ali root chemical composition extracted by soxhlet, conventional steam and microwave assisted extraction techniques. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 916-20.

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) roots are used in traditional medicines for its wide range of biological effects. The process of extracting out this essential oil from the plant requires a delicate and efficient method. In this research the extract of the essential oil of Eurycoma longifolia’s root using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), Soxhlet Extraction and Conventional Steam Extraction (CSE) methods, is characterized to identify the components of essential oil extracted and then to compare the yield percentage and components of the extracts from both methods. The extract obtained was characterized using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) by comparing the compositions of components present in commercial Tongkat Ali oil stored in the GC-MS library. The findings showed that the MAE gives a maximum yield percentage of 5 % with six chemical components extracted in 20 min while SE and CSE gives high yield percentage of 28.3 % in 3 h and 2.5 % in 6 h respectively with only three chemical components extracted. Therefore, MAE is the optimum method for extracting essential oil from Tongkat Ali with a high quality.

6 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

029057   KAZBEKOVNA S F , ARSENOVNA S M, NIKOLAEVICH D O (Pharmacognosy and Botany Dep, a Branch of Volgograd State Medical Univ, RUSSIA, Email: f.k.serebryanaya@ pmedpharm.ru) : Comparative micromorphological investigations of red godji berries (Lycium barbarum l.) and black godji berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.). Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 911-5.

The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godji berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.

9 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

029119   WIDIYANTO A , ANWAR E, NURHAYATI T (Indonesia Univ, West Java, INDONESIA, 16424, Email: effionora.anwar@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : In vitro assay of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activities of three seagrasses from Banten Bay, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 907-10.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. One of the approaches for treating DM is by regulating the postprandial blood glucose via inhibition of α-glucosidase enzymes. Seagrass is known as a plant containing bioactive compounds, especially for therapy antidiabetic.This research aims to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibition activity of three species seagrasses (Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata) from the Banten Bay, Indonesia. The extracts of all parts (root, leaf, and stem) from three seagrasses were prepared with maceration method using 80 % ethanol solvents. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was conducted by microplate reader at 400 nm using acarbose as a positive control. Furthermore, the kinetics of α-glucosidase inhibition, phytochemical screening, and total phenolics content were evaluated against extract which has the most potential α-glucosidase inhibition. The result showed that the 80 % ethanol extracts of Enhalus acoroides (IC₅₀ values 168.15 ± 2.71 µg/mL) had the most potential α-glucosidase inhibitors activity compared with the positive control acarbose, Thalassia hemprichii and Cymodocea rotundata (IC₅₀ values 197.27 ± 3.07 µg/mL, 425.86 ± 5.15 µg/mL and 429.28 ± 8.89 µg/mL). The kinetic type of inhibition against α-glucosidase was noncompetitive inhibition. The phytochemical compounds were phenols, flavonoid, terpenes, and tannin with the total phenolic content was 28.76 ± 2.46 mgGAE/g.  Enhalus acoroides has the strongest inhibitor of α-glucosidase and can be further developed for DM therapy agents.

2 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

029022   ARORA S, MEENA S (Botany Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Email: jnvusunitarora@gmail.com) : Bio-activity in flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.- an endangered medicinal plant from thar desert of Rajasthan (India). Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 871-4.

Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), an endangered medicinal plant distributed in various habitats in semi-arid region of Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Present study is focused on the extraction of bioactive compounds from the flowers of this plant by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using Methanol and chloroform as solvents.  Flowers were collected from hilly and stony regions from xeric and harsh conditions of Indian Thar Desert of Rajasthan, during the month of July-September. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using Perkin-Elmer Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Maximum % area is found for 24-Norursa-3, 12-diene is present in maximum amount (26.25 %) with retention time (RT) = 39.441 min, followed by Tetracontane (20.68 %) with RT= 30.275 min in the methanolic extract. Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- is present in maximum amount (35.70 %) with retention time (RT) =38.569 min, followed by Tetracontane (15.24 %) with RT= 29.678 min in the chloroform extract of flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. shows important pinpoint pharmacological activity. These bio-active constituents can be used by pharmaceutical or other drug designing industry to find a novel drug and pharmacologically active constituents justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

029110   TANTENGCO O A G , CONDES M L C , ESTADILLA H H T , RAGRAGIO E M (The Philippines Manila Univ, Manila City, Philippines, Email: ogtantengco@up.edu.ph) : Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by ayta communities in dinalupihan, bataan, Philippines. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 859-70.

This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated.  A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43 %). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57 %). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.

5 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

029051   IWARA I A, IGILE G O, UBOH F E, ETENG M U, EBONG P E (Biochemistry Dep, Calabar Univ, Calabar, Nigeria, Email: iwaraiwara83@gmail.com) : Analysis of bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 854-8.

Bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana (VC) leaves were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. The leaves were harvested, cleaned and air dried for 7 days. They were ground to yield 5 kg weight powder which was macerated and extracted in 8000 mL of 80 % ethanol for 48 hours, yielding 310.3 g (6.2 %) of crude extract after evaporation of the solvent. The paste (251.8 g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (mesh 60 – 120 µm) and eluted with 1.5L of n-hexane and methanol respectively. The fractions were analyzed for bioactive constituents using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (30 m x 0.25 mm ID x 0.25 µm film thickness). The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presences of twelve compounds with phytol (46.67 %), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (33.40 %), octadecanoic acid (11.25 %), pentadecane carboxylic acid (10.69 %), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-1-ol (8.12 %) and ethyl palmitate (7.68 %) in the n-hexane fraction, while methanol fraction was observed to have 14 compounds with oleic acid (33.40 %), hexadecanoic acid (12.49 %), 2-butanone (14.32 %), palmitadehyde (8.36 %), 11-octadecenoic acid (5.56 %), Z-4-nonadecen-1-ol-acetate (5.36 %) and limonene oxide (4.37 %) as well as other compounds in trace concentrations. It may be concluded from the results that, extracts of Vernonia calvoana contain various bioactive components that may be exploited as a good source of new drug for pharmaceutical industries.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

029024   AYOUBI S A, RAAFAT K, EL-LAKANY A, ABOUL-ELA M (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Beirut Arab Univ, Beirut, Lebanon, Email: raafat@bau.edu.lb) : Phytochemical investigation of Psoralea bituminosa l. and its anti-diabetic potentials. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 841-53.

Psoralea bituminosa L. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic – induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS.  The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34 % to 38.5 %. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19 % to 44 %. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7 % to 13.6 % increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8 % to 86.3 % on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic – induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 % to 48.6 %. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6 % at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Psoralea bituminosa showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy. 

8 illus, 13 tables, 28 ref

029112   THEERAMUNKONG S , UTSINTONG M (Pharmaceutical Care Dep, Phayao Univ, Phayao 56000, Thailand, Email: maleeruk.ut@up.ac.th) : Comparison between volatile oil from fresh and dried fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (roxb.) dc. and cytotoxicity activity evaluation. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(1), 73-78.

Zanthoxylum rhetsa is a tree found in northern Thailand. It has been used as a traditional herb with medicinal properties. However, the comparison of composition in volatile oil from fresh and dried fruit is still not fully investigated. In study, we evaluated the constituents in oil from fruits of Z. rhetsa and evaluated the cytotoxicity in non-small lung cancer cells. Methods: The hydro distillation was applied to afford the oil. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC-MS and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis in non-small lung cells by using MTT method and flow cytometry respectively. Results: Fresh and dried fruits provided a higher yield of volatile oil by approximately 10% and 20% respectively, compared to other studies. Twenty-eight compounds were identified and the major components of fresh and dried fruits were not distinctly different. The major component, α-limonene, was found in dried fruits from Phayao, southern Nan and Chiang Rai province. A high content of β-phellandrene was found in dried fruits from northern Nan province and the (+)-sabinene was found in high content of fresh fruits from southern Nan, Phayao and Chaing Rai province. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity tests displayed that all of oil products were active against lung cancer cells. Among the components investigated, fresh and dried fruits from southern Nan province showed to be the most potent (EC50 = 1.91 ± 0.53, 1.79 ± 0.43 µL/mL, respectively). Conclusion: Volatile oil of Z. rhetsa exhibited a strong cytotoxic properties against cytotoxic may be potentially used as natural anticancer agents.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

029086   SA R D, CADENA M B, PADILHA R J R, ALVES L C, RANDAU K P (De Ciências Farmacêuticas Dep, Federal de Pernambuco Univ, CDU, Recife-PE, Brazil, Email: krandau@hotmail.com) : Anatomical study and characterization of metabolites in leaves of Momordica charantia l. Pharmacogn J 2018, 10(5), 823-6.

Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

3 illus, 47 ref

029111   TASNEEM M I F, NARSEGOWDA P N (Tumkur Univ, Tumkur-572 101, Email: farzanatasneem27@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of different varieties of Terminalia catappa leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4430-5.

Terminalia catappa Linn. belongs to the family Combretraceae found in tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia, which is commonly called as Indian almond, sea-almond, tropical almond, wild badam. The fruit is useful in bronchitis and bowels. Juice of leaves is used in the preparation of the ointment for scabies, leprosy, cutaneous diseases and also as analgesic. The root bark is used in dysentery and diarrhoea. The stem bark cures fevers. The oil yielded from kernels is used commercially as a substituted for almond oil. According to the literature the different parts of the plants is used in many therapies including, antibacterial anticlastogenic, antioxidant, antifungal, antiulcer and molluscidal activity, management of sickle cell aneamia, anticancer, anti HIV reverse transcriptase, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic. In this study the methanol extracts of two varieties of Terminalia catappa (yellow and red variety) leaf was screened for antifungal like Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger and antibacterial like Eschiershea coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter species, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Bacillus cereus was evaluated. The variation in the intensity of inhibitory activity of this microorganism between two varieties was observed.

5 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

029081   RATNAMRAJU V, DHANDE P P, GUPTA A O, VAZ N S (Pharmacology Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be Univ) Medical Coll, Pune - 411 043, Email: ppdhande@yahoo.com) : Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of oral decoction of Pterocarpus santalinus bark wood powder in acute inflammation model. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4368-72.

Raktachandan / Pterocarpus santalinus is mentioned to have edema reducing property in Ayurvedic literature. Studies have been performed using its methanolic extract for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities. Since, Ayurveda advises to use it as a decoction, we planned to study the acute anti-inflammatory activity of decoction prepared from Pterocarpus santalinus bark-wood powder.  Albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each (Group I – Control (CMC-vehicle), Group II – Ibuprofen suspension, Group III – P. santalinus suspension 3.5 mg/kg, Group IV – P. santalinus suspension 7 mg/kg. All the experimental animals were given standard and test drugs orally, 45 min before inducing inflammation. Acute inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 ml of 1 % carrageenan solution in sub-plantar tissue of left hind paw of the rats. Paw volume (Plethysmometer) and pain assessment (Randall and Selitto paw withdrawal method) were done at 0 h (before medication), then at 1 h, 2 h, 3 h and 4 h after induction of inflammation. Data was analysed using Graph Pad Prism version 5. ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was used for comparison among groups. P. santalinus suspension 7 mg/kg and ibuprofen treated rats showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in their paw volume compared to the other groups. There was significant reduction in pain threshold (gm/sec) in all the groups (p<0.05) but in P. santalinus 7 mg/kg and Ibuprofen treated groups the pain threshold gradually increased after 2 h of induction of inflammation. Orally given decoction of Pterocarpus santalinus bark-wood powder in 7 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in carrageenan induced inflammatory model in rats.

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

029084   ROSALIN T, ELYAS K K (Biotechnology Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram - 673 635, Email: kkelyas@yahoo.com) : Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical evaluation of an indo-sri lankan ethnomedicinal plant species Polyalthia korinti (dunal) benth. & hook. F.. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4355-60.

Polyalthia korinti (Dunal) Benth. & Hook. F. is a rare Indo - Sri Lankan species of Annonaceae family and are traditionally used by tribal people of Ghats region, India for treating several ailments. The number of mature plants and the area of its distribution are too low and this species is placed under the vulnerable critically endangered category. The present study deals with the pharmacognostic and physicochemical evaluations of the leafy part of this plant and was undertaken as an initial step to aid in documentation, quality assurance, proper identification etc. and appropriately to investigate the plant material for its ethanomedicinal claims. Macro and micro morphological parameters of leaf and dried leaves powder were set down following standard procedures recommended by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Macroscopic study of leaf revealed some of the characteristic features like size, shape and color and in microscopic study internal characteristic features like epidermis, cortex, xylem, phloem, trichomes, and stomata were noted. Physicochemical parameters like total ash value, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphated ash, foreign organic matter content, moisture content and crude fiber content were determined. Fluorescence analysis with various reagents showed characteristic coloration at day (visible light) and under UV light. Extractive values showed that the methanol soluble phytoconstituents were high compared to other solvents. This study thus lays down the pharmacognostic and physicochemical standardization parameters of the Polyalthia korinti leaf for the first time to serve the identification and quality control purposes.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

029085   ROY D R, KRISHNAPPA M (Post Graduate Studies and Research in Applied Botany Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shivamogga - 577 451, Email: krishnappam4281@yahoo.com) : Mycochemical profiling of Lentinus squarrosulus mont., a wild edible macrofungi using GC-MS. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4349-54.

Studies to exploit wild mushrooms as a source of biologically active compounds are gaining importance in the recent years. In that view, the present study was carried out to evaluate the bioactives of wild edible macrofungi, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. The specimen was subjected to various biochemical tests with the view to establish standards for their identity and chemical composition. To identify the chemical constituents the dried sporocarp was subjected to successive solvent extraction like petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol using a Soxhlet extractor. The qualitative mycochemical analysis have shown the presence of some important chemical constituents viz., alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phenols, fats and oils in all the extractives. Further, GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extracts was carried to identify the important volatile constituents. This data may provide baseline information about the bioactive constituents of these species in providing valuable compounds of substantial medicinal importance. The study also envisaged the proper identity of the target specimen by molecular identification. The present study illustrates the value of molecular tools, especially when coupled with traditional taxonomic tools in disclosing the hidden macrofungal diversity.

5 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

029104   SRILAKSHMI, SHAILAJA U, RAJ G R A (Kaumarabhritya Dep, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Coll of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan - 573 201, Email: drdrarunraj26@gmail.com) : Standardization of salavana upanaha churna: A herbal compound drug used for upanaha in spastic cerebral palsy. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4338-42.

Salavana upanaha churna is a herbal compound drug consisting of Godhuma churna (Triticum aestivum L.), Rasna churna (Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern), Devadaru churna (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G.Don), Erandamoola churna (Ricinus communis L.), Vidanga churna (Embelia ribes Burm.f.), Vacha churna (Acorus calamus L.) and Saindhava lavana (rock salt) as main ingredients. Salavana upanaha churna is used extensively in management of spastic cerebral palsy in children. Aim of this study was to standardize Salavana upanaha churna. Physico‐chemical studies like organoleptic characters, Powder microscopy, Loss on drying and HPTLC were carried out as per the WHO guidelines, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and Indian Pharmacopoeia. Standardization tests done on Salavana upanaha churna helped in authenticating and ensuring the quality of the same.

3 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

029105   SUNDARRAJ A A, RANGANATHAN T V (Food Processing and Engineering Dep, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore - 641 114, Email: asrthegreat@gmail.com) : Extraction and functional properties of cellulose from jackfruit (Artocarpus integer) waste. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4309-17.

Jackfruit peel is one among the under-utilized waste materials. In the present study, cellulose was extracted from de-pectinated peel. The peel was treated with alkali followed by a chemical process treatment. The yield of jackfruit cellulose was 27 g / 100g of dry matter. Water and oil holding capability was a good retention value and higher hydration capacities of cellulose. The bulk, true densities and carr's index of cellulose were 0.17 ± 0.05 g/ml; 0.005 g/ml and 10.561 %. Jackfruit cellulose foaming capacity was 2.99 % at pH 9 and foaming stability was maintained at pH 7, until the end of time (2h). Jackfruit peel as a potential source of natural cellulose has been comparing favourably with commercial grade cellulose used for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.

4 illus, 45 ref

029094   SHANTA M A, MONDAL M, MAJUMDER S, ISLAM M I, HOQUE N, TITHI N S, RANA M S (Pharmacy Dep, East West Univ, Aftabnagar, Dhaka - 1212, Bangladesh, Email: meenaafroze@gmail.com) : Pharmacological investigations of chloroform extract of Stereospermum chelonoides leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4256-66.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of various degenerative diseases like cancer, inflammation etc. Thus, the study of antioxidant activity of natural molecules has remained a fertile ground for the researchers. In continuation of that effort, the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of chloroform extract of Stereospermum chelonoides leaves (SCLC). Preliminary phytochemical analysis followed by total phenol and total flavonoid determination assays were carried out. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric reducing antioxidant assays. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay and MTT based cytotoxicity assay was also conducted. Antibacterial assay was carried out using disc diffusion method on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Croton oil and xylene induced ear oedema models were used to determine anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemical screening ensured the presence of various secondary metabolites notably polyphenols (38.04 ± 0.77 mg/g, GAE) and flavonoids (130 ± 7.86, mg/g, QE) which explained its dose dependent antioxidant activities. Moreover, cupric ion reducing capacity of SCLC was as similar as standard ascorbic acid indicating strong metal chelating activity. In cytotoxicity assay, SCLC produced significant cell killing effect on hela cells in high doses. Significant antiinflammatory activity was observed in croton oil induced ear edema. Antioxidant activity of SCLC is suggestive of its ability to halt free radical generation process and its subsequent potential in the physiologic conditions adversely affected by radical generations.

2 illus, 8 tables, 31 ref

029116   VARGHESE L S, SREEKKUTY P S, PURUSOTHAMAN G, MURICKEN D G, GEORGE E (Botany Dep, Bishop Kurialacherry Coll for Women, Kottayam - 686 561, Email: lincysv@gmail.com) : A study on the in-vitro antifungal, larvicidal and antioxidant activities of root and shoot of Biophytum sensitivum (linn.) Dc.. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4248-55.

The present study assayed the antifungal, larvicidal and antioxidant properties of the aqueous and acetone extracts of root and shoot of Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.) DC. The aqueous extracts of both root and shoot had little activity against the three test fungi such as A. niger, A. flavus and Penicillium. The acetone shoot extract was also ineffective against these fungi. However, the acetone root extract exhibited magnificent antifungal activity against A. flavus (zone of growth inhibition of 33.5 mm); but moderately affected the growth of Penicillium (9.5 mm), in the disc diffusion assay. The acetone root extract had no activity on A. flavus. The aqueous extracts of root and shoot of B. sensitivum were also assayed for larvicidal activity on the the 3^rd and 4^th instar mosquito larval stages. The shoot extract exhibited potent larvicidal activity, with 100 % mortality induced in the larvae, within 48 h of exposure with the extract. The root extract on the contrary, had negligible activity against the mosquito larvae, exhibiting only 30 % larvicidal activity, even after 48 h of exposure with the extract. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of shoot and root of B. sensitivum was assayed by means of DPPH assay. The EC₅₀ values obtained for root and shoot samples were 67 and 64 µg, respectively; the corresponding ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant activities of these samples were calculated as 0.0746 and 0.078, respectively.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

029053   JAIN P K, RIJHWANI S (Botany Dep, The IIS Univ, Jaipur - 302 020, Email: pj9331@gmail.com) : Comparative GC-MS analysis of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba fruit extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4236-42.

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is widely used by people and is found to have multiple medicinal utilities. Four (chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous) extracts of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba fruit were therefore, analysed by Gas Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry analysis to assess their phytochemical constituents. The chloroform extract of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba fruits showed the presence of thirty one phytochemical constituents of which the major phytochemical compounds were Tetracontane and Stigmasterol. The ethyl acetate extract of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba fruit showed the presence of fifty phytochemical constituents. The important phytochemical compounds were stigmasterol and 4-tert-butylcalix [4] arene. Thirty eight phytochemicals were reported in the methanolic extract. The most important ones in term of peak area and retention time were mome inositol and 7-tetradecenal (Z). Mome inositol and 10, 12- Hexadecadien-1-ol was the primary components in a total of 30 phytochemicals obtained from the aqueous extract.

4 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

029044   FATHI H, GHOLIPOUR A, EBRAHIMZADEH M A, YASARI E, AHAJAN M, PARSI B (Mazandaran Univ of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Email: zadeh20@yahoo.com) : In-vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antibacterial activity of Lamium album extracts. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4210-9.

Lamium album is used as a blood purifier, in the treatment of the respiratory tract diseases, diarrhea and bleeding. In this study antioxidants and anti-bacterial activities of its aerial parts and roots were investigated. Extracts were prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. Methanol used as extracting solvent. Phenol and flavonoids contents and antioxidant properties were evaluated by different methods. Different concentrations of extracts were used for determining the MIC. Microorganisms suspensions were prepared in Mueller Hinton broth with different concentrations of extracts and incubated for 24 h at 37°C, the turbidity of the tubes were observed. MIC and MBC were determined. Total phenolic content of aerial and roots extracts were 242.75 ± 10.13 and 135.0 ± 8.15 and total flavonoid contents were 79.83 ± 4.22 and 30.33 ± 1.08 QE respectively. The DPPH radical-scavenging ability of extracts were 238.4 and 257.0 µg/ml respectively. Reducing power of both extracts increased by increasing the concentrations. The amount of scavenging nitric oxide at the 1600 mg/ml, was 58 and 68 %, respectively. IC₅₀ for chelating activities of extracts were 1139 and 1323 µg/ml for aerial and root extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial property of the aerial parts against E. coli in microdilution method was better than root extract. Its mean diameter of inhibition was 17 mm. On Klebsiella the activity on the root extract was better. Its inhibition diameter was 11.66 mm. In conclusion, the anti-microbial and antioxidant activities of L. album aerial parts was higher than root extract.

4 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

029038   DAVE D, MANSURI M, SHAH G (Pharmacology Dep, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Gandhinagar - 382 023, Email: dtm1987@gmail.com) : Characterization and biological evaluation of crude polysaccharide from Vitex negundo Linn. leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4194-200.

Naturally occurring non-starch polysaccharides are known for their therapeutic value. This paper describes isolation, characterization and evaluation of glucose lowering potential of one such plant polysaccharide isolated from the leaves of the plant Vitex negundo. It was isolated and characterized using various analytical techniques and biochemical tests which confirmed the presence of carbohydrates and elements such as C, H and O. It demonstrated a reduction in glucose concentration in-vitro, however non-significant in comparison to standards. In-vivo, it was given per orally in fasting male C57 mice at 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg single dose post 30 min of which serum glucose was recorded. Glucose load was given 30 min after administering crude polysaccharide after which serum glucose concentrations were estimated at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. Obtained results suggest a non-significant reduction in AUC as well as individual glucose levels at all the time points in crude polysaccharide treated animals in comparison to vehicle control in fasting as well as glucose loaded conditions. Thus, the crude polysaccharide isolated from the leaves of V. negundo doesn‟t have a significant antihyperglycemic activity in single dose when given via per oral route in normal fasting as well as glucose loaded mice. It may have antihyperglycemic action on repeated dosing in glucose loaded diabetic animals, which needs further investigation. However, this paper is first to study anti-hyperglycemic potential of crude polysaccharide from leaves of V. negundo.

5 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

029107   SWAMI D R, MALPATHAK N P (Botany Dep, Savitribai Phule Pune Univ, Pune - 411 007, Email: mpathak@unipune.ac.in) : Exploring in-vivo and in-vitro Oxalis corniculata L. for phytochemicals using non-targeted LC-MS approach and its antioxidant capacity. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(10), 4151-7.

Oxalis corniculata Linn. (Oxalidaceae) is the nutraceutical important medicinal plant containing essential nutrients like sodium, potassium, calcium, nitrogen and magnesium and also gives health protection due to the presence of secondary metabolites of therapeutic importance. Present study highlights the phytochemical constituents present in the methanolic extract of in-vivo and in-vitro O. corniculata through nontargeted LC-MS analysis and to reveal the antioxidant capacities of both extracts by analyzing antioxidant assays like DPPH, H₂O₂ radical scavenging, phosphomolybdenum, total phenol content and total flavonoid content. The phytochemical investigation was carried out to identify the possible components from in-vivo and in-vitro whole plant extract by LCMS. It has revealed 26 compounds having known biological activity among which embelin is the main compound. Embelin is reported for anticancer, antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity. We have confirmed its presence in both in-vivo and in-vitro extracts using HPTLC. Both methanolic extracts of Oxalis corniculata were compared with antioxidant references such as tannic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid for antioxidant assays. We are first to report that embelin is present as one of the antioxidant bioactive component in both methanolic extracts of Oxalis corniculata. In-vivo and in-vitro extracts of O. corniculata exhibited a significant antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities, probably due to the presence of bioactive constituents and their synergistic action.

3 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

029054   JOSHI D R, SRESTHA A C, ADHIKARI N (Wonkwang Univ, Jeolabuk do 54538, Republic of Korea, Email: djmeropaila121@gmail.com) : A review on diversified use of the king of spices: Piper nigrum (black pepper). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 4089-101.

Black pepper, the ‘King of spices’ (Piper nigrum L.), is a widely used spice, known for its pungent odour. From time immemorial, plant sources were used in traditional systems of medicine and day-to-day common use, such as in meal preparation and cosmetic purposes. This is due to their vast pharmacological potential with minimum side effects. Among the various species of the Piperaceae family, black pepper is one of the most popular due to its principle pharmacological component, piperine. Which is an alkaloid that has diverse pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antiobesity, antitumor, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, anti-thyroid, antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, larvicidal, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, bioavailability enhancer, immunomodulator, antiepileptic, antifertility, GI stimulant, lipid metabolism accelerator, anticancer, CNS stimulant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, blood purifier and antiplatelet activities, etc. Due to some religious value of black pepper, its being popular from ancient time to modern generation. This review is aimed to provide a literature review on recent advancement of chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacological activities, new piperine based formulations and other general use of Piper nigrum.

2 illus, 4 tables, 94 ref

029028   BEIGI M, HAGHANI E, ALIZADEH A, SAMANI Z N (Shahrekord Univ of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, Email: nazarianf@ymail.com) : The pharmacological properties of several species of Terminalia in the world. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 4079-88.

Traditional medicines, derived from medicinal plants, are used by about 60 % of the world's population. Plants of the genus Terminalia which consist of about 200-250 species are widely used as traditional medicine. The aim of this study was that review morphologic and toxonomic characteristics, pharmacological effects, traditional usage and products that derived of Terminalia in reports that published up to 2017. To conduct this review, the most up-to-date electronic journals including those indexed in the Pubmed, Elsevier, Institute for Scientific Information, Google Scholar and Scientific Information Database, databases and various books, has been used. Terminalia species have therapeutic effects such as cardiac stimulant effect that was compared with that of digoxin. Terminalia species possess several active phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. β-sitosterol is one of phytosterol compounds that has a therapeutic effect on inflammation by effect on prostacyclin I2 (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Other active phytochemical are tannins that have shown that tannins have strong anti-bacterial properties. Considering that many studies have been carried out on Terminalia plants in different fields and its beneficial effects in various diseases. To identify phytochemical compounds, further studies are required to fully determine the extent of use of medicinal plants and the phytochemistry of the genus Terminalia. In this review article can be a preliminary authentic source for the researchers to investigate the some unknown potential and therapeutic effects of these medicinal plants.

4 tables, 41 ref

029079   PRIYADARSHI A, RAM B (Dravyagyuna Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ Campus, Varanasi - 221 005, Email: apurvayurved@gmail.com) : A review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Carica papaya (linn.) leaf. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 4071-8.

Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is well known for its nutritional as well as medicinal value since long time. The medicinal properties of fruit and other parts of papaya are well known in the different system of traditional medicine including Ayurveda. Its various parts has been reported for various disease conditions viz. fever, swellings, jaundice, gonorrhea, bilious fever, itches, eczema, and rheumatism cold, headache, whooping cough, asthma, chicken pox, and bronchitis in various traditional literature. The various remarkable researches on biological activities and medicinal application have been reported during past four decades and established it as an important nutraceuticals agent. Carica papaya Linn. leaf has been scientifically studied for various therapeutic activities like antibacterial, antioxidant, antipyretic, insecticidal, antimicrobial, antimolluscal etc. In view of this leaves have been explored through several advanced techniques like phyto-extraction of heavy metals, phytoremediation of particulate pollution and many others. Various studies on phytoconstituents and chemical composition of leaves have been reported in last few decades. The present review aims an exploration of pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Carica papaya Linn. leaf till now.

61 ref

029080   RAMALA S K, ALAGUMANIVASAGAM G (Pharmacy Dep, Annamalai Univ, Chidambaram - 608 002, Email: ramalasampath@gmail.com) : Physico-chemical evaluation of whole plant of Cocculus pendulus (j.r. & g. forst.) diels. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018, 9(9), 3955-9.

The whole plant of Cocculus pendulus (J.R. & G. Forst.) Diels is reported to have quality medicinal values in traditional system of medicines. The various physico-chemical parameters included determination of extractive value, loss on drying, ash values, fluorescence analysis, HPTLC analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis were performed. The preliminary identification of Cocculus pendulus was observed by studying macroscopical features and the final authentication was confirmed by the botanist. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of whole plant of Cocculus pendulus revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, saponins, proteins and mucilage. HPTLC fingerprint analysis of ethanolic extract of plant Cocculus pendulus reveals presence of 13 peaks and 10 peaks in 256 nm and 366 nm respectively. The physico-chemical evaluation of Cocculus pendulus was a useful tool to identify quality, purity and authenticity of Cocculus pendulus.

3 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref