001738   VENU A, ANEYMOL V S, THOMAS J (Zoology Dep, Morning Star Home Science Coll, Angamaly, Kerala) : Preliminary phytochemical screening of crude methanolic extract of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Muthuvan tribe from Kulachuvayal tribal colony, Kanthalloor, Idukki district of Kerala, India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1167-71.

Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of crude methanolic extract of selected ethnomedicinal plants from Kerala was examined. The plants studied were Atlantia monophylla, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Datura stramonium, Melia dubia, Ruta graveolens, Solanum villosum, Triumfetta rhomboidea and Vitex negundo which are used for treating various ailments among Muthuvan tribe. The methanol extract of the plants were evaluated against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). None of them exhibited antibacterial activity. The methanol extract of plants was subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests.The phytochemical screening of plant extract revealed the presence and absence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, phyllotannins, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins. Since the plant possess bioactive compounds, it is reliable to possess large number of therapeutic value and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments among the tribal community.

1 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

001620   DHARBALE B B, HINGOLE D G, BHALERAO J B, KARDILE P B (Plant Pathology Dep, VNMKV, Parbhani, Jalna, Maharashtra) : Studies on cultural and morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. in sweet orange at Marathwada region of Maharashtra. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1154-8.

The present investigation was carried out to study on pathological pre harvest fruit drop aspects of sweet orange in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. This experiment was conducted in the department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Badnapur and Sweet orange research station, (SORS) Badnapur, DistJalna (VNMKV, Parbhani) M.S. in year 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomised Design-CRD, with three replications and ten treatments. Morphogenic characteristics of C. gloeosporioides was studied on different media and wide range of variability in respect of conidial and setae dimensions was observed. The conidial size Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ranged from18.21 to 26.62 µm. The large sized conidia (26.33-26.62x3.16-4.74 µm) were produced on the PDA which was followed by Richards agar, host leaf extracts, oat Meal Agar, Corn meal Agar, Czapak Dox Agar, Yeast mannitol Agar and Ashby’s mannitol Agar. However, small sized conidia were noticed on plain agar and Yeast extract Agar. The maximum average setae length was recorded on potato dextrose agar while maximum setae width was observed on Ashby’s mannitol Agar. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was found to be most suitable medium for growth (90.00 mm). The second and third best medium found were Czapak Dox Agar (89.82 mm) and Oat Meal Agar (88.43 mm). Rest of the culture media recorded radial mycelial growth in the range of 49.67 mm (Host leaf extract Agar) to 85.38 mm (Richard’s Agar). All the culture media tested, exhibited wide range of colony colour, colony texture, sporulation, conidial dimensions and setae dimensions.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

001725   SUJATHA S, SEKAR T (Botany Dep, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical screening and HPTLC method for phytochemical compounds present extracts of leaf and stem Litsea laevigata gamble. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 970-7.

In the present study, the phytochemical analysis determines Litsea laevigata leaf and stem extract used as non-polar to a polar solvent of pet-ether, chloroform, acetone methanolic and water. Leaf and stem investigated by applying established in vitro studies. L. laevigata belongs to the Lauraceae family. Method: To confirm the fingerprint outline of Litsea laevigata using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) procedure. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed and HPTLC investigations were provided an explanation. CAMAG HPTLC system provided with Linomat V applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3 and WIN CATS-4 software was done. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of flavonoid, reducing suger, tannins, saponnins, phenolic compounds, steroid and terpenoid. HPTLC finger printing of methanolic extract of leaf and stem revealed 3 and 9 peaks of phenol compound delectation, with Rf values start from 0.02 to 0.67 in leaf and 0.03 to 0.90 in stem. Flavonoid delectation of leaf and stem revealed 6 and 7 peaks with Rf values start from 0.02 to 0.99 in leaf and 0.05 to 0.99 stem. It can be assumed of HPTLC fingerprint investigation of leaf and stem extract of Litsea laevigata can be done as a characteristic tool for the accurate identification of the plant and it is valuable as a phytochemical marker and also an immeasurable estimator of transmitted variability in plant communities.

6 illus, 7 tables, 19 ref

001611   ASHWINI C (Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural Univ, Budwel, Telangana - 500 030) : A review on Chaetomium globosum is versatile weapons for various plant pathogens. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 946-9.

Chaetomium globosum is a potential bio control agent against various seed and soil borne pathogens. Plant pathogens are the main threat for profitable agricultural productivity. Currently, Chemical fungicides are highly effective and convenient to use but they are a potential threat for the environment. Therefore the use of biocontrol agents for the management of plant pathogens is considered as a safer and sustainable strategy for safe and profitable agricultural productivity. Many experiments and studies revealed by various researchers C. globosum used as plant growth promoter and resulted into high yield of crops in field conditions. C. globosum produces pectinolytic enzymes polygalacturonate transeliminase (PGTE), pectin trans-eliminase (PTE), viz., polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME), protopectinase (PP), xylanase and cellulolytic (C and C ) 1 xenzymes and various biologically active substances, such as chaetoglobosin A, Chaetomium B, C, D, Q, R, T, chaetomin, chaetocin, chaetochalasin A, chaetoviridins A and C. The present aim of this article we have discussed the various aspects of biocontrol potential of Chaetomium globosum.

24 ref

001723   SUHAS P D, SIMON S (Plant Pathology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Evaluation of fungicides and bio-agents against Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 902-3.

The effect of different antagonist’ viz. Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated against different Alternaria blight of chickpea by dual culture technique. Among Bio-agents Trichoderma viride (49.08 %) followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (41.84 %) over control were found effective in controlling the Alternaria blight. Among the fungicides, Chlorothalonil was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of Alternaria alternata as it produced 55.27 % growth inhibition at 5 % concentrations, respectively. Mancozeb and Azoxystrobin were found effective as growth inhibitions about 51.54 %, 42.23 % respectively. Followed by Thiabendazole at 5 @ (37.33 %). In food poison technique method.

1 table, 5 ref

001724   SUHAS P D, SIMON S, LAL A A (Plant Pathology Dep, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Comparative efficacy of bio-agents and fungicides in the management of Alternaria blight of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 899-901.

Efficacy of bio-agents and fungicides namely Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Chlorothalonil, Aazoxystrobin, Mancozeb and Thiabendazole was evaluated against Alternaria blight of chickpea under field condition. In field condition bio-agents and fungicides were used as seed treatment. Trichoderma viride @ 5 g/litre as seed treatment (ST), Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5 g/kg as seed treatment (ST), Thiabendazole @ 2 g/kg as seed treatment, Mancozeb 3 g/kg as seed treatment, Chlorothalonil 2 g/kg as seed treatment and Aazoxystrobin 5 g/kg as seed treatment. Mancozeb 3 g/kg as seed treatment was found effective with less disease severity of 23.09 %. The effect of different antagonist’ viz. Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens were evaluated against different Alternaria blight of chickpea by dual culture technique. Among Bio-agents Trichoderma viride (49.08 %) followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (41.84 %) over control were found effective in controlling the Alternaria blight. Among the fungicides, Mancozeb was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of Alternaria alternata as it produced 55.27 % growth inhibition at 5 % concentrations. All bio-agents and fungicides were found effective in reducing the disease severity.

2 tables, 14 ref

001703   SAHA S, PAUL S (Botany Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal) : A review on phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 887-93.

Increased resistance and side effects of synthetic drugs has led to the exploration of bioactive compounds and drug development from plants. Enhydra fluctuans Lour. is an common edible plant, ethnobotanically very popular in India and parts of south- east Asia and often is used for its medicinal properties. Studies reveal that this plant has many biomedical properties like anti- microbial, anti- diarrhoeal, anti- oxidant, anti- cancer, CNS- depressant, neuro- protective, cyto- protective, thrombolytic activities. These properties can be attributed to the presence of pharmacologically active compounds like β- carotene, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, sesquiterpene lactones, phytosterols etc. The pharmacological potential infer that this plant can have potential anti- cancer properties and should be extensively investigated for pharmaceutical purposes. This review gives a comprehensive account of all the reports available about Enhydra fluctuans it would help to predict ways to future investigations regarding new compounds and their potential medicinal properties.

3 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

001722   SRIKANTH I, PURUSHOTHAM K, ANJALI M, SAI K K, RAMANJANEYULU K, HIMABINDHU J (Pharmacognosy Dep, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Medak, Telangana) : Evaluation of in vitro anti urolithiatic activity of Sesbania aculeata. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 798-800.

The Aim of present study was evaluation of In vitro anti urolithiatic activity of Sesbania aculeata. In the present study, Titrymetry method was used to assess the anti urolithiatic activity of Ethanolic extract of Sesbania aculeata. In this study Neeri was used as standard drug. It was observed that the calcium oxalate crystals dissolution was observed in the ethanolic extract of Sesbania aculeata. It was found that ethanolic extract of Sesbania aculeate has more efficient to dissolve calcium oxalate. It can be concluded that the ethanolic leaf extract of Sesbania aculeata has shown significant anti urolithiatic activity when compared to Neeri.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

001600   AGARWAL R (Botany Dep, IIS Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants in Chopta-Mandal forest of Garhwal Himalayas in Uttarakhand. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 774-6.

Uttarakhand, in the Indian Himalaya, has a rich diversity of medicinal plants, which are widely used. Medicinal plants have played an important role of primary health care system among the local people of Himalayan region. However, information on the uses for plants for medicine is lacking from many interior areas of Himalaya. The study aimed to look into the diversity of plant resources that are used by local people for curing various ailments. Questionnaire surveys, participatory observations and field visits were planned to illicit information on the uses of various plants. The study came to document nearly 64 species of plants used as wild edibles. Analysis of taxonomic group of plants revealed that a total of 31 wild edible species used for medicinal purposes belongs to 27 genera and 23 families. Mostly leaves, roots, seeds, fruit, bark and whole plant are used to prepare medicine. Collection of wild medicinal plants is not the usual practice of all the villagers, only few knowledgeable people (Vaids), old people and others) who are able to identify collect them from the wild and store them for future use.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

001715   SHRAVANTHI G V, PANCHATCHARAM P, SHIJILA RANI A S, AMBIKAPATHY V (Microbiology Dep, Marudupandiyar Coll, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu) : Screening of potassium solubilizing bacteria and their growth promoters. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 661-4.

Potassium is a vital component of plant nutrition package limiting crop yield and quality that performs a multitude of important biological functions to maintain plant growth. The isolation of potassium solubility bacteria (PSB) were carried out using soil sample of Vicina faba plant rhizospore samples. The bacterial isolates were selected exhibiting highest potassium solubilization and characterization on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical characters. The screening of PSB on the basis of growth diameters and zone formation, were measured. Among the six PSB, the PSB₆ was maximum activity as well as zone formation than followed by other strains. The plant hormones are a group of naturally occurring, organic substance which influencing the physiological processes. PSB₁ to PSB₆ strain has maximum potential for production of plant growth hormone such as Indole acetic acid and Gibberellic acid was determined. The indole acetic acid synthesized from PSB₁ bacterial strains which stimulatory primary in leaf primordial and young leaves and in developing seeds. It was 102.5, 98.9, 72.7, 33.4, 121.2, 176.4 and 179.4 µg/ml with PSB₁, PSB₂, PSB₃, PSB₄, PSB₅ and PSB₆ strains reported respectively. Whereas Gibberlic acid was 108, 78, 89, 56, 121 and 159 µg/ml with PSB₁, PSB₂, PSB₃, PSB₄, PSB₅ and PSB₆ bacteria were estimated respectively. The siderophores are molecular receptor that binds and transports iron content. It was 1.6, 3.9, 8.9, 1.4, 0.8 and 0.4 µg/ml and the potassium solubilizing strain of PSB₁, PSB₂, PSB₃, PSB₄, PSB₅ and PSB₆ performed respectively. Among the all the strains, PSB₃ was excellent production of iron binding activity when compared with other strains whereas hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a electroplating, chemical synthesis and production of synthetic fibers between potassium and PSB₁, PSB₂, PSB₃ and PSB₄ was tested and performed the structural functioning when compared with other strains of rhizobium bacteria.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

001676   NOORUNNISA BEGUM S, PATTURAJ R, RAVIKUMAR K (Trans Disciplinary Univ (TDU), Bangalore, Karnataka) : Comparative pharmacognostical and histochemical studies on the three different species of Tinospora on stem and leaf. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 650-5.

The present communication deals on the pharmacognostical and histochemical studies on the three different species of Tinospora – T. cordifolia, T. sinensis and T. crispa on stem and leaf. Studies revealed that presence of calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles 5-7 and are collateral, open, in T. cordifolia (stem) and leaf elongated glands are present in the lower side, stomata Anomocytic. In T. sinensis (stem), multicellular trichomes are present, vascular bundles are 5-8, collateral and open, secretory sacs and calcium oxalate crystals are absent, starch grains present in the cortical region. In leaf uni to biseriate trichomes are present, stomata Anomocytic type, starch and oil globules are absent in laminar region. In case of T. crispa (Stem) vascular bundles are 5-7, collateral and open, starch is present in cortical and pith region, in leaf rounded glandular trichomes are present, Anomocytic type of stomata in the lower side. Starch grains and oil globules are present in the midrib region only.

2 tables, 18 ref

001646   JANTWAL A, RANA M, RANA A J, UPADHYAY J, DURGAPAL S (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital, Uttarakhand) : Pharmacological potential of genus Marchantia: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 641-5.

Bryophytes are the second largest group of plants in the plant kingdom containing about 24000 species; they are well known to create an incredible range of biologically active compounds Marchantia is a dioecious liverwort found all over the world. It belongs to family Marchantiaceae. Marchantia has been mentioned in ancient Greek medical texts as a very useful plant, used in the prevention of infection and inflammation on open wounds. It has been used as a model system for investigating biological processes. Marchantia and liverworts are rich in flavonoid, tannins and phenolic compounds, the main constituent being Marchantian A which is an anticancer agent. This review article is an attempt to explore the pharmacological aspects of this miracle bryophyte. This review focuses on the study and compilation of pharmacological and therapeutic activities of genus Marchantia. It was noted that pharmacological details related to genus Marchantia is not well documented. The present we have tried to compile information on pharmacological and therapeutic properties of genus Marchantia. Information related to Marchantia and related species, their pharmacological properties was gathered via extensively searching scientific databases which included Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer etc. and other related online/offline material. This work congregates the botanical and pharmacological, information on Marchantia and related species. These plants have shown a huge potential in the field of medicine, and are being majorly used in treatment of hepatic disorders by various tribal communities all over the world. Studies on medicinal properties of marchantia are being carried in various laboratories regarding treatment of cancer, cardiovascular, hepatic and skin diseases. Development on new drug from marchantia is another field with a huge scope for the future.

1 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

001710   SHAHANA S, NIKALJE A P G (Y.B. Chavan Coll of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Development and evaluation of antidiabetic formulation of Trichosanthes dioica fruit extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 610-3.

Many plants and vegetables have therapeutic activity due to the presence of various phytoconstituents. Trichosanthes dioica commonly called Parwal is an annual or perennial herb commonly consumed in India as a vegetable. The present research work was undertaken to formulate and evaluate anti-diabetic activity of tablets prepared from aqueous extract of the plant. The formulation was stable and exhibited statistically significant anti-diabetic activity. Standard parameters of tablets were also evaluated (weight variation, friability, hardness and disintegration time and the formulated tablets complies with the standard range.

1 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

001743   VYAS M K (Bio Sciences Dep, Veer Narmad South Gujarat Univ, Surat, Gujarat) : A Contribution on the anatomical characters of Moringa oleifera Lamk. and their significance. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 576-8.

The anatomical structure of various organs of Moringa oleifera Lamk. has been investigated. Root is tetrarch. In old root large number of vessel elements embedded in xylem parenchyma cells are observed. In young stem 16 - 18 collateral vascular bundles are present in ring. Vascular cambium produces small amount of secondary phloem and large amount of secondary xylem. Eglandular trichomes are present on various parts of leaf. Stomata are anomocytic. A large semi - triangular collateral vascular bundle is the characteristic of midrib. Petiole is made up of central vascular cylinder and collenchyma containing oxalate crystals. Rachis has 10 - 12 collateral strands and tanniferous contents in cortical cells. Distinguishing characters have significance in pharmacognosy

3 illus, 20 ref

001666   MAHESHWARI S, SHARMA A (Career Point Univ, Kota, Rajasthan) : Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants in Hadoti region of Rajasthan. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 546-9.

The present study highlights the importance of ethno-medicinal plants from different regions of Rajasthan. Detailed survey had been conducted in four districts (Kota, Bindi, Jhalawar and Baran) of Rajasthan mostly Hadauti region and the information regarding the use of medicine were collected on the basis of frequent interviews with local physicians practicing indigenous system of medicine, villagers, priests and tribal folks. The plants were identified by using standard monographs and flora. Some past researchers also quoted uses of ethano-botanical plants in diseases sever curing like cancer, diabetes, AIDS, skin disease and depression etc. This study is focused to provide an effective knowledge of medicinal properties of selected plants, so that this will be a pave way to cure diseases by herbal medicines without any side effect. Medicinal plants have great importance in providing health care to about 80 % of the population in India. Plants have been an important source of precursors and products used in a variety of industries, including those of pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics and agrochemicals. Gradually the folk medicines led to the rise of traditional system of medicine like Ayurveda in India. In Rajasthan (India), tribals are using herbal medicine for long time.

1 table, 22 ref

001643   JADAV A H, KADVANI D L (Plant Pathology Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Efficacy of different phytoextracts against Erysiphe cichoracearum DC causing powdery mildew of Okra. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 538-40.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in India. Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum DC is one of the major constraints in the production of okra. In order to find out the efficacy of various phyto extract against Erysiphe cichoracearum experiment was carried out under in vitro condition. The relative efficacy of nine different phytoextracts were tested in different concentrations and different time of interval 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Out of nine phytoextracts tested, six phytoextracts showed more than 50 % inhibition at all concentrations on different time interval. Neem leaf extract and garlic cloves extracts found best in spore germination inhibition at all the concentrations on different time interval. The significantly highest spore germination inhibition (82.23 %) was recorded at 10 per cent concentration of neem followed by 10 per cent concentration of garlic (80.09 %) on 72 hrs after the treatment.

1 table, 12 ref

001647   JAYSINGRAO J S, SUNIL C N (Botany Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur, Maharashtra) : Phytochemical investigation of methanolic extracts of fruit of Luffa acutangula var. amara. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 489-91.

Plants are potent source of drugs due to their Phytoconstituents. They play vital role in pharmaceutical applications of plants. Pharmaceutical biochemicals, fragrances, food colours and flavours etc. are derived from plants. For the production of pharmaceutical compounds, most of the drug industries are depend on these phytochemicals. In recent years, studies on isolation of compounds with their therapeutic uses are increasing. GC-MS (Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometry) can be used to detect the phytoconstituents of plant materials. This method is best to explore all the constitents of plant. GC-MS chromatogram analysis of the methanolic extract of fruits of Luffa acutanguala var. amara showed fourteen peaks which indicating the presence of fourteen phytochemical constituents. These compounds known to have properties like hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticide, insecticide, flavoring agents and anti-inflammatory properties.

1 table, 22 ref

001742   VYAS M K (Bio Sciences Dep, Veer Narmad South Gujarat Univ, Surat, Gujarat) : Distinguishing micro-characters of medicinal plant: Euphorbia hirta L. and their significance. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 464-7.

The distinguishing microcharacters of various parts of Euphorbia hirta L. has been investigated. Root is diarch. In old root xylem has roundish, angular, solitary vessel elements and uniseriate xylem rays. In young stem 18-20 collateral vascular bundles are observed in ring. Vascular cambium produces secondary vascular tissues. Epidermal surface of stem, lamina, midrib and petiole is covered by multicellular, uniseriate, filiform, cylindrical and bent trichomes. Stomata are Anomocytic. Node is trilacunar three stress. A single large roundish collateral strand is present in the center of midrib which is completely or partially encircled by latex cells. Petiole has 3 small collateral vascular bundles arranged in a crescentic manner. Distinguishing characters have significance in solving taxonomic problems and importance in identification of crude drugs from this taxon.

3 illus, 39 ref

001716   SHRUTHI, SARVANAN (Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh - 211 007) : Effect of spacing and foliar application of micronutrients on growth, flowering and yield of China aster (Callistephus chinensis L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 439-42.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of spacing and foliar application of micronutrients on growth, flowering and yield of china aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees.) cv. Metadoor. The experiment consisted of three spacing (30x25,30x30,40x25;) and with the foliar spray of different micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, B) at 20, 40 and 70 DAT and laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The closer spacing 30x25 cm along with the foliar application of Micronutrient (Fe) produced taller plants (53.21 cm) and flower production was also higher per unit area then other spacing and micronutrients. The interaction of spacing and micronutrients was found that closer spacing with Fe spraying gave higher yield (8.12 flowers/plant) and found economically better than the wider spacing with other micronutrients.

2 tables, 25 ref

001671   MULKA N, BEGUM S R, SUREKHA M (Botany Dep, Kakatiya Univ, Warangal, Telangana) : Succession of phylloplane mycoflora of transgenic Bt cotton (JKCH 8836 BG II). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 436-8.

Bt cotton, a transgenic crop variety is extensively cultivated in Telangana state especially in Warangal district. This pest resistant variety is reported to be infected by number of diseases. In the present investigations, incidence and succession of phylloplane mycoflora was studied with a premise to assess its role in leaf spot diseases. The results of this study reveal that the incidence of different species varied with the age of the leaf. A total of 39 fungal species representing 24 genera were recorded. Few fungi like Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium chrysogenum, were recorded in all the stages of the leaf phenology. The percentage of frequency and abundance also varied with the species. The incidence of a large number of fungi from young to senescent leaves indicates that phylloplane fungi play a definite role in leaf spot disease and decomposition of leaf litter.

1 table, 16 ref

001702   SAHA S (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Chittagong Univ, Chittagong, Bangladesh) : Phytochemical screening and comparative study of antioxidative properties of the fruits and leaves of Spondias mombin in Bangladesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 379-83.

To explore the phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of the fruits and leaves of Spondias mombin (S. Mombin) grown in Bangladesh. Different solvents (Water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and n-hexene) were used for the extraction of fruits and leaves of S. Mombin. Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities were estimated by this crude extracts. Different in vitro methods were used for the investigation of antioxidant properties including phosphomolybdenum assay, DPPH free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay. The study showed that the leaves and fruits contained saponin, steroid, tannin, alkaloid and flavonoid. Among the other extracts the methanolic extract showed the highest phenolic content, flaovonoid content and antioxidant activity. Fruits extracted with methanol showed the total phenolic content 719.25 ± 0.94 mg GAE/100 gm of fresh weight and leaves extract showed the total phenolic content 161.36 ± 0.67 mg GAE/100 gm of fresh weight. The study recommended that Spondias Mombin exhibits significant polyphenolic activity and antioxidant activity and there is a strong correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

3 tables, 26 ref

001697   RAVAT V K, BASU A (Plant Pathology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur Nadia, West Bengal) : Supplement of carbon and nitrogen nutrition towards assessment of biomass and virulence of rice fungal pathogen and endophytes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 285-95.

Tweleve rice fungal pathogen namely Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia lunata, Alternaria padwickii, Nigrospora oryzae, Sclerotium hydrophilum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium sp, Rhizopus sp, Choanephora cucurbitarum, Acremonium sp, SM 1 and SM 2 were isolated from Swarna cultivar (MTU7029) of rice at Jaguli instructional farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia district of West Bengal. In the present research, experiments were done to evaluate the impact of two different carbon (4 g/l and 8 g/l glucose) and nitrogen (4 g/l and 8 g/l peptone) sources along with control treatment (PD broth). The impact was correlated with the dry mycelial weight of the isolated rice fungal pathogen as well as virulence of the pathogen. Although the fungus could grow in all the carbon and nitrogen sources used here, but the momentum of growth as supported by the dry mycelial weight in different experiments, were not equal. Among all isolated twelve fungal pathogens of rice six (Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus sp., Choanephora cucurbitarum, Acremonium sp., SM-1 and SM-2) showed maximum biomass against carbon source and remaining six fungus (Sclerotium hydrophilum, Alternaria padwickii, Nigrospora oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium sp.) showed maximum mycelial growth on nitrogen source. Hence, these nutritional behaviours of pathogen may be utilized for their sustainable management.

5 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

001680   PANDIT B A, WANI M S, AHMAD S, GANIE M A, RASOOL T, SHABIR M, SINGH P (SKUAST- Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) : Pollen compatibility investigations of exotic apple cultivars under hilly district of North Indian Himalayas. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 262-70.

The present investigation entitled “Pollen Compatibility Studies of Some Exotic Apple Cultivars at High Altitudes of Kashmir Valley” conducted at “Advanced Centre for Horticulture Development Zainapora, Shopian” during 2012 and 2013. The experimental material (varieties) i.e. treatments were Gala Must, Royal Gala, Early Red One, Law Red Rome, Scarlet Spur, Oregon Spur, Braeburn, Ginger Gold, Red Gravenstein, Golden Delicious and Red Gold brought from Washington USA by state Horticulture Development Department without knowing their pollination status. In order to generate the valued information on intervarietal compatibility the research programme framed by Division of Fruit Science Faculty of Horticulture SKUAST-K Srinagar. Observations recorded to generate the valuable information that can serve as basis for intervarietal planting of apple varieties for betterment of horticultural industry under the valley conditions. Under planned hand pollination, the initial fruit set was highest 88.35, and 87.00 percent, and final 33.30 %, and 34.41 % in Red Gold cultivar. The lowest initial fruit set 65.77 and 67.71 percent and final fruit set (14.32 and 17.24 %) observed in Red Gravenstein and Ginger Gold. The maximum fruit drop (79.64 and 77.56 percent) observed in the cultivar Scarlet spur and Ginger Gold. The minimum fruit drop 62.57 and 61.16 per cent recorded in Golden Delicious followed by 62.30 and 60.44 per cent in Red Gold. In fruit maturity, the cultivar Golden Delicious took significantly more number of 185 and 183 days after full bloom (DAFB) to reach the harvestable stage. Red Gravenstein took minimum number of days (95 and 96 DAFB) to reach harvestable maturity during both years, respectively.

1 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

001709   SATHIYANATHAN M, UMARAJAN K M (Botany Dep, Pachaiyappa’s Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : Larvicidal activity of endophytic fungi isolated from selected medicinal plants on Aedes aegypti. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 247-53.

Endophytic fungi are one of the untapped resources of therapeutic compounds for various biological activities. It has a potential source for low-cost chemicals, used for developing eco-friendly control agents against mosquito-vector borne diseases. The present study focused on the larvicidal activity of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of Ocimum sanctum, Vitex negundo, Andrographis paniculata, Mentha piperita, Tagetes erecta and Azadiracta indica on Aedes aegypti. Aspergillus, Pencillium and Fusarium species were isolated from the leaves of Ocimum sanctum, Vitex negundo, Andrographis paniculata, Mentha piperita, Tagetes erecta and Azadiarcta indica in the present study. The entire larvae bioassay test with endophytic fungal extracts showed a significant increase in the mortality percentage with the increase of concentration. Among the endophytic fungal extracts, the highest larvicidal activity was observed in Aspergillus and Fusarium species from the leaves of Vitex negundo was found to be 90.47 % and 85.71 % at 20 ppm respectively. The continuous exposure (24 h) of fungal extract resulted with least mortality effects. Moreover, the outcome of study is providing strong scientific evidences for developing more selective, ideal and eco-friendly mosquito larvicidal agents.

12 illus, 7 tables, 26 ref

001675   NEHA, KHANDURI V P, BALI R S, RAWAT P, RAWAT M (Uttarakhand Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand) : Allelopathic effect of Robinia pseudoacacia on germination and growth of some important food crops of the Garhwal Himalayas. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 206-10.

The present study was conducted to assess the allelopathic effect of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Robinia pseudoacacia on germination and growth of some important food crops of the Garhwal Himalayas viz. Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Lens culinaris and Brassica rapa in laboratory and pot culture experiment. Different leaf and bark aqueous extracts (5 %, 10 %, and 15 %) were prepared by soaking 25 g, 50 g and 75 g of dry leaves and bark powder in 500 mL of distilled water for 24 hours at room temperature and the resultant leaf and bark extracts were used to irrigate the seeds of various test crops. The results revealed that in laboratory conditions the concentration dependent significant inhibitory effect of all the concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts on germination, root length and shoot length of all the test crops except in Hordeum vulgare where the stimulatory effect of all the concentrations of leaf extract was observed in shoot length. Among all the test crops Lens culinaris was found most sensitive with (41.6 %) germination and root length (2.1 cm) in the seeds treated with 15 % concentration of leaf extract as compared to control having germination (72.3 %) and root length (7.2 cm). Similarly, the maximum reduction by the 15 % concentration of leaf extract was noticed in the shoot length of Brassica rapa (5.5 cm) as compared to control (9.1cm). The 15 % bark extract showed the maximum inhibitory effect on the germination of Hordeum vulgare where germination percentage was reduced (48.0 %) as compared to control (81.6 %). Similarly, the maximum reduction in root length (2.7 cm) and shoot length (2.1 cm) as compared to control with root length (7.2 cm) and shoot length (6.7 cm) was observed in Lens culinaris by 15 % bark extract. In pot culture experiment Hordeum vulgare was most sensitive with respect to germination percentage (39.2 %) in 15 % leaf extract as compared to control (77.0). While in root length maximum inhibitory effect was recorded in Brassica rapa (3.4 cm) by 5 % leaf extract as compare with control (4.2 cm). In general the non-significant stimulatory effect of all the concentrations of leaf extract was observed in all the test crops whereas, in Lens culenaris the effect was significant stimulatory with shoot length (19.5cm) in 15 % concentration as compared to control (19.0 cm). Similarly 15 % bark extract, performed maximum reduction in Brassica rapa where the germination percentage was significantly reduced down (40.7 %) as compare with control (77.5 %). However, the effect of all the concentrations of bark extract showed non-significant effect on root length and shoot length of all the test crops. Therefore, to reduce allopathic effect on all the test crops viz., Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Lens culinaris and Brassica rapa it is advised to remove the fallen leaves and bark from the field.

4 tables, 20 ref

001621   DOBHAL S, KUMAR V, DABRAL A, SINGH I, THAKUR S, KUMAR R (VCSG Uttarakhand Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Ranichauri, Uttarakhand) : Line × tester analysis for growth and biomass characteristics of Populus deltoides Bartr. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 177-82.

Line × tester analysis was carried out in Populus deltioides to determine the genetic interaction in the expression of various quantitative characters related to productivity. Combining ability revealed that the estimates of SCA variance (σ²SCA) were more than the GCA variance (σ²GCA) for all the characters studied. Later the gene action study revealed that dominance variance was observed more than the additive variance for all the parameters studied. The proportional contribution of testers were higher than individual contribution of lines or line × tester interaction except for plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves/plant, root length and fresh root weight where the contribution of interactions was more. The Line L-62/84 and tester L-17/92 was found to be good general combiners and thus appeared to be worthy of exploiting in Populus deltioides improvement through breeding and recurrent selection followed by cloning for developing commercial superior clones. On the basis of mean performance and significant desirable SCA effects, the combinations L-62/84 X S₇C₁ was found to be the most promising family for growth and biomass characters and is recommended for within family selection followed by heterotic breeding.

9 tables, 27 ref

001741   VISWANATH M, SRIDEVI P, BHAGAVAN B V K, KUMAR K R, SUBBARAMAMMA P (Fruit Science Dep, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural Univ, Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh) : Toxicological, pharmacological and cellular properties of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): A Review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 172-6.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit that is widely consumed as fresh fruit and juice. The use of pomegranate fruit dates back from ancient times and reports of its therapeutic qualities have echoed throughout the ages. They also show inhibitory effects on invasion/motility, cell cycle, apoptosis, and vital enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX), lipooxygenase (LOX), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), carbonic anhydrase (CA), 17betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSDs) and serine protease (SP). Furthermore, they can stimulate cell differentiation and possess anti-mutagenic effects. Pomegranate can also interfere with several signalling pathways including PI3K/AKT, mTOR, PI3K, Bcl-X, Bax, Bad, MAPK, ERK1/2, P38, JNK, and caspase. However, the exact mechanisms for its pharmacological and toxicological properties remain to be unclear and need further evaluation. These properties strongly suggest a wide range use of pomegranate for clinical applications. This review will discuss the areas for which pomegranate has shown therapeutic properties in different mechanisms.

1 table, 18 ref

001694   RAMYA K S, KANIMATHI P, RADHA A (Botany Dep, Bharathi Women’s Coll, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : GC–MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of various solvent extracts from Simarouba glauca leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 166-71.

Phytochemical profile of leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca in different solvents were analyzed using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry method. The dried leaves were powdered and soaked in different solvents in increasing polarity namely Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. The extracts were then subjected to GC-MS analysis which was carried out using Clarus 680 Gas chromatography. The spectrum of unknown compounds was compared to that of known using National Institutes of Standards and Technology database. The analysis revealed the existence of different high and low molecular weight chemical entities present in each of the extracts. The compounds were considered to be pharmacologically and biologically significant. The extracts when tested against the growth of selected bacteria and fungi exhibited good antimicrobial activity. From this preliminary study it is understandable that the plant contains many bioactive compounds and thus suggested as a phyto pharmaceutically important plant.

4 illus, 9 tables, 21 ref

001657   KIRAN S C, NAGARAJAIAH C, PRASANNA K T, KODI R (Forestry and Environmental Science Dep, UAS, Bengaluru, Karnataka) : Studies on bioavailability of nutrients in decomposed crushed seeds, oil cakes and deoiled cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 163-5.

An experiment was conducted to study the “Bioavailability of nutrients in decomposed crushed seeds, oil cakes and deoiled cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica)” under the greenhouse condition. The three forms of neem cakes were subjected to decomposition for a period of 30, 60 and 90 days in a plastic containers of capacity five kg. The chemical composition of deoiled cake was 4.51 % N, 0.79 % P, 1.40 % K, 57 ppm Zn, 640 ppm Fe, 1.40 ppm Ca and oil content 1.09 % while in oil cake and crushed seeds 4.21 and 3.99 % N, 0.71 and 0.64 % P, 1.30 and 1.10 % K, 49 and 43 ppm Zn, 630 and 633 ppm Fe, 1.40 and 1.30 ppm Ca and oil content 10.27 and 22.53 % respectively. The nutrient release has increased by increasing number of days of decomposition and the higher nutrient release and nutrient uptake was observed in deoiled cake at 90 days of decomposition as compare to oil cake and crushed seeds at 30, 60 and 90 days of decomposition. The effect of decomposed material thus obtained after 30, 60 and 90 days of decomposition was tested on maize crop.

2 tables, 12 ref

001700   RIYAS C T, PILLAI A R, KAMARUDEENKUNJU M, SWAPNA T S (Botany Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : A review on phytochemical, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological studies of genus Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), in India. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 155-62.

Pittosporum is a genus of family Pittosporaceae, which includes approximately 200 species having world wide distribution and the richest concentration is in Australia and China. In India only 11 species were reported till date. Among these, 7 species have been explored for its phytochemical compounds. In this review phytochemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties of the genus Pittosporum, in India has been evaluated and documented with maximum available data from journals, thesis, and various books. So far 26 principle compounds were isolated from the four species of the genus Pittosporum. Most of them belongs to the class of essential oils followed by glycosides and diterpenes. A highly promising compound Isosteviol isolated from the P. tetraspermum has anti-microbial as well as antibiofilm activity. Methanolic extract of different species of Pittosporum bark showed promising antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. The different species have been used traditionally for ethnomedicinal purpose especially for eczema, arthritis, diabetic, diuretic, chest pain and antidote of snake bite etc. Hence, in this review an attempt was made to analyse and review the information generated through pharmacological studies of phytoconstituents from the genus Pittosporum distributed in different parts of India.

1 illus, 2 tables, 74 ref

001735   VAMSHI J, DEVI G U, RAO S C, SRIDEVI G, ANJALI C (Plant Pathology Dep, Agriculture Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Transmission studies of phytoplasma causing Sesamum phyllody. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 150-4.

Phyllody is a serious disease of sesame caused by phytoplasma. Different types of disease symptoms are reported to be associated with sesame phyllody. The major symptoms are phyllody (production of leafy structures of floral parts). In the present study investigations were carried out on the transmission and molecular characterization of phytoplasma associated with phyllody. Phyllody disease was successfully transmitted by grafting infected sesame scion to periwinkle stock. The grafted periwinkle plants exhibiting yellowing of leaves and floral virescence was analysed by PCR to confirm the transmission of phytoplasmas from phyllody infected sesame scion to healthy plants. A fragment size of 1200 bp was obtained from periwinkle corresponding to the partial 16S rRNA genes. Thus it can be confirmed that transmission of phytoplasma from infected sesame plant to healthy periwinkle was positive. The seeds were collected from phyllody infected sesame plants for seed transmission studies. In an insect proof cage house two hundred seeds were sown in 20 earthen pots. Typical phyllody symptoms were not observed throughout the observation period. It was clearly indicated that the disease is not transmitted through the seeds collected from phyllody infected sesame plants.

2 illus, 5 tables, 17 ref

001698   RAVI KUMAR B, ASHOKA N, LINGAMURTHY K R, KUSTAGI G, JAGADEESHA N, NAGARAJU (Plant Pathology Dep, Horticulture Coll, Koppal, Karnataka) : Relationship of sunflower necrosis virus and its vector Thrips palmi (Karny). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 142-5.

An investigation was made to establish the virus-vector relationship for which transmission of sunflower necrosis virus through Thrips palmi (Karny) was carried out. The transmission of sunflower necrosis virus by thrips ranged from 13.33 to 23.33 per cent in the genotype tested and all genotype showed positive for DAC ELISA test. Further, results also revealed that vector Thrips palmi (Karny) could acquire the virus with an Acquisition Access Period (AAP) of 3 days from infected sunflower plants with 13.33 % transmission. Similarly, Inoculation Access Period (IAP) of 6 days was required for successful transmission of virus with 16.67 % transmission of virus. The percent transmission increased with increase in both acquisition and inoculation feeding period. Further, two thrips enough to acquire and transmit the virus from infected to healthy sunflower plant.

4 tables, 12 ref

001637   HUSSAIN J M, JEEVANANTHAM G, VINOTH M, MURUGANANTHAM P, AHAMED A K (Botany Dep, Jamal Mohamed Coll, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Biochemical response of microalga Synechococcus aeruginosus to hydrogen peroxide stress. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 97-104.

Growth and biochemical response of varying biomass of marine microalga Synechococcus aeruginosus exposed to ascending concentrations of H₂O₂were investigated. The growth response of Synechococcus aeruginosus to H₂O₂ depended on both H₂O₂ concentrations and biomass concentrations. The effects of H₂O₂ on growth responses were apparent in low biomass concentrations and the effects reduced with increase of biomass concentrations. At low concentrations of H₂O₂, the changes in contents of cphycocyanin, allophycocyanin, c-phycoerythrin, crotenoids, astaxanthin, beta carotene, glutathione, ascorbic acid and polyphenolics, in Synechococcus aeruginosus, were small, while high concentrations of H₂O₂ led to more changes in these biochemicals. These results suggested that the effect of H₂O₂ in Synechococcus aeruginosus depended on both H₂O₂ concentration and biomass.

3 illus, 26 ref

001638   HUSSAIN J M, MURUGANANTHAM P, VINOTH M, JEEVANANTHAM G, AHAMED A K (Botany Dep, Jamal Mohamed Coll, Triuchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Effect of short-term hydrogen peroxide stress in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus aeruginosus. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 93-6.

Effect of 1mM H₂O₂ stress in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus aeruginosus showed a marked increase in chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, glutathione and polyphenolics contents at 15 min while phycobiliproteins at 30 min. Astaxanthin content increased during all time periods of H₂O₂ stress. Gels stained for antioxidant enzyme activities in native PAGE showed the preservation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S- transferse and esterase activities against H₂O₂ stress.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

001616   BHAVANI T, MOHAN R R, MOUNICA C, NYAMISHA J, KRISHNA A G, PRABHAVATHI P, RAJA R R, BABA K H (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Narayana Pharmacy Coll, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh) : Phytochemical screening & antimicrobial activity of Ocimum gratissimum review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 76-9.

Most of these natural products are secondary plant metabolites. Keeping this in view, it is an urge to synthesize some natural products and test their bioactivity and also planned for the isolation of some bioactive natural compounds. The plant Ocimum gratissimum which is a naturally available species throughout the India. The plan of work is to isolate different types of phytochemicals from the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum by using different types of solvents by extraction process and the selected phytochemical compounds obtained from the plant by extraction are tested for whether the compounds shows antimicrobial activity against the selected species of microorganisms was carried out.

10 ref

001628   EDUPUGANTI S, ANUSHA, SHAHANA T, LALITHA R, VEENA B S (Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : 28-homobrassinolide induced proteomic responses of maize leaves under salt and cadmium stress. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 70-5.

Cadmium stress and salt stress are the most important factors that affects maize plant growth. This particular study is related to effects of Cd and salt stress under 28-Homobrassinolide treatments on maize cultivar. Maize cultivars were exposed to different levels of Cadmium, sodium and 28-Homobrassinolide and their effect on different enzymes has been studied and reported. The activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and nitrate reductase (NR) are decreased in the presence of cadmium and salt stress, while increased along with HBL. The antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase increased up to a certain levels under all the conditions compared to the control. Highest level of SOD was found under Cd+2 μM HBL condition followed by Nacl+2 μM HBL. Catalase enzymes levels were high under NaCl+ Cd+2 μM HBL followed by NaCl + Cd+1 μM HBL. Peroxidase enzyme and Glutathione peroxidases levels does not show significant variation compared to the control. Glutathione peroxidases were little higher under Cd +1 μM HBL NaCl + 2 μM HBL and compared to the control. Ascorbate peroxidase levels were low under NaCl + Cd condition and their level was increased under Cd +1 μM HBL. γ-GCS and GR expressed high under NaCl+ Cd+2 μM HBL and GST did not show much variation. Ascorbic acid enzyme exhibited higher levels under Cd +2 μM HBL followed by NaCl +2 μM HBL. GSF=H levels significantly increased under NaCl+Cd +2 μM HBL and NaCl +1 μM HBL. Proteomic analysis states that NaCl+ CdCl₂ treated plants expressed a very low protein bands. While combination with HBL reported higher levels of proteins compared with the individual conditions.

5 tables, 31 ref

001714   SHIWANGI, ABHISHEK, SINGH R B, SINGH H K (Plant Pathology Dep, N.D. Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Morphological variations in Alternaria spp. isolated from different parts of Indian mustard entries. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 43-8.

A comparative study of conidia and conidiophores of Alternaria brassicae and A. brassisicola on the basis of mean morphology and per cent frequency was done in fourteen entries of Indian mustard namely, NDYR32, NDRE8-16, NDRS2010, PRB2004-3, Ashirwad, NDRE8213, NDR8501, NDRE4, NDYR8, JD6, NDRE7, NDRE22, NDRE2011 and Varuna. Both the species i.e. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola were isolated from infected leaves, stems and pods. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola isolates obtained from leaves, stem and pods showed variability in colony diameter, size of conidiophores and conidia, septation in conidiophores and conidia. On mean basis, the maximum colony diameter of 35.00 mm in NDRE8-16 and 35.33 mm in NDRE4 were noted with A. brassiceae and A. brassicicola isolates, respectively. The maximum length (160.45 mm) and width (21.48 mm) were noted in Ashirwad with conidia of A. brassicae as compared to A. brassicicola isolate. In conidia, higher number of transverse (15.00) and longitudinal septa (4.00) and maximum per cent frequency (73.33) were also recorded in Ashirwad with A. brassicae while in case of conidiophores, the maximum number of septa (7.00) found in Ashirwad and NDR8501.

3 tables, 11 ref

001631   GHANTE P H, KANASE K M, MARKAD H N, SURYAWANSHI A P, CHAVAN P G (Plant Pathology Dep, Agriculture Coll, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : In vitro efficacy of phyto-extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum causing wilt disease of pigeonpea. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 19-21.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum is one of the most devastating soil-borne diseases causing wilt of Pigeonpea. The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the antifungal activities of phyto-extracts which can be used to control wilt disease of pigeonpea. Results revealed that all the 12 botanicals tested (each @ 10 and 20 %) exhibited a wide range of radial mycelial growth of F. udum and it was decreased considerably with increase in concentration of the test botanicals from 10 to 20 per cent. The phyto-extracts / botanicals viz. Allium cepa, Lantana camara, Osmium sanctum, Gliricidia sepium, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Bougainveilliea spectapbilis, Moringa oleifera, Eucalyptus globulus, Pongamia pinnata, Vinca rosea and Asparagus racemosus ware evaluated in vitro for their antifungal activities against wilt of pigenopea, F. udum using poison food technique. Average mycelial growth inhibition recorded in the test botanicals was ranged from 28.89 (Bouganveillia spectabilis) to 77.23 per cent (Azardirachta indica). However it was significantly highest in Azardirachta indica (77.23 %) followed by Allium sativum (76.11 %), Oscimum sanctum (64.08 %), Allium cepa (59.26 %), Eucalyptus globulus (60.19 %), Lantana camara (57.41 %), Pongamia pinnata (56.30 %), Vinca rosea (53.71 %), Asparagus racemosus (40.00 %), Glyceridia maculate (39.63 %), Moringa oleifera (36.48 %) and Bouganveillia spectabilis (28.89 %).

1 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

001720   SINGLA R, PRADHAN S K (Botany Dep, Dev Samaj Coll for Women, Chandigarh - 160 047) : Antioxidant potential of some common weeds of agriculture fields of Punjab plains. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 6-9.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the phenols, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of common weeds growing around agriculture fields of Punjab plains. Eight weed species have been analysed for the secondary metabolites content and antioxidant activity in the different plant parts. Methanolic extracts have been prepared by the maceration method. Total phenolic, flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity have been performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Maximum content of phenolics were reported in Ageratum conyzoides (flower, 9.51±0.00 mg CA/g DW), Launaea procumbens (stem, 7.94±0.01 mg CA/g DW), Ranunculus muricatus (flower, 7.15±0.07 mg CA/g DW) and Sonchus asper (flower, 8.12±0.34 mg CA/g DW). The flavonoid content was measured high in case of Silybum marianum (stem, 4.83±0.00 mg Q/g DW), Ranunculus muricatus (leaves, 2.96±0.01 mg Q/g DW), Solanum nigrum (leaves, 2.45±0.03 mg Q/g DW) and Ageratum conyzoides (leaves, 2.15±0.01 mg Q/g DW). All the species of weeds having high phenol and flavonoid content, also have strong antioxidant potential in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. Our results demonstrate that, these weeds could be a potential source of natural antioxidants in future for the pharmaceutical industry.

4 tables, 32 ref

001614   BHAT M Y, GUL M Z, HUSAIN M K, GHAZI I A (Plant Sciences Dep, Hyderabad Univ, Hyderabad - 500 046, Email: irfan@uohyd.ernet.in) : In vitro evaluation of antiproliferative, lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp. leaf extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 389-95.

The current study was performed to screen the extracts of Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp. for antiproliferative and antiinflammatory properties. Antiproliferative activity was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated in terms of lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. Results indicated that out of the 3 extracts tested, methanol extract was found to inhibit Y79 (human retinoblastoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines. The same extract was also found to inhibit lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ of 128.20 ± 3.39 and 144.23 ± 2.04 µg/ ml for lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase, respectively. The present study highlighted the antiproliferative potential of the plant against cancer cell lines. The extracts inhibited lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase enzymes. Therefore, this plant could be a valuable source for anticancer and antiinflammatory molecules.

2 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

001728   TAKIN T, BALKAN I, TANKIN D, DOGN A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Marmara Univ, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: turguttaskin@marmara.edu.tr) : Characterization of phenolic constituents and pharmacological activity of Achillea vermicularis. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 293-301.

The aim of the present study was to compare for the first time, the antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antiurease activities of 15 different extracts of Achillea vermicularis, which were obtained from three extraction methods using five different solvents. Phenolic contents in chloroform extract showed strong antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity and were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and confirmed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The active phenolic compounds in chloroform extracts were identified as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, naringenin, quercetagetin 3,6-dimethyl ether, and 8-hydroxysalvigenin. All these compounds except caffeic acid were detected for the first time in Achillea vermicularis. These results indicated that chloroform extract of the plant possessed a high potential to be used as a natural source in food and pharmaceutical industry.

2 illus, 5 tables, 34 ref

001607   ANANDAN S, UROOJ A (Mysore Univ, Mysuru - 570 006, Email: asnaurooj@foodsci.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Bioactive compounds from Morus indica as inhibitors of advanced glycation end products. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(2), 282-92.

The present study aimed at identifying the active antiglycation constituents of G4 variety of Morus indica leaves. The bioactive compounds of G4 were identified and quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, isolated by preparative high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscopy. Based on results of the ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, extract with maximum bioactive compounds was chosen to study antiglycation property at different stages. The 80 % methanol extract of Morus indica leaves showed presence of 4 compounds, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and apigenin of which apigenin showed the maximum yield. This is the first report on the isolation of apigenin from the leaves of Morus indica G4 variety. Results obtained indicated that Morus indica leaf extract inhibited formation of advanced glycation end products. Also, scanning electron microscopy images indicated the protective effect against the formation of acanthocytes. These results provided evidence for the antiglycation effects of Morus indica leaves and suggested a potential role in management of diabetic complications.

8 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

000516   ANUSHA Y, KUMAR A N, KUMAR J K, SRINIVAS K V N S, SRIVANI A, MOHAN G K (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Telangana - 500 085, Email: anushayadama65@gmail.com) : In vitro assessment of antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content for various extracts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 259-66.

The leaves and stem parts of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw (Fabaceae) shown in many traditional medicinal uses including folklore curative for various biological disorders. The present study is focused in determination of in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method, Total Phenolic Content by Folin’s ciocalteu method and Total Flavonoid Content by quantitative aluminum chloride method (using Quercetin and Catechin standards) for various extracts of C. pulcherrima. From the study it was inferred that the highest antioxidant activity was found to exhibited by leaf methanolic extract (with 92. 85 % inhibition rates on free radicals at 50 µg/ mL), highest phenolic content found to be in leaf Ethyl acetate extract (70.55 mg GAE / gm extract) and highest flavonoid content found to be in leaf & stem Ethyl acetate extracts (82.3 & 73.01 mg QE & CEs / gm extract).

3 illus, 5 tables, 31 ref

000539   KAVITHA B, JAYANTHI M, SAILAJA M (Rayalaseema Univ, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, Email: kavithab15@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical and anthelmintic activity of Tephrosia calophylla Bedd. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 242-9.

To investigate Pharmacognostical and Anthelmintic activity of various extracts of Tephrosia calophylla Bedd. tubers and leaves against Pheretima posthuma. In pharmocognostic studies different types of evaluations were carried out that focus on macroscopic, organoleptic, physicochemical, extractive values and phytochemical screening. The different extracts of T. callophyla tubers and leaves were investigated for anthelmintic activity using earth warms. Two different concentrations (5 and 10 mg/ml) of each extract were tested in the assay, which involved the determination of paralysis time and death time of the organisms. Albendazole is used as standard. T. callophyla tubers and leaves crude drugs for macroscopic / organoleptic are carried out to check purity, quality and standardization of crude drugs. Physicochemical analysis of powdered drugs extractive values and ash values were estimated to know the drug detecting adulteration, qualitative and quantitative profiles of crude drugs constituents is well understood. Phytochemical screening revealed that flavonoids phenols and alkaloids are rich source in most extracts. The results showed that methanol extract at 5 mg/ml possesses strong vermicidal activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic.

7 illus, 9 tables, 15 ref

000521   CHANDRAN S, THAMPIRAJ, PRAKASH J W (Botany and Research Centre Dep, Scott Christian Coll (Autonomous), Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, Email: jwprakash@gmail.com) : Medicinal plants of Dhurga Devi Temple Kavu (Sacred Grove), Neyyattinkara municipality, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2019, 9(1), 117-24.

During the study Sacred Groves of varying sizes were found to occur in the Chirayinkeezhu Block and are mainly confined to the low and region and are usually associated with temples. Some of them are in private possessions. For the deep study have selected Dhurga Devi temple sacred grove. They were precisely located and an inventory medicinal plants was prepared. The medicinal plant diversity in this sacred grove is good. In this research, systematic enumeration of the medicinal plants been done.

17 ref

000530   GEETHA D H, JAYASHREE I, RAJESWARI M (PG and Research Botany Dep, Vellalar Coll for Women, Erode - 638012, Tamil Nadu, Email: geethadhandapani2010@gmail.com) : GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds of ethanolic seed extract of Elaeocarpus serratus. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2019, 11(1), 31-4.

The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive compounds of ethanolic extract of Elaeocarpus serratus (Elaeocarpaceae) has been subjected to GC-MS analysis. Thirty compounds were detected from the plant E. serratus. The highest peak area percentage of 19.12 % was obtained by n-propanol (RT=3.04min.) and lowest peak area percentage of 2.34 % was obtained by 1-propylthio-3,3,3-trifluoropropyl acetate (RT=11.57min.). The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms many aliments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

1 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000576   VERMA A B (Botany Dep, Marwari Coll, Darbhanga, Bihar) : Role of aquatic plant in the livelihood purposes in the wetlands of North Bihar. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 120-3.

It is well known fact that wetlands are highly productive region and may be considered as kidney of nature thus it must be protected and managed. Keeping these in view present investigations were carried out with the main objective to role of aquatic phytodiversity in the development of north Bihar through various ecological aspects and emphasis on their utilization. During the study period it has been found that wetlands of Darbhanga support a bewildering array of flora and fauna and contain relict of plant species from the tertiary period, which are of great limnological interest. These include Euryale ferox, Vetiveria zizanioides, Scirpus articulatus, Typha australis, Alternanthera sessilis, Asteracantha longifolia, Trapa bispinosa, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea alba, Eichhornia crassipes, Ipomoea aquatica, etc. Development strategy of a region could succeed only, if it incorporates the optimum harnessing of the indigenous resources available in the area. It is with this purpose that the wetland plants growing in the floodplains of north Bihar need to be harnessed in a better way for meeting the livelihood purposes of food (including fodder for animals) and other allied needs. The indigenous practices of utilizing a no. of these plants for curing human and bovine ailments have been proved experimentally and as such there is a need to incorporate them in the primary health care system, more particularly for control of deficiency diseases on the one hand and their use as source of anti-obesity and anti-diabetic drugs on the other.

3 tables, 13 ref

000526   DUTTA S, BISAI S, SUBRAMANIAM P (Backward Classes Welfare and Tribal Development Dep, Cultural Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Uses of Oxalis corniculata Linn as enhancer of breast milk by Kota tribe of Nilgiri hills, Tamil Nadu, India. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 114-6.

Many ethnobotanical studies have revealed about the use of Innumerable floral species by ethnic communities as supplement to their diet. The present work deals with the practice of consumption of Oxalis corniculata Linn plant by the Kota tribal women to augment breast milk of new mothers. The plant is commonly known as creeping wood sorrel. Locally the plant is called ‘Pulis’. This is the ever first reported finding from Nilgiri tribes specifically by the Kota tribe of Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

1 illus, 18 ref

000524   DALVI S M, PATWARDHAN M S, YERAM N, PATIL V W, PATWARDHAN S Y (Biochemistry Dep, Grant Government Medical Coll and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai, Maharashtra) : Evaluation of biochemical markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus with adjunct therapy of fenugreek seed aqueous extract. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 109-13.

Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds have been suggested to have potential anti-diabetic effects. To study effects of fenugreek seeds aqueous extract on glycemic status, insulin resistance, homeostatic model assessment, safety parameters and antioxidant superoxide dismutase in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) subjects and its correlation. Randomized case-control study consisting of control (n=30), T2DM (n=30) and T2DM patients with adjunct therapy (n=30) of 1.32g fenugreek seeds aqueous extract for 3 months. Blood glucose, HbA1C, lipid profile, liver and kidney function tests were done using chemistry autoanalyzer. Insulin and C-peptide were done on chemiluminescence. Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were analysed using spectrophotometer. Glucose, HbA1C and malondialdehyde were significantly lowered after 3 months in group receiving adjunct therapy. Insulin resistance, anthropometric and antioxidant status were improved while haemoglobin, alanine transaminase and renal functions remained unaltered. Aqueous extract of fenugreek is effective and safe to control hyperglycemia in T2DM.

5 tables, 23 ref

000531   HAQUE Z B, KAMAL N, SULTANA M, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Lalmatia, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh) : Two female folk medicinal practitioners of Bangladesh and evaluation of their phytotherapeutic practices. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 100-2.

Although male folk medicinal practitioners (FMPs) are common, female FMPs are a comparative rarity in Bangladesh. The objective of this survey was to document the therapeutic uses of plants by two female FMPs in Pabna and Pirojpur districts of Bangladesh. The numbers of plants used by the FMPs were small. The Pabna FMP used a total of four plants, which were used for treatment of tonsillitis, dysentery, arthritis, and pain. The Pirojpur FMP used just one plant, which she used for treatment of cataract and night blindness. Arthritis cannot be cured with allopathic medicines; cataract needs costly surgery. Thus the plants may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of arthritis and possible removal of cataract without surgery.

1 table, 33 ref