000556   PETKOVA N, POPOVA A, ALEXIEVA I (Catering and tourism Dep, Food technologies Univ, Plovdiv, Bulgaria) : Antioxidant properties and some phytochemical components of the edible medicinal Malva sylvestris L. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 96-9.

This paper presents a phytochemical screening of extracts of M. sylvestris leaves and petioles. The antioxidant activity was studied in vitro by determination of DPPH, FRAP and phenolic compounds in the extracts. The soluble carbohydrates were also investigated. Results show that flower extracts have a higher amount of total phenolics with 6.32 ± 0.13 mg GAE/g FW, and total flavonoids with 1.45 ± 0.21mg QE/g FW. In general, more total soluble carbohydrates were found in the flowers 42.9 g/100 g FW, as reducing sugars presented mainly by glucose and fructose were also higher in the flowers – 5.5 g/100 g FW. The results from current study evaluated mallow flowers as a rich source of bioactive compounds for healthy human nutrition.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

000532   HOSEN M S, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Lalmatia, Dhaka1207, Bangladesh) : Simple phytotherapeutic practices of a Tripura tribal medicinal practitioner in Bandarban District, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 93-5.

Bangladesh contains dozens of large and small tribes with the tribal population estimated to be around 1- 2 % of the total population of 160 million. Most tribes still reside in remote forested areas. Their own tribal medicinal practitioners form the mainstay for their medicinal needs, though in recent times the younger generation of tribal people is switching more and more towards allopathic medicine. It is therefore necessary to document tribal medicinal practices before they become irretrievably lost. The objective of the present study was to document the phytotherapeutic practices of a Tripura tribal medicinal practitioner (TMP) practicing in the Bandarban district of Bangladesh. The TMP was found to use 15 plants distributed into 14 families in his treatment. The plants were used to treat various disorders like respiratory tract disorders, fever, cuts and wounds, gastrointestinal tract disorders, allergy and hair loss. Three plants were used to brighten skin or lighten skin color suggesting that the Tripura tribal people may be susceptible to blackening of skin, which is quite possible from their toiling under the sun year around.

1 table, 36 ref

000511   AGARWAL R, CHANDRA V (Botany Dep, The IIS Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Diversity of wild edible plants in the Mandal-Chopta forest, Uttarakhand. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 89-92.

Wild edible plants (WEP) provide staple and supplement foods, as well as cash income to local communities, thus favouring food security. However, WEP are largely ignored in land use planning and implementation, economic development, and biodiversity conservation. Moreover, WEP-related traditional knowledge is rapidly eroding. The information was collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The methods employed in the study were designed with the purpose of providing baseline information on the use of plant species in local system through village surveys and field visits to various areas in the villages of Chamoli district falling under the boundaries of Mandal-Chopta Forest in Garhwal Himalayas, Uttarakhand. The diversity of wild edible plants being use by the local inhabitants is 64 species belonging to 47 genera and 36 families. Most of the species were used as fruits (30 species) followed by as leafy vegetables (20). Almost half of the species (51 %) were also used for purposes other than food. From the species with market value (28 % of the total). Further studies revealed that WEP are threatened mostly by habitat destruction, land-use change and over-harvesting. Some of these plants are crop wild relatives and could thus be used for crop improvement.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

000528   EATIMONY S, URMEE K N, SULTANA M, ARA N, RAHMATULLAH M (Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Folk medicinal practices in Khutmura Village, Narsinghdi District, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 86-8.

Folk medicinal practitioners (FMPs) form the primary tier of medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh. They are still quite numerous and can be seen mostly in rural areas. Their mode of obtaining knowledge about their medicinal practices is not well known or has been studied in depth. Interestingly, FMPs use mostly medicinal plants in their treatment, but their selection of plants for treatment of the same disease varies widely from practitioner to practitioner. It is therefore important to document such practices to get a comprehensive picture of medicinal plants and their uses within the country. The objective of this study was to document the practices of a FMP in Khutmura village in Bangladesh. The FMP was observed to use a total of 7 plants distributed into 7 families in his treatment. The plants were used to treat weakness, leukemia, fatigue, asthma, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, hair loss, respiratory tract disorders, fungal infections, helminthiasis, erectile dysfunction, acne, fever, and pain. Various parts of a plant or the plant itself were used to treat different disorders, suggesting that the FMP had quite good working knowledge on the therapeutic properties of plants and plant parts.

1 table, 29 ref

000527   EATIMONY S, URMEE K N, ARA N, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Using plants as medicines – practices of a female folk medicinal practitioner in Hatirdiya village, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 55-7.

Folk medicinal practices are the most common form of traditional medicinal practices in Bangladesh. Since folk medicinal practitioners (FMPs) do not need any formal training for their practices, anybody can start practicing as a FMP. Consequently, their practice methods and ingredients used for disease treatment are diverse. It is important to document such practices for a number of FMPs in Bangladesh have a large number of patients; among them are the literate and the wealthy, which groups for the most part shun FMPs. The objective of this study was to document the practices of a female FMP in Hatirdiya village in Bangladesh, who used plants in her formulations for disease treatment. The FMP was observed to use a total of 8 plants distributed into 6 families in her treatment. The plants were used to treat diabetes, cancer, cuts and wounds, pain, skin disorders, gastrointestinal complaints, epilepsy, fever, and genitourinary disorders. Scientific validation of the phytotherapeutic uses can provide affordable and locally available means for treatment of both common and several complicated ailments.

1 table, 32 ref

000523   COBOS D S, JUÁREZ M E M, GARCÍA G C, CORTÉS G M, HERNÁNDEZ E A G, CRUZ B V (Nacional Autónoma de México Univ, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México) : Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the extracts from the leaves of Porophyllum tagetoides and Annona reticulata. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 50-4.

The aqueous extracts of Porophyllum tagetoides and Annona reticulata were investigated for its antiinflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extracts at 200 and 300 mg/kg reduced significantly the formation of edema induced by carrageenan. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by a significant reduction in the number of writhes with two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) used when compared to the untreated control group. Indomethacin at 10 mg/kg served as reference drug in all these tests. Moreover, P. tagetoides and A. reticulata also remarkably suppressed carrageenan-induced peritoneal leukocyte migration in rats. These results demonstrate that P. tagetoides and A. reticulata present remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, which supported its traditional use in the treatment of various diseases associated with inflammation.

5 illus, 30 ref

000558   PRADHAN B, DEO B (Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Div, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha) : Detection of phytochemicals and in vitro propagation of Banana (Musa variety Gaja Bantal). J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 46-9.

The present experiments were conducted to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the sap and stem samples of a Musa variety, Gaja Bantal. Attempts has also taken to study various effects of plant hormones such as cytokinin (BAP) and auxins (IAA and NAA) on shoot proliferation and root induction during its in vitro micropropagation. Results from various experiments showed that the sap as well as stem extraction contain high phenolic and flavonoid content. Due to heavy phenolic content lethal browning of explants was observed during different stages of in vitro propagation Gaja Bantal. While both the samples (Sap and Stem) contain alkaloids, Saponin was slightly detected only in the stem sample. During micropropagation of Gaja Bantal it was observed that media containing high concentration of BAP (8 mg/l) had better respond in initial culture while low concentration of BAP (3 mg/l) had high bud formation in multiplication stage. Gaja Bantal explants grown on multiplication medium supplied with 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA had highest numbers of shoot buds. In rooting culture the media containing 1 mg/l IAA as well as media containing 1 mg/l NAA found to be more effective in root induction.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

000554   PARRA S A, GAUR K, DASHORA A, RATHER M I (Geetanjali Institute of Pharmacy, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Berberis lycium Royle. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 39-45.

The aim of study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of methanolic extract of the shade dried fruits of Berberis lycium by oral administration at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight in healthy Wistar albino rats. The extract was studied for its anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced and histamine induced hind paw edema in rats and the linear paw circumference was measured at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. after the administration of phlogistic agent. The methanolic extract was also evaluated for analgesic activity using Eddy’s hot plate and Haffner’s tail-clip method in Wistar albino rats. The reaction time was taken as the parameter for the evaluation of analgesic activity at time intervals 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. respectively. The methanolic extract of Berberis lycium, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced carrageenaninduced and histamine induced paw edema in rats. The methanolic extract has also shown analgesic activity as evidenced by increase in the reaction time by Eddy’s hot plate and Haffner’s tail-clip method in rats. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of methanolic extract may be due to inhibition of the prostaglandin synthesis.

4 tables, 36 ref

000561   RAPHAËL B, RONY M A, CÉLESTINE N L, LOUIS-CLÉMENT O E, JACQUES L, JEAN-MAURILLE O (Masuku Univ of Science and Technology, Franceville, Gabon) : Phytochemical study and antioxidant activities of Terminalia catappa L. and Mitragyna ciliata Aubrev and Pellegr medicinal plants of Gabon. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 33-8.

The aim of this study was to perform phytochemical screening, to quantify the phenolic compound and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic, ethanolic-water and aqueous extracts of Mitragyna ciliata and Terminalia catappa, medicinal plants from Gabon. Phytochemical tests reveal that both plants contain alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponosids, tannins and reducing compound. The quantitative analysis shows that the polar extracts of Terminalia catappa have high contents in phenolic compounds compared to the polar extracts of Mitragyna ciliata which have low contents. The polar extracts of Terminalia catappa, with respective inhibition concentrations of 0.27 ± 0.114; 0.102 ± 0.061 and 0.97 ± 0.068 mg.mL^-1 , are on average given a more significant antioxidant power compared to that of the control (Vitamin C). The polar extracts of Mitragyna ciliata have weak antioxidant activistes with respective inhibition concentrations of 1.026 ± 0.061; 0.804 ± 0.071 and 1.16 ± 0.055 mg.mL^-1.

2 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

000565   SHARMA A, BHARDWAJ J (Life Science Dep, Carrier Point Univ, Kota, Rajasthan) : Myrica nagi (Kaphal: A wild fruit of Himalaya). J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 30-2.

Myrica nagi, kaphal, a wild fruit of sub-temperate evergreen tree found throughout various districts of mid Himalaya regions mostly the areas situated in Himachal Pradesh. It is wildly present in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Tree has medium height of 20 to 25 feet. Fruits are small seed, bright deep red in color turning nearly purple at full maturity. Fruit has pleasant, sweet and sour taste but it does not keep for very long time, not more than two days. It contains various active chemical compounds such as myricetin, myricitrin and glycosides. It is important shrub used in traditional medicines to treat various diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid and dysentry. It also shows anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, antiinflammatory properties. Kaphal fruit has flooded in the market of various districts of Himachal Pradesh mostly in Mandi. Increase in use of this tree as fruit and in medicines, results in declining of yield as per season. So it is important to protect this wild fruit for future use.

19 ref

000525   DJOUEUDAM F G, FOWA A B, FODOUOP S P C, KODJIO N, GATSING D (Dschang Univ, Dschang, Cameroon) : Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae): Phytochemical screening, antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of leaves extracts. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 5-12.

Salmonellosis remains a major public health problem in developing countries, where it remains endemic due to the precariousness of lifestyle combined with the misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics. In the contination to search for new anti-salmonellosis substances, in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of Solanum torvum leaves extracts were evaluated. The Minimal Inhibitary and Minmal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) were determine using broth dilution method. The in vitro antioxidant activity of thes extracts were alsomine using DPPH and Nitric oxide tests, Hydroxyl radicals scavenging assays and iron reduction. Total phenol as well as flavonoid contents and phytochemical screening were performed by standard methods. In vitro antimicrobial test results showed that the activity of the 95° ethanol extract were significant (MIC <100 μg/mL) on all bacterial isolates and strain. Follow by ethanol extract 70 % whose activity was significant on 4/5 of the bacteria tested. The antioxidant test results showed that 95$°$ and 70 % ethanol extracts have a high antioxidant potential (IC₅₀ < 20 μg/mL) on DPPH. This extract (95$°$ ethanol) showed the best percentages of nitric oxide (62.43 %) and hydroxyl radical (49.97 %) trapping and has a good ability to chelate iron. These activities correlate significantly with the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The greater the amount of these compounds, the greater were the radical scavenging effect. The phytochemical test of extracts of S. torvum revealed the presence of anthocyanins, saponins, steroids, tannins, anthraquinone, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, phenols. These results show that the 95$°$ ethanol extract of Solanum torvum has interesting antisalmonellal and antioxidant activities in vitro and could be use for the formulation of antisalmonellal phytomedicines.

7 tables, 38 ref

000559   RAHMATULLAH R N, JANNAT K, ISLAM M, RAHMAN T, JAHAN R, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh) : A short review of Polianthes tuberosa L. considered a medicinal plant in Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(1), 1-4.

Polianthes tuberosa L. is a flowering plant belonging to the Agavaceae (also Asparagaceae and Amaryllidaceae according to some botanists) family, which is planted in Bangladesh in home gardens. The plant is also cultivated commercially for its fragrant flowers. Various folk medicinal uses of the plant include being used for tumor, cosmetic, laxative, cooling, placebo, sexual disorder, hair color, emetic, diuretic, and gonorrhea. The plant contains a number of flavonoids and other polyphenols, which can be of possible therapeutic use against a number of diseases resulting from or causing oxidative stress like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disorders. Pharmacological studies indicate that the plant has anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, immunomodulatory, diabetic wound healing, antiinflammatory, anti-amebic, anti-ulcer, and neuropharmacological properties. The presence of bioactive principles combined with the traditional uses and reported pharmacological properties of the plant indicate that the plant can be considered an important source for lead compounds and new drugs.

1 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

000572   THILAGAVATHY A, DSOUZA S, SHRIRAKSHA A, SINGH K G (Biochemistry Dep, Mount Carmel Coll, Bangalore-560 052, Email: thilaga.varshan@gmail.com) : Anti-inflammatory and antihypercholesterolemic activity of Rosa centifolia, Coriandrum sativum and Cynodon dactylon. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 966-72.

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major conditions that are prevalent in today’s world, the significant causes being unhealthy food habits and lifestyle or abnormal genetic conditions. HMG CoA reductase is an important rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway that synthesizes cholesterol. Biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver can be reduced significantly by inhibiting HMG CoA reductase. Statins are the drugs used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Due to the undesirable effects caused by synthetic statins, there is a need for the development of natural HMG CoA reductase inhibitors that are of plant origin. This study aimed to investigate the antiinflammatory and HMG CoA reductase inhibitory effects of different hydro alcoholic plant extracts on the enzyme HMG CoA reductase activity obtained from Gallus gallus domesticus liver. Our study showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of Rosa centifolia exhibited the maximum inhibition of the enzyme under analysis with a ratio of 1.4117 and hence was subjected to solvent-solvent partition for the partial isolation of the inhibitory compounds. The result of this study suggests that Rosa centifolia extract has potential antihypercholesterolemic activity.

4 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

000538   KALITA V, PEGU P, CHETIA P (Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati - 781 017, Email: Violinakalita35@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of Curcuma caesia. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 846-55.

The rhizomes of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) Are traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments and metabolic disorders like leucoderma, asthma, tumors, piles, bronchitis, etc. in Indian system of medicine. Considering the importance of natural products in modern phytomedicine, the antioxidant and ant mutagenic activities of C. caesia Roxb. rhizome extract and its fractions were evaluated. The antioxidant results indicate that the free radical-scavenging activity may be attributed to the high contents of phenolics and flavonoids with a higher reducing capacity. The IC₅₀ values of invitro and ex-vivo antioxidant activities of Curcuma caesia was found for DPPH scavenging activity was 1.08 ± 0.06 μg/ml, nitric oxide scavenging activity was 37.50 ± 1.54 μg/ml, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was 10.08 ± 2.01 μg/ml, Superoxide Anion scavenging activity was 29.63 ± 2.07 μg/ml respectively. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of different fractions obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma caesia was investigated against standard strain and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The clinical isolates were found more sensitive for different fractions, than the standard strain of S. aureus. The ability of rhizome of C. caesia extracts to inhibit the growth of test pathogen is an indication of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial inspection. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibitory activity at different concentrations. Aspirin was used as standard drugs. The results showed that Curcuma caesia ethanol extract at a concentration range of 100 - 800 µg/ml significantly protects the heat-induced protein denaturation; inhibit heat-induced hemolysis and proteinase action. The results obtained in the present study indicate that ethanol extracts of Curcuma caesia can be a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of various components.

8 illus, 7 tables, 17 ref

000562   RAVEESHA H R, VASUDHA D R (Botany Dep, Bangalore Univ, Bengaluru - 560 056, Email: hrraveesh74@gmail.com) : Induction of roots and in-vitro regeneration of Nothapodytes nimmoniana Graham from embryo cultures. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 830-5.

The present study was aimed to develop the effective protocol for induction roots and in-vitro regenerated plants from embryo culture of Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Excised embryos were sterilized under the aseptic condition and cultured on L2 medium fortified with different concentration (0.5 - 3 mg/L) and the combination of auxins and cytokinins. Maximum shoot initiation was observed in BAP (2 mg/L) and Kin (1 mg/L) and in a combination of BAP (0.5 mg/L) and NAA (2 mg/L). A higher number of roots were observed when the embryo was inoculated on L2 medium supplemented with NAA (1 mg/L) and 2, 4-D (0.5 mg/L). Whereas, elongated roots were observed on L2 medium fortified with BAP/KIN (0.5 mg/L) and NAA (1 mg/L). The proliferation of multiple shoots from the nodal explants of in-vitro plantlets, when subcultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2 mg/L), TZD (0.2 mg/L) and L-glutamine (100 mg/L). The obtained plantlets were hardened in soil-rite and then transferred them to a mixture of soil, sand, and manure (1:1:1). In conclusion, our study demonstrates the in-vitro root induction and regeneration of Nothapodytes nimmoniana.

2 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

000580   YAMUNA S T, PADMA P R (Biochemistry Dep, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education Women, Coimbatore - 641 043, Email: padmapraghu@gmail.com) : Biomolecular protective effect of the methanolic extract of the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz. against oxidative damage. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 802-10.

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production above basal levels cause irreversible damage to the cell membrane, DNA and other cellular structures by oxidizing lipids, proteins and nucleic acids resulting in dysfunction of biomolecules within cells and, finally, cell death. These free radical-induced reactions are ascertained to play multiple roles in degenerative or pathological events especially carcinogenesis. Apart from the radical scavenging activity, the antioxidant potential of a test compound or herbal preparation is also based on their protective effect against oxidant-induced damage to cellular biomolecules. In the present study, the protective effect of the methanolic extract of the three different flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (yellow, pink and orange) against oxidative stress-induced damage to biomolecules like lipids, DNA and proteins were analyzed in both cell-free systems and intact cells. The results showed that the flowers of C. pulcherrima rendered significant biomolecular protection against oxidative stress, both in cell-free systems and in intact cells.

4 illus, 3 tables, 47 ref

000581   YASOTHA P, SANGEETHA K, RAJENDRAN R (Costume Design and Fashion Dep, PSG Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore - 641 014, Email: smileyaso@yahoo.co.in) : Phytochemical and antimicrobial potential of seed and bark extracts of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 712-20.

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. belongs to the Meliaceae family and it is native to the West Indies. It was introduced to India in 1975 and now grown in any parts of India. Biological activities of the plant are due to the abundance of phenolic compounds including different terpenoids and limonoids. The plant possesses various secondary metabolites which are responsible for its anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic antioxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-viral, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-pyretic and antiinflammatory properties. This antimicrobial activity encouraged to work on identification of phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation of this herbal plant. The seeds and barks of Swietenia mahagoni is subjected to phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites and disk diffusion method for its antimicrobial activity against standard MTCC strains, two bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus (Gram+) (MTCC no. 6908), Escherichia coli (Gram-) (MTCC no. 77) and one fungus Aspergillus niger (MTCC No.1344) were used for the study. The qualitative phytochemical tests reveal the presences of phytocompounds including alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and glycosides as major active constituents. The seed and bark extracts exhibit positively significant antimicrobial activity against the standard strains. The fungal activity was good in seed extracts, and bacterial activity was significant in bark extracts.

3 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

000533   JAIN C, KHATANA S, VIJAYVERGIA R (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur - 302 004, Email: drchitrajainbiochemistry@gmail.com) : Bioactivity of secondary metabolites of various plants: A review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(2), 494-504.

Plants are an important source for the discovery of new products of medicinal value for drug development and plants secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals food additives, flavors, and other industrial values. The commercial importance of these secondary metabolites has resulted in a great interest in its production and in exploring possibilities of enhancing its production using tissue culture technology in recent years. A good number of abstracts and research articles published, so far, for evaluating antioxidant, the anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activity of different secondary metabolites which have been extracted from various plants. In this article, we reviewed bioactivity of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phytosterols of total 18 different plants. Out of which, total of 10 plants were found to show antioxidant potential, 9 plants were found to show anti-microbial potential, and 9 plants were found to show the anti-diabetic potential of secondary metabolites. Root, stem, leaves, fruits, and flowers of various plants were found to possess secondary metabolites to show bioactivity. So this article will be a comprehensive ready reference for those who are interested in antioxidant, anti-diabetic and antimicrobial of secondary metabolites.

1 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

000542   KRISHNAESWARI V, MANIKANDAN S, VIJAYAKUMAR J (Physiology Dep, Tagore Dental Coll and Hospital, Chennai - 600 032, Email: drsmanikandan@tagoremch.com) : Bioactive components of Vaccinium macrocarpon and its antioxidant activity: An in-vitro study. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 438-44.

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) contain many bioactive compounds and have some biological activities and beneficial health properties. This study aimed to screen phytochemicals of cranberry fruits from the different solvent, to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid content of cranberry fruits and their antioxidant effect in-vitro by DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. Phytochemical screening of various extracts such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, acetone and petroleum ether of cranberry fruit extracts, revealed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, coumarins, terpenoids, and betacyanin. The cranberry extracts were evaluated for phenol and flavonoid content with Gallic acid (GA) and Quercetin (Q) as standard. The optimum yield of phenol and flavonoid content were found in ethanol fruit extract 13.07 mg Gallic acid Equivalents (GAE)/g and 9.02 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/g of cranberry. The cranberry extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activities by DPPH (1,1– diphenyl -2- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Among five different solvents used, maximum antioxidant activity was found in ethanolic fruit extract (81.4 %) followed by others. The IC₅₀ values of ethanolic cranberry extract in superoxide radical scavenging activity and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay are 61.1 µg/ml and 54.7 µg/ml. The IC₅₀ values showed a strong antioxidant activity of the extracts. The powerful antioxidant effect attributed to the greater amount of phenol and flavonoid compound in the ethanolic cranberry extract.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000514   AMANTE M, HAILU Y, TEREFE G, ASRES K (Pathology and Parasitology Dep, Addis Ababa Univ, P. O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, Email: morka_amante@yahoo.com) : In-vitro louscidal and acaricidal activities of alkaloid of Calpurnia aurea extracts against Linognathus ovillus and Amblyomma variegatum. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 431-7.

The study was designed to evaluate the louscidal, and acaricidal activities of alkaloids of Calpurnia aurea leaves extracts. Alkaloid of C. area leaves extract at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml were used for invitro adult immersion test of ticks and lice, which they were monitored for their mortality rates for 24 h. The activities of test substances were evaluated against Amblyomma variegatum and Linognathus ovillus, and compared with diazinon 60 EC. After 24 h post exposure, two higher concentrations of 200 and 100 mg/ml of the alkaloid extract caused 100 ± 0.5 % and 100 ± 0.6 % lice mortality, and 100 ± 0.33 and 93.3 ± 0.33 tick mortality respectively. The alkaloid extract showed an insignificant difference in its acaricidal and louscidal activity when compared to the Diazinon 60EC at the same concentration (P > 0.05). LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values (with 95 % confidence limits) of the alkaloid of C. aurea for lice and tick were estimated 9.08 mg/ml (6.21-13.47), 17.65 mg/ml (11.71-22.49) and mg/ml 16.69 (11.77, 26.64), 31.69 mg/ml (21.25-50.72), respectively. Dose-response data of C. aurea alkaloid extract on L. ovillus and A. variegatum indicated the gradual increase in the mortality pattern with slopes of 3.1188, and 3.2321, and R² values of 0.9702 and 0.9882 suggesting that 97.02, 98.82 % data were correlated with log concentration, respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that the alkaloid extract of C. aurea has promising louscidal and acaricidal activities, lending support for further investigation of the plants to isolate the active components.

1 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

000540   KAVITHA R (Biotechnology Dep, Periyar Univ PG Extension Centre, Dharmapuri - 636 701, Email: erokavi_vasu@yahoo.com) : Effect of ethanolic extracts of Indian medicinal plants on the nonenzymatic antioxidant system in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats in comparison with glibenclamide. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 418-30.

To investigate the effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit of Trichosanthes dioica and leaf of Clitoria ternatea were studied on the altered non-enzymatic antioxidant system such as reduced glutathione (GSH), Vitamin E, C and A in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Male adult Wistar albino rats divided into eleven groups of six rats each were assigned to non-diabetic and diabetic groups (Group I to XI). Diabetes was induced in Albino rats by single intraperitoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight), on confirming diabetes after 48 h of injection. Group I and II were kept as non-diabetic and diabetic control. The other diabetic groups (Group III to Group X) were treated with both individual and combined ethanolic extracts of T. dioica and C. ternatea at the doses of 200, and 400 mg/kg of body weight were administrated orally at a single dose per day for 28 consecutive days. Group XI was treated with Glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body weight), a standard oral hypoglycemic drug used as a reference drug for comparison. After completion of experimental period serum, liver and kidney were used for estimating GSH, plasma, and liver for estimating Vitamin E, C and A, and pancreas, liver and kidney were used for histopathological changes in the diabetic rats. A significant increase in GSH, Vitamin E, C and A levels were observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extracts of T. dioica (leaf and fruit) and C. ternatea (leaf) compared to diabetic control rats. Histopathological studies demonstrated the reduction in the pancreas, liver and kidney damage and confirmed the biochemical findings. These results suggest that T. dioica and C. ternatea are beneficial in the control of diabetes by the noticeable antioxidant property.

3 illus, 4 tables, 66 ref

000534   JATHINA M, ABDUSSALAM A K (Post Graduate Studies and Research in Botany Dep, Sir Syed Coll, Kannur - 670 142, Email: jathina2163@gmail.com) : Histological and morphological responses of Bacopa monnieri (L.) pennell in glycophytic and halophytic conditions. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 407-11.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell (family Plantaginaceae) is an important therapeutic glycophytic plant used in the treatment of various ailments. It is found to grow even in brackish conditions. While surviving in such conditions, the plant evolves various adaptive mechanisms. The present study investigates the histological and morphological responses of Bacopa monnieri grown hydroponically under glycophytic and halophytic conditions. Plants were grown in Hoagland solution and subjected to various salt (NaCl) treatments. Plants cultivated without salt stress served as the control. Morphological analysis was done with the help of the graduated scale and graph paper. Histological investigations were carried out by hand sectioning followed by safranin and glycerine treatment. Photographs were taken with the help of Leica M 80 Stereomicroscope and Mag Cam. Significant morphological changes were observed regarding the leaf area, root and shoot length, tolerance index and stomatal index. The histological analysis revealed the presence of salt glands, starch granules, thickened cuticle, aerenchymatous cortex, prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, phi shaped thickenings and Y, X shaped cytoplasmic strands in response to salt stress. The histological and morphological changes are the result of the mechanisms adopted by the plant to cope up with the saline stressful conditions.

2 illus, 16 ref

000546   LAWARENCE B, MURUGAN K (Botany Dep, Government Arts Coll, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 014, Email: harimurukan@gmail.com) : Morphological and anatomical variations of the selected species of Osbeckia L. (Melastomataceae). Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 320-28.

Osbeckia L. of Melastomataceae are unique flowering plants showing diversity in their habit and morphological features adapted to their habitats. Limited studies were recorded with the anatomy and morphology of high elevation species. The micromorphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures of seven species and three varieties of O. aspera, representing diverse habitats such as altitude, availability of water and intensity of sunlight out of the twenty species of Osbeckia reported from India were narrated in the present study. An apparent type of herkogamy noticed in Osbeckia species was also recorded. Herkogamy in this family is an important feature of phylogenetic importance. This aspect of the flowers of Osbeckia appears to represent a special type of herkogamy. The most evident type of herkogamy present in Melastomataceae was represented by flowers that have styles exerted beyond the stamens. Styles and stamens that were about the same length but bent opposite from each other were noticed in some species. Based on the comparison of herkogamy in flowers of many species, it may be concluded that this type of herkogamy was unique in Osbeckia sp. only. The present results showed wide variations among the macromorphological features among the species. Similarly, the stomatal index showed a variation from 16.46 to 36.76 (abaxial side) and 3.98 to 32.19 (adaxial side). Stomata were diacytic to anomocytic type. Epidermal hairs also showed diversity. Further studies are planned for the electron microscopic analysis of pollen, stomata and trichome nature.

5 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000509   ABDULLAH N T, KONERI R (Pharmacology Dep, Karnataka Coll of Pharmacy, Bangalore - 560 064, Email: silvergull88@gmail.com) : Screening of Simarouba glauca for antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 294-302.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Simarouba glauca in STZ induced diabetes in rats for type I diabetic mellitus. The leaves of Simarouba glauca were dried under shade and then powdered, and extracted with 90 % methanol by reflux. Preliminary phytochemical studies and acute toxicity studies were also carried out on a methanolic extract of Simarouba glauca. After overnight fasting, for type I diabetes was induced in rats by i.p. Injection of STZ, at a dose of 65 mg/kg/b.w. Group A served as normal control while group B was considered as diabetic control. Group C was standard receiving insulin 4 U/kg, and Group D diabetic animals were treated with Simarouba glauca (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). During the study, body weight and fasting blood glucose level were taken at 0 and 30^th day. At the end of the study, animals in all groups were sacrificed; blood sample, pancreas, and liver were collected - biochemical parameters such as lipid profiles, SGOT, SGPT, HbA1C and antioxidative activity. Histopathological studies of pancreas and liver were performed. Simarouba glauca showed decreased blood glucose levels and improved body mass and also showed improvisation in lipid profile, HbA_1C of the normal control was found to be 6.2 %, diabetic control 14.83 % and the preventive group was 10.42 % for the lower dose, and in a higher dose, we were got 8%. Similarly, SGPT and SGOT, we were found significantly reduced compared to diabetic control. The antioxidant activity showed a significant reduction. Hence, it may facilitate to prevent diabetic complication.

9 illus, 7 tables, 11 ref

000517   BHASKARAN M, MRUTHUNJAYA K, MANJULA S N, RAJAN D (Pharmacognosy Dep, JSS Coll of Pharmacy, Mysuru - 570 015, Email: mruthunjayak@gmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of leaves of Actinodaphne hookeri Meissn. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 83-96.

Actinodaphne hookeri Meissn. (Family Lauraceae), known as Pisa, is a moderate evergreen tree, found commonly in Chattisgarh, Western Ghats, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, Sikkim and North-Eastern parts of India. The leaves have been traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes and urinary disorders. The leaves were also known to possess potent antioxidant activity. Aim of the study was to investigate the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-diabetic activity of different extracts of leaves of Actinodaphane hookeri. The leaves of Actinodaphane hookeri were extracted successively with petroleum ether (AHP), chloroform (AHC), methanol (AHM) and water (AHA). Also, the leaves were extracted separately with alcohol (AHT). Extracts were subjected to phytochemical investigation and evaluated for its in-vitro anti-diabetic activity by α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and in-vivo anti-diabetic activity was carried out in STZ-induced diabetic rats at two dose levels viz. 300 and 500 mg/kg doses for 21 days. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, lactones and mucilages. The in-vitro αglucosidase inhibitory activity was highest in AHC with an IC₅₀ value of 309.04 ± 0.02 μg/ml and lowest in AHA with an IC₅₀ value of 812.86 ± 0.03 μg/ml. Significant decrease in blood sugar, gain in body weight, decrease in TCH, TG, LDL and VLDL and increase in HDL levels were observed. Potent activity was observed in AHC followed by AHP, AHT, AHM and AHA. Histopathological investigation showed pancreatic β-cell protection. The findings suggest that Actinodaphne hookeri Meissn. leaves have potent anti-diabetic activity.

10 illus, 7 tables, 75 ref

000547   MAJEE C, MAZUMDER R, CHOUDHARY A N (Institute of Pharmacy, NIET, Greater Noida - 201 306, Email: cmchandana1@gmail.com) : Medicinal plants with anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective activity: A review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019, 10(1), 1-11.

Nature gives numbers of drugs and possibly has all solutions for human diseases. Till date, nature provides a large number of clinically useful drugs. Ulcer and liver diseases are major increasing health problems. Now a day number of drugs are used for the treatment of peptic ulcer and hepatic diseases, but these drugs have various types of side effect such as incidences of relapse, and drug interactions. Drugs of plant origin gaining popularity to treat peptic ulcer and hepatotoxicity. It is difficult to search pure phytochemicals as hepatoprotective and antiulcer drugs. It is timeconsuming and also very expensive. From authentic literature sources, it founded that there are no medicinal plants, which utilized for the treatment of ulcer and liver diseases. Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Silibum marianum, Phyllanthus and Trichopus zeylanicus, etc. plants are renounced for their satisfactory activity against certain hepatotoxins. The wide range of compounds showing anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective effect, among them flavonoids is most important. Flavonoids play an important role in reducing free radicals. Various isolated compounds like apigenin, sylimarin, genistein, quercetin, kaempherol, catechins and so on show the significant result as hepatoprotective and anti-ulcer drugs. From this review article, we can conclude that no. of medicinal plants and their active chemical constituent are responsible for anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective effect. Among the all chemical constituents flavonoids also playing an important role.

7 illus, 3 tables, 101 ref

000543   KULKARNI A P, DESHMUKH D (Indian Institute of Technology, Indore - 453 552, Email: dldeshmukh@iiti.ac.in) : Planar liquid volume fraction and SMD distribution of Jatropha vegetable oil spray: Effect of ethanol blending and GLR. Sadhana 2019, 44(2), 46.

This research paper presents the planar distribution of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and liquid volume fraction in airblast sprays of Jatropha vegetable oil. The effect of ethanol blending at different gas to liquid mass ratios (GLRs) is presented. The planar SMD distributions are obtained using Structured Laser Illumination and Planar Imaging-Laser Sheet Drop sizing (SLIPI-LSD) and Particle/droplet Imaging Analysis (PDIA) techniques. The straight vegetable oil (SVO) spray showed poor atomization at GLR 1, which rose with increasing GLR. The blending of ethanol significantly improved the atomization of SVO even at GLR 1 condition. The liquid volume fraction distribution increased with higher GLR and with the increase in the percentage of ethanol in the blend. The impact of the increase in ethanol on drop size is small at GLR of 5. The E30 blend showed uniformly distributed liquid in the spray plane with uniform SMD distribution in the range of 50 lm at GLR 5.

7 illus, 1 table, 38 ref

000550   MARTÍNEZ-ÁLVAREZ I G, LEYVA-MADRIGAL K Y, MALDONADO-MENDOZA I E, JARAMILLO-FLORES M E, GONZÁLEZ-OCAMPO H A (CIIDIR-Unidad Sinaloa, Sinaloa, Mexico, Email: imaldona@ipn.mx) : In vitro antifungal effect of mangrove extracts on Fusarium verticillioides isolates. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 181-7.

The present study was conducted to identify the antifungal activity of phenolic compounds extracted from the mangrove, Rhizophora mangle against the Fusarium verticillioides isolates DA42, F64 and PO3. The total phenolic content was calculated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The in vitro inhibition test was performed according to the poisoned food technique. Stem extracts had the highest total phenolic content (9.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry biomass) and displayed major inhibition percentages against all Fusarium verticillioides isolates. Furthermore, the concentration of the stem extract required to inhibit the three fungal isolates by 50 %, is 2 to 3 times greater on average than that required for leaf and root extracts. This study demonstrated the inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of Rhizophora mangle roots, stems and leaves against different isolates of Fusarium verticillioides.

1 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

000570   THAKUR S, KOUNDAL R, KUMAR D, MAURYA A K, PADWAD Y S, LAL B, AGNIHOTRI V K (Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Div, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur - 176 061, Email: kantvijai@yahoo.com) : Volatile composition and cytotoxic activity of aerial parts of Crassocephalum crepidioides growing in western Himalaya, India. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 167-72.

The composition of the essential oil of Crassocephalum crepidioides was characterized using retention indices, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Twenty seven components were identified, representing 91.2 % of the total oil. The essential oil of Crassocephalum crepidioides was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (80.9 %) with β-myrcene (65.9 %), β-phellandrene (8.8 %), α-pinene (3.1 %) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.8 %) with α-copaene (1.5 %), and α-humulene (1.5 %). Promising essential oil yield with β-myrcene as major component, suggests that crop could be considered for commercial cultivation. The obtained essential oil was tested against human cervical cancer SiHa, human oral epidermal carcinoma KB and human adenocarcinoma Colo-205 cell lines at 48 h, which showed significant results against all cell lines (59.8 ± 3.7, 67.9 ± 0.5 and 84.5 ± 3.6, respectively at 100 µg/ml).

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000518   BHATT P R, PANDYA K B, PATEL U D, PATEL H B, MODI C M (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh - 362 001, Email: punitbhatt85@gmail.com) : Survey on ethnoveterinary practices around Junagadh, Gujarat, India. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 161-7.

This study was conducted between January to July 2015 in Junagadh and surrounding villages to document the use of medicinal plants for veterinary practices by people living in this area. A total 121 farmers, cowshed owners or livestock owners were contacted personally in the survey with a semi-structured questionnaire. Out of 121, 82 male informants of age 40 to 70 years have responded well and were included in this study. Sixty-seven medicinal plants from 40 different families have been reported to be effective in 13 different animal ailments. A total of 13 medicinal plants were cited 47 times for gastrointestinal problems, which were the highest. Leaves were used prominently (27.59 %) whereas, epicarp was the least used (0.86 %). Large number of medicinal plants reported were from the Fabaceae family (15.38 %). Junagadh area is important due to a large plant biodiversity.

2 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

000548   MAJUMDER R, DHARA M, ADHIKARI L, GHOSH G, PATTNAIK S (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Univ, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Email: rajamajumdert@gmail.com) : Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of Olax psittacorum. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 99-109.

Present study aimed to evaluate the phytoconstituents of the aqueous extracts of stem and fruits of Olax psittacorum as well as the free radical scavenging and the antibacterial activity of the extracts. Free radical scavenging activities were evaluated through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)di-ammonium salt radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdate radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide assay and reducing power assay using ascorbic acid as the standard. Well diffusion method was adopted for antibacterial activity evaluation of the aqueous extract of fruits and stem against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus stereothermophillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumanii. Phytochemical screening showed presence of tannins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids in the aqueous extracts of both stem and fruits, while glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates and reducing sugars were found in the aqueous extract of fruit only. Total phenolic, tannin and saponin contents were found to be higher in the aqueous extract of fruits. Total flavonoid content of aqueous extract of fruit was found to be 279.33 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of dry extract. Variations in phytoconstituents and in vitro experimental data obtained through antioxidant as well as antimicrobial assay methods indicated the existence of significant difference (p < 0.05) between the antioxidant potency and zones of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera, Acinetobacter baumanii, which aqueous extract of stem failed to show at a dose of 100 mg/ml clearly demonstrated the superiority of the aqueous extract of fruits.

7 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

000549   MANURANJAN G, LALDUHSANGA P, LALHLENMAWIA H, BIBHUTI K, THANZAMI K (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar - 788 011, Email: aduhapc@gmail.com) : Physicochemical, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of fixed and essential oils extracted from the peels of Citrus macroptera fruit. Indian J Pharm Sci 2019, 81(1), 82-8.

Essential oil was extracted from the fresh and dried peels of Citrus macroptera fruits following hydrodistillation method and fixed oil was isolated using Soxhlet extraction apparatus. The organoleptic characteristics, yield and other physical properties were determined for both the oils. Volatile components of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Antibacterial effects were estimated against different pathogenic strains including Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtillis and Escherichia coli. Both preliminary thin layer chromatography method and quantitative 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity were performed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the oils and were compared against the standard ascorbic acid. Percent yield of the essential oil from the fresh and dried peels were 0.113 and 0.201 %, respectively, while the yield of fixed oil was found to be 3.12 %. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry demonstrated that the essential oils from the dried and fresh peels were composed of about 20 volatile components. The IC₅₀ values determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity were 90.56 and 73.010 μg/ml, respectively for essential oils extracted from the fresh and dried peels.

2 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

000566   SHOBHA M, BHARATHI T R, SAMPATH KUMARA K K, PRAKASH H S (Studies in Biotechnology Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore, Karnataka) : Diversity and biological activities of fungal root endophytes of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 273-80.

The roots of Hemidesmus indicus are known to have bioactive properties. Large scale exploitation of plant roots may endanger the plant from ecosystem. Endophytes are known to produce many bioactive compounds as that of host plant. Endophytic fungi residing in various parts of the plant like root, stem and leaves were isolated and identified. Colonization frequency and relative dominance of the endophytes were evaluated. The ethyl acetate extracts of culture broth and mycelial mat was screened for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. 285 fungal isolates from the roots of H. indicus were isolated, identified and authenticated by molecular tools. The overall colonization frequency was found to be 70.33 %, of which hyphomycetes were dominant (79.45 %). Species of Fusarium were the dominant colonizers of all parts of the plant. Antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate fractions revealed that the extracts of F. oxysporum and A. sydowii showed higher activities with IC₅₀ values of 45 and 46.6 µg/mL respectively. The extracts also exhibited promising antibacterial activities against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The present study reported for the first time the endophytic fungi from the roots of H. indicus and their bioactivity. Our present findings highlight the potential of the isolated endophytes to have therapeutic applications.

3 illus, 4 tables, 44 ref

000569   SWATHI S, AMARESHWARI P, VENKATESH K, Roja Rani A (Genetics and Biotechnology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Phytochemical and pharmacological benefits of Hemidesmus indicus: An updated review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 256-62.

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) is a potential source of several active principles of therapeutic value. It is an important medicinal herb used in the traditional system of medicine in India. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many valuable compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, lignin, inulin and cardiac glycosides. Over the past decades, several reports highlighted the potential pharmacological properties with numerous lines of evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Main pharmacological activities include anti- antioxidant, inflammatory, anti-arthritic activity, anti-cancerous activity, anti-diabetes activity, anti-cataractous activity, anti-diarrhoeal activity, anti-HIV-1 activity, monophenolase activity, antivenom activity, antihepatocarcinogenic activity, anti-angiogenic activity, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Due to the effective usage of this herb in biomedical science, it is essential to optimize the standard protocols for its propagation and enhancement of bioactive molecules. The present work reviews recent studies and updates on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of this herb.

1 illus, 3 tables, 77 ref

000568   SREEKANTH D, DEVI P (Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical studies of Helianthus tuberosus L. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 247-50.

Helianthus tuberosus L. is a biotechnologically and medicinally important plant. Five accessions of H. tuberosus were analyzed for phytoconstituents to identify the accession with the highest content of medicinal compounds. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and shoots were qualitatively tested for secondary metabolites. The total phenolic contents were estimated in leaves and tubers of five accessions of H. tuberosus to select the accessions with highest total phenolic content. In the present study qualitative analysis confirmed that the presence of various phytoconstituents like saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, steroids, glycosides. In leaves, the total phenolic content ranged from 87.83 ± 1.05 to 127.23 ± 1.34 mg GAE/g. In tubers, the total phenolic content ranged from 7.06 ± 0.27 to 20.43 ± 0.69 mg GAE/g. The accessions TUB-1715 identified showed highest total phenolic content in both leaves and tubers. The plant extracts have many applications like antioxidant, anticancer and antifungal activities.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

000578   WANI M A, PRASAD S, PRAKASH O (Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics Dep, Govind Ballabh Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Qualitative phytochemical analysis of various parts of bamboo (Bambusa balcooa) for possible therapeutic usages in bovine reproductive disorders. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 217-21.

Biologically active compounds from natural sources have always been in great interest for scientists working on infectious diseases (Burkill, 2000; Roja et al., 2000, Sofowora 1982 and Pemmal and Ignacimuthu, 2000). As a matter of fact, it has been estimated that today about 25 % of all prescribed medicines are substances derived from plants (Egwaikhide and Gimba 2007; Zheng and Wang 2001). The phytochemical analysis of the plant is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of new drugs to be used in various diseases. Phytochemicals have two categories i.e. primary and secondary constituents. Primary constituents have chlorophyll, proteins, sugar and amino acids. Secondary constituents contain flavonoids, alkaloids etc. The present study involves the phytochemical analysis of different parts of Bamboo (Bambusa balcooa) locally available in region of Uttarakhand. Bamboo is universally recognized for its various pharmaceutical properties. The aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extract samples of leaves, stem and shoot were used for the analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents in the plant. These extracts were used for preliminary phytochemical analysis using standard chemical tests. Data indicates the presence of flavanoids, saponins, resins, fixed oils, phytosterols, phenols and tannins.

5 tables, 22 ref

000510   ADNAN M (Biology Dep, Hail Univ, P O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia) : Bioactive potential of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 213-6.

Eucalyptus oil is the important source of medicine which is traditionally used in the treatment of various diseases and in healthcare. The present investigation was carried out to study the bioactive potential of an essential oil extracted from the leaves of E. globulus in terms of antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, antioxidant potential against DPPH radicals and anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells (A549). The pharmacological evaluation of extracted essential oil, revealed the ethnomedicinal value of eucalyptus oil for antibacterial and anticancer activities.

4 illus, 11 ref

000551   MBUNDE M V N, MABIKI F, INNOCENT E, ANDERSSON P G (Muhimbili Univ of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania) : Antifungal activity of single and combined extracts of medicinal plants from Southern Highlands of Tanzania. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 181-7.

This study investigated the antifungal activities of single and combined extracts of traditionally used Tanzanian medicinal plants against the selected fungal pathogens. Plants samples were collected from Southern regions of Tanzania, dried, ground and extracted with petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethanol. Broth micro dilution method was used to determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) while Fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) index was calculated from MICs of combined extracts to determine the effect of interactions. A total of sixteen medicinal plants were evaluated for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus niger. Strong antifungal activity was demonstrated by Bidens pilosa (MIC value 0.078-0.313 mg/ml), Mucuna stans (MIC value 0.117-0.313 mg/ml), Parinari curatellifolia (MIC value 0.039-0.469 mg/ml), Solanum incanum (MIC value 0.039-0.469 mg/ml), Strychnos spinosa (MIC value 0.313-0.469 mg/ml), Leonotis nepetifolia (MIC value 0.156-0.313 mg/ml) and Diospyros usambarensis (MIC value 0.059 mg/ml). FIC analysis indicated that, most of the combinations had additive effect while only the combination between Bidens pilosa and Leonotis nepetifolia demonstrated synergistic interaction against Candida albicans pathogen. This study demonstrated the importance of using combined plant-based antifungal therapy to increase efficacy. Findings also revealed plants potential candidates for drug discovery studies.

3 tables, 35 ref

000515   ANILA V S, MADHU K P, KRISHNA J G (Dravyaguna Vijnana Dep, VPSV Ayurveda Coll, Kottakkal, Kerala) : Preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Physalis minima Linn. (Ṭankārī). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(1), 67-71.

Physalis minima Linn. Belonging to Solanaceae family is a common drug seen in kerala. It is traditionally used as diuretic, purgative, analgesic, anthelmentic and febrifuge. Previous researches on this drug proved that it has Antioxidant action, Free radical scavenging action, Diuretic action, hypoglycemic action, Anti-cancer action, Anti-inflammatory action and Anti-ulcer action. To determine the authenticity of the plant using pharmacognostical and Phytochemical analysis. Macroscopy, powder analysis (organoleptic and powder microscopy), physicochemical properties like ash value, extractive values and HPTLC profiles of whole plant were done. Microscopy of root, stem and leaves showed all typical features of the species Physalis minima Linn. The phytochemical study showed the highest extractive value with cold water extract. Results indicate presence of Flavanoids, Phenol, Saponins, glycosides, Steroids and Tannins in various extracts.

2 illus, 4 tables, 6 ref

000544   KUMAR A, ANAND V, DUBEY R C, GOEL K K (Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala Univ, Jhunjhunu - 333 001, Email: ashwanipharma03@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antioxidant potential of alcoholic stem bark extracts of Bauhinia variegata Linn. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 235-9.

The present study was carried out for the evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant potential of alcoholic stem bark (ALSB) extract of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Dried stem bark extract of B. variegata Linn. was screened to evaluate its free radical scavenging effect. Various methods like DPPH assay, reducing power assay, percentage scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activity were used for screening in-vitro antioxidant potential. Antioxidant potentials were concentration dependent which were compared with standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid. The maximum scavenging effect of B. variegata Linn. alcoholic stem bark extract on  DPPH free radical, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide was 72.19 ± 0.20, 81.60 ± 0.22 and 76.06 ± 0.16 respectively at a concentration of 2500 μg/mL.  It was clearly indicated that the alcoholic extract of the stem bark has significant in vitro antioxidant activity. Currently available synthetic antioxidants like butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), Ascorbic acid and gallic acid appear to be associated with hepatotoxicity and many others negative health effects. Therefore, natural antioxidants may be preferred over the synthetic antioxidants.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

000541   KHURAISHI A A, JAYALAKSHMI M, HARINI A P, KUNDER A S, MAHESH M (Azyme Biosciences Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru-560 069, Email: mahesh@azymebio.com) : Isolation and purification of anticoagulant enzymes from plant latex. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 217-22.

The plant latex is a complex mixture of organic, inorganic and hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases which acts as anticoagulant and finds its uses in surgeries, heart diseases and blood clot treatment. In the present study, latex was collected from Euphorbia milii, Jatropha malacophylla, Thevetia peruviana, Euphorbia pulcherimma and Artocarpus altilis to evaluate the best source of anticoagulant enzyme though four other plants were originally screened as well but failed to show the enzyme. Among the five, A. altilis and J. malacophylla showed the highest anticoagulant activity by milk clotting, blood clotting and APTT assay. The samples were subjected to three-step purification, i.e., salt precipitation, dialysis, ion exchange and gel filtration. The fold purification of A. altilis was found to be 5.37 and 2.31 for J. malacophylla respectively after the gel filtration. The percentage of yield of A. altilis was found to be 63.23 % and 26.4 % for J. malacophylla.  Molecular weight of J. malacophylla sample and A. altilis was found to be ~80 kDa and ~105 kDa respectively, determined by SDS PAGE. Both enzymes showed optimum activity at pH 7. A. altilis showed optimum activity at 35°C, incubation time of 40 minutes, substrate concentration of 60 mM, with MgCl₂ as activator the activity increased at 600 µL and with EDTA as inhibitor the activity increased at 400 µL. J. malacophylla showed optimum activity at 45°C, incubation time of 10 minutes, substrate concentration of 80 mM and stable at 35 °C which is the human body temperature. A. altilis showed optimum conditions for human administration making it therapeutically viable.

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

000575   VENKATESH H L, KAVYASHRI V V, PADMAJA A S, NAGARAJU N, RAMESH S (Plant Pathology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Bengaluru - 560 065, Email: kavyashrivv@gmail.com) : Biological confirmation of resistance from segregating populations of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 199-204.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is most widespread and destructive disease of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) Most of the commercial varieties are susceptible to CMV disease. Thus, identification of resistant genotypes for management of CMV disease in gherkin is essential. A total of 179 F3 progenies derived from crosses of resistant and susceptible parent’s viz., Acc.1 (susceptible) x Acc. 50 (resistant), Acc.3 (susceptible) x Acc.50 (resistant), Acc.48 (susceptible) x Acc 50 (resistant) were screened for CMV. Among 179 F3 families, 7 were Immune, 17 were Resistant, 76 were Moderately Resistant, 73 were Moderately Susceptible and 6 were Susceptible. The immune and resistant progenies were further confirmed for their resistance reaction by aphid transmission. Significant difference between the estimates of PDI or F3 progenies mapped into different response classes justified the classification.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

000529   GAHLOT L, KHANNA V (Botany Dep, Samrat Prithviraj Chouhan Government Coll, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Email: vibhaajmer@yahoo.co.in) : Stomatal Index of a few common tree species in the Kishangarh marble slurry dump-yard area, Ajmer (Rajasthan): A case study. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 193-8.

The size and number of the stomata present on the foliar epidermis of Tree species is directly influenced by the Suspended Particulate Matter. Marble dust is a very fine powder having approximately 40 % particles below 75 μm diameter of which approximately 30 % are having a size less than 25 μm present in the atmosphere. A comparative micromorphological study of stomatal index of the dominant tree speciesAlbizialebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Callistemon lanceolatus growing in the vicinity of Marble slurry dumpyard, Kishangarh (Ajmer) was done from the month of April 2014 to March 2015.The stomatal index of the lower epidermis of A. indica and A. lebbeck leaves from polluted sites was found to have greater value as compared to that with those of unpolluted site during the months of May to October while in case of the rough, leathery leaves of Callistemon lanceolatus, the stomatal index value in leaves from polluted site was less during these months. This may be attributed to the prevailing winds and weather conditions in the area of study which play a crucial role in the accumulated particulate matter on the phylloplane of the selected tree species viz. A. lebbeck, A. indica, C. lanceolatus.

3 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

000557   PRADHAN A, SHARMA L, TIWARI A, CHETTRI P (Horticulture Dep, Sikkim Univ, Tadong, Sikkim, Email: laxumans@gmail.com) : Characterization of pectin extracted from Citrus reticulata L. Blanco collected from different altitudes of Sikkim Himalaya. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 168-81.

Sikkim mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is most important cash crops of Sikkim Himalaya, a tiny state in North East India. The fruit is usually peeled off and eaten as desert used for extraction of juiceor processed for other products.  The peel is thrown as waste, though it is rich commercially important essential oil and pectin. The pectin can be obtained from the pulp waste after extraction of essential oil. The essential oil and pectin content is the effect of the climatic functions. In Himalayas, there is abrupt change in microclimate with change in the altitude. C. reticulata in Sikkim Himalayas grows at the altitudinal range of 800 to 1800 metre from mean sea level. During the present studies pectin was extracted from peel waste after extraction of essential oil. The fruits were collected from five different altitude range viz: 800-1000 m, 1000-1200 m, 1200-1400 m, 1400-1600 m and >1600 m. FTIR works on the basis of functional group showed range from 3607 cm^-1 (O-H stretch region) to 748 cm^-1  (C-H bend) in mature stage and 3585 cm^-1 (O-H stretch) to 883 (C-Cl stretch) cm^-1  in immature stage. Moreover essential oil showed different compound identification. Limonene was found to be the highest at >1600 m altitude (88.46%) at mature stage and (89.06%) at immature stage respectively. These variation may be due to different climatic condition and soil of the elevation. The overall results showed that the pectin can be beneficial for industrial use as well as in pharmaceutical health promotion and treatment. Further peel of the species can be evaluated for its rich content of limonene by different industries.

5 tables, 24 ref

000519   BOUHAFSOUN A, BOGA M, BOUKELOUA A, TEMEL H, HARCHE M K (Bio-technologie Dep, des Sciences et Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf (USTOMB) Univ, Bp 1505 El M’naouer Oran 31000, Algérie, Email: abouhafsoun@gmail.com) : Determination of anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of methanol and water extracts of leaves and fruits of Chamaerops humilis L. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 144-8.

The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity of the water and methanol extracts of leaves and fruits extracts of Chamaerops humilis L. by using ABTS cation radicals and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Anticholinesterase effect of the extracts was tested against both AChE and BChE using a microplate-reader assay based on the Ellman method. The methanol extracts of C. humilis leaves contained relatively higher content of flavonoids and total phenolics than those of fruits. All the extracts were found to have different levels of antioxidant activity in the systems tested. The leave extract showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on ABTS radical-scavenging activity, while the fruit water extract showed the highest value (0.53 ± 0.50 µg/mL) of cupric reducing antioxidant activity.  Our data indicates that both methanol and water fruit extract were active for BChE inhibition (31.65 ± 0.37 and 30.19 ± 0.56 %) respectively, whereas, all leave extracts did not show any activity against BChE. The present study demonstrated that the methanol and water extracts fractions of C. humilis have different responses with different antioxidant methods. Our results suggest that the C. humilis could be used as a source of antioxidant agents and may be beneficial in the AD treatment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

000560   RAJESWARI P (Botany Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi –110 007, Email: aksharaasmitha@gmail.com) : Combination of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens for the enhanced control of Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum infecting Arachis hypogaea L. J Appl Nat Sci 2019, 11(1), 138-43.

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating disease of peanut. The fungus causes severe yield loss in groundnut. Combinations of biocontrol agents that are compatible with each other is a viable approach to control the plant disease. The study was conducted to determine the beneficiary aspects of  combining different species of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens i.e Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens (Tv+Pf), Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens (Th+Pf) and Trichoderma viride +Trichoderma harzianum (Tv+Th) to control the Fusarium wilt  in  biochemical parameters such as DNA, RNA, Amino nitrogen, phenols, dihydroxy and   proline  contents of Arachis hypogaea L. Among the three combinations tested, Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens (1+2 %) sprayed leaves provided greater suppression of Fusarium oxysporum by increasing the levels of DNA, RNA, Amino nitrogen contents resulting  in the suppression of  Fusarium wilt  disease of Arachis hypogaea L.Maximum  reduction of  DNA, RNA, Amino nitrogen was observed in the infected Fusarium oxysporum leaves Phenol, Dihydroxy phenols and proline contents increase sharply in the treated plants treated with (Tv+Pf) as compared to the control plants. At the same time the other two combinations resulted in  enhanced control  in  comparison with  individual ones. This present study indicates that specific combination of Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens could have the greater efficacy in the inhibition of pathogen  in the biocontrol of Fusarium wilt  disease  as   compared   with   individual strains.

4 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

000579   WILSON A, PANDYA D, SOLANKI H (Botany Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Email: dhruvpandya1309@gmail.com) : Comparative phytochemical screening of leaves and bulb of Allium sativum L. Int J Info Computing Sci 2019, 6(2), 80-4.

Plants derived bioactive compounds have been the focus of recent research due to their health promoting effects. Allium sativum L. plant belongs to Liliaceae family. The present investigation was carried out to assess the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves and Bulbs of Allium sativum L. In the study three different solvents were used for the phytochemical screening named Methanol, Chloroform and Aqueous. Different solvent screening shoed the presence of Saponins Terpenoids and Glycosides. Since the plant contain high quantities of these new bioactive potential compounds, it is reliable to possess large number of pharmacological values like antioxidants, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiulcer, diuretics activities and are being employed for the treatment of different ailments in the indigenous system of medicine.

1 table, 7 ref

000564   SARVADE DATTATRAY D, ACHARYA R (Dravyaguna Dep, Gujarat Ayurved Univ, Jamnagar, Gujarat, Email: dr.sarvade@gmail.com) : Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.: An ethnomedicinal, ethnic food, economical, and pharmacological update. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 13(1), 13-20.

Recent ethnobotanical survey studies highlight about various economic and pharmacological uses of plant Leea macrophylla (LM) Roxb. Ex Hornem. (family: Vitaceae). The aim of the article is bird’s eye view of the plant regarding all reported ethnomedicinal information and research works on LM. Information of ethnomedicinal uses of the plant, until December 2018, from available 13 books on ethnobotany, 8 books related to medicinal plants, and 85 research articles on ethnomedicinal claims and pharmacological studies, uses as an ethnic food and economical uses. Information about its use by different tribes across India, parts used, therapeutic indications comprising external (E) and internal (I) usage of drug, recent pharmacological studies, and uses as ethnic food and economical uses are presented in a systematic manner. Root, leaves, and fruits of LM are used in the treatment of various ailments through 26 E applications and 27 I administrations. Root has maximum applications in 31, leaves in 14, seeds in 3, and stem in 1 disease conditions. 12 pre-clinical studies have been conducted on plant to elucidate its pharmacological response in a given disease condition, which includes antiurolithiatic (whole plant), antimicrobial (leaf, seed, and root tuber), anti-inflammatory (leaf), membrane stabilizing (leaf), antithrombotic (leaf and whole plant), hepatoprotective (leaf), antioxidant (leaf), antinociceptive (root), cytotoxic (root), neuroprotective (root), antidiabetic (leaf), wound healing (root tuber), and cardiotonic (whole plant) activity. LM is used as medicine and ethnic food and also for economical usage implying its therapeutic importance. Reported claims can be further revalidated extensive pharmacological and clinical studies, namely bone fractures, healing cut injury, typhoid, sexual weakness, impotency, and cancer.

4 tables, 56 ref

000567   SINHA D (Botany Dep, Government General Degree Coll, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, Email: dwaipayansinha@hotmail.com) : A review on phytochemical, ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and antimicrobial importance of Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex D. Don) G. Don. Int J Green Pharm 2019, 13(1), 01-12.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex D. Don) G. Don is a conifer that grows in the Himalayan regions of India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The plant is an evergreen tree belonging to the family Pinaceae and forms extensive forest along the Himalayan Mountain. The plant is traditionally used by people for thatching, sheltering, furniture making, fuelwood, and medicinal purposes. The plant is rich in flavonoids and terpenoids such as deodarin, cedrusone A, myricetin, 2R, 3R-dihydromyricetin, quercetin, 2R, 3R-dihydroquercetin, α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene-α, β-caryophyllene, β-copaene, α-himachalene, β-humulene, γ-muurolene, β-himachalene, Germacrene D, α-muurolene, δ-cadinene, and γ-amorphene. Research has been carried out to explore the pharmacological and antimicrobial activities of various parts of the plants with promising outcome. Extensive literature survey was made and the information in relation to C. deodara was pooled from scientific research papers through electronic search tools available in the internet. This review paper is an attempt to highlight the ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and antimicrobial importance of C. deodara along with its wide array of chemical constituent. The plant can be a potent and cheap source of raw materials, leading to drug development for the benefit of the population of India and adjoining countries.

3 illus, 1 table, 68 ref

000512   AISHA ANJUM A, TABASSUM K, AMBAR S (Obstetrics and Gynaecology Dep, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Banglaore-91, Karnataka, Email: dr.aanjuma@gmail.com) : Medicinal properties and uses of Salabmisri (Orchis latifolia Linn): A literary review. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(1), 18-20.

A medicinal plant Salabmisri (Orchis latifolia Linn). is a terrestrial herb commonly known as “Salep” in English language. It is an important medicinal plant used in clinical practice in unani system of medicine. It is one of the herbs that is very good and is very effective in promoting sexual health. In some magical traditions, its root is called Adam and Eve Root. It is considered aphrodisiac and nervine tonic by unani physicians. Salabmisri placed a major role as nutraceutical supplement in geriatric patients. This orchid is useful in aged patients because of its high nutritive value. Flour called salap is made of the ground tubers orchids. It contains a nutritious starch-like polysaccharide called glucomannan. Several scientific studies have also been carried out on salabmisri for its wonderful medicinal properties like aphrodisiac, hypolipidemic and antihypertensive properties.

2 illus, 17 ref