000574   VEENAA B S, SUJATHA E (Botany Dep, Osmania Univ, Telangana-500 007, Email: sresearchou@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity studies of underground bulbs of Ledeboria hyderabadensis. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(1), 08-11.

Plants are good source for the bioactive compounds and are used as traditional medicines. Phytochemical investigation of plants emphasizes in traditional medicines has yielded various bioactive compounds with different pharmacological activities. In the Hyacinthaceae family, Ledebouria genus is the weakly evergreen bulbs. Ledebouria hyderabadensis is a new toxin exist in the Hyderabad city of Telangana state, India. In the present study, we have carried out isolation of homoisoflavone from the underground bulbs of L. hyderabadensis and phytochemical screening of crude extracts of bulbs of L. hyderabadensis. The methanol extract of underground bulbs and isolated compound were screened for antimicrobial activity. Both the methanol extract and isolated compound Scillascillin shows significant antimicrobial activity.

2 illus, 4 tables, 17 ref

000577   WAKAWA A I, SAMBO A B, YUSUF S (Biology Dep, Umar Suleiman Coll of Education, Yobe State, Nigeria) : Anaesthetic effects of aqueous crude leaf extract of desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) on nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 2019, 7(1), 147-52.

Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is an evergreen plant which is readily available, inexpensive, and non toxic to human. The leaves contain, among other phytochemicals, flavonoids and alkanoids as active ingredients that could be responsible for sedating or anaesthetizing fish. Many expensive, unavailable chemical and plant anaesthetics toxic to human have been reported but there is paucity of information on anaesthetic potentials of B. aegyptiaca on fish. This study is aimed at determining the anaesthetic potency of leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca on Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23.13 ± 2.43 g and mean total length 12.51 ± 0.39 cm) were exposed to 4.00, 3.50, 3.00, 2.50, and 2.00 g/L of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca in 12 rectangular glass tanks (40x25x23 cm) filled with 10 L each of dechlorinated municipal tap water. Tank with 0.00 mg/L had no plant material and served as control. Exactly ten (10) O. niloticus fingerlings were introduced into each treatment and control Tanks which were arranged in randomized block design each with replicate. Anaesthetized fish showed decreased induction time with increase in concentration of the plant extract while recovery time increased with increase in concentration of the extract. The best anaesthesia induction dose was 2.50 g/L with mean induction and recovery times of 12.15 ± 0.12 and 11.32 ± 1.18 min respectively. Opercula ventilation rate per minute (OVR/min) decreased with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Induction time and OVR/min were significantly different (P<0.05) in all the treatments. Due to the effectiveness & safety margin, availability, and affordability; B. aegyptiaca is close to an ideal anaesthetic. Farmers could therefore use 2.50 g/L dose of the extract for transportation and handling of O. niloticus fingerlings.

1 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

000545   KUMAR M R, TEELAVATH M, YELLANKI S K (Geethanjali Coll of Pharmacy, Medchal, Telangana) : Development and evaluation of polyherbal emulgel formulation (A preventive hair care preparation). Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(1), 08-10.

The hair care polyherbal formulations were prepared in emulgel form by mixing the hydro alcoholic extract of four medicinal plants Phyllanthus emblica (Phyllanthaceae), Centella asiatica (Apiaceae), Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae), Wedelia calendulacea (Asteraceae), which are earlier reported to possess acclaimed hair growth promoting action. In this formulation carbopol 934 is used as gelling agent with herbal extracts. All formulations were evaluated for spreadability, viscosity, pH and Irritancy test. From the investigation, it can be concluded that the formulation of hair emulgel contain all good characters of an ideal emulgel and it was found to be harmless, more effective and economical.

1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

000536   Jnanesha A C, KUMAR A, Vanitha T K (CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Variation in the yield and chemical composition of Eucalyptus species (Nilagiri) under different agro climatic condition of India. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(1), 04-7.

A trial was carried out during summer season of 2018, to know the variation in yield and chemical composition of Eucalyptus species under different agro-climatic regions of India. The sample collected from different parts of India viz., Northern, Central and Southern region of India. From the trial it can be noticed that, the herbage yield obtained from northern region recorded higher herbage yield ((3415 kg ha^-1) compared to rest of the region and was followed by central region (3085 kg ha^-1). However, the oil collected from southern region recorded higher per cent of oil (1.1 %) and oil yield (30.6 kg ha^-1) as compared to rest of the region and was followed by central region. Chemical composition with regard to α-pinene, β-pinene and 1-8 cineole + limonene also varies with different agro-climatic condition. Essential oil collected from southern region shows higher per cent of α-pinene (23.53 %) and 1-8 cineole + limonene (66.43 %) compared to rest of the region and was followed by central region (20.19 % & 28.45 %). Whereas, β-pinene was higher in case of central region (17.17 %) compared to others and was followed by northern region (4.58 %).

6 illus, 5 ref

000522   CHITTRARASU M, SATHYANARAYANA S S , AHAMED S , ABERNA A , BHAVANI S , RAJARAMAN G (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, Vivekanandha Dental Coll for Women, Namakkal - 637 205, Email: dr.chittrarasu@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial efficacy of liquorice against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in various concentrations at time‑dependent variables: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2019, 22(1), 7-11.

The purpose this study was to evaluate the inhibitory efficacy of liquorice at various concentrations against Enterococcus faecalis and their biofilms at time‑dependent variables in 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 120 h, and 168 h. The antienterococcal activity of liquorice and calcium hydroxide was detected employing concentration ranging from 1–4 g and interpreted based on the zone of inhibition. The ability of liquorice to inhibit E. faecalis biofilms during the stages of growth kinetics on microtiter plate was assessed, and the biofilm architecture was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistically significant antienterococcal was observed at 3 and 4 g of liquorice against 24 and 48 h on microtiter plates. This observation was also complimented by SEM studies of biofilm architecture cultivated in root canals. E. faecalis biofilms at 24 h and 48 h were highly susceptible to liquorice at concentration of 3 and 4 g.

2 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

000555   PATEL P, TIWARI A (Swami Vivekanand Coll of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: babitapatel088@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of herbal antidandruff shampoo. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(2), 6086-90.

Plants contain a number of chemical compounds which perform biological functions including efense against insects, fungi, herbivorous and mammals. Dandruff is a scalp disorder which affecting the half of post pubertal population of any ethnicity and both genders. Nowadays dependency of people is rising on herbal or ayurvedic formulation not only for chronic ailments but also for number of acute problems. The assurance of therapy with minimal side effects has proven ayurvedic formulation to be promising for cosmetic use too. The herbal antidandruff shampoo was formulated using natural ingredients with Acacia concinna (shikakai fruits), Aloevera barbadensis (aloe leaf), Azadiracta indica (Neem leaf), Eclipta alba (bhringraj green leaf), Sapindus mukorosis (reetha fruits), citrus limon (lemon fruit).

4 tables, 16 ref

000573   VARANDANI D, PAWAR R S (VNS Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Email: deepani44@gmail.com) : Investigation of in-vitro antioxidant activity of Pterospermum acerifolium Linn. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(2), 6068-74.

In traditional system of medicine Pterospermum acerifolium Linn. is widely used for the treatment of various diseases. It is a flowering plant belongs to the family Sterculiaceae. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the active phytoconstituents present in the leaves of the plant and to access the in-vitro antioxidant activity of the plant.

2 illus, 11 tables, 7 ref

000520   CHANDA S, RAMACHANDRA T V (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, Email: isayantani.chanda@gmail.com) : A review on some therapeutic aspects of phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(1), 6052-8.

Phytochemicals (from Greek phyto, meaning “plant”) are chemical compound produced by plant have been used as traditional medicine. Medicinal plants have immense therapeutic properties due to presence of some biological active compound. Indian sub-continent has a long history of using plant as traditional medicine. It plays an significant role in preventing and treating of human diseases. It is evident from research that the plants have the potentiality of its medicinal value because it is a rich sources of phytochemical ingredients. This review provides a report on phytoconstituent of Indian medicinal plants and assessing their potentiality in protecting against different types of diseases.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000563   SAHU M S, SAHU S L (Botany Dep, Govt.G.S.G.P.G.Coll, Balod, Chattisgarh, Email: maheshwarsinghsahu04@gmail.com) : Home gardening plant diversity in relation to remoteness from urban center-Dallirajhara Distt – Balod (C. G.). Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(1), 6031-47.

Home garden in India have long been important multipurpose agroforestry system that combine ecological and socioeconomic sustainability. They are significant means of ex-situ conservation and a repository of many of the endangered and rare plant. In recent year however increasing urbanization and accompanying removed tree and perennial agroforestry have resulted in the breakdown of these traditional agroforestry system accompanied by increasing economic, culture, nutritional and environment problems particularly in the urban area. Present study documents of home garden plant diversity of urban center Dallirajhara. The survey period conducted during august 2016 to October 2017. In which observe total no. of plant species 168 were identified in homegardaning plants. This belongs to 159 angiosperm, 05 gymnosperm, 04 pteridophyta plants. In angiosperm 129 plants (77 %) class dicotyledons of 50 family, 30 plants (18 %) in monocotyledons of 10 family and 05 plants (3 %) in gymnosperm of 04 family, 04 plants (2 %) in pteridophyta 02 families. A total number of herb, climber,shrub,tree, hydrophytes and pteridophytes plants were 86, 21, 22, 31, 04 and 04 recorded respectively. This seemed due to remoteness from urban area relative, isolation and consequently little intraction of the forness which side communities and easy aviability of plant product near by forest. Although these finding appears to contradict the permis that sustainability forming in such remote area encourage formers to produse a broad variety of species and therefore remoteness from urban center increase species richness on forms. Story revaled that majorty of plants growth by the homegarden owner were cultivated plant however some of them were noted as exotic and endemic plant in this way homegardens are proved to be on effective means of plant conservation.

8 illus, 21 ref

000552   MUKHAR M , AHMAD G , ZAKAR H , ABUBAKAR S, MUHAMMAD Y (Science Laboratory Technology Dep, Binyaminu Usman Polytechnic, Hadejia, Nigeria) : Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of the leaves extracts of Ficus iteaphylla. Int J Chem Sci 2019, 3(1), 41-3.

The leaves of Ficus iteaphylla was investigated for their phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. Air dried pulverized Ficus iteaphylla leaves was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water in order of increasing polarity using cold extraction (maceration). The acetone, methanol and water extracts were found to be effective against the clinical isolate: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albican. The phytochemical analysis of these extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and anthraquinone in all the extracts. Therefore the results justify the traditional medicine.

2 tables, 17 ref

000571   THANGIAH A S (Asia-Pacific International Univ, Saraburi- 18180, Thailand, Email: drtanthony2011@yahoo.com) : Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial evaluation of ethanolic-aqua extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl leaves against some selected human pathogenic bacteria. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 300 - 7.

The study was carried out to evaluate phytochemical and antibacterial effect of ethanolic-aqua extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves against four selected pathogenic bacterial organisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and glycoside.The zones of inhibitions were 11.503 ± 0.005 for B. cereus, 10.766 ± 0.033 for S. typhi, 14.766 ± 0.0.033 for P. vulgaris and 13.566 ± 0.033 for S. pyogenes respectively. The zones of inhibitions of the microorganism such as B. cereus, P. vulgaris and S. pyogenes were larger than their positive control except S. typhi. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the organisms were significantly different in the zones of inhibition (p < 0.05). The inhibition of the plant leaves extract to the growth of all the organisms greatly depicts the plant leaves to have great potential against diseases caused by the organisms. The overall therapeutic activities of the extract mighty be due to the presence of various phytoconstituents. Further research need to be done to prove their in vivo environment.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

000513   ALIGITA W, MUHSININ S, SUSILAWATI E, DAHLIA, PRATIWI D S, APRILLIANI D, ARTARINI A, ADNYAYAN I K (Bandung School of Pharmacy, Bandung, Indonesia, Email: w.aligita@gmail.com) : Antidiabetic activity of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruit extract. Rasayan J Chem 2019, 12(1), 157 - 67.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by increasing blood glucose level caused by lack of insulin hormone. One of the plants that were often used as traditional medicine for diabetes in Indonesia was okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruit. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antidiabetes activity of okra fruit extract. The study was divided into several steps: a preliminary study of anthyperglycemia of okra fruit after glucose, sucrose, and amylum administration; antidiabetic activity in insulin deficiency animal model developed by aloxan administration and insulin resistance animal model developed by lipid emulsion administration, and in vitro study of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme inhibition activity. The result showed that the extract group had antihyperglycemia activity after glucose, sucrose, and amylum administration. In insulin deficiency animal model, glibenclamide and extract could decrease blood glucose level. In insulin resistance animal, metformin and extract could increase constantly of insulin tolerance test. From the α-glucosidase inhibition activity, it was known the acarbose’s IC₅₀ was 44.374 µg/mL, while okra fruit extract was 1533.742 µg/mL. And the IC₅₀ value of acarbose to α-amylase enzyme was 46.821 µg / mL, while okra fruit extract was 1228.469 µg / mL. In conclusion, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) fruit extract with a dose of 50 mg/kg bw had the antidiabetic activity with the mechanism of action by increasing insulin secretion, increasing insulin sensitivity, and inhibiting carbohydrate absorption in the intestine; but couldn’t inhibit alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzyme.

5 illus, 5 tables, 26 ref

000553   NORDIN M L, OTHMAN A A, KADIR A A, SHAARI R, OSMAN A Y, MOHAMED M (Clinical Dep, Malaysia Kelantan Univ, Kelantan, Malaysia, Email: luqman.n@umk.edu.my) : Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the Syzygium polyanthum leaf extract from Malaysia. Vet World 2019, 12(2), 236-42.

The increasing prevalence of drug resistance eventually leads scientist to discover new drugs that could solve the problem. Since ancient immemorial times, medicinal plants generally known as herbs were widely used in every culture throughout the world. In fact, currently up to 70,000 plant species have been screened for biological activities and about 70 % ends up for commercialization. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Syzygium polyanthum leaves which are local Malaysia plants, against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, respectively, and also against bacteria causing mastitis in cows. The cytotoxic effect of hydromethanolic extract of S. polyanthum against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were treated with the concentration of extracts ranging from 15.63 µg/mL to 1000 µg/ml for 72 h, and the percentage of cell survivability was determined based on minimum concentration that was able to allow at least 50 % growth of cancer cells (IC₅₀) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity was tested against common bacteria causing mastitis in cow. The bacteria were isolated from milk samples. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disk diffusion method and susceptibility test based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from the milk samples that positive for mastitis. The MIC values range from 7.12 mm to 13.5 mm. The extract exhibits the widest zone of inhibition (13.5 ± 0.20 mm) at 1000 mg/ml of concentrations. The extract relatively has low cytotoxicity effect against 4T1 and MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ values ranging from 672.57 ± 59.42 and 126.05 ± 50.89 µg/ml, respectively. S. polyanthum exerts weak antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect to mammary carcinoma cells. The extract does not toxic to cells. However, further study is recommended, especially, this plant should be tested for in vivo.

4 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

000535   JAYANEGARA A, YAMAN A, KHOTIJAH L (Nutrition and Feed Technology Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor 16680, Indonesia, Email: anuraga.jayanegara@gmail.com) : Reduction of proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves by addition of tannin extract. Vet World 2019, 12(2), 211-7.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the addition of tannin extract to Moringa and Indigofera leaf silages on their chemical composition, silage quality characteristics, and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and digestibility. Moringa and Indigofera leaves were cut (3 cm length) and added with either 0, 2, or 4 % chestnut tannin in three replicates. The leaves were then inserted into lab-scale silos (1 L capacity) and kept for 30 days. Silage samples were subjected to silage quality determination, chemical composition analysis, and in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility evaluation using a gas production technique. Data obtained were subjected to the analysis of variance with a factorial statistical model in which the first factor was different silage species and the second factor was tannin addition levels. Tannin addition at 4 % dry matter (DM) increased neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) of Indigofera silage. A similar response was observed in Moringa silage, but it required less tannin, i.e., 2 % DM to increase its NDICP and ADICP. Moringa silage had lower pH than that of Indigofera silage (p < 0.05), and tannin addition did not change pH of both Indigofera and Moringa silages. Higher addition level of tannin decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p < 0.05). A higher level of tannin addition reduced ruminal total VFA concentration, ammonia, in vitro DM digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility of Indigofera and Moringa silages (p < 0.05). Tannin addition also decreased ruminal methane emission of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p < 0.05). Tannin extract can reduce proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves.

1 illus, 4 table, 47 ref

026603   SOLANKI D S, KUMAR S, PARIHAR K, SHARMA K, GEHLOT P, SINGH S K, PATHAK R (Botany Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur- 342 001, Email: drpg73@rediffmail.com) : Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable antifungal protein with chitinase activity from mung bean. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 406-12.

Antifungal proteins are produced by many plant species and participate in defence mechanisms against number of fungal pathogens. The main objective of the study was to purify and characterize the thermo-stable antifungal compound with chitinase activity from mung bean Vigna radiata seeds to assess their antifungal potency. The antifungal protein was isolated through ammonium sulphate precipitation method followed by its purification through ion-exchange chromatography. The purified protein was characterized by evaluating its antifungal efficacy, thermal stability, chitinase activity and SDS PAGE profiling. Molecular mass of characterized antifungal protein was 50.6 kDa. Purified protein exhibited antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina and Magnaporthe grisea and sustained its thermo-stability up to 60 $°$C with chitinase activity. The isolated antifungal proteins showed unique column chromatographic behaviour, molecular weight, specificity of chitinase activity and relatively high thermo-stability with potent antifungal activity. It can be used in different biomedical and pharmaceutical applications as bio-pesticides.

4 illus, 39 ref

026602   BISWAS S, KUNDU D K, MAZUMDAR S P, SAHA A R, MAJUMDAR B, GHORAI A K, GHOSH D, YADAV A N, SAXENA A K (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: sunandabiswas13@gmail.com) : Study on the activity and diversity of bacteria in a new Gangetic alluvial soil (Eutrocrept) under rice-wheat-jute cropping system. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 379-86.

Soil microorganisms play an important role in sustaining soil health and long term productivity by performing major soil functions like decomposition of organic matter, nutrient cycling and formation of soil aggregate etc. The main objective of the present investigation was to study the long term (42 years) effect of different management practices on the activity and diversity of bacteria isolated from a New Gangetic alluvial soil with rice-wheat-jute cropping system. Soil samples were collected from five different management practices viz., fallow, control, 100 % recommended dose of NPK, 150 % of recommended dose of NPK and 100 % recommended dose of NPK plus farmyard manure under 42 years old long term fertilizer experiment with rice-wheat-jute cropping system at Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, West Bengal. Soil samples were analysed for microbial populations using various media, microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase, FDA hydrolase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of soil. Bacterial diversity was analysed by PCR-RFLP of genomic DNA of isolates using Hae III restriction enzyme. Enumeration of soil microbes was done by standard method of serial dilution and spread plate technique using different media. Highest bacterial population was found with 100 % NPK+FYM treatment on nutrient agar media. Microbial biomass carbon content under different management practices varied from 221 to 447 mg kg^-1 soil and highest was found with 100 % NPK+FYM treatment. For all the four enzyme activities, highest value was found with integrated treatment and lowest was with control treatment. Dendrogram derived from the distance matrix by UPGMA, a total of 35 clusters were recorded for 59 bacterial isolates.Integrated management practices with balanced use of mineral fertilizers and organic manures sustain the microbial activity and diversity and maintain soil health.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

026601   KILLADI B, CHAURASIA R, SHUKLA D K, DIKSHIT A (Post Harvest Management Div, ICAR- Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow- 226 101, Email: bharatipal.pal@gmail.com) : Physio-chemical properties and pigment changes in the pericarp of mango cultivars during storage and ripening. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 373-8.

The present investigation aimed at quantifying the changes of pericarp pigments and associated physio-chemical attributes in commercial cultivars of mango fruits during storage and ripening. Mango fruits of cv “Bombay Green”, “Dashehari” and “Langra” were harvested at mature green stage and stored under ambient conditions (30 ± 2⁰C and 85 to 90 % R.H.). The fruits were periodically withdrawn at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days intervals to assess the pericarp chlorophylls, carotenoids and physico-chemical attributes during storage and ripening. Total chlorophyll content in the proximal end of fruit pericarp decreased in cultivar 'Bombay Green' while total carotenoids increased from the day of harvest to 8th day of storage, with no external colour change.  In cultivar 'Dashehari', fruits had distinct yellow proximal end with decreased total chlorophyll (6.09 to 3.07 mg100 g^-1), where total carotenoids increased (7.45 to12.38 mg 100g^-1) during storage period of 8 days. In cultivar 'Langra', similar trend was observed. The cumulative physiological loss in weight (CPLW) was maximum (16.22 %) in cultivar 'Bombay Green', (13.30 %) in cultivar 'Dashehari' and  minimum (12.39 %) in cultivar 'Langra' on the 8th day of storage under ambient conditions. The pulp total carotenoids content (10.03 mg100 g^-1) in 'Bombay Green', (7.36 mg100 g^-1) in 'Dashehari' and (5.18 mg100 g^-1) in 'Langra'. The total antioxidant content were (70.48 µmoles ml^-1) in cultivar 'Langra', (70.39 µmoles ml^-1) in 'Dashehari' and (26.74 µmole ml^-1) in 'Bombay Green' on the 8th day of storage. The pigment changes in commercial cultivars of mango during storage and ripening were variety specific in conjunction with chlorophyll degradation and total carotenoids synthesis in pericarp and mesocarp.

4 illus, 30 ref

026600   MANJUNATHA L, RAMAPPA H K, RANGASWAMY K T (Crop Protection Div, Indian Institute of Pulses research, Kanpur-208 024, Email: manjupath@gmail.com) : Role of leaf morphology in defense against sterility mosaic disease of pigeonpea. J Environ Biol 2018, 39(3), 298-305.

Sterility mosaic disease is an emerging viral disease of pigeonpea, caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus, belongs to the newly established genus Emaravirus and transmitted by eriophyid mite-Aceria cajani Channa Basavanna causing > 90 per cent yield loss in India. Therefore, the host range of virus and leaf characters were studied to identify the host preference and mechanism of resistance existing in pigeonpea cultivars against mite vector to develop stable resistant cultivars against sterility mosaic virus of pigeonpea. A study was conducted on host range through sap inoculation of different plant species and leaf morphological study. Previously identified sterility mosaic virus resistant and moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes were used for leaf characters study. The leaf cross and free-hand sectioning technique was followed using double-sided razor blade for leaf characters study. The measurements were taken after observing sections in stereo binocular microscope. Among the host plants tested, N. benthamiana was identified as test plant for identification of Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus. Host preference for Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus through sap inoculation revealed that Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus-B isolate had limited host range and was able to infect only to Cajanus cajan[ICP 8863 (Maruthi)], Phaseolus vulgaris and N. benthamiana and were confirmed by DAC-ELISA. Morphological traits such as thickness of cuticle, epidermis, number and length of leaf hairs of resistant cultivars (ICP-7035 and HY 3C) revealed significant difference compared to susceptible cultivars ICP-2376, ICP-8863 and TTB-7. Host range study of sterility mosaic disease confirmed that Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus had narrow host preference and this would help in formulating agronomic system in diseased localities and utilizing as a component in the IDM. In resistant cultivars higher thickness of cuticle, epidermis, more number and length of leaf hairs are possibly involved in vector mediated resistance. These results would help in development of stable and broad based resistance against sterility mosaic disease of pigeonpea.

2 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

026599   GUPTA S, BISHNOI J P, SHREE A, ALIFIYA (Amity Univ Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : A review on traditional medicinal plants and their usage. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 131-5.

Man uses medicinal plants in many ways to meet his basic need that is food, clothing and shelter since ancient times. As per World Health Organization (WHO) 80 % of the world population still depend on medicinal plants. Medicinal plants have been utilized for a large number of years to flavour and preserve food, to treat wellbeing issue and to avoid illnesses including epidemics. These plants are rich source of bioactive components like phenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins etc. These bioactive components are rich source of functional foods. Recently medicinal plant based functional food becoming more popular among consumers due to constant health awareness, lesser side effects, availabiity and economic value. The medicinal plants based food may have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, cadiotonic activities. Thus this review was undertaken to explain various aspects of different medicinal plants like giloy, curry leaf, amla, aloe vera and asparagus.

35 ref

026598   WELDE Y, WORKU A (Adigrat Univ, Adigrat, Ethiopia) : Identification and extraction of papain enzyme from papaya leaf in Adigrat Towen, northern Ethiopia. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 127-30.

Papain is a proteolytic enzyme currently in papaya that breaks down proteins and widely it has a dozens of food processing applications. Generally, the objective of this study was to extract papain enzyme by different extraction technique mainly using grinding method and ultrasonication. Experimental study was conducted from February 2017- May 2017. The collection of fresh papaya leaf was taken from locally grown papaya from Adigrat in region of Tigray by using cutting and then it was taken in molecular laboratory of Biotechnology department. By using the reagent for purification of the extracted papain was done by using ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride precipitation. The concentration of enzyme was then determined by Bradford method. The enzyme for pyrolytic activity was determined according to the procedure of Arnon with some addition of modifying his manual. The concentration of extract papain was from 0.055 - 0.003 mg/ml. The maximum mean value was shown by the grinded sample and the minimum mean concentration was 0.003 obtained from the sonicated sample within temperature of 50 ºC for 25 min. The maximum mean absorbance for enzyme activity was shown by sonicated sample at 1h by 60 ºC and the minimum mean absorbance was from the sonicated sample within temperature of 50 ºC for 20 min. Finally, papaya leaves contain papain enzyme, and this needs further the widest application of prosecuting research.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

026597   SARDER M S, AFROOZ T, ROHANI S, TUTI M K, RAHMATULLAH M (Pharmacy Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Therapeutic uses of medicinal plants in Naogaon district, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 123-6.

Folk medicinal practitioners (FMPs) in Bangladesh are mostly plant-based medical practitioners who practice on their own without recourse to any formal medical education. The objective of this study was to document the therapeutic uses of plants by three FMPs in Naogaon district, Bangladesh. The FMPs were observed to use 14 plants distributed into 13 families. The major thing about the phytotherapeutic uses of the plants by the three FMPs was the mostly uncommon use of the plants. As such, the information provided by them adds significantly to the folk medicinal literature of Bangladesh and can aid the scientist to develop new lines of pharmacological research on the plants.

1 table, 26 ref

026596   SACHAN A K, KUMAR S, KUMARI K, SINGH D (Dayanand Dinanath Coll, Kanpur Nagar, Uttar Pradesh) : Medicinal uses of spices used in our traditional culture. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 116-22.

From older times, spices had played a vital role in the lifestyle of people from certain parts of the world. Herbs and spices have been used for generations by humans as food and to treat ailments. Bio-molecules in the plants play a crucial role in health maintenance and promotion. They have served numerous roles through history, including as coloring agents, flavoring agents, preservatives, food additives and medicine. The active photochemical derived from these spices have provided the molecular basis for these actions. There are several medicinal uses of spices in our daily life, many spices are used in kitchen and have certain medicinal activity like purgative, laxative, expectorant, carminative, diuretic etc. Since ancient time and till today spices are used for many purposes medicinally. Spices such as turmeric, fenugreek, mustard, ginger, onion and garlic have a wide variety of bio functions and their additive or synergistic actions are likely to protect the human body against a variety of insults. Traditionally spices, as part of the diets, have holistic effects on human health.

39 ref

026595   GNANSOUNOU S M, ISKANDAR S, ROBIN M, BRUNEL J, DAHOUENON E, PICCERELLE P (Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille- 13385, France) : Dialium guineense Willd. Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. Ex Benth. and Tamarindus indica L.: Review of known and synergetic bioactive compounds. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 103-11.

Native from Africa, Dialium guineense Willd., Parkia biglobosa R. Br. Ex Benth. and Tamarindus indica L. grow in tropical regions, and are very widespread in West Africa, particularly in Benin. They are simultaneously used in the traditional healing of infectious diseases but there is a lack on their bioactive compounds description. This work places a special emphasis on inventory of known bioactives compounds from the three plants and their mechanism of action in order to identify the need for further research. It emerges from this work that numerous studies confirm the biological activities of the plants extracts. Nevertheless, few bioactive molecules are described as well as the mode of action of the active extracts.

5 illus, 3 tables, 79 ref

026594   ROGER K K, ANNICK T (Félix Houphouët Boigny Univ, Côte d’Ivoire) : Phytochemical screening, acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) Lam 1885 on rats wistar. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 96-102.

Due to the many therapeutic and nutritional properties of Moringa oleifera, an emphasis has been placed on its richness in secondary metabolites and its safety through an aqueous extract of its leaves. Specific reagents identified secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical effects. The acute and subacute toxicity test was conducted according to The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 423 and 407, respectively, on males and female rats, Wistar strain. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols and polysterols, polyphenols, flavonoids and saponosides. The lethal dose 50 % of the extract is greater than 5000 mg / kg of body weight. The extract significantly reduced females to Alanine-aminotransferase at a dose of 300 mg / kg of body weight. The study showed the richness of secondary metabolites, the safety of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and its hepatoprotective effect.

3 illus, 10 tables, 28 ref

026593   TIWARI M, UPADHAYAY M (Chemistry Dep, Dr. C.V. Raman Univ, Kargi road, Bilaspur) : The medicinal plant components and applications (Aloe vera). J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 89-95.

Aloe vera has marvelous medicinal properties. Aloe vera is one of the most powerful and well –known medicinal plants .it has been used for more than 5000 years, and traces of it have been found in numerous civilization. Today, it has a strong global reputation due to its widespread usage in cosmetics, particularly to treat burns and sunburn, to aid wound healing, and to fight against cell aging. Aloe vera plant also used as reinforce the immune system and improve blood circulation .The range of usage of Aloe vera is thus very blood even if it has very specific benefits for the skin. The ten main areas of chemical constituents of Aloe vera include amino acids, anthraquinones, enzymes minerals, vitamins, lignin’s, monosaccharide’s, polysaccharides, salicylic acid, saponins, and steroids. Many benefits and properties are found in Aloe vera, due to present components in it. Now a days, many products in the market are available in the form of Aloe vera products such as juice, cream, shampoo,sweets and many other things. Medicated plants have major impact on the day-today life. These types of plant are effectively and economically, which are adopted in different field of science and technology. The aim of review is to study the back ground, characteristic and application of Aloe vera plant. The discussion shows that it’s physically, biologically and chemically suitable in many applications.

2 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

026592   DUBEY P, MISHRA S (Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of okra seed in treatment of hypoglycemia: A research framework using STZ induced rat. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 85-8.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal elevated levels of blood glucose due to complete or relative insufficiency of insulin secretion or insulin resistance as well as disturbances in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Abelmoschus esculentus, AE (okra or lady’s finger) is flowering plant and cultivated throughout the tropical and temperate region in the world. Okra is an important tropical vegetable and source of dietary medicine. This plant is popular with various health benefits which include anti-diabetic properties. This paper will provide the overview of the research framework and give an insight of the experimental procedure to be implemented to investigate the differential parameter in the blood of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat in response to Abelmoschus esculentus (AE) treatment.

26 ref

026591   BHAVE A, DASGUPTA S (Biotechnology Dep, Bhagwan Mahavir Coll of Science and Technology, Surat, Gujarat) : Effect of cooking on total phenol, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging potential of Plectranthus amboinicus. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 82-4.

Most leafy vegetables undergo cooking before consumption. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cooking on total phenolics, total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging potential. Plant phenolics and flavonoids play a great role in scavenging free radicals in the body and act as antioxidants. Thus their determination is sometimes needed. Plectranthus amboinicus is a commonly available medicinal herb in India. Plectranthus amboinicus is an edible, nutritive plant. Comparative studies on total phenol, total flavonoid, and DPPH free radical scavenging potential was carried out on raw and cooked extracted of P. amboinicus. The result indicates cooking enhances the antioxidant properties of Plectranthus amboinicus.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

026590   AKHTAR R, MIR T A, SHOWKAT S (Uttaranchal PG Coll of Biomedical Sciences and Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Ethnomedicinal observations among the inhabitants of Sarf Naar area of Shiekhpora-Kreeri, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 78-61.

The green valley of Kashmir contains rich floral diversity. The paper throws light on diversity of medicinal plants of Sarf Naar area of Sheikhpora-Kreeri Baramulla J&K. This paper gives an account of 40 species of medicinal plants belonging to 22 different families. The dominant family of the area being used by local population is Asteraceae with 08 different species like Conyza canadensis, Artemisia absinthium, Achillea millefolium etc. The area is under serious threat and needs to be conserved.

2 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

026589   AGLAVE H R (Shahir Annabhau Sathe Mahavidalaya, Mukhed, Maharashtra) : Distribution of endophytic fungi in leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem). J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 53-5.

In the present study, total 15 endophytic fungi of 10 genera were isolated from 69 segments of fresh Azadirachta indica leaves collected from Similipali biosphere reserve. The endophytic fungi recovered belong to hyphomycetes (58.2 %), coelomycetes (89.99 %), ascomycetes and sterile mycelium (7.88 %) each. The most dominant endophytes observed were Trichoderma (29.17 %), Pestalotiopsis spp. (18.47 %) and Penicillium (15.29 %). They can be pursued to obtain the secondary metabolites to facilitate screening against therapeutic targets as A. indica have insecticidal properties.

1 table, 24 ref

026588   RAGHAVAN M, RAMJAN M (Horticulture & Forestry Coll, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh) : Burmese grape (Baccaurea ramiflora L): A promising fruit crop for future generations. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 50-2.

Baccaurea ramiflora (Burmese grape) has multiple uses in different countries of the world. Fruit pulp with a blend of sweet and sour, rich in vitamin C and hence can be commercialized by the food processing and brewing industry. The fruit has antioxidant properties and rich in minerals, which can help eradicating many of the non-communicable diseases at a very cost-effective way. Seed oil has omega-9 fatty acids and other fatty acids of commercial importance. Thus it is required to promote and highlight the economic potential of this underutilized fruit. It can contribute in the generation of wealth through research and development and alleviation of poverty in the biodiversity rich regions.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

026587   NATH R, BEHERA L M (Botany Dep, Kuchinda Coll, Kuchinda, Odisha) : Ethnomedicinal plants used against skin diseases by the tribals of Kuchinda sub-division of Sambalpur District in western Odisha. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 38-42.

Medicinal plants have been used since time immemorial and play an important role in life of human being. It has also been accepted by the people of developing countries. The art of herbal treatment has very deep root in Indian culture; people use the plants not only for curing diseases but also during various ceremonies. The present paper highlights on the study of ethnomedicinal plants used to treat skin problems by the people and tribals of Kuchinda sub-division of Sambalpur district in western Odisha. The study was focused on identifying medicinal plants, parts used, methods of preparation, and process of administration. The data was collected using interview and questionnaires by selecting different groups of people. A total of 28 medicinal plant species are described from the study area used for treating various skin diseases.

4 illus, 18 ref

026586   ERDAG B, EMEK Y, KUZU I, BAGDATL M N (Biology Dep, Adnan Menderes Univ, Aydin, Turkey) : Axillary shoot proliferation from aseptic seedlings of Nepeta nuda Subsp. albiflora. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 34-7.

The objective of the present work was to develop an alternative propagation procedure with in vitro germination and axillary shoot propagation for Nepeta nuda subsp. albiflora (Boiss.) Gams (Lamiaceae) has potential importance as medicinal plant. The seeds were surface sterilized and transferred to different in vitro media. At the end of the experiments, maximum germination percentage was obtained 85 % in distilled water medium solidifed with agar. Germinated seeds were transferred onto Murashige and Skoog and White media for further seedling development. MS medium was found to be a superior medium than White medium as seedling growth medium. The obtained shoots were transferred onto MS media containing Benzyladenine, Kinetin and Thiduazuron (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mgL^-1 ) for axillary shoot propagation. MS medium without plant regulator was used as a control. The highest shoot number per explant and maximum shoot lenght were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mgL^-1Kin.

5 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

026585   HAIT M, NEMU S C, KASHYAP N K, CHATURWEDI A (Chemistry Dep, Dr. C.V. Raman Univ, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh) : Physicochemical and phytochemical exploration on flower of Delonex regia. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 15-8.

Delonex regia flower extracts and its different solvent fractionates were evaluated for physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical screening through standard tests. The present study deals with phytochemical explorations of Delonex regia flower including determination of loss on drying, ash values and extractive values. The qualitative chemical examinations revealed the presence of various phytochemicals like flavanoid, terpenoid saponins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, tannins and glycosides in the flower extracts of this plant. The presence of various bioactive constituents confirms the application of D. regia for various ailments by traditional practitioners. The study revealed specific identities for the particular crude drug which will be useful in identification and control to adulterations of the raw drug.

2 tables, 22 ref

026584   MANDA P, ADÉPO J B A, KROA E, DANO S D (Felix Houphouet-Boigny BP V Univ, Côte d'Ivoire) : Treatment of oxidative stress-related pathologies with plants in Abidjan (Ivory Coast). J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 9-14.

The objective of this study was to identify medicinal plants used in the treatment of some oxidative stress-related diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure and hemorrhoids. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in March, 2016 for medicinal plant in three cities of the District of Abidjan. A total of 35 plant species belonging to 22 families used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and hemorrhoids were identified. The most treated disease was diabetes (21 species) followed by hemorrhoids (15 species) and high blood pressure (13 species). The most represented families were Asteraceae (5 species; 14.28 %) followed by Euphorbiaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Rubiaceae, each with 3 species (8.57 %). Four plants (Alchornea cordifolia, Vernonia Amygdalina, Moringa oleifera, and Morinda lucida) were used for the treatment of these 3 pathologies. The high content of polyphenols and / or flavonoids in the plants studied could justify their use in traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure and hemorrhoids.

3 tables, 56 ref

026583   DEB K, KAUR A, AMBWANI S, AMBWANI T K (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, G. B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Preliminary phytochemical analyses of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Melia azedarach L.. J Med Plants Stud 2018, 6(3), 4-8.

Melia azedarach L. is considered as an important medicinal plant of India which is traditionally used for curing malaria, diabetes, skin diseases, etc. Medicinal value of plants lies in their natural bioactive phytochemical constituents. In the present study fifty percent hydromethanolic extract of leaves of Melia azedarach (MAE) was prepared and analyzed for presence of various phytoconstituents in MAE employing different qualitative and quantitative biochemical analyses. The extraction yield of MAE was found to be 6.72 %. Biochemical analyses revealed presence of various phytoconstituents in MAE viz., resins, tannins, Saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, etc. The total phenolics content of MAE was estimated to be 69.77mg/g while total flavonoids content of MAE was found to be 18.57 mg/g. Thus it could be inferred that MAE displayed presence of various phytoconstituents which could be responsible for its antioxidative potential and medicinal value.

2 illus, 29 ref

026572   AADITAA A, JAHAN S (Clothing and Textiles Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), Email: aaditaasingh@gmail.com) : Extraction and processing of bast fibres from Ficus glomerata- a new source for non- conventional fibres. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 661 - 6.

The increasing global preference towards the natural products rather than synthetic products has increased the attraction of tourists to the local markets. Ficus glomerata fibres is one of the suitable source as raw material for making natural products like carrier bags, baskets, belts and some handicraft items. Fibres from F. glomerata stems were extracted by using water retting method. After retting, the fibres were scoured using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for making them suitable to form the different produucts from the processed fibres such as yarn, nonwoven, woven and knitted fabrics. Scouring conditions such as chemical concentration and processing time were evaluated on the basis of physical properties of fibres such as tenacity, elongation and fineness. The optimization results obtained from testing of physical properties of fibres shows that, the 3 % concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 60 minutes processing time was found promising for the treatment of fibres. The improvement in F. glomerata fibres through proper processing can yield value added fibres and thus can enhance the potential utility of these fibres in diversified sectors. So, the F. glomaerata fibres has a potential to provide an important role in making space for natural fibre products in the outside market.

2 tables, 21 ref

026571   VERMA O P, SINGH S, PRADHAN S, KAR G, RAUTARAY S K (ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar -751 023, Email: vermaop@rediffmail.com) : Irrigation, nitrogen and sulphur fertilization response on productivity, water use efficiency and quality of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in a semi-arid environment. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 593 - 600.

Water and nutrient deficiency are two major constraints that drastically affect rapeseed and mustard production under semi-arid regions of North-Western India. To cope with this problem, a study was undertaken to optimize irrigation, nitrogen and sulphur levels for productivity and quality of Ethiopian mustard(Brassica carinata).Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06 at the Water Technology Centre (WTC), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) – Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. Irrigation, nitrogen and sulphur levels significantly (P < 0.05) affected plant height, LAI, siliqua weight, seeds/siliqua, test weight, seed and biomass yield of Ethiopian mustard. Application of three irrigations (seedling, 50 % flowering and pod development stage) to Ethiopian mustard increased seed yield by 27-28 % compared to one irrigation (seedling stage). Nitrogen @ 90 kg ha^-1 produced 49-54 % higher seed yield of Ethiopian mustard compared to no application. Similarly, sulphur application @ 40 kg ha^-1 increased seed yield by 33-34 % compared to no application of sulphur. The oil content of Ethiopian mustard was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by nitrogen and sulphur levels. Among the three treatments, irrigation treatment only significantly affected evapotranspiration of the studied crop. From the above study, it is suggested that application of 3 irrigations with 90 kg N ha^-1 and 40 kg S ha^-1 may be practiced for achieving higher seed yield, quality and water use efficiency of Ethiopian mustard in the semi-arid environment of Northern part of India.

1 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

026570   SHARMAH D, SHARMAH A K, RAHMAN S (Krishi Vigyan Kendra (ICAR), Tripura, Email: ranjupusa@gmail.com) : Phytochemicals derived from Piper longum in insect and mite pests management: A review. J Appl Nat Sci 2018, 10(2), 553 - 6.

The need for the development of alternative types of selective control methods for crop protection with reduced use of chemical pesticides was the main objective of this present review article. This review is based on earlier works performed by many investigators on insecticidal and acaricidal property of bioactive components derived from Piper longum. The summarization of all recent works on application of phytochemicals associated with P. longum in insect pests control may be an alternative to currently used chemical pesticides for development of target specific, biodegradable into nontoxic products, safer and potentially suitable to use in integrated pests management programmes.

42 ref

006706   MARIANOA X M, SOUZAA W F M D, ROCHAB C B, MOREIRA R F A (Public Health Dep, Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Univ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Email: ricfelipe@terra.com.br) : Bioactive volatile fraction of Chilean boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) – An overview. J Essent Oil Res 2019, 31(6), 474-86.

Chilean boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) is a native plant of the central and southern regions of Chile. This plant belongs to the Monimiaceae family and it is widely consumed, majority as a tea, in Brazil and in several other countries of the world. This high consumption can be explained mainly by the broad spectrum of pharmacological effects associated to this herb: colagogue, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic and diuretic actions. Part of the pharmacological properties of this herb and, obviously, its flavor and aroma, can be associated with the composition of its volatile fraction. This review aims to establish the chemical composition of the volatile fraction of Peumus boldus Molina, indicating the levels and pharmacological properties of its constituents. Some information about the contribution of this volatile fraction for the aroma of Chilean boldo tea could also be found in this review.

3 tables, 86 ref

006682   DADDALA G B, RANI A S, KUMAR A K (Biotechnology Dep, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological Univ, Ananthapur, Tamil Nadu, Email: daddala.gunabhushana@gmail.com) : Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside- A potential biomedicine of Linum usitatissimum. J Adv Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 8-15.

Lignans are a group of diphenolic compounds or phytoestrogens which are present in a wide variety of plants however less investigated. Plant lignans are phenolic compounds generally containing a dibenzylbutane structure. Considering the health beneficial potential of food components, lignans are also becoming an interesting topic and consumption of lignanrich foods are studied for their recognized health beneficial effects on human health. Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside or SDG is the major lignin found in flaxseed with apparent health aids. It belongs to the phenolic chemical group. SDG and its metabolites are gaining attention due to their abundant health aids like anti antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anticancer properties. SDG is believed to play a crucial role in reducing the incidence of several diseases such as hypertension, cardio vascular diseases, cancers and inflammatory diseases. Studies have proved that the lignan rich diets help to reduce the risk of various cancers and heart diseases. This review article elucidates the role of SDG as a biomedicine and also the safety aspects. Although, substantial research activities especially the clinical and pharmacokinetic studies in humans are prerequisite to validate these possessions.

1 table, 70 ref

026582   NAIR R S, BISHT P, SARANGI T (Biotechnology Dep, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu) : Insights on cancer preventive approaches using plant based extracts. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 2018, 8(65), 21-7.

Cancer is one of the fatal diseases, and it continues to pose a significant health problem worldwide. Although great efforts are being done to discover a cure, cancer still remains a very prominent cause of mortality in humans, and its effective treatment is a formidable challenge. Although cancer therapies have been performed throughout the history, the efficacy of the treatment still remains a challenge. In recent years, natural product compounds have become the first choice of treatment in many cases. Gene therapy, in addition, is offering selective new methods for treatment.This review emphasizes the advancements cancer treatment using naturally derived products with significantly less toxicity and more efficacies; thereby enhancing the understanding of different cancers and potential of the plant based extract in the anti-cancer field.

83 ref

026581   TRIPATHI Y C, ANJUM N, RANA A (Chemistry and Bioprospecting Div, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun- 248006) : Chemical composition and in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. leaves. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 2018, 8(65), 6-13.

The chemical composition and the in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng leaves have been studied. The yield of M. koenigii leaf essential oil (MKLEO) recorded as 0.52 % which is higher than those reported earlier. Altogether 43 compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis representing 99.79 % of the total composition of the oil, among which 3-carene, β-pinene, α-pinene, linalool, α-eudesmol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, α-amorphene, allo-ocimene, sabinene, γ-terpinene, linalyl acetate, myrcene, β- eudesmol, carvone, limonene, β-elemene, α-terpineol were major constituents. Antifungal activity of MKLEO was tested against ten pathogenic fungi and it was found effective in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, MKLEO was found to exhibit superior radical scavenging potency and reducing power with IC₅₀ and RP₅₀ values close to those of the standards.

3 tables, 56 ref

026580   PRATAP CHANDRAN R, DEEPAK V, KRISHNA S, FATHIMA S, THAHA A, RAJ J (Biotechnology and Research Dep, K. V. M. Coll of Engineering and Information Technology, Cherthala-688 583, Kerala) : Analysis of phytochemical constituents and anthelmintic activity of leaf extracts of Mimosa pudica L.. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 2018, 8(65), 1-5.

Mimosa pudica L. is commonly called as touch me not plant, a prostrate or semi-erect sub shrub of tropical America and Australia, also found in India. The phytochemical screening of the crude extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, coumarin glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, phytosterols, phenols and tannins, proteins and terpenoids. The methanol extract showed the highest percentage extractive of 11.6. The anthelmintic activity was tested on Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The leaf was extracted separately with methanol and distilled water using cold extraction method. Different concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/ml) of each extract were tested foranthelmintic activity by determining the time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. The aqueous and methanol extracts showed anthelmintic activity at all concentrations and its activities are well comparable with the standard drug, albendazole (positive control). The methanol extracts showed the highest anthelmintic activity than albendazole as well as the aqueous extract. Tween 20 (1 %) with saline was used as negative control did not show any anthelmintic activity.

3 tables, 18 ref

026579   SHARMA A J, PURI S, BHATTACHARYA S, RANDEV N D (Shoolini Univ, Solan, Email: artijamwal11@rediffmail.com) : Drought stress-mediated consequences on enzymatic antioxidants of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2018, 6(1), 22-7.

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench is one of the vital unattended crops and is grown as a minor grain crop in the Indian Himalayas, especially in the high-altitude areas. The plant was studied to know the level of tolerance to drought stress. Seeds of F. esculentum were sown in nursery beds and with the appearance of first leaf; seedlings were transferred to ceramic pots filled with mixture of soil and sand. Drought stress was imposed by watering while weighing method was used to control water potential to meet the experimental requirements. Different water potentials (-0.01, -0.02, -0.03, -0.04, -0.05, -0.06 and -0.07 MPa) were achieved after 15 days of transplanting the seedlings to pots. Response of enzymatic antioxidants to drought stress was studied in leaves and roots of F. esculentum at an interval of 30, 45, 60 and 75 days of plant growth. F. esculentum has a protection mechanism against oxidative damage by maintaining higher activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase).

3 illus, 32 ref

026578   SHARMA S, SHARMA Y P (Forest Products Dep, Horticulture and Forestry Univ, Solan-173 230, Himachal Pradesh, Email: sharsee06@gmail.com) : Comparison of different extraction methods and HPLC method development for the quantification of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees. Ann Phytomed 2018, 7(1), 119-30.

Andrographis paniculata (AP) (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees is a very well known plant for its medicinal value like cough, cold, fever jaundice, etc., which is attributed due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Wide use of bioactive compounds in different commercial sectors needs the most appropriate method to extract these compounds from the plant material. Keeping this in view, in present study, five different extraction methods were employed to recover extracts from whole plants of AP. The methods include Soxhlet, Reflux, Cold extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted extraction (UAE) and Microwave-Assisted extraction (MAE). Extractions were carried out by using two solvents, i.e., methanol and chloroform for each sample at different durations which vary with the method used. The extracts obtained by different extraction methods were further analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify major bioactive compound, i.e., andrographolide. Thus, the best extraction method with bestextracting solvent and extraction duration was standardized. The results showed that the extraction techniques significantly affect the both extract (%) as well as andrographolide (%). The andrographolide (%) in the samples ranged from 0.587 % to 1.998 %. Also, analytical method development and validation parameters, including linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ were determined to ensure the validity of extraction method for estimation of major compound andrographolide.

5 illus, 15 tables, 35 ref

026577   REDDY P V, UROOJ A (Nutrition and Dietetics Div, J.S.S. Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore-570 004, Karnataka, Email: vanithareddy@jssuni.edu.in) : In vitro bile acid sequestering properties of Morus indica L. leaves. Ann Phytomed 2018, 7(1), 96-100.

Binding of bile acids and increasing their fecal excretion have been hypothesized as a possible mechanism to lower cholesterol. Also, bile acid binding potential has been related to lowering the risk of heart disease and that of cancer. In the present study, leaves of three varieties of Morusindica, viz., M5, V1 and S36 were studied for the bile acid binding capacity (BABC) at different concentrations (200, 400 and 600 mg) and compared with cholestyramine, diosgenin, xanthan gum, guar gum and wheat bran. The BABC was determined by hydration and dialysis diffusion method.The total fiber content was in the order of V1 > M5 > S36. The saponins content ranged from 103 to 136 mg/g extract. The bile acid retardation index (BARI) of the samples was dose dependent andheat treatment improved the BARI significantly (p $\ge$ 0.05). Among varieties, BARI of M5 at 400 mg (89.24 %) was significantly higher (p $\ge$ 0.05) than VI (65.23 %) and S36 (61.24 %). Incomparison with standards, BARI of M5 was higher than guar gum and wheat bran and comparable with cholestyramine and xanthan gum. The BARI of all the three Morus varieties was significantly higher (p $\ge$ 0.05) than that of wheat bran. The results indicated Morus possess better BARI than standards and can be promoted as natural source of saponin and fiber expressing the mechanisms for the lipid lowering properties.

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

026576   ANJANEYULU C, GIRI C C (Osmania Univ, Hyderabad - 500 007, Telangana, Email: giriccin@yahoo.co.in) : Biochemical characterization of somatic embryogenesis and genetic transformation studies in Terminalia chebula Retz.: An immensely valuable medicinal tree. Ann Phytomed 2018, 7(1), 38-51.

The present communication reports a study involving Terminalia chebula Retz., with the elucidation of biochemical changes that occur during somatic embryogenesis and genetic transformation promise in this important slow growing valuable medicinal tree. T. chebula is an economically important plant, used in ayurvedic, unani medicine, and raw material for tanning industry. Callus induction, growth and somatic embryogenesis induction process was exploited for biochemical and genetic transformation studies in T. chebula. Biochemical analysis of proteins associated with somatic embryogenesis was studied and compared with mature zygotic embryo specific proteins using SDS-PAGE. SDS-PAGE protein profile analysis revealed precise associationof proteins such as 21, 24, 30, 42, 52, and 85 kDs with induction of somatic embryogenesis compared to their absence in non-embryogenic callus. Some proteins such as 16, 22, 25, 29, 31,55, 68, 80, 125 kDs were common both in non-embryogenic callus and embryogenic callus across different developmental stages. A comparative study of embryo specific proteins in somatic embryos and zygotic embryos also revealed that the proteins such as 21, 24, 30, 42, 52, 85 kDs were specific to somatic embryos, but absent in zygotic embryos. Further, additional numbers of protein bands such as 16, 22, 36, 40, 55, 68, 70 kDs expressed both in non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus, respectively; when compared to zygotic embryos. Genetic transformation was carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 containing super binary vector pTOK 233. Amongst the explants evaluated, acetosyringone pretreated embryogenic callus dipped in PIM II bacterial suspension was found to be suitable for co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens and genetic transformation. The highest transformation frequency (5.20 ± 1.45 hygromycin resistant calli, 4.44 ± 1.76 GUS expression) was obtained with 100 µM acetosyringone pretreated embryogenic calli. Present study presents a detailed biochemical assessment of somatic embryo genesis and positives on genetic transformation in T. chebula using embryogenic callus culture system.

5 illus, 10 tables, 66 ref

026575   NOOREEN Z, RAI V K, YADAV N P (CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow- 226 015, Uttar Pradesh, Email: np.yadav@cimap.res.in) : Phytopharmaceuticals: A new class of drug in India. Ann Phytomed 2018, 7(1), 27-37.

With increasing importance of plant based natural product including extracts, enrich fraction,essential oils, phytomolecules, flavors and fragrances attract the pharmaceutical as well as cosmetic industry. Phytopharmaceuticals are the newer class of drug including enrich fraction containing atleast four specific chemical markers with one biomarker. This category provides the way forward for the plant based enrich fraction to be used as a drug, which is not a part of Ayurvedic literature.It has been very important to know the chemical composition and quantity of pharmacologically active ingredients in the formulation. The provisions for synthetic drugs are not appropriate orrelevant for botanical based products. Taking this point into consideration AYUSH and CDSCO define and set guidelines on preparation of phytopharmaceutical drugs as the need of science-based drug from botanicals of traditional medicine which has a long history but not properly documented.Generally, the herbal drugs are poorly regulated and controlled by the health authorities, so the efforts are made for analytical control and standardization of the component for therapeutically safe medication. This article is aimed to provide specific and compiled knowledge of herbal medicine regulated under AYUSH in contrast to new category phytopharmaceuticals. This new class of drug may encourage the interest and demand of plant-based therapeutics for unmet medical needs professionally as unlike conventional pharmaceuticals (suspect everything); and AYUSH medicines (trust everything), phytopharmaceutical is a balanced approach which trust everything but underlines the revalidation of the specification of the plant material.

25 ref

026574   RAISUDDIN S, AHMAD S, FATIMA M, DABEER S (Medical Elementology and Toxicology Dep, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110 062, Email: sraisuddin@jamiahamdard.ac.in) : Toxicity of anticancer drugs and its prevention with special reference to role of garlic constituents. Ann Phytomed 2018, 7(1), 13-26.

Cancer is the leading cause of death globally. World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that 70 % of death caused by cancer occurs in low or middle income countries which may be due to unavailability of correct treatment or delayed medical support. Despite of different therapies available to cure the cancer or to prolong the life of cancer survivors; chemotherapy is still central to cancer therapy. Administration of chemotherapeutic drugs either independently or incombination with other therapies such as irradiation or surgery provides relief to cancer patients.Nitrogen mustards were the first anticancer agents used in chemotherapy in 1940s. Their clinicaluse accelerated the development of different anticancers drugs. Due to the reports of toxicities of these anticancer drugs, herbal remedies for cancer treatment found notion of oncologists. A number of herbal extracts and natural products have shown the potential of anticancer activity.They also reduce the toxicity of synthetic anticancer drugs. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the herbal remedies with high anticancer potential and ability to mitigate the toxicities of anticancer drugs. The protective effects of garlic against the toxicities of anticancer drugs have been reported in a number of studies and it has also been reported that fresh garlic and aged garlic extract show considerable protective effects. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is the major pharmacological component of garlic which has attracted attention of the international medical field gradually due to its potential for disease prevention and treatment. The major unique organosulfur compounds in aged garlic extract such as water-soluble S-allyl cysteine (SAC) and Sallylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) have potent antioxidant activity. Many reports show the protective potential of these garlic constituents against anticancer drug-induced toxicities. Here, we present review of toxicities caused by anticancer drugs and their mechanism of action along with the efficacy of some plant extracts and natural products in reducing toxicity of anticancer drugs with special reference to of garlic constituents.

5 illus, 2 tables, 126 ref

026573   PUSHPANGADAN P, GEORGE V, IJINU T P, CHITRA M A (Amity institute for herbal and biotech products development, Thiruvananthapuram- 695005, Kerala, Email: ppushpangadan@amity.edu) : All India coordinated research project on ethnobiology and genesis of ethnopharmacology research in India including benefit sharing. Ann Phytomed 2018, 7(1), 5-12.

Man has been using medicinal plants to alleviate diseases and discomfort from the very dawn of evolution of human beings. People living in different parts from time immemorial, had selected their food and medicine by a process of trial and error or even by experimentation from the biological resources, particularly from the plants, found around them and this became known as the ethnic food/ traditional food and ethnic medicine/ traditional medicine. India has one of the oldest, richest and most diverse cultural traditions, associated with the use of medicinal plants. The country has a great heritage of medicinal plant use, dating back to the early Vedic period. Like in many other indigenous cultures or civilizations across the world, the Indian indigenous communities have possessed/accumulated vast knowledge on multifarious uses of plants and other natural resources found around them. Living close to nature and bytrial, error, empirical reasoning and experimentation, the primitive indigenous societies have developed their own unique wealth of knowledge pertaining to conservation and sustainable use of plants, animals and other natural resources. During the 1980s, Ministry of Environment and Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India launched an All India Coordinated Research Project on Ethnobiology (AICRPE). JNTBGRI has developed a benefit sharing model through AICRPE with Kani tribe on the plant Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn.ssp. travancoricus (Bedd Burkill ex Narayanan). This model is perhaps a unique experiment ever done, wherein the benefits accrued from the development of a product based on anethnobotanical lead were shared with the holders of that traditional knowledge. Considering the significant outcome of this model in community empowerment, income generation and poverty eradication of a tribal community, Pushpangadan was awarded with the UN-Equator Initiative Prize (under individual category) at the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg in August 2002. Now with the CBD and WIPO guidelines and our national legislation on biodiversity in position, the JNTBGRI or Kani case study could be taken as an ideal model of equitable benefit sharing involving genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge.

1 illus, 1 table, 40 ref