001639   IBRAHIM A M, SADAH H A, AHMAD R, AHMAD N, NAQVI A A (Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Email: rizvistar_36@yahoo.com) : Clinical uses and toxicity of Aloe vera: An evidence-based comprehensive retrospective review (2007–2017). Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 424-8.

Aloe vera (AV), mostly known as succulents, or the healing plant of the genus Aloe of Liliaceae family. It contains large range of vitamins, amino acids, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and sulfur compounds to control and eliminate mold, bacteria, viruses; however, AV toxicity is most of the times described poorly among AV consumers. To report and highlight AV clinical uses and toxicity cases to compare and highlight its therapeutic as well toxic profile. AV cases were gathered from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and E-Resource Portal of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University using the keywords, i.e., AV case report, AV toxicity, hepatitis, clinical trials about AV, interactions, the current uses of AV, etc. Ten cases met the eligibility criteria where the toxicities were mostly associated with the usage of AV except the intended use, i.e., to be administered topically or AV capsules ingestion or as a drinkable solutions. Major symptoms observed in these cases were related to hepatocytes inflammation (hepatitis), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, thyroid dysfunction, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea along with severe weight loss. These results were not associated with a specific age; however they were more predominant in female gender. AV should be taken within normal/specified dose range which can only be achieved through asking an herbal specialist, and in approved suitable dosage form which is topical.

1 table, 32 ref

001744   WIDIYARTI G, FITRIANINGSIH W (Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Banten 15314, Indonesia, Email: galuh.laksmono@gmail.com) : Phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of madang gatal (Schima wallichii) choisy stem bark. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 395-9.

Madang gatal (Schima wallichii) Choisy is one of typical Indonesian plants that used traditionally as insomnia and hypertension drug. The environment is highly polluted by free radicals which may contribute to the aging process of tissue and cause chronic diseases. The aims of the research were to study the phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of Schima wallichii stem bark. Extraction of S.wallichii stem bark was carried out by maceration method using methanol and then the methanol extract was partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol successively. The methanol extract was then screened to determine the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to silica column chromatography followed by exclusion chromatography on sephadex LH-20 to yield two partially purified isolates, SA and SE4. FTIR and GC-MS analyses indicated SA asa mixture of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester and patchouli alcohol, while SE4 was made up predominantly of pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, 13-hydroxy methyl ester. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical oxidation method. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenes and quinones. All tested samples, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts showed strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 8.58, 17.36, 8.17 and 8.79 µg/mL, respectively. The isolates showed strong antioxidant activity with SE4 exhibiting an IC₅₀ value of about 5.5 times stronger than quercetin used as a standard antioxidant.

5 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

001711   SHAMY A M E, HAWARY S S E D E, FAHMY H A, EZZAT S M (Pharmacognosy Dep, Modern Univ for Technology and Information, Cairo, Egypt, Email: heba.fahmy@pharm.mti.edu) : Comparative DNA fingerprinting and botanical study of certain Haworthia and Gasteria species growing in Egypt. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 388-94.

Haworthia Duval and Gasteria Duval are succulent plants, native to South Africa. They have been used worldwide in folk medicine. They are members of the Alooideae subfamily, which has been always viewed as a taxonomically confusing sub-family. The present study aims to differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln. growing in Egypt. A comparative botanical and genetic investigation is presented. Macromorphological and micromorphological botanical features of the leaves and stems of the species under investigation using the entire specimens, transverse sections and isolated elements. Moreover, their DNA was extracted from the leaf samples and RAPD-PCR analysis was made using 10 primers. The comparative botanical criteria of the examined leaves and stems were identified. Furthermore, the total number of amplified products produced by the ten primers was 98 fragments. Primers OPB-07, OPB-01 and OPB-02, recording high percentage of polymorphism (78.6, 70.6 and 57.1%, respectively), can be used to differentiate between the examined species. While primers OPB-01, OPB-04, OPB-07 and OPB-08, generating fragments with wide molecular size (17, 14, 14 and 11fragments, respectively), can be used for the identification of Haworthia limifolia, Gasteria carinata and Gasteria minima. The macromorphological, micromorphological and genetic identifying parameters presented in the current study revealed good crieteria to authenticate and differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln.

10 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

001717   SINGH M C, GUJAR K N (PAHER’s Pacific Univ, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: meerasingh2109@gmail.com) : Preparation and evaluation of nutraceutical product mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum, Linum usitatissimum, for antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 383-7.

Pharmaceutical formulation scientists are currently developing new materials and formulations which vividly include Nutraceuticals. “Nutraceutical” is a substance that is considered a food or part of a food processed as pharmaceutical, which provides medical or health benefits, encompassing prevention and treatment of diseases. Under this research Nutraceutical Product Mixture was prepared using seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum. Individually these three seeds are reported to contain rich nutrients along with antioxidants, probiotic soluble fibres and thus the mixture of three increased this potential. Individual seed and the mixture was evaluated by In- vitro and In-vivo methods for Nutraceutical Potential. Proximate analysis of the mixture showed rich nutrient content and provided good combination of nutrients. Individual seed powder as well as mixture was tested for prebiotic potential using lactobacilli culture, which showed positive results. Each seed powder as well as mixture was tested for antioxidant potential using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with promising results. It’s in- vivo effect was studied using Wistar albino rat as animal model. This study involved haemogram and lipid profile determination which showed certain promising results. The powder mixture was developed into two products namely capsule and health drink powder formula. The nutraceutical powder mixture of seeds of Cucumis melo, Punica granatum and Linum usitatissimum could be a promising product with antioxidant, prebiotic and nutraceutical potential for diabetic and cardiac patients where oxidative stress is a major underlying cause.

2 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

001665   LIVIAC D, RAUNELLI P, ALVIS R, PUENTE S, BEST I, REATEGUI O (Científica del Sur Univ, Lima, Peru, Email: oreategui@cientifica.edu.pe) : Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant capacity and toxicity assessment of Copaifera paupera oleoresin. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 374-8.

The present study was taken to determine the phytochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and TBARS methodologies), the oral acute toxicity and antigenotoxicity of the oleoresin Copaifera paupera. The oleoresin was tested for in vivo cytoprotective capacity using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay in mice bone marrow cells and mice erythrocytes cells, respectively. The oleoresin had low levels of total flavonoids and phenol content and also of antioxidant capacity. Orally, the LD50 appeared to be > 5000 mg/kg (no toxic or low toxic). The results showed all the doses evaluated (180 360, 720 and 1440 mg/kg) antigenotoxic effect by reduce the DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide, being a 100 % DNA damage reduction at the highest dose evaluated. According to the Micronucleus test, the oleoresin Copaifera paupera had the ability of increase the cell proliferation despite the exposition of cyclophosphamide.

3 tables, 40 ref

001633   GONDOKESUMO M E, PARDJIANTO B, SUMITRO S B, WIDOWATI W, HANDONO K (Brawijaya Univ, East Java, Indonesia, Email: mariscaevalina@gmail.com) : Xanthones analysis and antioxidant activity analysis (applying ESR) of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 369-73.

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) is tropical fruit that known to contain bioactive compounds which has particular function as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Mangosteen rind extract is known to have high contents of xanthone compounds which have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. This study was done to determine the contents of xanthone derivatives using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity of six different maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract using Electron spin resonance (ESR). Mangosteen was classified based on the maturity level by its visual characteristic and divided into six criteria of maturity. The mangosteen rinds were extracted through maceration and freeze drying method. Qualitative analysis of xanthone was obtained using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity was determined using ESR spectrometer. To evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used as free radical scavenger method. The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the highest concentrations are filled by mangosteen rind with maturity level 6. Moreover, each maturity levels of mangosteen rind extract has different g value compared to DPPH free radical. Different g value indicated the different type of free radical and decreasing g value indicated the declining intensity of free radical. The higher decreasing of g value was mangosteen rind with maturity level 4, 5 and 6. Mangosteen rind extract contains xanthone and its derivatives and ESR analysis showed that different maturity levels on mangosteen rind has different antioxidant activity as indicated by declining free radical intensity.

2 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

001627   EBBO A A, SANI D, SULEIMAN M M, AHMED A, HASSAN A Z (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univ, Sokoto, Nigeria, Email: aaliyuebbo@yahoo.co.uk) : Phytochemical composition, proximate analysis and antimicrobial screening of the methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (Ebenaceae). Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 362-8.

Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

6 tables, 31 ref

001672   NAJIB A, AHMAD A R, HANDAYANI V (Phytochemistry Div, Muslim Indoensia Univ, Makassar- Indonesia, Email: ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id) : ELISA test on Cordia myxa L. leaf extract for α-glucosidase inhibitor. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 358-61.

Determine the potential of Cordia myxa L. leaf on inhibited α-glucosidase. ELISA Kit, Ethanol 96 %, Colomn Chromatography, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, Glocobay®. Sample from Cordia myxa L. leaf extracted by ethanol 96 % then evaporated to get the sticky extract. The sticky extract of Cordia myxa L. leaf fractionated by column chromatography with n-hexane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (90:10; 80:20; 75:25; 70:30; 65:35; 60:40; 55:45; 50:50) The fractions assayed by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) with acarbose (Glucobay ®) as the comparator. The results showed that the n-hexane fraction is the highest potency on inhibited α-glucosidase with the noncompetitive mechanism. The IC₅₀ of n-hexane fraction is 0.53 ppm been while the acarbose is 6.85 ppm. The n-hexane fraction of Cordia myxa L. leaf has the highest potency to use for possible decrease blood glucose level.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

001683   PINGALE T, DUSE P, OGALE S (VIVA Institute of Pharmacy, Virar, Maharashtra, Email: tanvi.pingale@gmail.com) : Antibacterial and antifungal approaches of Ficus racemosa. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 355-7.

Ficus racemosa also called as Ficus glomerata Roxb. is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. Popularly known as the Audumbar, cluster fig tree, Indian fig tree or goolar (gular). Different parts of plant shows Antibacterial, Antitussive, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhoeal, Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory activities etc. on various extracts. Latest and previous studies have concluded the beneficial aspects of fruit of the plant shows Antimicrobial, Antibacterial and Antifungal activity using different cultures and extracts. The method was adopted for preparation of plant extracts. The media used for antibacterial test was Nutrient agar/broth. The culture medium was inoculated with the microorganism separately suspended in nutrient broth. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition observed. The broth dilution method was adopted for determination of MIC value against the pathogens. The ethanoic and ethyl acetate extract showed more promising antimicrobial activity as compared to Water, Hexane and Chloroform extract. In well diffusion method, the ethyl acetate extract had showed significant bactericidal activity.

3 tables, 13 ref

001608   ANTONY S, KUMAR K K, MENON J S (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, St James Coll of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chalakudy, Kerala, Email: stjamespharmacyproject@gmail. com) : Assessment of phyto-constituents by GC-MS and anti-tumour activity of garlic grown in different altitude: A comparative study. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 350-4.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is most important spice containing highest sources of total phenolic compounds. It has been used as a component of traditional and modern medicine. Pharmacological properties of garlic is mainly depend on its phyto-constituents content, which varies between geographical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phyto-constituents content of garlic sample collected from high ranges of Idukki (Kanthallur) with that of Tamil Nadu (Mettupalayam market) garlic sample. garlic clove sample were collected from high ranges of kanthallur region (GSK) and Mettupalayam region (GSM). The garlic oil was extracted from the collected garlic sample by solvent extraction method. The phytochemical study of extracted garlic oil were conducted using standard methods of analysis and subjected GC-MS analysis. Further, the extracted oil samples were studied for their anti-tumour activity against Dalton Lymphoma Cell Lines (DLA) in an in vitro model. The obtained results revealed that garlic oil of GSK showed highest percentage of yield of oil (1.1 %) than garlic oil of GSM (0.6 %). The phytochemical screening of GSK indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoid, whereas GSM showed presence of alkaloids only. GC-MS analysis of garlic oil study indicated that garlic oil of GSK was found to have eugenol as a novel source compared with garlic oil of GSM. Garlic oil of GSK showed significant anti-tumour activity against DLA cells, compared with garlic oil of GSM. Garlic oil of GSK exhibited potential anti-tumour activity against DLA cells due to presence of eugenol compound as novel source.

3 illus, 4 tables, 13 ref

001617   BONAM S R, MANOHARAN S K, PANDY V, RAYA A R, NADENDLA R R, JAGADEESAN M, BABU A N (Pharmacology Dep, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guntur - 522 034, Email: pandiphd@gmail.com) : Phytochemical, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety evaluation of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 338-45.

To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (Benzene Extract (BE), Chloroform Extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.

4 illus, 2 tables, 45 ref

001603   AL-SAMMAN A M M A, KAHKASHAN, SIDDIQUE N A (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Glocal Univ, Saharanpur - 247121, Email: siddique.nadeem567@gmail.com) : Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis, ultrasonic assisted extraction, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Emblica officinalis fruit extract. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 315-23.

Emblica officinalis is one of the common plants being used traditionally in different ways to search for cures and relief from various diseases. Among these diseases, Emblica officinalis had many of medicinal uses in treating a wide variety of bacterial and fungal infections. In this study, Ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) was efficiently used for the preparation of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Embelica officinalis fruits (EOFE). The phytoconstituents was detected through GC-MS/MS analysis to confirm antimicrobial effect of EOFE. The extraction was carried out at 20ºC, for 20 min using a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1: 60 w/v. The extracts were subjected to GC-MS/MS analysis. The in-vitro effect of extracts against twenty one microbial strains was investigated by an agar well diffusion method in different concentrations (25 µg/mL-1000 µg/mL). The percentage yield was found to be 41.33 % w/v and 23.0 % w/v with water and methanol, respectively. Phenol,3,5-bis1,1 dimethylethyl, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and heptasiloxa ne1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl were confirmed by GC-MS/MS analysis. Effectiveness of extracts against Gram negative bacteria; Providencia alcalifaciens and Gram positive bacteria; Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus polymyxa and fungal strains; Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus brasileinsis and Cladosporium oxysporum are reported for the first time. Aqueous extract revealed excellent antibacterial activity at 50 µg/mL and antifungal activity at 100 µg/mL whereas methanolic extract showed antifungal activity at 250 µg/mL. Results highlight the considerable inhibitory effect of EOFE against various microbial species was mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds and other phytocompounds.

5 illus, 7 tables, 21 ref

001730   TANDHAVADHANA S, PICHEANSOONTHON C (Chandrakasem Rajabhat Univ, Bangkok 10900, Thailand, Email: chayan2498@gmail.com) : Reduction of colchicine content from Radix Gloriosae Superbae Preparata. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 310-4.

Gloriosae Superbae Radix is a crude drug employed in Thai herbal remedies for several ailments. Colchicine is known as an active constituent in the roots. It was reported that 7-11 mg. of colchicine may causes lethal effect in human. In Thai traditional medical practice, the roots must be treated prior use to prepare Thai herbal preparations. However, pre-treated method has not yet been well established in any literature. This study aimed to document the pre-treated method and to quantitatively compare the amount of colchicine both before and after pre-treated. Firstly, interviewing with Thai traditional medicine experts and document the pre-treated methods of Gloriosae Superbae Radix to conclude the 2 commonly used methods. Two pre-treated methods (roasting and burning) were chosen for further study. Colchicine in Gloriosae Superbae Radix from 8 sources were analyzed before and after pre-treat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). After pre-treat by roasting and burning, amount of colchicine in root were significantly decreased by 40.61 ± 9.55 % (p=0.000) and 26.79 ± 10.89 % (p=0.001), respectively. Comparison of colchicine contents of samples after roasting and burning, the amount of colchicine decreased non statistically insignificantly (p=0.110). Pre-treats of Gloriosae Superbae Radix by roasting and burning had significantly reduce colchicine content. Both methods have been proven to be the effective ways in preparing certain potentially toxic crude drugs before using in compounding into Thai herbal remedies.

6 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

001739   VERMA D, SINGH S, ARYA R, RAJAN S, ARYA B S, KHURANA A, MANCHANDA R K (Pharmacognosy Div, Dr. D. P. Rastogi Central Research Institute for Homoeopathy, Noida, Uttar Pradesh - 201 301, Email: digvijayccrh@gmail.com) : Morpho-anatomical observations on homoeopathic plant drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 286-91.

Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.

1 table, 18 ref

001606   AMIR M, AHMAD N, SARFAROZ M, AHMAD W, AHMAD S, MUJEEB M (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi - 110 062, Email: drmmujeeb12@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostical, physicochemical standardization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 272-7.

Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 ± 4.17 %), moisture content (32.15 ± 3.64 %) total ash (8.58 % ± 1.06 %), water soluble ash (7.15 ± 0.97 %), acid insoluble ash (0.45 ± 0.03 %). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.

6 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

001678   OMER E, ELSHAMY A, TAHER R, EL-KASHAK W, JOSEPH S, WHITE A, COCK I (Griffith Univ, Queensland 4111, Australia, Email: I.Cock@griffith.edu.au) : Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit CaCo₂ and Hela human carcinoma cell growth: GC-MS analysis of an anti-proliferative extract. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 258-66.

Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against CaCo₂ and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ of 4.7 and 3.4 µg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ 13.6 µg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or CaCo₂ and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC₅₀’s of 12 and 126 µg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC₅₀ values of 185 and 468 µg/mL against CaCo₂ and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC₅₀ values of 2261 and 2046 µg/mL against CaCo₂ and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC₅₀ values substantially >1000 µg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and CaCo₂ cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

5 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

001655   KANJ D, RAAFAT K, EL-LAKANY A, BAYDOUN S, ABOUL-ELA M (Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beirut Arab Univ, Beirut, Lebanon, Email: k.raafat@bau.edu.lb) : Phytochemical compounds of Cichorium intybus by exploring its antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 248-57.

The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cichorium intybus n-hexane extract on diabetes mellitus and its antioxidant effect in vivo in alloxinated animals. Diabetic neuropathy improvement was also tested as well as insulin levels and histology of the pancreas were performed. The chromatographic standardization of C. intybus extract was performed using isocratic HPLC, which indicated the presence of numerous phyto-constituents. The hexane extract was studied for its effect on blood glucose levels and painful Diabetic neuropathy (DN) in diabetic mice. Hyperalgesia and mechanical-allodynia were evaluated using thermal stimuli, pain response to radiant energy experiments and a mechanical sensitivity test respectively. Subsequently, after eight weeks of being alloxinated, BGL, body weight, antioxidant activity, insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin were recorded to evaluate antidiabetic potential and the DN. The administration of Cichorium intybus extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a combination of Cichorium intybus extract and Camellia sinensis (50 + 200 mg/kg, respectively) have revealed an acute hypoglycemic effect ranging from 14.15 % and 42.4 %. The sub-chronic anti-diabetic effect ranged from 23.41 % and 44.8 %. They diminished hyperalgesia and tangible allodynia significantly (p<0.05), (n=7 per group). The powerful neuroprotective properties might serve as potential lead-compounds for further analysis. The histological study and the potent antioxidant effect showed that they could assist in the management of diabetes mellitus and DN by amelioration of insulin levels and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells.

8 illus, 5 tables, 32 ref

001686   PRASANNA B, ANAND A V (Biochemistry Dep, Manonmaniam Sundaranar Univ, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, Email: avamiet@yahoo.co.in) : Cinnamon species: In vivo anti-oxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassicae barks. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 245-7.

The diabetic population is increasing highly in the worldwide due to the poor control of diabetes and environmental conditions. It disturbs the carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The natural medicines obtained from the plant source may be the effective treatment of diabetes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activities of the ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae. in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced oxidative stress in rats. Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of STZ 60 mg/kg b.w. and then the animals are treated with a dose of various concentrations of ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae (200 mg/kg b.w, 400 mg/kg b.w, and 600 mg/ kg b.w) for 45 days. After the treatment lipid peroxides (LPO), Reduce Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) levels are determined. Glibenclamide is used as a standard drug (3 mg/kg b.w.). The present study exposed that the administration of ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae showed a significant decrease in LPO levels. The treatment also finds that the significant increase in GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT levels in the liver, when compared with diabetic control rats. GPx, SOD and CAT levels in the liver, when compared with diabetic control rats. The results proved that the ethanolic bark extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum and Cinnamon cassiacae treated group may effectively regulate the antioxidant status in STZ induced diabetic treated groups.

1 table, 22 ref

001605   AMIN M S, SAPUTRI F C, MUN’IM A (Indonesia Univ, West Java, Indonesia, Email: munim@farmasi.ui.ac.id) : Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV) activity by some Indonesia edible plants. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 231-6.

Some edible plants are promising to control blood sugar level. These plants contained phenolic substances that suggested to be able to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV). The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of several selected Indonesia plants on inhibiting of DPP IV activity and to determine the total phenolic content of the most active extract. Twelve Indonesia edible plants were macerated using 80 % ethanol at room temperature. DPP IV activity was evaluated by using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate and the inhibitory effect of extracts were determined based on the level of free AMC group by measuring its fluorescence on excitation wavelength 350-360 nm and an emission wavelength 450-465 nm using a microplate reader. Total phenolic contents of the active extracts were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Total anthocyanins from extract were determined using the pH differential method. Among the tested samples, the extract of Ipomoea batatas roots at a concentration of 10 µg/mL showed the highest inhibition, followed by Cajanus cajan leaves and Gnetum gnemon rind, with percentage inhibition of 28.8, 24.9 and 24.1, respectively. I. batatas extract have an IC₅₀ value of 65.53 µg/mL, while the IC₅₀ value of the positive control Sitagliptin 9.37 µg/mL. Total phenolic content from the extracts of I. batatas, C. cajan and G. gnemon rind extract were 279.3; 152.8; and 141.3 mg GAE/gram, respectively. Total anthocyanin from I. batatas extract was 462.14 mg cyanidin3-glucoside/L. The extract of I. batatas showed the highest inhibition on DPP IV among other plants investigated and showed high content of phenolic compound and anthocyanin that correlated with activity as inhibitor DPP IV.

3 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

001690   RAJALAKSHMI P, VADIVEL V, RAVICHANDRAN N, BRINDHA P (Shanmugha Arts Science Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, Email: rajalakshmi@carism.sastra.edu) : Investigation on pharmacognostic parameters of sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea L): A traditional Indian herbal drug. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 225-30.

Flower buds of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea) are used in Siddha system of medicine as carminative, astringent and anti-vatha. It is traditionally used to treat various diseases like cough, venerial, white discharge, diarrhea, over-bleeding and peripheral neuritis. It is one of the major ingredients in Amukkara choornam, Inji choornam and Elathi choornam which are used for indigestion, loss of appetite and gastritis. Pharmacognostic characters of M. ferrea flower bud were studied through powder microscopy. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the ethanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Powder microscopy of flower buds of M. ferrea revealed the presence of brachysclereids, macrosclereids, starch grain, crystals and parenchyma cells. The powdered material exhibited 6.07 % of loss on drying, 2.93 % of total ash, 11.34 % of water-soluble extractive and pH value 5.35. Data showed the presence of sterols only in ethanol extract and phenols, flavanoids, saponins and coumarins in both ethanol and aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extract was found to contain higher concentration of total phenols (1030 mg GAE/L) when compared to aqueous extract. Totally forty compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis and the major compound is eugenol (61 %) and cinnamaldehyde (15 %). In vitro studies revealed antioxidant in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging property (IC-₅₀ = 229.7 mg/ml) remarkable anti-inflammatory activity using RBC membrane stabilization assay (70.27 %) were noted. This study provides the pharmacognostic standards, phytochemical profile, major volatile compounds and in vitro properties of Mesua ferrea flower bud.

5 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

001613   BHAR K, MONDAL S, SURESH P (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Ibrahimpatnam, Telangana, Email: kausikchemistry@gmail.com) : An eye-catching review of Aegle marmelos L. (golden apple). Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 207-24.

Plants and their products are a major source for food and medicine that are highly beneficial for various animals and humans. This article focuses on complete profile of Aegle marmelos L. which belongs to the family Rutaceae, is commonly known as bael, widely available in several places in India. Traditional use of A. marmelos for various diseases includes abdominal disorders, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, nerve disorders, gonorrhea, heart disorders, dog bite, jaundice, snake bite and many more. A number of biologically active compounds isolated from various parts of A. marmelos which belongs to various chemical groups. The isolated components belong to Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, Essential Oils and some other miscellaneous compounds. The plant also possess various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, cytoprotective, hepatoprotective, antifertility, analgesic, antiarthritis, contractile, antihyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, radioprotective, anticancer, antiviral, antiulcer, immunomodulatory and wound healing properties. Hence this review can be a good reference for researchers who are willing to undertake further investigation about A. marmelos.

3 illus, 5 tables, 87 ref

001658   KONDALKAR S, KONDALKAR A, KUMAR V, MANGAL A K, PRAKASH O (Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior - 474 009, Email: sapna.soni@rediffmail.com) : Weeds in Gwalior and nearby regions and their medicinal properties: A case study. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 82-6.

Weeds are normally unwanted plants at wrong place. From the perspective of crop protection, they may have a negative effect on cultivated crop, and thus, their effective management is necessary. From a medicinal perspective, they may be useful in disease management due to their secondary metabolites, affordability, inexpensiveness, accessibility, and use by native peoples. The present study reviews the literature available on weeds of Madhya Pradesh, India (Gwalior and nearby region), with their occurrence in changing environment and reported uses in disease management. A comprehensive literature search was done to get the thorough information on the versatile weeds of Gwalior and nearby regions. Amaranthaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Asteraceae are found to be the most prevalent families with plants to treat Prameha, Sandhi sula, Udara sula, and Tvaka roga. The review summarizes the weed plants available in the area under the study with their reported uses, which could be further validated scientifically and could be important from the ethnopharmacological and socioeconomic perspective. This could be the best use of a waste and promote utilization of available resources for the management and treatment of prevalent diseases in the specific area.

2 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

001732   TAUFIQ M M J, DARAH I (Sains Malaysia Univ, Penang, Malaysia, Email: fiqz04@yahoo.com.sg) : Antibacterial activity of an endophytic fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 residing in leaves of a medicinal herb, Ocimum sanctum Linn.. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 35-41.

The study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activity of an endophytic fungal isolate, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 residing in leaves of a medicinal herb, Ocimum sanctum Linn. Qualitative screening of the antimicrobial activity was done using an agar plug assay, and the results showed that the fungal isolate was able to inhibit all the 13 test bacteria. Three Gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] ATCC 33591, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans) were the most susceptible species with the inhibition zones of ≥21 mm. The other three (Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Bacillus subtilis IBRL A3, and Streptococcus agalactiae) showed the inhibition zones of 11–≤20 mm of diameter. As for Gram-negative bacteria, Yersinia enterocolitica was the most susceptible to the fungal isolate with the size of inhibition zone of ≥21 mm, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella boydii ATCC 9207 with the inhibition zones of 11–≤20 mm, whereas Escherichia coli IBRL 0157, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27883 were the least susceptible with the inhibition zones of ≤10 mm. Quantitative screening using disc diffusion assay showed that the fungal ethyl acetate extract prepared from the fermentative broth (extracellular) exhibited better antibacterial activity compared to the methanolic extract prepared from the fungal biomass (intracellular). The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all the 13 test bacteria with the inhibition zone sizes of 20.0 ± 0.3–31.3 ± 1.2 mm in diameter for Gram-positive bacteria and 10.31 ± 0.6–20.1 ± 0.6 mm in diameter for Gram-negative bacteria. On the other hand, the methanolic extract only inhibited three Gram-positive bacteria (MRSA ATCC 33591, S. aureus, and S. mutans) with the inhibition zones of 9.0 ± 0.6–11.0 ± 0.3 mm in diameter, whereas only one Gram-negative (S. typhimurium) with the inhibition zone size of 13.3 ± 1.5 mm diameter. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of the ethyl acetate extract on Gram-positive bacteria were in the range of 62.50–125.00 and 62.50– 500.00 µg/mL, respectively, whereas for the Gram-negative bacteria, the MIC and MBC values were 125.00–250.00 and 250.0–1000.00 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the MIC and MBC values for methanolic extract against Gram-positive bacteria were 250.00–500.00 µg/mL and against Gram-negative bacteria were 1000.00 µg/mL, respectively. Both of the extracts exhibited bactericidal effects on test bacteria with the MBC/MIC ratio ≤4. Further, detail of the effects of the ethyl acetate extract on the bacterial cells was observed from the scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs which revealed the severity of the morphological deterioration experienced by the extract-treated cells were beyond repair, and the most possible mode of actions were by interrupting the cell wall biosynthesis and cell membrane permeability.

2 illus, 3 tables, 44 ref

001685   PRAKASITA V C, ASMARA W, WIDYARINI S, WAHYUNI A E T H (Microbiology Dep, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta- 55281, Indonesia, Email: wahyuni_aeth@yahoo.com) : Combinations of herbs and probiotics as an alternative growth promoter: An in vitro study. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 614-20.

Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) are added to animal feed to stimulate growth and increase livestock productivity. However, the regular use of antibiotics in animal diets has a considerable contribution to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in livestock and humans. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), and wild ginger (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus brevis as an alternative to AGPs. The antibacterial activities and probiotic stimulatory effects of herbs were screened through the disk diffusion method and optical densitometry. The inhibitory ability of probiotics against pathogens was also tested through the disk diffusion method. The adhesion ability of probiotics was tested by mixing the optimal herbal combinations with broiler intestinal epithelial cells (10⁵ cells/ml). The cells were then subjected to Gram staining, and the number of adherent bacteria was calculated. The test results showed that 3.13 % ethanolic wild ginger extract had the highest inhibitory activity against Salmonella enteritidis, followed by ethanolic red ginger extract and aqueous wild ginger extract at the same concentration. The three extracts also supported the growth of L. acidophilus and L. brevis. Further tests showed that the combination of 3.13 % ethanolic red ginger extract had the highest inhibitory activity against S. enteritidis, followed by ethanolic and aqueous wild ginger extract at the same concentration. The three extracts also supported the growth of L. acidophilus and L. brevis. Further tests showed that the combination of 3.13 % ethanolic red ginger extract and 3.13 % aqueous wild ginger extract had the best inhibitory effect on the growth of S. enteritidis. The stimulatory effect of the combinations of herbal extract on the growth of L. acidophilus (0.18 ± 0.00) and L. brevis (0.21 ± 0.01) was better than those of individual extract, positive controls, and the glucose control. L. acidophilus and L. brevis had a weak inhibitory effect on the growth of S. Enteritidis (<6 mm). The adhesion ability of L. acidophilus (420.00 ± 28.21) and L. brevis (259.33 ± 24.03) was stronger than that of S. Enteritidis (202.00 ± 14.00) under treatment with combined extracts. The tested combinations of herbs and probiotics can adhere to the intestinal tract. Given this characteristic, herb and probiotic combinations may be developed as an alternative to conventional AGPs.

1 illus, 6 tables, 30 ref

001644   JANNAT K, RAHMAN T, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 214-20.

Allium tuberosum is a lesser known plant of the Allium genus compared to the more known Allium cepa (onion) or Allium sativum (garlic). However, Allium tuberosum is now being increasingly recognized to be an important plant in its own right with diverse important pharmacological activities. This review will attempt to describe the reported phytochemicals and pharmacological activities of the plant with the objective to determine the plant’s potential to be a source of lead compounds and effective new drugs.

1 illus, 60 ref

001641   ISHRATH P K, ANIL KUMAR A S, NIBIN P M (Agriculture Coll, Trivandrum, Kerala) : Agrotechniques for quality planting material production in vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Nash.). J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 211-3.

Vetiver, a tall tufted perennial grass is being commercially grown for its roots and essential oil. Insufficient availability of quality planting material is one of the major constraints for its area expansion and further use among farmers. The present investigation was conducted to assess the effect of agrotechniques for quality planting material production in vetiver. The four factors tested were planting materials (2), planting systems (2), rooting medium (2) and moisture regimes (2). The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD. The results revealed that, planting of clumps could considerably improve number of tillers and gross returns, while growing of slips significantly enhanced benefit cost ratio. Trough system of planting was found to be economical in vetiver nursery, but planting strips increased crop growth potential. Similarly, additional application of cow dung slurry was effective for higher productivity and profitability in vetiver nursery.

1 table, 8 ref

001661   KUMAR N S, GURUNANI S G (Priyadarshini JL Coll of Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra) : Guazuma ulmifolia Lam: A review for future view. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 205-10.

Guazuma ulmifolia, Lam. known as West Indian elm or bay cedar, native of tropical America is been cultivated in India since a century. It contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavanoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and steroids. Isolation of octacosanol, taraxeroloac, friedelin-3-áoac, â-sitosterol, and Friedelinol-3-acetate in the leaves are reported. Heartwood contains kaempferol and fruit contains the sweet edible mucilage. Its essential oil is contains major compound Eugenol (10.13 %). The isolation of epicatechin and procyanidins oligomers such as procyanidin B2, procyanidin B5, procyanidin C1 from bark is reported. Ethnobotanical uses of G. ulmifolia of the leaves, bark, fruit, root, stem bark are reported for properties like antidysenteric, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal astringent, depurative, diaphoretic febrifuge, emollient, hepatoprotective, Pectoral, stomachic, styptic, sudorific, refrigerant and vulnerary. The pharmacological evaluations on plant demonstrated till date are Antioxidant, Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxing Activity, Antidiabetic, Antiviral, Ant secretory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Cytotoxicity, Gastro protective, Hepatoprotective, Neurological & Uterine stimulant activity. The purpose of this manuscript is to bring into focus the plant G. ulmifolia for exploring its multipurpose uses. Thus, Ethnopharmacology suggests several medicinal uses out of which antiviral, antibacterial, antidiabetic and gastro protective are yet to be scientifically proven.

4 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

001648   JENIFER S P, LEKHA K (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Taxonomic and ethnomedicinal analysis of angiosperm plants in Kumarankundru hill, Annur, Coimbatore. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 196-204.

Taxonomy is the study to gather acquaintance of various kinds of plants in earth and its systematic grouping, the main aim of taxonomist to deal with the identification, nomenclature and classification of plants in scientific manner. The present study is focused on taxonomic and comprehensive information of the floristic diversity and Ethnomedicinal properties of Angiospermic plants found in Kumaran kundru hill surrounded by Western Ghats. A total of 56 families, 114 genera and 126 plant species were recorded. All collected plants were preserved by using herbarium techniques. The vegetative survey conducted to the show level of species diversity, it reveals that Ricinus communis, and Boerhavia erecta have high species diversity while Sarcostemma viminalis, Agave Americana have low species diversity. Documentation of established knowledge on the Ethnomedicinal properties of these plants is essential for the conversation and new drug development process.

29 ref

001707   SANJAYA P, LEKHA K (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Preliminary phytochemical analysis, GC-MS studies and antioxidant activity of Majidea zangueberica J. Kirk leaf extracts. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 186-95.

The study paves an insight into the medicinal properties of the ornamental plant Majidea zangueberica belonging to the family Sapindaceae. The phytochemical screening of chloroform (CE) and hexane extract (HE) of leaves revealed the presence of various compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tri-terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and protein. The total soluble carbohydrate, proteins and chlorophyll content present in the leaves of M. zangueberica was 40 ± 1.07 mg/gram, 58.33 ± 2.22 mg/gram and 0.5483 ± 0.017 mg/fresh weight respectively. Higher total phenolic content were present in chloroform extract of M. zangueberica leaves than hexane extract (3.83 ± 0.12). The GCMS analysis in CE confirmed the presence of 40 compounds with various peak areas and biological activity. The leaves showed higher antioxidant property (inhibition-69.75 %) in its CE than HE. Further study may provide a good source of medicinally important drugs in near future.

3 illus, 4 tables, 28 ref

001630   GETANEH Z A (Biology Dep, Arba Minch Univ, Arba Minch, Ethiopia) : Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plant species of Arba Minch Zuriya Wereda, SNNPR, Ethiopia. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 182-5.

An Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plant species was carried out in Gamo zone, Arba Minch Zuriya Wereda, SNNPR between June 2016 to October, 2016. The aim of the study was to identify and document traditional medical plants and practices of using them to treat various ailments. Ethnobotanical data were collected using, semi-structured interview, group discussion, field observation and market survey. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, preference ranking and paired comparison and direct matrix ranking method. A total of 52 medicinal plant species (43 genera, 35 families) were documented in the study area. Most (53 %) were collected from wild followed by (41 %) cultivated and 3(6 %) from both wild and home garden. 36 medicinal plant species (31 families) were used to treat human aliments. Six medicinal plant species were used to treat livestock and nine were used both human and livestock. The most frequently used plant part was leaf (35.3 %) followed by root, 11(21.6 %), and the widely used method of preparation was crushing. Deforestation, agricultural activities, firewood and charcoal are major threats to medicinal plants in the study area.

3 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

001619   DEMETILLO M T, BETCO G L, GOLORAN A B (Biology Dep, Caraga State Univ, Ampayon, Butuan City, Philippines) : Assessment of native medicinal plants in selected mining area of claver Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 171-4.

This study aimed to document the traditional knowledge on plants by traditional healers in Claver, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Twenty-nine respondents were identified following a snowball sampling technique and were interviewed on their traditional knowledge and practice of using different medicinal plants. A total of 51 plant species, grouped into 33 Families were recorded which will used to treat 26 different kinds of human health problems. Leaves (35 %) were the most commonly used plant part and oral application (57 %) was found to be the most frequent in the preparation and routes of administration for each medicinal plant species. Aside from the medicinal uses, some of these plants were also used as food. The medicinal plants identified were proven effective by the local traditional healers to cure for certain illnesses, since they were utilizing these various plant species for herbal medicines for several years ago.

3 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

001718   SINGH M K (Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam) : Ethno-medico-botanical observations of bamboos among indigenous people of Manipur. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 159-62.

Manipur, the state lies on the laps of eastern Himalayan ranges is known for its glorious landscape, scenic beauty and unique endowments. Its varied topography and ideal climatic conditions shaped diverse forest types in the state. Among these forests wide variety of bamboos grow luxuriantly from hills to the plains which form an key component of rural landscape. The present paper provides information gathered on Ethno-medico-botany of wide variety of bamboos found growing in forest fringe villages of Manipur.

6 ref

001712   SHANDHI M M, KHATUN T, MONDOL N, PATWARY S A, JANNAT K, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh) : Tying or hanging of plants to body to cure diseases: An esoteric method of treatment. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 131-3.

Oral administration and topical application of plant paste, decoction, juice and fermented plants are the usual methods of treating diseases in traditional phytotherapeutic practices. Other less common modes of phytotherapeutic practices are tying of plants to the body, wearing plants or plant parts in the form of garlands, and wearing amulets containing a tiny section of a plant or plant part. The less common modes of plant-based therapy can be considered esoteric ways of treating diseases, which are practiced by folk medicinal practitioners in Bangladesh. We herein describe two such esoteric methods of treatment. The first comprises wearing a garland of small branch pieces of Achyranthes aspera on the head to cure jaundice. In the second treatment, one inch piece of root of Heterophragma adenophyllum is tied around the waist with a string to cure waist pain. Whether any cure from such esoteric treatments result from volatile components emitted from the plant parts or merely reflect a placebo effect is an open question but which merits further studies, since such treatments are practiced in different parts of the world.

1 table, 39 ref

001624   DUTTA A, BISWAS S, BISWAS M, GHOSH P, GHOSH C, DAS S, CHATTERJEE S (Biotechnology Dep, Techno India Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activity of leaf, stem and flower of Rangoon creeper: A comparative study. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 123-30.

Rangoon creeper, Quisqualis indica Linn. is an important shrub belonging from family Combretaceae. This plant is traditionally used for cell aging or other oxidative stress-related diseases. This study was done to quantify the polyphenols, flavonoids and to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of aqueous and ethyl acetate crude and dry sample extracts of leaf, stem and flowers. The phytochemical quantitative assay was done by the Aluminium chloride, Folin-Ciocaltue Method and the anti-oxidant activity was measured by ABTS and H₂O₂ radical scavenging assay. To investigate the antimicrobial activity, disk diffusion method was used. The highest amount of total polyphenolic content was found in flower of crude (102.24 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g of tissue) and dry (83.75 ± 0.47 mg GAE/g of tissue) samples in ethyl acetate extracts. The highest amount of total flavonoids content was found in crude leaf (60.67 ± 0.31 mg QE/g of tissue) and dry flower (54.27 ± 0.20 mg QE/g of tissue) of ethyl acetate extract. The aqueous extracts of leaf and flower showed the higher anti-oxidant activity than the ethyl acetate extracts. The crude and dry samples of leaf and flower extracts showed maximum zone of inhibition for both the solvents rather than stem against Staphylococcus aureus as well as Escherichia coli. The results revealed that the leaves and flowers of Quisqualis indica contained more bioactive substances than stem, which may be responsible for high anti-oxidant properties. So, Rangoon creeper can be used to prevent various oxidative stress-related diseases.

16 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

001740   VERMA P P S, PADALIA R C, SINGH V R, KUMAR A, AGRI B K (CSIR- CIMAP, Post-Gagrigole, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand) : Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) under the Katyur valley of western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 117-22.

A field experiment was carried out at CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Research Centre Purara, Bageshwar, India during 2016-2017. The study was carried out for “Effect of NPK levels on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) under the Katyur valley of western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand”. The experiment was tested in RBD under different doses of NPK with three replications. Doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium viz., To (Control, no fertilizer), T₁ (30:30:60 NPK Kg/ha), T₂ (60:60:120 NPK Kg/ha), T₃ (90:90:180 NPK Kg/ha), T₄ (120:60:120 NPK Kg/ha) and T₅ (140:80:180 NPK Kg/ha) were applied and data was collected from the randomly selected plants of turmeric from each plot. Results indicated that higher fresh yield (28.17 t/ha), dry yield (6.6 t/ha) and dry recovery % (23.42) were significant with T₄ (120:60:120 NPK Kg/ha) followed by T₅. The growth parameters were significantly higher with the T4. In data the highest net return (INR 168200/ ha) and B: C ratio (1.72) was obtained under T₄ followed by T₅. It is clearly indicated that a nutrient level of 120:60:120 kg NPK/ha is optimum for growth and yield of the crop in the Katyur valley of western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand.

4 tables, 22 ref

001626   DWIVEDI T, KANTA C, SINGH L R, SHARMA I P (Biological Sciences Dep, G B P U A & T, Pantnagar, U S Nagar, Uttarakhand) : A list of some important medicinal plants with their medicinal uses from Himalayan State Uttarakhand, India. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 106-16.

Himalayan range has a rich heritage of knowledge on plant based therapy. Medicinal plants play major role in the livelihood from all over the world. Uttarakhand, a Himalayan state of India also depends on the medicinal plants for medicine and traditional therapy. The people from this state use plants for their primary health care system mainly depend on traditional knowledge of medical practices and medicinal herbs. Many of the previous studies on traditional medicine as scientific outputs having traditional claims of effectiveness which are helpful to manage various ailments. In this regards many native medicinal plants listed in article are significantly utilized by the locals, which was need to document. In this scenario we try to document some medicinal plants with their medicinal properties from this state.

1 table, 163 ref

001645   JANNAT K, SHOVA N A, ISLAM M M M, JAHAN R, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Herbal formulations for jaundice treatment in Jamalpur district, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 99-102.

Jaundice is a condition where levels of bilirubin in blood goes above normal levels due to disorders of the liver. This condition is characterized by yellow tinge of skin and the eyes. Since jaundice can be a manifestation of serious hepatic disorders like cirrhosis or hepatitis, it is important that jaundice be taken care of and liver brought to its normal state in a short period of time. Rural people of Bangladesh mostly rely on folk medicinal practitioners for treatment of diseases. We here present two plant-based formulations administered by a practitioner in Jamalpur district of Bangladesh for treatment of jaundice, and discuss the scientific evidence and relevancy of the plants used by the practitioner as hepatoprotective agents and their possible therapeutic efficacy against jaundice.

1 illus, 38 ref

001668   MERESA A, ASHEBIR R, GEMECHU W, TEKA F, BASHA H, ABEBE A, DEBEBE E, W/KIDAN S, TADELE A (Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) : Ethno medicinal uses, phytochemistry and antimalarial effect of Croton macrostachyus (Bisana): A review. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 79-88.

Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Del. which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae, has been utilized as a remedy for malaria, abdominal pain, gonorrhea, wounds, ringworm infestation, hemorrhoids, ascariasis, epilepsy, rabies venereal diseases, cough, rheumatism, liver problem and other ailments in Ethiopian traditional medicines. The aim of this review article to explore and compile the ethno medicinal uses, phytochemistry and anti-malarial activity of this plant. A comprehensive and systematic literature search on the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus were undertaken using the key words: Croton macrostachyus, ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology so as to document this article. Next to leaf, bark is reported as remedy for a vast number of ailments among the various plant parts, in Ethiopian traditional medicine. Preliminary phytochemical qualitative tests on the different solvent crude extracts of the plant parts revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids saponins, free anthraquinones, phytosterols, polyphenols and Wthanoides. Further fractionation and characterization approaches on the most biologically active crude extracts led to the isolation of many secondary metabolites from the given medicinal plant. Cyclohexane die oxides such as crotepoxide, lupeol and betulin, cis-clerodane, crotomacrine, 3β-Acetoxy tetraxer-14-en-28-oic acid, trachylina-19-oic acid, trachylina-18-oic acid are among the isolated compounds from various parts of Croton macrostachyus. The present review paper has attempted to explore ethno medicinal uses, phytochemical constituents and the anti-malarial activity of one of the croton species, Croton macrostachyus which is native to Ethiopia and other Eastern African countries. This plant is used in Ethiopian folklore medicine for the treatment of malaria, gonorrhea, diabetes, wounds, fungal infections, helminthes and others.

4 illus, 4 tables, 84 ref

001696   RATHIKA P, PRIYA V (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Survey of weeds at Anubhavi subramaniar temple in Coimbatore district. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 77-8.

The present investigation was carried out, in survey of weeds at Anubhavi subramaniar temple in Coimbatore district. Weeds are unwanted and undesirable plants which interfere with the utilization of land water resources and thus adversely affect human welder. But it has also useful aspects to the environment as well as the economically. Weed plants are utilized like medicine, food, ornamental and economical aspects. Many weeds are used as traditional medicine in India. The present weed survey revealed that weeds it can be used as many aspects such as ornamental, medicinal, and food.

1 table, 10 ref

001727   SURE A S, GAIKWAD S (Agriculture Coll, Raigad, Maharashtra) : Survey of ethnomedicinal plants diversity in forest area of Raigad district of Maharashtra state. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 73-6.

A survey ethnomedicinal plants of forest area of Raigad district has been carried out during the year 2017-18. During study medicinal plants have been identified for the various medicinal properties. The present study revealed in forest area of Raigad district at different localities. The information pertaining to botanical name, common name, family, morphology, parts used and medicinal properties was identified with the help of local population. The survey investigated 294 wild medicinal plant species belonging to 255 genera and 90 families. Out of these wild medicinal plants 18 species belongs to the family Fabaceae, 12 Species from Euphorbiaceae, 11 Species from Malvaceae, 10 species each from Apocynaceae, Caesalpinaceae; Remaining families are having less than nine species each. Life forms indicated that trees were dominating (37 %) followed by herbs (29 %), shrubs (18 %), climber (8 %), creepers, grasses, lianas, twiners (2 %) each. The plant parts like root, rhizome, bulb, stem, bark, root bark, latex, leaves, gum, gum-resin, flower, peduncle, arillus, fruit, tuber, oil, seed, sap, shoot, resin and whole plant are used for the treatment of various diseases. Medicinal plants are globally valuable sources of herbal products, and they are disappearing at a high speed due to activities carried out by human as result of over-exploitation, industrialization, development projects and civilization. Therefore, there is need of the management of traditional medicinal plants conservation strategies i.e. in-situ and ex-situ conservation and cultivation practices and resource management i.e. good agricultural practices and sustainable use solutions.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

001689   RAGASUDHA R, PRIYA V (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Ethnobotanical survey of Irular tribes in perumal Swamy temple Hills, Theethipalayam, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 45-8.

The ethnobotanical systems and herbal medicines as therapeutic agents are of paramount importance in addressing health problems of traditional communities. The indigenous knowledge available with these people plays important role in quick and proper identification of natural resources. There is no literature available regarding the medicinal plants used by Irula tribes. The present paper highlights the use of those plants for various ailments by Irular tribe living in perumal swamy Temple Hills, Theethipalayam. A total of 25 plants species and their families has been identified and collected. Which has been recorded as data’s used by them as herbal medicines to treat several common diseases such as skin diseases, dysentery, cough and cold, cuts and wounds, etc.

6 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

001687   PRIYA V, ANJANA P V (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity in leaves of Gnetum ula, Brongn. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 35-8.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of phytochemical compounds and antimicrobial activities in the leaves of Gnetum ula using methanolic and hexane extract. Various concentrations of extracts have been used against the clinical microbes (fungal strains: Aspergillus niger, penicillium sp. and bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Serratia sps. and Bacillus subtilis) using standard methods. Phytochemical screening in both extracts reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol, phytosterol, tannins, quinine, carbohydrate, protein and absence of saponin and triterpenoids. Antimicrobial studies indicate that the methanolic and hexane extracts inhibit the growth of microbes, but it may get altered due to different concentration levels. The study exhibits higher inhibition against the fungal strains than the bacterial strains.

3 tables, 10 ref

001636   HABIBA N A, AKTER N, FERDUSHI M, AFRIN T, MUNNI M N, AKTER M (Pharmacy Dep, BRAC Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Investigation of anthelmintic and insecticidal activity of Goniothalamus sesquipedalis plant in different extracts. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 30-4.

Within different extract of Goniothalamus sesquipedalis the evaluation of anthelmintic and insecticidal activity conducted in present studies. For anthelmintic activity, selected animal was Pheretima posthuma for testing while 25, 50, 100 mg/ml concentrations of specimen were tested in the bioassay, from which time of paralysis and time of death of worms were estimated. Assay of insecticidal action was executed against Sitophilus oryzae to assess the mortality rate. MEE, EE, ACE, CHE, PEE and NHE extract were there for the activity determination. In anthelmintic study, extract exhibition and activity in dosedependent manner showing higher the concentration, faster the effect. Extract of EE, PEE, CHE and MEE in case of 100 mg/ml concentration showed its paralytic effect followed by death within a short period of time among which EE extract gave the best result which only took approx. 22.33 minutes to show paralytic effect and 33 minutes for death occurrence. In insecticidal activity, all extracts showed efficacious activity with 100 % mortality of rice insects Sitophilus oryzae at 80 mg/ml concentration in 24 hrs, proving the activity also followed dose dependent pattern. 80 % mortality rate observed in case of 80 mg/ml concentration of ACE extract in 12 hr whereas MEE, CHE and NHE extracts showed 60 % and PEE showed 70 % mortality rate in treated rice insects. The present study shows that all the extracts of Goniothalamus sesquipedalis are found to retain anthelmintic and insecticidal activities.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

001649   JHANSI D, KOLA M (Home Science Dep, Sri Venkateswara Univ, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh) : The antioxidant potential of Centella asiatica: A review. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 18-20.

Plants as a source of food, herbs, and medicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional medicine systems. Growth and development in research on medicinal plant products has increased exponentially both in developed and developing nations. Possible reasons for this could include its therapeutically safe and effective action against mild and chronic diseases, and also its increased use as a dietary supplement. Since ancient times the traditional communities have been practicing precious knowledge about the use of the rich bio-sources of herbal remedies. In recent times, there has been a trend to use natural substances present in fruits, vegetables, oilseeds and herbs as antioxidants and rational foods. Centella Asiatica is one of the traditionally used as a medicinal herb and alternative medicine in treating numerous kinds of diseases. In food technology and food industry, the use of centella asiatica in food and beverages has increased over the years basically due to its beneficial functional properties. The present review is an comprehensive literature of the antioxidant potential in centella asiatica.

1 table, 20 ref

001733   THAMPI R, MERCYKUTTY M J, MENON J S (Agricultural Extension Dep, Horticulture Coll, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala) : Traditional knowledge on use of medicinal plants grown in homesteads as home remedies. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(2), 1-4.

The present paper is an attempt to explore the traditional knowledge nurtured by the farming community on medicinal plants. The study was conducted in Thrissur district of Kerala state. Thrissur has a long history in the use of medicinal plants and traditional medicine. Local people in the villages, especially the elderly, have useful information about health benefits and how to use these plants. Therefore, it seems that collecting and recording this information lead to the revival of traditional knowledge. A total of 62 species of medicinal plants and 45 ITKs were recorded in the study area. However, out of 62 species only 29 species are currently used for treating various illness and diseases. Further, 12 plants were used to cure more than one ailment, while 17 plants were mostly used for single therapeutic application. Traditional botanists and native people were also interviewed for identifying the medicinal plants and studying its uses.

2 tables, 11 ref

001615   BHATT M K, SHAH N (R. K. Univ, Rajkot, Gujarat, Email: mkb_0999@yahoo.co.in) : Isolation and structure elucidation of Isoquercitrin from the whole herb of Hygrophila salicifolia (Acanthaceae). Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2019, 11(2), 51-5.

There area large number of traditional plants, their extracts and phytoconstituents presently used in modern medicine. There is a worldwide majority of the population that still relies on plants as a source of medicine.One of the medicinally useful plant is Hygrophila salicifolia. Hygrophila salicifoliais an erect herb (family: Acanthaceae). It has many medicinal uses like diuretic and anti inflammatory in traditional systems of medicine. Till date no data available for its Phytoconstituents therefore isolationof phytoconstituent was done from methanolic extract of Hygrophila salicifolia.Flavonoid was isolated for the first time from a Hygrophilasalicifolia (Acanthaceae). Its structure was established on the basis of its spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, Mass, NMR,Melting point, HPTLC and laterally confirmed as Isoquercitrin.

7 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

001706   SALEEM M, BYAHATTI V V (Moulana Azad Institute of Pharmacy, Jodhpur - 342 008, Email: md.srajvaidhya@gmail.com) : In-vitro evaluation of antiasthmatic activity of Ficus racemosa L. (moraceae). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 2040-4.

Asthma is a disease of the human respiratory system. The different extract of bark was obtained by successive extraction with petroleum ether, butanol, ethyl acetate and alcohol by Soxhlet. These extracts were evaluated for antiasthmatic activity by using in-vitro model, i.e., spasmolytic activity in isolated guinea pig lung strip using histamine for induction of bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. The effect of S. extracts of the bark of the plant on isolated guinea pig lung strip was studied to know the mechanism by which the extracts exhibited muscle relaxant activity. The study showed the few extracts are effective against histamine-induced contraction. The result revealed that the antiasthmatic activity of extracts might be due to the presence of saponins and flavonoids.

5 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

001652   KAMBRATH S M, THOPPIL J E (Botany Dep, Calicut Univ, Malappuram - 673 635, Email: sajithamenonk@gmail.com) : Screening selected species of Gomphostemma wall. ex Benth. from Western Ghats for anti-inflammatory activity. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 2012-7.

Gomphostemma Wall. ex Benth. belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The present study evaluated selected species of Gomphostemma endemic to the Western Ghats for their anti-inflammatory property. Traditionally, many species of Gomphostemma are used to treat malarial fever and inflammations caused by insect stings. Methanol extracts of Gomphostemma heyneanum var. heyneanum, G. heyneanum var. rottleri and G. eriocarpum were prepared and subjected to various in-vitro assays to examine their anti-inflammatory potential. Anti-inflammatory activity was initially screened with protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitory assays. Among the three extracts screened, G. heyneanum var. heyneanum showed significant activity comparable to the standard diclofenac sodium. Further, the effective extract of G. heyneanum var. heyneanum was evaluated for its effect on LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells. The effect of the extract on various inflammatory mediators like cyclooxygenase (COX), cellular nitrite and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed. The extract inhibited cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in a dosedependent manner projecting the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant. The potent phytochemicals present in the plants may be attributed to the activity shown by the plants.

5 illus, 21 ref

001674   NASER E H, KASHMER A M, ABED S A (Pharmacognosy Dep, Karbala Univ, Karbala, Iraq, Email: estabraq.h@uokerbala.edu.iq) : Antibacterial activity and phytochemical investigation of leaves of Calotropis procera plant in Iraq BY GC-MS. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1988-94.

Calotropis procera plant belongs to the Asclepiadaceae family. It is prescribed to treat bronchitis, asthma, cough, infections, cancer, ascites, intestinal worms, cutaneous diseases, eczema, leprosy and also aid to stimulate the immune system. The leaves of C. procera were investigated for their phytochemical and anti-microbial activity. Chemical screening of leaves ethanolic extract exhibited to contain active compounds like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and reducing sugar. The antibacterial activity of C. procera leaves against four different bacteria revealed that the ethanolic extracts could kill only Staphylococcus aureus and Basillus subtilis, but more resisted by Pseudomonas sp., and Escherichia coli compare to the standard antibiotic streptomycin. GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic extracts indicated that the highest percentage in 100 % ethanolic leaves extract belongs to camphene 6.22 %, thebaine 7.59 % dodecanoic acid 19.15 %, and linolenic acid ethyl ester 14.87 %, while the highest percentage in 70 % ethanolic leaves extract belongs to hexa-hydro-farnesol 9.87 %, gamolenic acid 12.71 %, and linolenic acid ethyl ester 6.83 %. This is the first phytochemical, and antibacterial study on C. procera leaves in Iraq.

4 illus, 4 tables, 36 ref

001692   RAJESWARI R, LALITHA V, KORAH M C, RAHMAN P V J, KUMAR A S (Vellalar Coll of Pharmacy, Thindal, Erode - 638 112, Tamil Nadu, Email: raji2185@gmail.com) : Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of ethanolic extract of the Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1972-80.

Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. is a common plant with a variety of folk medicinal value. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the ethanolic extract of Artocarpus hirsutus. The screening for various phytochemicals was conducted by using various standard procedures. Acute toxicity of the extract was determined by using OECD guidelines 423. The antidiabetic activity of the plant was evaluated by using the streptozotocin-induced diabetic model in Wistar albino rats. The histopathology of the pancreatic tissue was also performed. The antioxidant activity of the extract was also performed by using the liver homogenate of the animal. Statistical analysis was performed by using one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s test. The phytochemical screening of extract leads to the detection of various secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, etc. No mortality was observed during acute toxicity studies up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg. The effect of the extract on parameters like body weight, fasting blood glucose level, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, urea, creatinine shows a significant variation. The histopathological examination of the pancreatic tissue shows marked regeneration of tissue. The enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant parameters were determined and compared. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of A. hirsutus leaves have various phytopharmacological activities needed for pharmacological activity and thus it would be useful to isolate and characterize the compounds responsible for these bioactivities in the future.

5 illus, 3 tables, 40 ref