001622   DOKUPARTHI S K, PRABHAKAR L, SRIKANTH D, NARENDER K, DIVYA C, MADDALA Y (Pharmacognosy Dep, Vijaya Coll of Pharmacy, Hyderabad - 501 511, Email: skdokuparthi@gmail.com) : Anti-mitotic activity of Ganoderma applanatum. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1912-5.

Traditionally, mushrooms have importance in the diet. Since they possess both nutritional and medicinal value, research on mushrooms is the new area for developing lead molecules to treat cancer and other ailments. Ganoderma is a famous genus in the medicinally important mushrooms. Cancer is a fatal disease in which uncontrolled proliferation is the major crunch point to be considered. The current work is carried out to screen antimitotic activity of Ganoderma applanatum on legume seeds. Three legume seeds viz., Bengal gram, green gram, and fenugreek were selected for the study and the ability of the methanol extract to inhibit the germination was calculated. The results indicated that the extract is having a significant inhibition in the growth of the radicle of the seeds. The antimitotic activity can be attributed to the chemical constituents present in the extract. The phytochemical screening showed that the species is rich in various phytochemicals like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates and proteins. These bioactive compounds, especially the tannins, terpenoids and steroids might be responsible for the said activity. Further research is in the process to identify and isolate the secondary metabolite which is responsible for the reported activity.

4 tables, 18 ref

001602   AJISH A D, VAGDEVI H M, SUNITHA B J (Chemistry Dep, Kuvempu Univ, Shivamogga - 577 203, Email: vagdevihm@gmail.com) : Evaluation of antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of Hopea ponga (dennst.) bark. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1838-47.

The present work involves the extraction of phytochemicals from the bark of the medicinal plant Hopea ponga, with various solvents and evaluation of their antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities by following standard methods. The antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was measured by their ability to scavenge free radicals such as (a) DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), (b) ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzenothiaziline-6-sulfonate), (c) FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) (d) Hydrogen peroxide assay. The methanol extract exhibited, high antiradical activity against DPPH, ABTS with an IC₅₀ value of 19.48 µg/ml, 25.22 µg/ml, respectively, higher content of phenols (195.11 ± 2.14 mg expressed as mg of Catechol equivalents/100 mg dried extract and highest anthelmintic activity among all tested extracts. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited high antiradical activity against hydrogen peroxide with an IC₅₀ value of 38.00 µg/ml and exhibited significant activity against Streptococcus aureus with a maximum inhibition zone of 35.93 ± 0.12 mm for 1000 mg/ml. The present study suggests that the methanol extract may contain active compounds, which have effective antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity.

5 illus, 5 tables, 29 ref

001663   LALA R R, PATEL P H (Pharmaceutics Dep, Prin. K. M. Kundnani Coll of Pharmacy, Mumbai - 400 005, Email: r_r_lala@yahoo.co.in) : Nanoemulsion for improved permeability of Centella asiatica extract: Formulation, ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1711-8.

Centella asiatica L. Urban (family: Umbelliferae) contains several active triterpenoids which have been reported to induce type I collagen which decreases substantially in photoaged skin. Centella asiatica extract is highly soluble in water but have low absorption into the skin. To overcome this, water in oil nanoemulsion loaded with Centella asiatica extract have been formulated, optimized and evaluated as the potential delivery system for treating photoaging. Nanoemulsions were formulated by the oil phase titration method and optimized by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The prepared nanoemulsions were subjected to thermodynamic stability testing. Those that passed these tests were characterized for droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and droplet morphology by Cryo-SEM. The prepared nanoemulsions were in nanometric range (optimized batch: 140.5 nm) with uniform size distribution (PDI: 0.086) and good physical stability (zeta potential: -33.9 mV). Topical permeation of Centella asiatica loaded nanoemulsion through porcine abdominal skin was estimated using the Franz diffusion cell. A significant increase in permeability parameters was observed in nanoemulsion formulations (P<0.05) as compared to an aqueous solution of Centella asiatica extract. Topical application of CA nanoemulsion loaded cream to rat hind limb significantly reduced the wrinkle formation on UV exposed skin. Histopathological studies of the skin samples further confirmed the antiphotoaging effects of the prepared nano-emulsion formulation.

11 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

001681   PATIL S, AYARE P (Pharmacognosy Dep, Prin. K. M. Kundnani Coll of Pharmacy, Mumbai - 400 005, Email: priyanka.v.ayare@gmail.com) : Carica papaya: Formulation and evaluation of new dosage form design. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1677-85.

Phytosomes are recently introduced drug delivery system and novel botanical formulation to produce lipophilic molecular complex to improve absorption and bioavailability of phytoconstituents. The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate tablets of Carica papaya phytosomes. Solvent injection method was used for the preparation of phytosomes. Carica papaya phytosomes were characterized by particle size, Zeta potential, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, and in-vitro drug release. The results showed that the average particle size and zeta potential of the optimized phytosomes formulation were 135.8 nm and −36.7 mV. In-vitro drug release studies revealed that the cumulative % drug release of tablets of Carica papaya phytosomes was found to be 85.32 %. Cytotoxic effect of aqueous extracts and phytosomes on human leukemia cell line K-562 was evaluated by performing Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The GI₅₀ value of aqueous extract and F2 was found to be 75.2 μg/mL and 48.4 μg/mL respectively. The result showed that the phytosomes exhibited better anticancer activity than Carica papaya aqueous extract. Hence it was concluded that Carica papaya phytosomes serve as useful novel drug delivery system and provide more bioavailability than conventional formulations.

12 illus, 5 tables, 21 ref

001651   KAMARI F E, TAROQ A, ATKI Y E, AOUAM I, LYOUSSI B, ABDELLAOUI A (Biology Dep, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah Univ, Fez, Morocco, Email: kamarisapiens@gmail.com) : Total phenols content, flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activities of leaves extracts of Vitex agnus-castus L. growing wild in Morocco. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1670-6.

Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae) commonly known as Chaste tree, is a shrub widely distributed in the Middle East and Southern Europe. Traditionally used for the treatment of several health problems and symptoms, such as premenstrual ones and spasmodic dysmenorrhea, certain menopausal conditions, insufficient lactation, and acne. Several reports have indicated that Vitex agnus-castus contained flavonoids, diterpenoids, and essential oils. To our knowledge, no data are available on the antioxidant activities of Moroccan Vitex agnus-castus. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of four extracts from leaves of Vitex agnus-castus growing wild in Morocco. Phytochemical tests of the extracts (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) were carried out qualitatively for the presence of Alkaloids, Tannins, Anthraquinones, Terpenes, and saponins. Invitro antioxidant activity, total phenols content and total flavonoid content of different extracts were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The total phenolic content ranged from (10 ± 0.2 to 53.33 ± 1.38 mgEq GAE/g DW), and the total flavonoid concentrations varied from (13.66 ± 0.33 to 95.33 mg RE/gDW). Ethanolic extract of Vitex agnus-castus leaves has shown the highest phenols and flavonoid concentrations and strong antioxidant activity. A very strong positive correlation between the total antioxidant activity of the extracts and their content of phenols and flavonoids (P<0.05) is observed. Therefore, Moroccan Vitex agnus-castus L. can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high value.

4 illus, 4 tables, 35 ref

001705   SAKLANI S, KAWRA M, PARCHA V (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal Univ, Garhwal - 246 174, Email: kawra.monika8@gmail.com) : Herbal-derived anticancer phytoconstituents: Tradition to molecular mechanisms. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1632-9.

This article reveals a detailed review of important constitutes of herbal drugs which will be useful to treat various types of cancer. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries as the number of mortalities is increasing day-byday and year after year. Herbal drugs have contributed for the discovery of new anticancer drugs due to conventional cancer therapies cause’s serious side effects. Therefore, the fear of side effects patient prefer to use of herbal drugs or compound isolated from the medicinal plants for cancer treatment. An ideal phytochemical is one that possesses anti-tumor properties with minimal toxicity, side effects and has a defined mechanism of action. Several anticancer agents including taxol, vinblastine, vincristine, the camptothecin derivatives, topotecan, irinotecan, and etoposide derived from epipodophyllotoxin are in clinical use all over the world. A number of promising agents such as flavopiridol, roscovitine, combretastatin A-4, betulinic acid, silvestrol, apigenin, curcumin, fisetin, and crocetin are in preclinical or clinical development stage.

2 tables, 88 ref

001632   GHOSH P, CHATTERJEE S, DAS P, BANERJEE A, KARMAKAR S, MAHAPATRA S (Biotechnology Dep, Techno India Univ, Kolkata - 700 091, Email: sirshendu.chatterjee@gmail.com) : Natural habitat, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of a medicinal weed- Cleome rutidosperma DC. (Cleomaceae): A comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1605-12.

Herbal treatment used in healthcare system from ancient time. Plants had been used by all cultures, ethnic group and society throughout history in the whole world. Plants are the potential source of secondary metabolites which have high medicinal value and huge utility in healthcare development. Herbal medicines are now in huge prospects in the developing and developed nation for basic health treatment. It is inexpensive and has minimal side effects. Cleome rutidosperma DC (Family-Cleomaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant, and it is commonly known as Fringed Spider Flower. Cleome rutidosperma is not only a weed, but it is an important medicinal plant, too. This review deals with phytochemical, morphological, taxonomical and other important biological aspects of Cleome rutidosperma. Literature survey indicated that this medicinal plant is available in tropical parts of India has various reported biological activities like analgesic, anti-pyretic, antiinflammatory, locomotory effect, wound healing property, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-convulsant, anti-diabetic, diuretic and laxative activity etc. The review was done to find out morphological, physicochemical and phytochemical screening of Cleome rutidosperma plant parts. This review can be helpful for identification and preparation of monograph of the plant.

3 illus, 59 ref

001704   SAJINI R J, PREMA S, CHITRA K (Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dep, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai - 600 116, Email: karthikjasmin0214@gmail.com) : Phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities of Marsilea minuta L. (Marsileaceae) - An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1582-7.

Herbal drugs play an important role in the treatment of much illness. The plant has tremendous biological effects and applied in the different system of traditional medication for the treatment of various diseases. Marsilea minuta is one of the most popular foreground plants for aquariums that grows about two to three inches tall in shallow water and has attractive little markings on the tiny, variegated, green leaves. It is an aquatic or sub-aquatic fern used as a vegetable, has wide applications in traditional/folk medicine in India and Bangladesh. It is a member of the fern family. Synonyms of Marsilea minuta are Marsilea crenulata Desv, Marsilea diffusa A. Braun and Marsilea rotundata Wild. Marsilea minuta possesses many pharmacological activities such as antipyretic and analgesic, antidiabetic, antitussive, expectorant, antiamnesic, anti-aggressive, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antifertility, anti-tumor, antioxidant activity. This study was aimed to present an overview of traditional use, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations present in this plant.

1 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

001693   RAJVAIDHYA S, BYAHATTI V V (Moulana Azad Institute of Pharmacy, Jodhpur - 342 008, Email: srajvaidhya@gmail.com) : In-vitro antioxidant activity of various extracts of bark of Ficus racemosa Linn. (Moraceae). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1534-9.

The plant Ficus racemosa L., is a woody large deciduous tree distributed all over India, and grows in the evergreen forest, moist localities, along with the sides of ravines and banks of streams belonging to the family Moraceae, locally know as Attimara and Hindi known as Gular. Ethnobotanically the bark used for anti-diabetic, wounds, useful in asthma and piles recommended in uropathy and treatment of menorrhagia. Biological activities like anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhea, anti-diuretic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, were reported. The present study finds outs the scientifical evidence of bark of Ficus racemosa L. for its antioxidant property using different screening models. The different extract of bark was obtained by successive extraction with petroleum ether (40-60 ºC), butanol, ethyl acetate, alcohol by Soxhlet method. These extracts were taken for an in-vitro antioxidant study, were carried out by using in-vitro antioxidant screening models like DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic contents (TPC). The few successive plant extracts showed significant dose-dependent activity by using various invitro antioxidant models. Antioxidant activity of bark showed a greater free radical sequestering activity. In the present study, ethanol extract showed a greater antioxidant activity was found to be 100 µg/mL expressed as significant antioxidant activity of Ficus racemosa L. This might be due to the presence of phyto-compounds flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids present in the preliminary phytochemical screening.

2 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

001634   GULSHEEN, KUMAR A, SHARMA A (Panjab Univ, Chandigarh - 160 014, Email: bashwani@pu.ac.in) : Comparative antianxiety potential of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. leaves and Euphorbia hirta Linn. aerial parts. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1433-8.

Euphorbia neriifolia and Euphorbia hirta have been traditionally used for relieving anxiety and other nervous disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the antianxiety activity of E. nerrifolia leaves and E. hirta aerial parts using elevated plus maze model. Petroleum ether (60- 80°C), chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of both the plants were prepared and evaluated for antianxiety activity. Chloroform extract of E. neriifolia and ethanol extract of E. hirta showed significant antianxiety activity at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively, comparable to that of diazepam (2 mg/kg). The study was extended to develop the TLC fingerprint profile of the two plants using CAMAG HPTLC system, and the relative percentage of the separated constituents was calculated from the area of peaks. Further, phytochemical screening of the bioactive chloroform extract of E. neriifolia showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids, phenols, and tannins while the bioactive ethanol extract of E. hirta tested positive for flavonoids and steroids/terpenoids.

4 illus, 4 tables, 18 ref

001667   MARATHE K, NASHIKKAR N, BUNDALE S, UPADHYAY A (Hislop Coll, Nagpur - 440 001, Email: kirtidubli@gmail.com) : Analysis of quorum quenching potential of Euphorbia trigona Mill. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1372-86.

S. marcescens and P. mirabilis are gram-negative bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections. Quorum sensing regulates virulence in S. marcescens and P. mirabilis. Present study documents the potential of E. trigona extracts in inhibiting quorum sensing in both the bacterial species. Extracts of aerial part of the plant were prepared in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol using soxhlet extraction technique. Petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract, and acetone extract were found to quench quorum in S. marcescens. These extracts were next subjected to column chromatography and assayed for its quorum quenching capacity. Later, thin layer chromatography was used to separate and identify the bioactive fraction responsible for quorum quenching. The fraction exhibiting quorum quenching capacity was subjected to GC-MS analysis. It revealed the presence of fatty acid derivatives in the bioactive fraction. A major part of the bioactive fraction was 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride (Z, Z), a derivative of linoleic acid, and, hence linoleic acid was also used for testing its effect on swarm motility of bacteria. Furthermore, the bioactive fraction was employed to study the inhibition of virulence factors in S. marcescens and P. mirabilis. Bioactive fraction lowered the prodigiosin production as well as reduced swarming motility and biofilm formation in S. marcescens. It was also found effective in decreasing urease synthesis, biofilm formation and swarming in P. mirabilis. Therefore, bioactive fraction isolated from E. trigona and linoleic acid both quenched quorum in S. marcescens and P. mirabilis.

16 illus, 4 tables, 64 ref

001736   VANI M, MURTHY S D S, DEVI P U M (Applied Microbiology & Biochemistry Dep, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati - 517 502, Email: umadevi66@gmail.com) : Phytochemicals and in-vitro antioxidant activity of Halophila beccarii. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1347-53.

Free radicals induce numerous diseases by lipid peroxidation, oxidation of monosaccharides and DNA damage. In the present study, the marine plant seagrass Halophila beccarii was exploited to detect the phytochemical constituents and its antioxidant potential. The aqueous and organic extracts of Halophila beccarii portrayed the presence of various metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The antioxidant properties of extracts of Halophila beccarii (Hydrocharitaceae) were studied in four in-vitro models viz. Total antioxidant activity, radical scavenging activity by DPPH reduction Assay, Scavenging of H₂O₂ and reducing power. The extract was found to contain large amounts of secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Among all the extracts the methanolic extract showed significant antioxidant activity compared with standards. The experimental data provide ample evidence to utilize Halophila beccarii as a novel dietary agent for treating chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia and could be used as a potential source for natural health products.

3 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

001679   OMMI S, MEDIKONDA M, GUDELA K (Chemistry Dep, PB Siddhartha Coll, Vijayawada - 520 010, Andhra Pradesh, Email: drmanoranjani@yahoo.com) : Identification and HPLC quantification of aflatoxins in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) samples collected in Rayalaseema area, Andhra Pradesh. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1312-8.

The present investigation reports the fungal Aflatoxins contamination in groundnut samples collected in different locations in the Rayalaseema area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Aflatoxins were extracted by liquidliquid extraction method using chloroform solvent. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of aflatoxins present in the samples was done using TLC and HPLC techniques. Among the eight samples in the study two samples S3 and S6 were less infected with aflatoxin-producing fungi, and hence aflatoxins were detected in HPLC study. Samples S1 and S4 consist of only B2 and G2 aflatoxins respectively. The chromatogram obtained for sample S2 shows two peaks representing G2, B2 aflatoxins with 0.84 ng/g, 13.0 ng/g quantity. Sample S5 was also found to have two peaks representing G2, B2 aflatoxins with 10.9 ng/g, 0.55 ng/g quantity respectively. Sample S8 chromatogram consists of two peaks represents aflatoxin G1 and G2 with 0.89 ng/g, 13.3 ng/g quantity respectively. Among the samples in the study, a high number of aflatoxins was identified in sample S7. In S7 sample aflatoxin G1, G2 and B2 were identified. The quantity of aflatoxin G1 was found to be very high (20.6 ng/g) and Remaining aflatoxins G2 and B2 were found to be 3.7 ng/g, 4.7 ng/g respectively. Based on the results findings for the analysis of aflatoxins in groundnut samples six samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins. Even though the aflatoxins content found less amount, crop management practices that reduce infection in the field and during harvesting may help to prevent the contamination of ground nuts from fungal strains.

10 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

001623   DUGAWALE T P, KHANWELKAR C C, DURGAWALE P P (Pharmacology Dep, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be Univ, Karad - 415 539, Email: truptipdurgawale@gmail.com) : Quantitative estimation of total phenolic content of two species of Portulaca obtained by using microwave assisted extraction and its validation. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1269-74.

Portulaca oleracea and Portulaca quadrifida have been used traditionally have been used for their pharmacological properties and consumed as a part of the diet. Anti-oxidative property of phytochemicals might play a role in their observed benefits, and phenolic compounds are known to be the major contributors towards the antioxidant property of phytochemicals. The objective of this study was to quantify the total phenolic content of extracts obtained by microwave extraction of these plant species using a validated technique. The plant species were collected and authenticated. Microwave-assisted extraction of separate plant parts using different solvents was carried out. The total phenolic content was measured using a modified Folin-Ciocalteau method, and the method was validated for linearity, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery, and precision. Amongst the tested extracts, the ethanolic extract of P. oleraceae seed contained the highest amount of total phenolic compounds. The stated method for quantifying total phenolic compounds was found to be precise and reliable, and the further study of the anti-oxidant property of these two plant species need to be conducted.

1 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

001659   KUMAR G S, KUMARAN S D S (Seven Hills Coll of Pharmacy, Venkatramapuram, Tirupati - 517 561, Email: gskpharma11@gmail.com) : Phytochemical, cytotoxicity and docking studies of Samanea saman. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1235-40.

Samanea saman is a tropical avenue tree which is widely cultivated in Northern America, and Asia belongs to the family Leguminosae. It possesses a wide range of biological perspectives. Folklore claims postulated that Samanea saman is having an antiulcer, antioxidant antibacterial and antimycobacterial properties. In the present investigation, the methanol extract of leaves of Samanea saman has been prepared based on the polarity and subjected to column chromatography. Based on this principle, the bioactive alcoholic extract (5 %) was fractioned over a Silica gel (100-200 mesh) column by eluting with solvents of increasing polarity in the order of benzene: ethyl acetate and methanol. Similar TLC fractions were being combined and characterized by spectral analysis. Spectral data are revealed the presence of phytocompounds from the methanolic fractions of the Samanea saman. It was found that the compound named Pithecolobine showed remarkable activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by screening through Alamar blue assay (MIC at 3.12 µg/ml) and Luciferase assay (86 % inhibition at 10 µg/ml) apart from other compounds obtained. The compound was also effective against lung cancer associated with tuberculosis. Further, the compound Pithecolobine was subjected to virtual screening. The docking studies of pithecolobine against the target proteins Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) and Decaprenylphosphobeta-D-ribofuranose 2-oxidase (DprE1) reveals the compound pithecolobine is a potential drug candidate for tuberculosis.

7 illus, 5 tables, 19 ref

001726   SUNDAR R D V, RAVI L, MYTHILI S (Biotechnology Dep, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632 014, Email: smythili@vit.ac.in) : Discovery of new anti-fungal phytochemical PDHC (propane-diyl-bishexahydro-isochromene) isolated from Alternanthera sessilis leaves. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1148-59.

This study reports the potential of Alternanthera sessilis leaves as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent and also the characterization of a novel phytochemical from A. sessilis using bio-activity guided extraction. Antimicrobial property was studied against five bacterial pathogens, Escherichia coli (MTCC: 1687), Bacillus cereus (MTCC: 0430), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC: 7028), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC: 3160), Proteus mirabilis (MTCC: 3310) and against two fungal pathogens, Aspergillus niger [MTCC 281] and Aspergillus flavus [MTCC 10938]. Petroleum ether extract of A. sessilis leaves demonstrated significant antimicrobial property and hence was further purified to identify its active phytochemicals. Silica-gel Column Chromatography followed by antimicrobial screening, lead to the identification of the active fraction, that was characterized by spectroscopic analyses. FT-IR, GC-MS and NMR (C13 , and DEPT-45; 90; 135) analysis of the active fraction, characterized the phytochemical to be 3,3’-(propane-2, 2-diyl)-bis-(3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1Hisochromene) abbreviated as PDHC. To the best of knowledge, this is the first report of PDHC due to novelty in its chemical structure. In-silico molecular docking was performed for this identified compound to identify the possible mechanism of action. This study opens up opportunities for further research on this valuable anti-fungal phytochemical leading to possible treatment applications.

16 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

001669   MOHI-UD-DIN R, ASHRAF R (Anatomy Dep, Kashmir Tibbia Coll, Bandipora - 193 501, Email: rahilaashraf13@gmail.com) : Protection of medicinal plants: A legal perspective in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1089-94.

The indigenous and traditional health care system based on the rich diversity of plants associated knowledge serves more than 70% of the Indian population. More than 7500 species of plants have been used in Indian medical traditions, and over 2700 documented species of plants are used in classical medical systems of Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. About 1800 plants are documented in various Ayurvedic tenets, about 400 in Unani and approximately 500 in the Siddha system. What is of more interest in almost every tribe or forest-based community is the existence of impressive localized knowledge and practices of plant-based ethnomedicine. Western Himalayas are a source of almost fifty percent of medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic, Unani and allopathic systems but there has been little concerted effort towards their indigenous cultivation. Of 2500 such plants grown in wild only 300 species are currently used by 8000 licensed drug manufacturing units. As an integral part of western Himalayas, the State of Jammu and Kashmir is known for its beauty and biological resources. The herbal wealth of wild medicinal plants of high Mountains has not only been a potential source of revenue to the state but also the only relied indigenous health care system of people in the past. Even now Unani and Ayurvedic systems of medicines play a major role in the health care system of the state.

3 tables, 19 ref

001660   KUMAR J G S, UMAMAHESWARI S, KAVIMANI S, ILAVARASAN R (Pharmacology Dep, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences, Pondicherry - 605 006, Email: sudheermtpg@gmail.com) : Pharmacological potential of green algae Caulerpa: A review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1014-24.

From the beginning of civilization, humans depend on the natural products for their food and as medical treatment. Diversity in various bioactive compounds from marine organisms has been tested for the multiple pharmacological effects. Marine algae are surviving in a competitive environment with developed defense strategies and significant levels of chemical structural diversity with a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites. Therefore, algae are a promising source of novel active biochemical compounds with different pharmacological properties for the prospective development of novel drugs by the pharmaceutical industries. Microalgae (blue-green, dinoflagellates, bacillariophyte, etc.) and Macroalgae (green, brown and red algae) are the two groups of algae. Caulerpa is the genera of green macroalgae, represent the numerous bioactive compounds like tannin, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, sulphated polysaccharides (SP), glycosides, phenolic compounds, and saponins, etc., for significant pharmacological effects in the current medicine. Exploration of these compounds for the pharmaceutical and medical purpose, the present review focused on morphological behavior and pharmacological activities of some Caulerpa species in current drug research.

2 illus, 1 table, 117 ref

001662   LAL S, BARAIK B (Botany Dep, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Univ, Ranchi - 834 008, Email: shalini.kumari@gmail.com) : Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Bacopa monnieri - an ethnomedicinal plant. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1001-13.

In recent times, the use of herbal products has increased tremendously in the developing as well as in developed countries. Bacopa monnieri is one of the most important medicinal plant that has been consumed for thousands of year as a memory enhancing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, sedative and anti-epileptic agent. For many years, a lot of commercial and medicinal researches have been focusing their resources on this plant. The plant has been known to possess various activities such as, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, anti-depressant, anti-epileptic, memory enhancer, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, anti-toxicity etc. Therefore step should be taken for its sustainable use and conservation. This review describes the phytoconstituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of Bacopa monnieri. In brief, the biotechnological applications such as tissue culture, elicitation, genetic transformation for the advancement of this plant and its active components production have also been described.

1 illus, 1 table, 98 ref

001684   PLUMERIASTUTI H, BUDIASTUTI, EFFENDI M H, BUDIARTO (Veterinary Public Health Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia, Email: mheffendi@yahoo.com) : Identification of bioactive compound of the essential oils of Cinnamomum burmannii from several areas in Indonesia by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for antidiabetic potential. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(4), 279-83.

Cinnamon is a flavoring ingredient that has been used in daily routines as a spice. Data from various literature on cinnamon reveal that it mainly contains essential oils and important compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. These compounds are used as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and many other beneficial activities. This research tries to reveal the latest comprehensive bioactive compounds that are up to date on the essential oils of Cinnamomum burmannii which are related to phytochemicals and various pharmacological activities from several regions in Indonesia. Steam distillation was used for extraction of the essential oil. The identification of active compound from the essential oil was conducted using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques. We found that there was able to clarify the crucial role of cinnamaldehyde as a potent antidiabetic compound of the C. burmannii’s essential oil, the largest percentage of cinnamaldehyde on essential oil was from Kerinci, Jambi Province. Therefore, from our study, we would like to conclude that there is a link between the compound of C. burmannii’s essential oil and antidiabetic potential.

3 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

001604   ALASYAM N, POKALA N, JOHN P (Pharmacology Dep, Mamata Medical Coll, Khammam, Telangana, Email: naveenpokala@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus fraternus in Wistar rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019, 9(3), 239-42.

We hypothesized that carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity may be prevented by oral administration of Phyllanthus fraternus extract by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of P. fraternus (AEPF) in Wistar rats. Five groups of Wistar rats were selected from 30 healthy animals, with six rats in each group. Group A received normal saline 10 ml/kg (p.o). Group B animals were fed with normal saline (10 ml/kg, p.o.). Group C animals were treated with Liv 52–100 mg/kg orally. Groups D and E rats were treated with plant extract orally once daily at the dosage of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Total duration of experiment is 20 days; CCl4: Olive oil was given i.p on 2^nd, 5^th, and 8^th days for all group of rats except Group A. On the 21^st day, biochemical parameters such as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, cholesterol, and total protein were estimated from the collected blood. Liver tissues were collected from rats for histopathological examination. P. fraternus exhibited judicious defensive effect by lowering (serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin, and cholesterol) and rising total protein levels. The reduction of necrosis and sinusoids was observed in histopathological examination. The present study results support that the AEPF have a dosedependent hepatoprotective activity.

7 illus, 18 ref

001695   RATAN V, SRIVASTAVA M, DIXIT S, TRIVEDI S, SRIVASTAVA D K, SRIVASTAVA Y K (Plant Pathology Dep, Chandra Shekhar Azad Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh - 208 020) : Biocontrol efficacy of local Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. ciceri. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2102-11.

Recently, the environmental contamination caused by excessive use of chemical pesticides increased the interests in integrated pest management, where chemical pesticides are substituted by bio-pesticides to control plant and soil diseases. Trichoderma species are well known potential fungal bio-control agents against a wide range of soil borne plant pathogens. A total 25 Trichoderma isolates were isolated from soil samples collected from Kanpur Nagar, Kanpur Dehat, Unnao and Lucknow districts of U.P. Based on cultural and morphological characters, six Trichoderma isolates found efficient and taken for further studies. All six isolates were sent to NFCCI & FIS, Pune for species level identification. Based on the identification report from NFCCI, 4 isolates were identified as T. asperellum (CST-02, CST-09, CST-21, CST-22), one each as T. longibrachiatum (CST-14) and T. koningii (CST-05). The in vitro antagonistic activity of the 06 Trichoderma isolates was assayed against both test pathogens. Our results showed that the highest inhibitory effect was achieved by isolate CST-14 on growth of FOC and FOL as 33.4 and 37.1 per cent, respectively. Isolate CST-21 showed significant inhibition in mycelial growth against FOC as 30.0 per cent while, isolate CST-22 showed significant inhibition as 32.8 per cent in case of FOL. In case of volatile assay CST-14 again showed highest inhibitory effect against test pathogens ranged from 29.3 - 39.4 percent respectively. Similarly in case of non-volatile assay, 100 percent inhibition in mycelial growth of test pathogens caused by CST-14 @ 50 % concentration. Present investigations concluded that isolates CST-14 (T. longibrachiatum) showed significant inhibitory effect against FOL and FOC. It can be used in the form of bio formulation for effective management of soil borne pathogens.

13 illus, 8 tables, 13 ref

001625   DUTTA S, DAS M, BANERJI A, RAO M M (Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Pharmacognostical evaluation of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br (Saptaparṇa) roots. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2096-101.

Plants are among the richest sources of bioactive compounds throughout the world and have been used in traditional medicine systems for thousands of years, and still continue to provide new remedies to mankind. The medicinal plant Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Saptaparṇa, Chhatim) is extensively used in Ayurveda, the Indian school of traditional medicine. The present study reports the physicochemical characteristics and pharmacognostical investigation of roots of Alstonia scholaris. Organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic studies have been performed. These give referential information for identification parameters of the drug.

9 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

001656   KHEDKAR D D, ATRE N M (Botany Dep, Shri Shivaji Science Coll, Amravati, Maharashtra) : Medicinal flora of Melghat for asthma: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2091-5.

The present study documented the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants from Melghat region used for asthma. A systematic literature survey from various sources enlists Melghat region’s 128 plants (Climbers (8), Grasses (4), Herbs (51), Orchids (3), Shrubs (31) and Trees (31) belongs to 110 genera from 51 plant families) and it provides traditional knowledge about use of plants and their parts for the treatment of asthma across the globe. Botanical name, families, common name, part used with relevant ethnobotanical citations were documented. This review attempts to explore Melghat medicinal plants used for treatment of asthma and thus offers scope for researchers engaged in herbal drug discovery and development.

1 table, 18 ref

001670   MONDAL G, SINGH S (Plant Pathology Dep, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal) : Morphology of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust occurred in West Bengal. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1995-8.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important flower crops in India. The chrysanthemum white rust (CWR) disease caused by Puccinia horiana (Henn.) was observed on chrysanthemum (cv. Meri Gold) in West Bengal for the first time. Initial symptoms was appeared light green to yellow, slightly raised spots mostly on the lower surface of leaves, which later, turned into pinkish brown to dark brown necrotic lesion surrounded with light green to yellow hallo. The fungus produced only two spore stages, teliospores and basidiospores. Studies under the microscopes revealed that the telial pustules were found mostly on the lower side of the leaves. The teliospores were thin walled, bicelled, pedicellate, pale yellow, oblong to oblong-clavate. The average size of teliospores was 47.85 μm X 13.48 μm. The teliospores could germinate frequently into a promycelium in situ, from the apical telial cell and were tubular, mostly segmented, club shaped. The basidiospores were oval in shape.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

001682   PATIL U H, MASALKAR S D, PATIL A H (Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra) : Effect of chemical mutagens on growth and flowering of carnation. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1982-4.

Mutation breeding is one of the most reliable techniques in improving crop plants. Mutagens are used to bring the variability in floricultural crop, like Dianthus. The genetic variability created by mutation will be studied for development of new cultivar in carnation having significant consumer preference. Therefore, with consideration to the above factors, the present experiment was undertaken with the objective are to explore the possibilities of chemical mutagens to create genetic variability in carnation and to study the morphological changes occurs in carnation as a result of mutagenesis. In present study, three different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 %) of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 %) of methyl methane sulphonate were used to treated Dianthus seedling and without treated plant used as controlled to assess the quantitative and qualitative parameter of carnation cultivar Pink Donna. It was noted that plant height was significantly influenced in treated plant in all the treatment except T₇ i.e. control. Treatment T₇ recorded significantly highest plant height (73.67) cm over rest of treatments while treatment T₃ recorded lowest plant height (57.31) cm. T₇ (control) took significantly highest number of days (135.53) for first flowering followed by T₃ (129.80) days. Highest stalk length of flower (70.19) cm was observed in control plant as compared to other treated plant. The data revealed that the there was no significant difference in no. of shoot per plant, thickness of flower stalk and flower diameter of treated and control plants. The data showed that mean number of nodes was influenced by chemical mutagens. T6 produced significantly least number of nodes per stalk (8) while T₇ (control) produced significantly maximum number of nodes per stalk (11.40). T₃ recorded the least per cent of calyx splitting (15.33 %). There was no flower, leaves abnormalities and petal colour variation between treated and control plants.

1 table, 11 ref

001610   ANUSHA S, KHANAM A, SHIRISHA A, ALEKHYA A, SHRIKANTH C H, KUMAR J S (Pharmacognosy Dep, Vaageswari Coll of Pharmacy, Karimnagar, Telangana) : Evaluation of analgesic activity of methanolic extract of Ixora coccinea stems. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1933-6.

Ixora coccinea L. belonging to the family Rubiaceae, is an evergreen shrub or small tree commonly known as Jungle of Geranium or Red Ixora. Pain is defined as an unpleasant complex phenomenon of sensory experiences. Analgesics are the agents which are used to relieve or diminish pain sensation. The evaluation of analgesia is assessed by using various pharmacological screening techniques like thermal stimuli, electrical stimuli or chemical stimuli. In the present study animal models are used to explore the analgesic activity of the methanolic extract of Ixora coccinea L. stems by using hot plate method and tail flick method. The two test doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight) were compared with standard (Aspirin 20 mg/kg body weight) and normal saline (10 ml/kg body weight). The methanolic extract of Ixora coccinea L. stems have shown to exhibit significant analgesic activity in mice.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

001640   INDUMATHY K, SELVAKUMARI E, GOPAL V (Pharmacognosy Dep, Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Science, Gorimedu, Puducherry) : Design, development and standardization of novel polyherbal syrup against renal calculi. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1859-62.

Renal calculi are the most common urinary disorder of urinary tract and its incidence is high throughout the world. Traditional practioners prescribe the whole plants of Tribulus terrestris (Zygophyllaceae) and Aerva lanata (Amaranthaceae) for the treatment of renal calculi. This study was aimed to design, develop and to characterize the novel polyherbal syrup using decoction of the whole plants of Aerva lanata and Tribulus terrestris and to evaluate its efficacy against renal calculi by in vitro nucleation assay method. The formulated polyherbal syrup significantly inhibited nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals and the microscopical examination showed significant decrease in the number of calicum oxalate crystals for the standard drug cystone and formulated syrup. The result provides the scientific validation for the traditional uses of the herbal plants and the formulated novel polyherbal syrup might be an effective therapy for the management of urolithiasis.

5 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

001731   TARTE S H, KAREPPA B M, GHANTE P H, KADAM A R, KHARDE A V, MUJAHED M (A.N.G.R.A. Univ, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana) : Studies on effect of in vitro co-cultivation of [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] with Piriformospora indica on plant growth. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1854-8.

Piriformospora indica, a novel, axenically cultivable, endophytic fungus belongs to recently defined family Sebacinaceae, colonizes the roots of variety of plants and shows significant plant growth promotion, increased biomass and other multi-functional activities. Groundnut [Arachis hypogaea (L.)] is the important oil-seed crop in India. The present study was performed aiming to co-cultivate P. Indica with groundnut plant roots under in vitro conditions and results were analyzed by Two-sample analysis test. The growth parameters under in vitro study of P. indica treated and controlled plants such as plant biomass (fresh weight, dry weight), shoot length, root length, protein content were significant and found non- significant in sugar content and total chlorophyll content. The staining and the microscopic observations confirmed the persistence of chlamydospores of P. indica intracellularly in treated roots. The PCR reaction performed to monitor the existence of P. indica in plant roots, the band size 220 bp was observed in treated plant root and fungal mycelia where it was absent in control and untreated root sample. The results of this study indicated the growth enhancement of plant under co-cultivation, so the P. indica could be exploited to boost up the growth enhancement effects in A. hypogaea.

4 illus, 1 table, 41 ref

001609   ANUSHA P, IMMANUEL S R (Botany Dep, The American Coll, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaves extract of Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1784-9.

Hygrophila auriculata is one of the important medicinal plants found in India, which is Acanthaceae family and is distributed in tropical and subtropical region of India. The plant is used in cancer and tubercular fistula. Root and seeds used as tonic for asthama and dysentery. The leaves, roots and seeds of this plant are traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation, jaundice, hepatic obstruction and urinary infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanol leaves extract of H. auriculata. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH· radical, superoxide (O₂^·- ) radical, ABTS^·+ radical cation, Fe³⁺ reducing power and phosphomolybdenum reduction assays were carried out for evaluating antioxidant activities. The maximum DPPH· radical scavenging activity of methanol leaves extract was 72.82 ± 0.19 % at 120 µg/mL concentration and the IC₅₀ was 83.88 µg/mL concentration. The maximum superoxide radical scavenging activity of methanol leaves extract was 81.72 ± 0.28 % at 120 µg/mL concentration and the IC₅₀ was 20.60 µg/mL concentration. The maximum ABTS^●+ radical cation scavenging activity of methanol leaves extract was 88.93 ± 0.23 % at 30 µg/mL concentration and the IC₅₀ was 11.75 µg/mL concentration. The maximum of Mo⁶⁺ reduction and  ³⁺ reduction of methanol leaves extract were 79.68 ± 0.41 % and 47.88 ± 0.47 % at 120 µg/mL concentrations and the RC₅₀ were 56.35 µg/mL and 125.31 µg/mL concentrations respectively. The antibacterial activity was carried out by well diffusion method and showed maximum zone of inhibition of 16 mm for Proteus vulgaris at 500 µg/mL concentration.

6 illus, 7 tables, 21 ref

001719   SINGH V (Horticulture Dep, N.D. Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on evaluation of Aonla varieties (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) under semi arid condition of Eastern U.P. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1775-6.

The variability examined in physico-chemical composition of aonla cultivars indicated the possibility of selecting a variety or cultivars suitable for processing the aonla fruits. ‘Narendra Aonla 6’ recorded lowest content of fiber, higher content of pulp and total soluble solids with moderate fruit size and ascorbic acid content while ‘Narendra Aonla-7’ showed average physico-chemical composition with higher content of ascorbic acid. These verities have also higher productivity and free from necrosis or internal browning, hence they seem to be Ideal varieties for processing.

2 tables, 7 ref

001677   NUTAN R, VEENA S (Botany Dep, Shaheed Bheema Nayak Government Post Graduate Coll, Barwani, Madhya Pradesh) : Phytochemical analysis of Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) R. Br. ex Sm.: A traditional medicinal herb. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1752-6.

The present paper shows the phytochemical analysis of the traditional medicinal plant Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) R. Br. ex Sm. belonging to family Lamiaceae. The Preliminary Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins and phenolics. Alkaloids were present at low quantity but phenolics were present in high quantity as compare to flavonoids. During HPTLC analysis total 11 compounds were identified i.e., Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, pCaumarin, Cinnamic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Catechin, Myricetin, Gallic acid, Apigenin, Quercetin and Vanillic acid.

7 tables, 20 ref

001601   AHMAD W, KUMAR P, CHATURVEDI A K (Chemistry Dep, J.S. Univ, Shikohabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Study the effect of UV light on the antimicrobial activity of Euphorbia hirta leaf extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1737-40.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of our selected medicinal plant Euphorbia hirta leaf extracts in addition to these study we also evaluate the of UV light radiation on the anti microbial activity of leaf extract of selected medicinal plant. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various active phytoconstituents in the extracts of aerial part of Euphorbia hirta due these phytochemicals our plant show significantly antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts generally reduces significantly after exposure to the UV radiations.

2 illus, 6 tables, 20 ref

001664   LEOSTANDLY A, RAMANI V A, RAHUL T (Chemistry Dep, St. Joseph’s Coll, Trichy, Tamil Nadu) : Growth characterization of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystals influenced by Memecylon edule extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1731-6.

To investigate the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Memecylon edule on the growth of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals. Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals were grown by the single diffusion gel growth technique and the inhibitory effect of ethanol extracts of leaves of Memecylon edule on the growth of CHPD crystals has been studied. The grown crystals were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) for further confirmations. With an increase in the concentration of ethanol extract of Memecylon edule, the weight of the formed crystals were gradually reduced from 2.55 g to 0.13 g (leaves) for the CHPD crystals, respectively. The crystals harvested from the CHPD were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the functional groups, and Powder X-Ray Diffraction technique (XRD) analyses to confirm the crystalline phases of the CHPD and hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals. Results obtained indicated that Memecylon edule (leaves) has the potential to inhibit the formation of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystals. This study confirms that using ethanol extract of leaves of Memecylon edule can promote the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals and reduce the nucleation rate of CHPD crystals, a major component of calcium urinary stone.

5 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

001612   ASWATHY T R, GAYATHRI E, PRAVEEN J, NAIR A S, SUGUNAN V S (Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala - 695 034) : Phytoprofiling of medicinal plant Cayratia pedata by qualitative and quantitative method. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1637-42.

Cayratia pedata is an indigenous medicinal plant commonly known as Birdfoot Grapevine. The leaves of this plant have been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of ulcers, diarrhea and inflammation. The crude extracts of the plant has anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal properties. The present study reports on the bioactive principles obtained from Cayratia pedata leaves through extraction, isolation and identification. The phytochemicals screened and quantitative analyses were done by biochemical tests. The chemical composition of the plant leaves extract was resolved by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectral (GC-MS) analyses. The preliminary analyses reveal the presence of tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, steroids, quinines, phenols, proteins, oils and fats, phytosterols, coumarins and phlobatannins. The GC-MS results, confirmed that the bioactivity of Cayratia pedata depends on several active principles of which have detected thirty five different phytochemicals that belongs to acid, ester, alcohol and ether groups.

4 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

001673   NANDEESHWAR P, KUMAR V K, KRISHNASAI K, RAMANJANEYULU K, HIMABINDHU J (Pharmacognosy Dep, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana) : In vitro anthelmintic activity of Gossypium herbaceum. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1624-6.

The present study was aimed at the evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Gossypium herbaceum against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Three concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75mg/ml) were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time of death of worms. In this study Albendazole was used as a standard drug. Ethanolic leaf extract of Gossypium herbaceum showed more significant activity at higher concentrations when compared to standard group (Albendazole).

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

001734   UPADHYAY M, CHANDRA R, PATEL A (Microbiology Dep, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Avadh Univ, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Bio-efficacy of plants extracts against Alternaria carthmi caused Alternaria Leaf spot of safflower. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1615-8.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) is most important oilseed crop and several bacteria, fungi and virus infect it and cause diseases. Alternaria Leaf spot of Safflower is very worst disease and distributed worldwide in all safflower growing countries. This disease is caused by Alternaria carthmi and pathogen affect the oil content of safflower and yield. Experiment carried out on Bio-efficacy of plant extracts against Alternaria carthmi caused Alternaria Leaf spot of Safflower. Five plant extracts viz, Azadirachta indica, Capsicum annum, Allium sativum (bulbs), Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha arvensis and mixture of all plant extract each of them at two concentration 15 % and 25 % were evaluated against Alternaria carthmi. Mixture of all plant extracts and garlic (bulbs) extracts were found highly effective against pathogen at both 15 % and 25 % concentration and mycelial inhibition was recorded 62.16 % at 25 % concentration. Another two plant extracts Neem and chilli was also found to be effective against pathogen and both showed 52.15 % inhibition at 25 % concentration. There are different plant extracts are available in nature. However, some plant extracts are highly effective and some plant extracts are not effective against pathogen. Therefore, this investigation will be helpful to the farmers for selection of suitable plant extracts, used as a control of Alternaria Leaf spot of Safflower.

2 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

001650   KAMALIYA R P, JETHVA D M, KACHHADIYA N M, BHUT J B, AHIR V R (Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1563-7.

The investigations on bio-efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) was carried out at Biocontrol Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during 2014-15. Bio-efficacy of H. indica against S. litura discovered that the larval mortality of S. litura directly proportional to dose of infective juvenile and time of exposure. At 120 hrs after application, cent per cent larval mortality was recorded at all the doses (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 IJs/larva) of S. litura.

3 illus, 3 tables, 11 ref

001635   GUPTA I, SHARMA P (Chemistry Dep, Maharaja Agrasen Univ, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh) : Comparative phytochemical and anti-oxidant (in vitro) assessment of different aerial parts viz. leaves, bark and pods of Cassia fistula. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1546-51.

Cassia fistula, also known as Indian Laburnum, is found throughout Asia including India. It is a medicinal plant of great importance because of its power of healing countless disorders. The work presented in this paper is performed keeping in mind the high therapeutic value of C. fistula. For achieving this objective, methanol extract of different parts viz. bark, pods and leaves of C. fistula were prepared and subjected to antioxidant assay employing in-vitro hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Methanol extract of the pods showing maximum anti-oxidant activity was used for isolation of bioactive compounds namely Rhein, Emodin and Chrysophanic acid (anthraquinones), Catechin (tannin) and Luteolin (flavonoid).

3 illus, 31 ref

001699   REENA, KHATKAR B S (Food Technology Div, Guru Jambheswar Univ, Hisar, Haryana) : Comparison between the compositions of sprouted chickpea with raw chickpea. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1544-5.

The popularity of chickpea sprouts is bound to increase with growing appeal for “old fashioned food”, as it is carried out without chemical or additives. Sprouting is a traditional practice of consuming chickpea in many countries, especially in Asia. Sprouting is a complex process as potential invasion by pathogenic microorganisms is high at various processing stage. We compared the composition of sprouted chickpea with raw chickpea. As resulted moisture, protein, fat and ash content increasing significantly compared to raw chickpea. The carbohydrate and crude fibre content decreased in sprouted chickpea.

1 table, 7 ref

001713   SHARMA S, GHATAURY S K, SARATHE A, DUBEY G, PARKHE G (R.K.D.F., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Curcuma angustifolia Roxb, (Zingiberaceae): Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology: A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1535-40.

India has rich history of using many plants for medicinal purposes. Medicinal plants are playing very active role in traditional medicines for the treatment of various ailments. However a key obstacle, which has hindered the promotion in use of alternative medicines in the developed countries, is no evidence of documentation and absence of stringent quality control measures. There is a need for the record of all the research work carried out on traditional medicines in the form of documentation. As only little studies are done on this plant, the purpose of current review is to make accessible up-to-date information on morphology, therapeutic uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities on diverse parts of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb (C. angustifolia). This review was assembled using technical literature from electronic search engine such as Springerlink, BioMed Central, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo, Medline and Science domain. Supplementary texts were obtained from books, book chapters, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. C. angustifolia (Zingiberaceae) is one of over 80 species belonging to the genus Curcuma. C. angustifolia is a fast growing annual rhizomatous herb. It is a perennial and a flowering plant, with modest and small spiked inflorescences of three or four yellow, funnel-shaped flowers within tufts of pink terminal bracts (coma bracts). In India it is commonly known as Tikur or Tavaksheeri. This species can also be found in Burma, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan and other parts of world. The major chemical constituents of the plants are methyl eugenol, camphor, cineol etc. Rhizome is the used as demulcent, nutritious, contains starch which is used for children due to easily digestible. It is an excellent diet in the form of conjee in case of dysentery, dysuria and gonorrhea etc. Medicinal uses of rhizome arise from the bioactive components. Bioactive components are responsible for antioxidative, anti-inflammatory properties, wound-healing, hypoglycemia, anticoagulant, antimicrobial activities. The plant is used in different traditional systems of medicine in the treatment of various diseases. The present paper enumerates the Pharmacognostic, morphological and ethnobotanical, pharmacological importance of the C. angustifolia, which may help the researchers to set their minds for approaching the utility, efficacy and potency of the plant.

64 ref

001688   PRIYANKA, CHAUHAN K C, SHARMA H (Forestry Dep, Narendra Deva Univ Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Integrated research on different genotypes of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linn.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1477-80.

Since several years Jatropha is experiencing a renaissance. The main drivers for this development are the biofuel boom in general and the special attributes of Jatropha itself. This paper discusses the current knowledge as well as expectations of Jatropha and the consequential outcomes starting with data availability and quality followed by economic and political needs and constraints. The experiment was carried out during 2013-2015 at Main experiment station Forestry of Narendra Deva university of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P). Based on the result obtained from the present investigation, it may be concluded that the mean performances of 16 genotypes for 16 characters are given in Table 2. The highest plant height was obtained in the genotypes TFRI- 07 and constituted the top significant group for plant height along with six genotypes. Among the maximum plant height three most promising genotypes in order of merit were PDKV-NOV-19, TNCJC-23 and RJ-92.

2 tables, 9 ref

001691   RAJESH A, DOSS A, TRESINA P S, MOHAN V R (Biomedical Science and Technology Dep, Noorul Islam Center for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Tamil Nadu) : In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Crotalaria longipes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1469-72.

Ethanol extract of Crotalaric longipes aerial part (Fabaceae) was judged for anti-inflammatory activity by In-vitro. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, glycosides, saponins, steroids etc. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was calculated using, proteinase inhibitory activity, albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization and antilipoxygenase activity at different concentrations. Aspirin was employed as standard drug. The results showed that Crotalaric longipes ethanol extract at a concentration range of 100 -500 µg/ml significantly (p<0.01) protects the heat induced haemolysis. The results obtained the present study indicate the ethanol extract of Crotalaric longipes can be a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents.

5 tables, 19 ref

001653   KAMBREKAR D N, RAIKAR M R, GUDADUR K (Environmental Science Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Abundance of insect pollinators associated with broad bean Vicia faba L. var. Major (Fabales: Fabaceae) in North Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1449-52.

An investigation was carried out at Garag village of Dharwad district to study the diversity of pollinators visiting broad bean during rabi 2019. The pollinator fauna of broad bean comprised of a total of nine insect species belonging to three insect orders viz., Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. Among these, Hymenoptera was the most dominant pollinator group with a maximum of 62.27 per cent proportion followed by Lepidoptera (25.16) and Diptera (12.57). The most abundant pollinator among the hymenopterans was the little bee, Apis florea Fabricius which recorded 31.14 per cent proportion followed by Apis dorsata Fabricius, Apis cerana Fabricius and Megachilae sp. with 15.23, 10.60 and 5.30 per cent proportion, respectively. Two species of lepidopterans viz., Phoebis sennae Linnaeus and Lampides boeticus Linnaeus, among depterans, Musca sp., Episyrphus sp., and Lucilia sp were also found visiting broad bean flowers.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

001729   TAMILVANNAN M V, RAVIKUMAR S, RAJALAKSHMI A, MURUGAN T (Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Dep, Presidency Coll (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : Estimation of phenolic and flavonoid content and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Memecylon umbellatum Burm. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1434-9.

Infectious diseases are the striking causes of about 50 % mortality worldwide. Phytochemical constituents of the plant, particularly secondary metabolites, play major role in human defense against infections. In the current study the leaves of Memecylon umbellatum Burm F, one of the medicinally important plants, was analyzed for its antibacterial, phytochemical and antioxidant properties. Among the six bacterial strains tested, the methanol extract of the leaves exhibited high antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp. and Vibrio sp. with zones of inhibition of 17 mm and 16 mm respectively. The phytochemical analysis of the plant leaf extract obtained by employing several solvents showed the presence of tannins, coumarin, sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, terpenes and proteins. Further their total phenol content was high in methanol extract which was estimated to be 79.05 mg/ml and flavonoid as 173.3 mg/ml. They also act as a potent free radical scavenger and Nitric Oxide scavenger with an IC₅₀ values of 45.53 µg/ml and 55.66 µg/ml. This implies that Memecylon umbellatum Burm F has potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties with high levels of phytochemicals packed. Thus the current findings may remain as a prerequisite for the development of plant-based herbal formulations with enhanced efficacy against several deadly diseases.

1 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

001721   SOMESH, SINGH N, BEHERA L, BAIS R K, TIWARI A, KUMAR S (Mycology and Plant Pathology Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of temperature and pH on growth and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini (Bolley) Synder and Hensan causing linseed wilt under environmental condition. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1427-30.

An experiment was conducted on effect of atmospheric temperature and substrate pH on growth, development and sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini. The pathogen was collected from linseed growing areas of crop research farm Nawabganj, C.S. Azad University and Technology, Kanpur, UP during Rabi 2016-17. The optimum temperature range for growth was found to be 25 °C to 30 °C. However, the minimum growth was recorded at 45 °C and 10 °C. No growth and sporulation were observed at 50 °C temperature. The pathogen grows over a wide range of pH i.e., from 3.0 to 8.0, but the most suitable pH for its growth was observed to be 7.0 at which the maximum growth of the fungus was recorded which was closely followed by pH 6.5. However, with the increase of acidity or alkalinity, the growth of the fungus was hampered and lowest growth was recorded at pH 3.0.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

001618   DAS M (Food Science and Nutrition Management Dep, J.D Birla Institute, Ballygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal - 700 020) : Bamboo: Inherent source of nutrition and medicine. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1338-44.

Bamboo is a perennial plant found all over the world except alkaline soils, desert, and marsh. Bamboo shoots are considered as one of the useful health foods because of their rich contents of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, fibers, and minerals and very low fat. Though bamboo shoots provide lots of health benefits, their consumption is confined mostly to Southeast Asian and East Asian countries. In recent years, evidences show immense therapeutic potential of Bamboo plant, which has been used in various traditional systems of medicine like ayurveda. The leaves of Bamboo are used as a folk medicine for the treatment of cough, fever and leprosy. Recent scientific evidences indicate that the extract of Bamboo possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging property, antimicrobial, anti-aging and cardioprotective property. This review discussed about different nutritional constituents and therapeutic potential.

1 illus, 33 ref

001629   EZENOBI NKECHI O, CHINAKA CHIOMA N, MARGARET W (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Dep, Port Harcourt Univ, Rivers State, Nigeria) : In vitro antibacterial activities of crude ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) and their combined effect on some bacterial isolates from sputum. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1306-11.

Medicinal plants especially Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum are used as herbal remedies for infections and in some cases they are concocted together for their additive effect. This study, therefore investigated the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of both plants, alone and in combination on three microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris) obtained from clinical isolate of sputum. The clinical isolates were identified and characterized using standard biochemical tests while the antibiotic sensitivity test was done using disc diffusion method. The ethanolic crude extract of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum were also subjected to in vitro antibacterial test using Agar disc diffusion method while the combined antibacterial effect of both plants was done using agar strip diffusion method. Phytochemical tests using standard methods revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones etc. Both of the plants had antibacterial effect which is represented by the inhibition zone diameter having a concentration-dependent relationship. At a concentration of 100 mg/ml, the highest inhibition zone diameter (13.66 ± 0.66 mm) and (12.86 ± 0.08 mm) were obtained for V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively against Escherichia coli. The combined effect of the two plants however showed loss of antibacterial effect. The MIC of both plants were 25 mg/ml for V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. This study validates the use of the extracts of these plants for respiratory tract infection but their combined effect could be antagonistic and should therefore be discouraged because of loss of antibacterial activity.

7 tables, 33 ref

001654   KANDAGATLA S, ARUKALA M, MANDAPALLY G (Vaageswari Coll of Pharmacy, Karimnagar, Telangana) : In-vitro evaluation of anthelmintic activity of aqueous extract of Nerium oleander. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1303-5.

The present study was aimed at the evaluation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Nerium oleander against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma. The various concentrations (15 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml) of plant extract were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time of the death of worms. In this study Albendazole (15 mg/ml) was used as a Standard drug whereas normal saline (0.9 % Nacl) as control, and its final volume was made to 10 ml with Normal saline. The qualitative phytochemical investigation of aqueous extracts of leaves of Nerium oleander showed the presence of active chemical constituents such as Carbohydrates, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides and Tannins, which are mainly responsible for anthelmintic activity. Aqueous leaf extract of Nerium oleander showed significant activity at higher concentration i.e.,100mg/ml when compared to standard drug (Albendazole). It can be concluded that Aqueous leaf extract of Nerium oleander can be used as anthelmintic.

1 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

001737   VEGAD K L, KAKADIA N P, KANAKI N S (Pharmacognosy Dep, Sharda School of Pharmacy, Gandhinagar, Gujarat - 382 610) : Effect of ethnomedicinal plants on osteoblast proliferation using cell line based assay method. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1286-9.

Osteoporosis reduced bone strength and it is responsible for bone fractures. Worldwide, approximately one in three women and one in five men over the age of 50 will suffer an osteoporotic fracture in their remaining lifetime. Since many decades, herbal plants are utilized to increase bone health, however many of them are not scientifically evaluated. We selected herbal plants on the basis of their ethnobotanical use of scientific evidence that suggests a potential efficacy in the treatment of bone-loss diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the cell proliferation activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants on MG 63 cell line. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Aspargus racemosus (Ar), Berberis aristata (Ba), Emblica officinalis (Eo), Hemidesmus indicus (Hi) and Nigella sativa (Ns) were screened for osteoblast cell proliferation study using MTT assay method. Three different ranges of concentration were selected for each extracts and percentage proliferation was analyzed using MTT assay. In conclusion, Ns have a highest cell proliferation capacity amongst selected plant. Ar and Ba cause inhibition effect on cell. Wherever, Eo and Hi cause moderate stimulatory effect on MG 63 cell line.

2 illus, 11 ref