002937   RANA N, GHABRU A, VAIDYA D (Basic science Dep, YSP Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh) : Defensive function of fruits and vegetables. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1872-7.

Vegetables and fruit are low fat foods. They are also low in protein, and apart from bananas, have a low calorie and starch content. Fruits contain fructose, a natural fruit sugar. Almost all fruit and vegetables are good sources of soluble and insoluble fiber. Insoluble fibre adds bulk to stools, keeps food moving through the digestive system, and helps in preventing bowel problems like constipation, irritable bowel syndrome and cancer. Soluble fibre in fruits, pulses, and some grains, helps lower cholesterol in blood and regulates blood sugar levels. Vegetables and fruit contain a wide range of essential vitamins and minerals. For instance, many are good sources of beta-carotene, Vitamin C, folate and potassium. Leafy green vegetables contain calcium and iron. The best way to get the complete range of vitamins and minerals available from fruit and vegetables is to have at least five servings a day. Vegetables and fruit are major sources of phytochemicals, natural plant chemicals that protect health. Nutritional information wouldn't be complete without a mention of the all-important antioxidants, which protect us from many types of pollutants, including emissions from TVs and computers, UV light, pesticides, additives, burnt and fried foods and stress. Top fruits: prunes, raisins, blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, raspberries, plums, oranges, red grapes, cherries, kiwi. Top vegetables: kale, spinach, Brussels sprouts, alfalfa, broccoli, beetroot, red peppers and onions.

1 table, 41 ref

002873   AHIRWAR K (Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya, Sarguja Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh) : Effective healthful medicinal plants as antilithiatic Agents. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1849-60.

There is associate recent and famed reality “the garden is that the poor man's apothecary” and treatment of every and each sickness is hidden in nature. Medicative plants area unit extremely reputable everywhere the globe as an expensive supply of therapeutic agents for the hindrance and treatment of varied diseases. Since ages, herbs area unit being employed for treating completely different| completely different} ailments in several components of world by different communities. A concretion, additionally referred to as a concretion could be a solid concretion or crystal aggregation shaped within the kidneys from dietary minerals within the excretion. The matter of urinary stones or calculi could be a terribly ancient one these stones area unit found altogether components of the tract, the kidney, and also the vesica and will vary significantly in size. Urolithiasis could be a complicated method that happens from series of many chemistry event together with super-saturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation and retention at intervals the kidneys. Gift article deals justifiably, varieties of excretory organ stones, risk factors associated, diagnosing and treatment ways together with several medicative plants as flavourer choice for treatment of urinary stones.

3 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref

002924   MATHAVI P, NETHAJ S (Biochemistry Dep, Enathi Rajappa Coll of Arts & Science, Pattukkottai, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu) : A study on anti-arthritic activity of Ficus benghalensis bark extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1825-8.

Alternative medicine for treatment of arthritis is getting more popular. Making medicinal plants provide relief of symptoms comparable to that obtained from allopathic medicines. The medicinal value of the chosen plant Ficus benghalensis bark has not been extensively worked out. Therefore, the present study was to investigate the phytochemical screening and anti-arthritic activity of Ficus benghalensis bark extract. The following conclusion observed from the study. The phytochemical screening Ficus benghalensis bark showed that the presence of saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, Triterpenoids, polyphenol, coumarins and glycosides whereas tannin, steroids, alkaloids and anthraquinone were absent in ethanol and aqueous extracts. Significant amount of terpenoids (28 mg/gm) saponin (26 mg/gm), flavonoids (97 mg/gm) and phenol (110 mg/gm) were presented. The ethanolic extract confirm the antiarthritic activity through denaturation method. Overall, it can be concluded from the present study that Ficus benghalensis bark contains rich source of phytochemicals.

2 illus, 4 tables, 21 ref

002868   ABDOULAYE M, CLÉMENT S, RODRIGUE K T F, STEVE N S F, ADJI M B, AHMED A (Chemical Engineering Dep, Ngaoundéré Univ, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon) : Phytochemical screening, DPPH scavenging and antimicrobial activities of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Cassia mimosoides and Vepris heterophylla from Northern Cameroon. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1814-9.

The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of three medicinal plants (Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae), Cassia mimosoides (Fabaceae) and Vepris heterophylla (Rutaceae)) traditionally used in the treatment of microbial diseases and food preservations. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the large family of compounds followed by quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids was realised. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the scavenging of DPPH radicals and the antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method. The results showed presence of phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids in the various extracts. The total amount of phenolic compounds ranges from 6098.76 ± 30, 04 to 626.34 ± 16, 13 mg of GAE and the amount of flavonoids from 57.95 ± 1, 23 and 27.50 ± 8,11 mg QE. The largest amount of phenolics and flavonoids was found in the acetone extract of C. mimosoides and the lowest in the methanol extract of V. heterophylla. The highest inhibition percentage of DPPH was obtained with the acetone extract of C. mimosoides which was 80 % and the lowest was the methanol extract of V. heterophylla. The hexan extract of selected plants showed the higher inhibition diameter range from 12 to 15 mm with the maximum obtained with extract of E. camaldulensis.

1 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

002958   TORAWANE SARIKA D, MOKAT DIGAMBAR N (Botany Dep, Savitribai Phule Pune Univ, Pune, Maharashtra) : Morphological, anatomical and phytochemical characterization of Neanotis montholonii (Hook. F.) W.H. Lewis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1218-26.

Neanotis montholonii (Hook F.) W.H. Lewis belongs to family Rubiaceae. Neanotis genus has been represented by ca. 10 species in Maharashtra state. The morphological, anatomical and phytochemical characteristics are pivotal in diagnostics taxa at taxonomic level. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to identify alkaloids, saponins and tannin by using histochemical tests of root, stem and leaf. The organoleptic character and stomatal index (23/mm² area) were also recorded that aid in identification. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of active ingredients like alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthroquinones, amino acids, protein, saponins, steroids and tannins in all the parts those were subjected for analysis except starch that was absent in root. Among all four solvents viz. chloroform, ethanol, acetone and aqueous extract, ethanol showed positive tests in all plant parts. Histochemical and phytochemical information reveled in the present study can be used for developing standard parameters for the proper authentication of raw materials of pharmaceutical importance. The literature review reported that this study is the first of its kind in the Neanotis montholonii which is endemic to Maharashatra.

7 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

002945   SINGH A P, KUMARI B (Botany Dep, Hindu Coll, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Ethnobotany of medi-flora of Bilaspur tahsil in Rampur district, Uttar Pradesh. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1181-4.

The ethnomedicinal survey was conducted during the period of March 2017 to May 2018 in numerous areas of the Bilaspur tahsil. The present study revealed that; 47 plant species belong to 28 families were regularly used by local people to treat various diseases. The rural community are residing in Bilaspur tahsil and ever depend on medicinal plants for their healthcare and treating of various diseases. The present study is to identify medicinal plants utilized by rural community in the Bilaspur tahsil. The mode of preparation and therapeutic uses of the medicinal plants have been collected from the traditional healers, vaidhyas and senior persons in the study area during field visits. The present ethno-medicinal knowledge collected from rural people would be beneficial for the botanists, pharmacologists and traditional medicine for healthcare system.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

002917   KUMARESAN M, KANNAN M, SANKARI A, CHANDRASEKHAR CN, VASANTHI D (Floriculture and Landscaping Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Jasminum multiflorum (pink Kakada) leaves and flowers. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1168-73.

Jasminum multiflorum is an evergreen shrub belongs to the family Oleaceae which is used as a traditional medicine from ancient times. The leaves and flowers have a rich source of phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, etc., which are capable of curing various diseases. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to screen the phytochemical components and antioxidant activity in leaves and flowers of Jasminum multiflorum. The extraction was carried out by using different solvents viz., methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts for phytochemical screening and methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts for antioxidant analysis. Antioxidant assay was done by determining DPPH, ABTS and Chelating potential of leaves and flower extracts. Phytochemical screening of leaves and flower extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, sterols and terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, proteins and amino acids. The quantitative determination of total phenolic, total flavonoids and various antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS and chelating potential) was carried out using colorimetric method and the results revealed that the total phenolic and total flavonoids were maximum in ethanol extract of leaves. The antioxidant activity was expressed in terms of EC₅₀ value and maximum reduction percentage was observed in ethanol extract of leaves.

3 tables, 32 ref

002932   POUDEL S, PRADEEP, DEVRAJ K C (Dravyaguna Dep, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Coll of Ayurveda & Hospital Hassan, Karnataka) : Pharmacognostical evaluation of Methika (Trigonella foenum graecum Linn.) seeds. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1159-64.

Trigonella foenum graecum L. known as Methika (Family Papillionaceae) is an annual herb being used as culinary and traditional medicine from ancient time. The present study was taken to determine the prerequisite pharmacognostic standards like organoleptic or morphological characteristics, microscopic studies, physiochemical evaluations, phytochemical screening, HPTLC of the powdered Methika seeds for evaluating the seed material. The microscopic study showed outermost layer of testa, linea lucida, columella, endosperm layer with aleurone grains and mucilage respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed various of phyto-constituents like alkaloid, steroids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, coumarins and amino acid. TLC of aqueous extracts of Methika showed 10 spots under long UV rays. The determination of these characteristics will aid future investigators in their pharmacological evaluation for correct identification and standardization of Methika seeds.

4 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

002940   SALVE A P, DHABE A S (GCUB science and Commerce Coll, Goregaon, Raigad, Maharashtra) : Bioprospecting Terminalia muelleri Benth. for antioxidant activity. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1154-8.

Use of Myrobalan to heal Human ailments is practiced since Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha Medicines. This has resourced evaluating medicinal properties of species of Genus: Terminalia L., globally. Focusing this, Australian Almond- Terminalia muelleri Benth. was Bioprospected for Antioxidant potential by 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) & Nitric oxide (NO) Free Radical Scavenging Assay. Aqueous ethanolic bark extract (AEBE) of T. muelleri (Tmu AEBE) was Soxhlet extracted and condensed using Rotovap. Different weighing concentration (5-50 µg/mL) of Tmu AEBE were experimented for antioxidant potential, against synthetic antioxidant- Ascorbic acid. DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity (FRSA) was experimented by Blois method while NO FRSA was experimented by Nims et al. method. Half maximum effective concentration (EC₅₀) and its inverse called as Antiradical power (ARP) was also calculated for the first time for T. muelleri. FRSA of Tmu AEBE obeyed Concentration dependent expression following Non Linear progression. These DPPH & NO FRSA results were expressed as % Free Radical Scavenged (%). NO FRSA results were expressed as Mean ± S. D. of three replicates (n=3) and analyzed statistically using One way ANNOVA. Quantal concentration dependent Radical Scavenging curves were processed for calculating EC₅₀ (expressed as µg/mL) using Origin Pro 8.5. Phytoconstituents constituting Tmu AEBE constituted to DPPH & NO Free Radical Scavenging Potential, in-vitro. Thus these phytoconstituents will be structured using modern analytical instrumentations and their Antioxidant capacities will be Bioprospected, individually.

3 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

002871   AGAM M N, SABLE S B, RAUT R A, JEJURKAR G B (Plant Pathology Dep, MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra) : In vitro evaluation of the fungicides, botanicals and bioagents against Colletotrichum truncatum causing anthracnose of soybean. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1105-10.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) is one of the world’s most important oilseed cum legume crop. The present present research work was conducted at Plant Pathology Section, College of Agriculture, Dhule during 2012-2013. The result revealed that treatments carbendazim @0.1 %, Tebuconazole @0.1 % and Propiconazole @0.1 % were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments, which recorded maximum growth inhibition of 97.67 %, 97.67 % and 97.28 %, respectively of the test pathogen with minimum colony diameter of 2.10 mm, 2.10 mm and 2.45 mm, respectively, all were at par with each other. In case of bioagents and botanicals Pseudomonas fluorescens (89.11 %), Trichoderma harzianum (88.00 %), Propineb (87.00 %), Neem (84.72 %), Chlorothalonil (81.94 %) and Copper oxychloride (78.56 %), which were recorded mean colony diameter of 9.80 mm, 10.80 mm, 11.70 mm, 13.75 mm,16.25 mm and 19.30 mm, respectively. While, Thiophanate methyl (75.28 %), Ziram (66.39 %) and Eucalyptus (55.22 %) showed least growth inhibition of the test pathogen with mean colony diameter of 22.25 mm, 30.25 mm and 40.30 mm, respectively.

1 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

002928   NIVETHA V, SUBRAMANIYAN V, MANIKANDAN G, DIVYA BHARATHI M, KRISHNA PRASANTH T, MANJULA K (Biotechnology Dep, J.J. Coll of Arts and Science, Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu) : In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Alpinia purpurata root. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1060-4.

In the present study the methanolic extract of root of Alpinia purpurata was studied for alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition using an in vitro model. The methanolic extract was also examined for its antioxidant activities by using free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method. The study revealed that the different concentration of extracts exhibit potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The root of Alpinia purpurata exhibited significant α-amylase (66.10%) and αglucosidase (78.70%) inhibitory activities at the concentration 100 µg/ml respectively and well compared with standard acarbose drug. Therefore, it is suggested that the methanolic extract of root of Alpinia purpurata is a potential source for natural antidiabetic and antioxidant compounds and could have potential use in the management of diabetes mellitus.

3 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

002912   JOSHI M, PAUDEL M, UPRETI S (Chandigarh Univ, Mohali, Punjab) : Therapeutic influence of Jamun (Syzygium cumini): A review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1056-9.

Jamun or Black plum is an important summer fruit, associated with many health and medicinal benefits. The black plum is known to relieve stomach pain, carminative, anti-scorbutic and diuretic. Black Plum vinegar is good to reduce enlargement of spleen, diarrhoea, and those have urine retention problems. Jamum’s ployphenolic compounds are effective against cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, asthma and arthritis. Black Plum fruit and its leaves are good for diabetic patients. The black plum has anti-diabetic features. The fruit helps to convert starch into energy and keep your blood sugar levels in check. In the summer season, the sugar patient should eat Black Plum regularly because of its low glycemic index. It reduces the symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination and thrusting. The extract of bark, seeds, and leaves are too beneficial in the treatment of diabetes. Besides from this jamun has been used to treat various diseases from ancient area till now. This review describes mainly on medicinal importance of jamun plants and their applications in the treatment of various diseases.

3 tables, 36 ref

002907   HANOON L K, SUMAN JOSHI DSD, YASIR A K, SATYA PRASAD M, ALAPATI K S (Biotechnology Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh) : Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Pseuderanthemum malabaricum. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 972-7.

Pseuderanthemum malabaricum which is commonly called as the Malabar false eranthemum is widely distributed in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Even though the plant is widely distributed there is a lack of scientific evidence for its potential phytochemicals and their capability of medicinal usage. Hence the present study is focused on the qualitative and quantitative screening of phytochemicals present in Hexane, Chloroform, Methanol, and Aqueous extracts of P. malabaricum and to study the antioxidant activity by analyzing the capacity to scavenge 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and ferric reducing antioxidant power FRAP assay. The results showed P. malabaricum is the potential source of a wide variety of phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, Phenols, flavonoids, Steroids etc. The leaves Methanol extract showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 311.51 as compared with standard Ascorbic acid which showed 109.73.

5 tables, 8 ref

002950   SRIVASTAVA P, SINGH S K, HABDE S, SINGH D K, VENNELA P R, KHAIRE A (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Studies on genetic diversity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using SSR markers. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 922-8.

Rice is the most important staple food grain of all cereal crops and feeds more than half of the world’s population. Assessment of genetic diversity is of utmost important in rice breeding from the perspective of selection, conservation and proper utilization. The present study was undertaken with an objective to assess the genetic diversity among 28 rice cultivars by use of 22 SSR markers. A total of 41 alleles were detected across 28 rice cultivars used. PIC values varied widely among SSR loci tested and it ranged from 0.753 to 0.067, with a mean value of 0.376. The 28 rice cultivars were grouped into two clusters i.e., cluster I and II with dissimilarity coefficient 0.42. Cluster I was sub divided into two minor subgroups IA and IB having 6 and 11 genotypes respectively. IB was further subdivided into minor groups. In similar way, the second main cluster i.e. Cluster II was also sub divided into two minor sub-groups that is IIA and IIB having 3 and 8 genotypes respectively. IIB further divided into minor groups. This indicated presence of considerable diversity in the genotypes studied. The most diverse cultivars were HUR4-3 and GSRIR1DQ125-L2-D2.

4 illus, 3 tables, 31 ref

002942   SARKAR B, ULLAH M A, ISLAM M S, HOSSAIN S, NAFI-UR-RAHMAN M (Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Dep, Jahangirnagar Univ, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh) : Anticancer potential of medicinal plants from Bangladesh and their effective compounds against cancer. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 827-33.

Cancer is a life-threatening disease which severely affects the people around the globe. There is a growing demand to secure a permanent cure to treat this nasty disease. The currently available techniques like chemotherapy are not feasible for their devastating post-treatment consequences and also not affordable to every person. Therefore, researchers always seek a new remedy for the permanent cure of this deadly disease. Different plant derived metabolites have become the center of interest due to their less side effects and multipurpose application in preventing cancer. With the success of these metabolites, new technologies are about to be developed which hopefully will lead the researchers to find a definitive cure. Bangladesh is an agricultural country and tremendous variety of medicinal plant is available here with significant anticancer property. This study has been designed to investigate different medicinal plants of Bangladesh with anticancer activity and their effective compounds to treat cancer.

1 table, 80 ref

002963   WAGH A S, BUTLE S R (Srinath Coll of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Pharmacognostic and physicochemical standardization of stem of Duranta erecta. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 822-6.

The aim of the present work was the evaluation of pharmacognostic, physiochemical parameters and phytochemical screening of stem of Duranta erecta. L for standardization and monograph development. Duranta erecta L. is commonly known as pigeon berry belongs to the family Verbenaceae, one of the therapeutically important plants, broadly distributed all throughout the world. It is commonly referred as golden dewdrop, angel whisper, pigeon berry, or skyflower. Macroscopic and microscopical evaluation revealed characters that have diagnostic value useful for identification and authentication of the plant. The Physicochemical analyses reveals values for moisture content, alcohol extractive, water extractive and total ash, acid insoluble ash and fluorescence analysis useful for standardization of plant. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids as major type of chemical constituents. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.

4 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

002874   AHMED N, MITHUN P R, PRAVEEN N (Life Sciences Dep, CHRIST (Deemed to be Univ), Bangalore, Karnataka) : Effect of heavy metals (Hg, As and La) on biochemical constituents of Spinacia oleracea. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 669-74.

Toxic heavy metals contamination of soil, water and air by various human activities is a critical environmental problem. Due to increase in geological and anthropogenic activities soil polluted with heavy metals have become common throughout the world. Reduction in growth, performance, and yield is seen in plants growing in these soils. Growing medicinal plants in heavy metal polluted soils affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, causing considerable changes in the quality and quantity of these compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Mercury (Hg), Lanthanum (La), and Arsenic (As) on the biochemical constituents (Chlorophyll A and B, protein, phenols, flavonoids, metal chelators and radical scavengers respectively) of Spinacia oleracea. The experimental set-ups were prepared as per standard protocol for plant toxicity testing. Four concentrations of heavy metal salts viz., HgCl₂, LaCl₃ and As₂O₃ (25 mM, 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM) were tested for plant toxicity assessment. A set-up without metal was used as the experimental control. The set-up with Hg showed drastic decrease in vital biochemical constituents that contribute to the growth of the plant; La and as did not seem to have a considerable impact except for slight variations. The apparent ineffectiveness of As and La remains yet to be explored.

4 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

002931   PATEL S, PATEL D K, NAYAK B (Pharmacognosy Dep, Pioneer Pharmacy Degree Coll, Ajwa Nimeta Road, Vadodara, Gujarat) : Pharmacognostical & physicochemical evaluation of Parthenium hysterophorus plant. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 604-7.

Parthenium hysterophorus is declared invasive weed belongs to family Asteraceae & it is threatening the biodiversity and human health in several areas of India. Until date no pharmacognostical & physicochemical evaluation has been reported for this plant. The present study deals with the complete morphological, microscopic, physicochemical & phytochemical screening of whole plant of Parthenium hysterophorus. Thin transverse sections of fresh root, stem & leaf were taken for the morphological & microscopical studies. Dried whole plant powder was used for physicochemical analysis. For preliminary phytochemical study aqueous extractives of plant were used. Detailed Pharmacognostic study of leaf, stem and root indicated the plant was dicotyledons type. In proximate analysis of plant, the value of loss on drying was found to be 4.05 ± 0.5 % w/v. The total ash, acid insoluble ash & water soluble ash were found to be 14.28 ± 0.72 % w/w, 4.76 ± 0.24 % w/w & 9.52 ± 0.48 % w/v respectively. The alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive values were found to be 32 ± 1.0 % & 16 ± 0.95 % w/v respectively. Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus showed the presence of triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and glycosides.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

002879   ARORA A, SHAH H (Biotechnology Dep, B N Univ, Udaipur, Rajasthan) : Morph-metric studies of local variants of hypoglycemic Syzygium cumini and Trigonella foenum graecum from South-East Rajasthan. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 579-82.

South east Rajasthan harbors differential climatic and topographical niches and nests various aboriginals’ ethical tribes. These tribes deploy ancestral therapeutic methods to treat different maladies including modern life style mediated anomalies including wide spread diabetes mellitus II. Among various enlisted hypoglycemic plants, Syzygium cumini and Trigonella foenum graecum are utmost popular antihyperglycemic source. As Rajasthan differs drastically in its topography, the variants of these plants also form deviated clutches with different degree and clinical applicability. Therefore, the present study was carried out to analyze the morpho-metric differences among the variants so that the appropriate variant can be used for clinical purposes. Both the studied plants were analyzed using taxonomical attributes as provided by Bentham and Hooker flora. For matrices, the plant parts were measured using vernier-caliper and minimum to maximum or range calculations were made by random sampling of the parts and respective herbarium was prepared for further reference. The field studies reveals existence of four variants of Syzygium cumini and three variants of Trigonella foenum graecum which differed morphmetrically in fruits per clusterand number of seeds per pod respectively.

2 tables, 28 ref

002899   FAROOK M A, ALI A M, MOHAMED H S M, SUBASH V, KUMAR G S, PARANJOTHI M, SHARIQ K M, AHMED I A (Biotechnology Dep, Islamiah Coll, Vaniyambadi, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical screening, antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 560-5.

Ocimum sanctum has a rich and fanciful history known since the Vedic age for its immense curative and multi-purpose utility. The phytochemical results show the presence of Amino Acid, Carbohydrate, Phenol and Terpenoids in all the four solvent extracts of the O. santum. Except Aqueous extract of the plant all other extracts show the positive results for alkaloids, Coumarin, Flavonoids and Glycoside. Saponin is present in the benzene and water solvent extracts of O. sanctum. The four solvent extracts are showing the absence of following phytochemical’s such as Tannins, Phlobatanins, Quinones and Anthocyanin. The higher concentration Acetone extract, Benzene extract, Methanol extract and Water extract of the O. sanctum show the activity against the tested pathogens by the following order from the highest zone of inhibition P. aeruginosa (8.5 mm), S. typhi (5 mm) and E. coli (3.5 mm) for Acetone extract, E. coli (4 mm) only for Benzene extract, whereas P. aeruginosa (14 mm), S. typhi (8 mm) and E. coli (7 mm) for Methanol extract and there is no activity for the water extract for all the three pathogens were observed. The antioxidant activity of the O. sanctum solvent extracts was high to Methanol followed by Benzene, Acetone, Water extracts. The results of the study indicate that the Ocimum sanctum possesses phyto-constituents having antibacterial activity thus it can be utilized as a natural plant based antimicrobials.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

002960   VENGADESHKUMAR L, MEERA T, SANJAYGANDHI S, UDHAYAKUMAR R, RAJAMOHAN K, SUDHASHA S (Plant Pathology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu) : Endophytic movement and phylloplane survival of P. fluorescens in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 518-20.

Fluorescent Pseudomonads belong to plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), the important group of bacteria that play a major role in the plant growth promotion, induced systemic resistance, biological control of pathogens etc. Many strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens are known to enhance plant growth promotion and reduce severity of various diseases. The aim of this investigation was to assess the systemic movement and phylloplane survival of P. fluorescens (PF9) in rice crop after treated with PF9 as seed treatment and foliar spray @ 10 ml/kg and 0.5 % concentration respectively under green house condition. The results clearly revealed that systemic movement of bacterium (PF9) could be recovered in roots up to 75 days (3.8×10³ ) the maximum period tested, where as in stem and leaves the population declined with increase in the sampling period and the bacterium could be recovered only up to 60 days after sowing the seeds treated with bacterium. Maximum population of the test bacterium could be detected in root (6.8×10³ ), stem (5.6×10³ ) and leaves (4.1×10³ ) at 15 days after sowing indicated the necessity for subsequent application of the antagonist. Also, the population of bacterium in the phylloplane and leaf tissues after foliar spray showed a declining trend with increase in the sampling period. The maximum population (18.2×10³ ) on phylloplane and population in leaf tissue (4.9×10³ ) was recorded on the first day after foliar spray and then the population showed a gradual decline and reached the minimum population in the phylloplane (0.6×10² ) and in the leaf tissues (0.3×10³ ) at 12 days after spraying.

2 tables, 16 ref

002898   FADEYI O G, ASSOGBA F M, CHABI D D C B, YOROU N S, GBENOU J D (Parakou Univ, Benin) : Ethnomycology, myco-chemical analyzes and antioxidant activity of eleven species of the genus Amanita (Basidiomycota, fungi) from Benin (West Africa). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 335-41.

Fungi of the genus Amanita (Basidiomycota) contain secondary metabolites very useful for human welfare. They are much exploited by tropical African people for various purposes. The objective of this study is to identify the myco-chemical groups and evaluate the antioxidant activity of eleven macromycetes of the genus Amanita harvested in woodlands of Benin. The species were selected based on ethnomycological surveys conducted on a sample of 68 randomly selected persons from three ethnic groups in the Angaradebou village (Borgou Province, central Benin). All target species were subjected to chemical screening according to standard methods. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. Ethnomycological investigates reported three (03) edible and eight (08) inedible species with chemical compounds and antioxidant activity. The eleven species of Amanita can be useful in primary health care of local people.

4 tables, 47 ref

002914   KULKARNI S, RAJA (Plant Pathology Dep, Bidar Univ of Agricultural Sciences Raichur, Karnataka) : Studies on the physiological characteristics of Colletotrichum truncatum the causal organism of greengram anthracnose. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 270-3.

Studies on the physiological characteristics of Colletotrichum truncatum causal agent of anthracnose of greengram. Temperature requirement of the fungus was found to 30⁰ c where good growth was observed. The fungus exposed to alternate cycles of light and darkness produced maximum growth and sporulation when compared to continuous light and continuous darkness.

4 tables, 10 ref

002948   SREEJIT C M, BOSE C, BANERJI A, THOMAS MATHEW P (Sree Narayana Mangalam Coll Maliankara, Ernakulam, Kerala) : Isolation, quantification and chemical characterisation of ecdysterone from medicinal plants of Kerala, Western Ghats. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 254-7.

Ecdysteroids are a group of compounds responsible for molting in insects and is variously expressed in plant kingdom, believed to be a means of deterring insects by influencing the metabolism and metamorphosis in these vectors. Kerala flora has not been screened for the presence of ecdysteroids before. This work is a follow up study based on a preliminary Bio prospection study on fifty medicinally important plants used by indigenous tribes of Kerala for the presence of ecdysterone. Four potential plant species which were found to have adequate amount of compound-Diploclisia, Cyathula, Sesuvium and Coscinium-were put to detailed extraction, isolation, quantification and chemical chaceterisation using HPLC, UV and IR spectroscopy. Literature survey suggested that soil and geographical regime has direct influence on the expression levels of ecdysterone. Some variations were observed in the expression levels of ecdysterone in our study too, in comparison with published literature but potential sources from indigenous plants were identified during this study. Availability in adequate quantity of this wonder molecule will increase its multi-faceted activity related studies in future.

3 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

002880   AZAD C S, KUMAR A, CHAND G, RANJAN R D (Plant Pathology Dep, Bihar Agricultural Univ, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar) : Evaluation of host defense inducing nanoparticles against Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex pers.) Wiltshire causing dieback disease of chilli. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 222-6.

Dieback disease, caused by Alternaria tenuissima, (Kunze ex pers.) Wiltshire, is one of the most important disease that affecting all the plant parts of chilli. Among sixn nano compounds, all treatments significantly increased the enzymatic activities over control. Silver nanoparticles were found to best followed by Aluminum nano particles as lowest No. of spot/leaves as well as severity was recorded. The accumulation of enzymes i.e. polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (PO) and total phenol significantly increased upto 72 hours. Among different nanoparticles highest significantly increase in PPO, PO and total phenol activity at 100 µgml^-1 were recorded in Silver nano particles i.e. 0.039, 0.441 and 10.069 µmol/min/mg protein respectively. The average No. of spot/leaf (3.11), No. of infected leaves/plant (2.00) and disease severity after 60 DAI (days after inoculation) (8.00 %) of dieback disease of chilli were minimum at 100 µg ml^-1 as compare to control.

5 tables, 17 ref

002877   AMALARASI L E, JOTHI G J (Plant Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Loyola Coll, Nungambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant activity of the extracts of Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Miers ex Hook.f. & Thomson. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 204-9.

The current study was carried out to assess the in vitro antioxidant properties of various extracts of stem and leaf parts of Pachygone ovata and to analyze its secondary metabolites. Hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol were used as extraction solvents and are employed for phytochemical screening. Antioxidant assays were evaluated by assessing DPPH radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical inhibition activity and reducing power activity. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts of P. ovata indicated the presence of various types of compounds. Among the tested solvent extracts, hexane and chloroform reported maximum yield. In in vitro antioxidant activity, chloroform extract of stem, on DPPH and Nitric Oxide showed a greater scavenging effect as well as high reducing potential when compared to other solvent extracts. From this study, it can be concluded that the secondary metabolites and antioxidant nature of the compounds present in the plant material can be used to invent new drugs of antioxidant properties of natural origin.

6 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

002955   THANGAVEL P, RAMASAMY R K (Botany Dep, Jamal Mohamed Coll, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Phytochemical screening and antibacterial and antifungal activity of the stem, leaf and fruit extracts using different solvent of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 189-92.

The present investigate, the preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of different phytoconstituents such as Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, Steroids, Terpenoids, Cardiac glycosides and Alkaloids observed for Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. stem, leaf and fruit extract using different solvent methanol, chloroform and acetone. The antimicrobial effect of C. colocynthis stem, leaf and fruit extract tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and antifungal were investigated. The C. colocynthis extract have been used in the treatment of pneumonia, bloodstream infection, kidney failure; wound infection and urinary tract infections.

4 tables, 9 ref

002915   KUMAR M, ASHRAF S (Plant Protection Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh) : Effect of bioagents on the growth of rice against blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 84-6.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important sources of food which provide diet more than 50% of the world population. Blast disease caused by Pyricularia oryzae, contributes a major reduction in rice production. The rampant use of fungicides causes deleterious effect on the environment. To minimise side effects of fungicides alternative means are opted. To concern about climate change, environment pollution and sustainable crop production disease management on sustainable basis is crucial. Thus, bioagents use as an alternative to chemical fungicides for the management of diseases. Effect of bio control agents (BCAs) evaluated against pathogen Pyricularia oryzae causing blast disease of rice in vitro and field condition. The result revealed that after three days of inoculation Trichoderma harzianum found most effective against Pyricularia oryzae which inhibited mycelial growth around 63 %. Meanwhile Trichoderma viride inhibited 60 % radial growth of Pyricularia oryzae. The best result shown by Trichoderma harzianum which inhibited pathogen by 63 %, 56 % and 41 % at consecutive interval of three, five and seven days respectively. Dry shoot weight was found increased by T. harzianum (48.24 %) followed by T. viride (45.98 %) with respect to seed treated with pathogen. Among treatment of different bioagents the best yield was found 15.01 q/hac and 14.88 q/hac treatment with T. harzianum and T. viride against crop infected with pathogen. Seed treated with T. harzianum and T. viride the disease severity was found decreasing of 51.33 % and 48.52 % respectively. The application of bio control agents not only reduced the disease severity, promoted the plant growth and ultimately increased the grain yield significantly compared to control without any hazardous effect on environment.

1 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

002904   GORAIN S, PATRA M, GOPE D , BISWAS S J (Zoology Dep, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha Univ, Ranchi Road, Purulia, West Bengal) : Ethnomedicinal plants used by tribal healers of Purulia as a remedy for arthritis: A preliminary survey. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 57-9.

Arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease which is due to disorder of the immune system and can cause restricted mobility and death. Lack of effective treatment in remote areas results in financial burden and long-term expensive medication. Traditionally people living in remote areas depends on herbal resources for their livelihood. These suppositories are often used singly or in combination which are prescribed by village elderly or quacks and lacks the scientific basis. In the present survey which spanned for almost six months, we encountered 40 species of plant which were commonly used for treatment of arthritis. These surveys would help us to know the traditional knowledge which would lead to the development of ethno-botanic resources for inexpensive drugs for the treatment of arthritis and their scientific validation.

1 illus, 15 ref

002893   CHAUDHARY M, RAJPUT P, SHARMA A, SHARMA R A (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur, Rajasthan) : Evaluation of Antimycotic potential and qualitative phytochemical analysis of seed, root and leaf extract of Cichorium intybus L. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 38-42.

Cichorium intybus has long being traditionally used for medicinal purposes. Present study has been done to check the antibacterial potential of various solvent extract of root, seed and leaf of plant against certain selected fungal species i.e, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium notatum, Trichoderma viride. The qualitative phytochemical analysis has also been performed to determine the chemical composition of the crude extract of seed, root and leaves. Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of root, seed and leaves shows presence of active phytochemical components such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids. The results of agar well diffusion assay deduced that extracts of various plant parts of C. intybus shows a moderate amount of effect against the growth of Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma viride fungi. But the antifungal potential of different some extracts like spirit, chloroform, water showed considerably higher amount of antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and Penicillium notatum.

1 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

002953   SUNDARAM S S, SURESH K, SUNDARAM S P (Botany Dep, Saraswathi Narayanan Coll, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used to treat various human ailments in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 117-23.

The traditional medical systems are generally based on the uses of natural and local products which are commonly related to the people's perspective on the world and life. The present study was carried out to investigate the Indigenous knowledge on Medicinal plants used to treat various human ailments in Madurai district. The study deals with 158 plant species belonging to 62 families used to treat various human ailments. The information about the plants and their local names, parts used and duration were also documented using modified questionnaire method. Dominant families recorded in our study are Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Mimosaceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae and Caesalpiniaceae are more frequently used for treatment of diseases.

1 illus, 1 table, 48 ref

002910   ISLAM M M M, SHOVA N A, RAHMAN T, BASHAR A B M A, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Crescentia genus of medicinal plants: A review. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 112-6.

Plants have always been a source of drugs possibly from the advent of human beings. Even in recent times, many important allopathic drugs have been discovered from plants. All plants produce secondary metabolites, which metabolites can have a diverse range of pharmacological activities. Recent times are witnessing not only emergence of new diseases like bird flu, Nipah, Ebola to name only a few, but also emergence of drug-resistant vectors of old diseases like common cold, enteric diseases, and parasitic diseases. At the same time, diseases like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders and Alzheimers have started to reach or have already reached endemic proportions. The Crescentia genus is a less studied genus and has only a few species within the genus. Nevertheless two of the species, namely Crescentia cujete and Crescentia alata have been found to have a diverse range of bioactive phytochemicals. This review attempts to collate various traditional uses of the two plants, their reported phytochemicals and the pharmacological activity studies of the two plants and plant parts with a view to spur scientific interest in this genus leading to novel drug discoveries.

1 illus, 45 ref

002900   FIKREMARIAM H D, DAGNEW Y W, DEGNECHEW G D, TESFAYE B A (Bioenergy and Biochemical Research Div, Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) : Investigation of the influence of tree ages and locations on essential oil yield of Eucalyptus globulus leaves in Ethiopia. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 107-11.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of two experimental factors: tree ages of (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 years) and growing locations (i.e. Entoto, Fiche, Debresina and Jida) on Essential oil content (EOC) and Essential oil yield (EOY) of Eucalyptus globulus leaves. The experiment was carried out to determine the Moisture content (MC), Essential Oil Content (EOC) and Essential Oil Yield (EOY) which were expressed by MC (%), EOC (%) and EOY (kg/ha) basis of dry leaf weight. The oil was extracted by hydro distillation from E. globulus leaves using Clevenger apparatus for 3 hr. The MC, EOC and EOY were highly significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) affected by the experimental factors: tree ages, its growing locations and their corresponding interactions. It has been observed that in case of crossways at all locations the mean maximum value of MC was recorded as 52.57 % on tree of age 5 and minimum 42.02 % on tree of age 8. Moreover, the mean value of EOC content has revealed significantly higher value for leaves of age 4 (2.49 %) and leaves of age 6 (2.5 %), followed by leaves of age 5 (2.39 %). The least EOC content was recorded for leaves of age 8 (1.84 %), which yielded 26.4 % lower than the maximum. The mean maximum value of EOY was also obtained from leaves of age 6 (4254 kg ha^-1 ) in Fiche, and the next higher value of EOY was recorded on leaves of age 8 (2666 kg ha^-1 ) and leaves of age 2 (2674 kg ha ^-1 ), respectively at the same growing site. The crossways at all growing sites per age on mean values of EOY content has shown that significantly higher value for leaves of ages 6 (1643.75 kg ha ^-1 ) and leaves of age 2 (1711.38 kg ha ^-1 ). The least value of EOY was recorded for leaves of age 3 (1045.50 kg ha ^-1 ), which yielded 38.91 % lower than the maximum value. Therefore, it can be concluded that tree leaves of age 6, which was grown at Entoto have significantly high EOC with value of 3.89 % in dry biomass (DB) than matured tree leaves of ages 7 and 8, which were grown at Fiche, Debresina and Jida. The tree leaves of age 6, which was grown at Fiche have had significantly high EOY with value of 4254 kg ha ^-1 in dry biomass (DB) than young leaves of ages 2-5, which were grown at Entoto, Debresina and Jida.

2 tables, 33 ref

002965   ZEHRA A, CHOUDHARY S, NAEEM M, MASROOR M, KHAN A, AFTAB T (Botany Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh) : A review of medicinal and aromatic plants and their secondary metabolites status under abiotic stress. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 99-106.

In developing countries, aromatic and medicinal plants are still used in traditional and alternative medicines. In India, medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to cure various ailments. In the past decades, several studies highlighted the therapeutic properties and biological activities of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). These MAPs include Andrographis paniculata, Artemisia annua, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Ferula asafoetida, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita, Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Solanum nigrum, Tagetes minuta and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The MAPs contain bioactive secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, phenolics and saponins. These secondary metabolites possess antimalarial, anthelminthic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiartheritic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anticancer, antifungal, antispasmodic, cardio protective, ant thyroids and antihistaminic properties. These MAPs are also used in Indian traditional medicine for cure of several diseases like diarrhoea, indigestion, pains, congestion, coughs, sinusitis, fever, flu, sore throats, chills, sickness, rheumatism, sprains and muscular pains. Apart from the pharmaceutical industries, MAPs also have significance in industries related to perfumery, cosmetic, liquor and nutrition. Secondary metabolites play a major role in the adaptation of plants to the changing environment and stress condition. Secondary metabolites in plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stress. High levels of stress in medicinal and aromatic plants can affect the secondary metabolite production. Abiotic (cold, heat, drought, salinity) stress leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cellular compartments of plant cell. Here we provide a review of the effect of abiotic stress on secondary metabolites of different medicinal and aromatic plants.

2 illus, 1 table, 88 ref

002896   DAGNAW M (Gondar Univ, Gondar, Ethiopia) : Isolation of antibacterial compounds from Linum usitatissimum and evaluation its antibacterial activity. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 94-8.

Plants are the main and important source of medicinal agents where traditional treatment plays a major role in health care, and is also a common practice serving as the first aid. Flaxseed or linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is one of the important medicinal plant which is cultivated and growing worldwide that has attracted people’s interest for its many benefits it offers in human health. The general objective of this study is to isolate antibacterial compounds from Linum usitatissimum (Telba) and evaluate its antibacterial activity. The dried seeds were grinded using a laboratory grinder. Dried and powdered seeds (500 g) were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor. Four different extracts of flaxseed were extracted using the chemicals ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, and distilled water; then each extracts were concentrated using DMSO solution. In our study, antibacterial properties of four different extracts from Linum usitatissimum seeds were screened against three types of Gram-positive and negative bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar-well diffusion method and comparing their antibacterial activities with the standard antibiotics Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cephalexin. Ethanol extract possessed considerable antibacterial activities compared to the other three extracts, the highest inhibitory effect was observed against Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the extract concentration100 mg/ml. The current result indicates that Linum usitatissimum has antibiotic potential for the treatment of pathogenic bacteria. However, our results have not shown positive results for petroleum ether, distilled water, and chloroform solvent extracts of Linum usitatissimum.

3 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

002926   NAWAR N, AUNI T, ALAM F, RAHMAN F, CHAKMA U, AKTER M (Pharmacy Dep, BRAC Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Study of antioxident and antimicrobial activity of Goniothalamus sesquipedalis in ethanol extract. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 78-81.

Goniothalamus sesquipedalis plant extract used to assess its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Extract was made by soaking the dried plant powder in ethanol. After comparing with the standard Ciprofloxacin we found that Ethanol extract of sample gave the activity against all the experimented microbes of ZI (zone of inhibition) against E. coli and B.subtillis. After performing the DPPH assay of plant extract of sample plant we saw that it has a good ability of inhibiting free radicals.

2 tables, 22 ref

002952   SUNDARAM S S, SURESH K (Botany Dep, Saraswathi Narayanan Coll, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : Prevention of hair fall and whitening of hair by valuable medicinal plants in selected areas of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 74-7.

An ethnobotanical study was investigated in Madurai District which is mainly focused on prevention of hair fall and whitening hair by medicinal plants. The ancestral traditional knowledge of people who have been using the native plants for the preparation of drugs and methods of their administration along with doses were recorded, Collected through the questionnaire as well as informal personal interviews during field trips. The practical knowledge of people in herbal medicines reveals that they are capable of curing Hair related problems.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

002938   RONGON N R, HOSSAIN A, KAMAL N, HAQUE Z B, AKTER S, RAHMATULLAH M (Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Dep, Development Alternative Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Phytotherapeutic formulations of three small time folk herbalists of Tangail district, Bangladesh. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 39-42.

Folk herbalists (FHs) can be defined as part-time or small time folk medicinal practitioners (FMPs), whose practice involves one or two formulations and the same number of diseases. Although in theory, their practices may not be worth documenting, yet in reality their formulations often contain novel uses of plants, which previously had not been reported. The objective of this study was to document the phyto therapeutic practices of three FHs of Tangail district, Bangladesh. It was observed that the three FHs between themselves used only five plants distributed into five families for treatment of weakness, heart disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, fever, and acne. The flower of one plant (which was not indigenous but brought from Saudi Arabia) was used to expedite delivery. The use of three other plants was also quite novel. The study not only uncovers some new therapeutic uses of Bangladesh plants, but also points out that traditional phytotherapy may also involve plants from other regions outside Bangladesh.

1 table, 43 ref

002956   TIWARI A K, CHAUDHARY I J, PANDEY A K (Central Univ of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat) : Indian traditional trees and their scientific relevance. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 29-32.

India is a traditional country. If we see the history of Indian tradition, we find that trees were treated as God and Goddess in ancient Indian tradition. Ancient Harappa civilization gives us many evidences of tree prayer. We find the evidence of Aranyani who was a goddess of forests in ancient Hindu religion. Many hymns of Rigveda were dedicated to Aranyani. Other Indian religions like Buddhism and Jainism also showed their devotion towards trees. Buddhism believes on the concept of Varshavas. In this concept Buddhist monks used to stay on one place for three months. They believed that during rainy session many new plants and crops grow. If they would go out, these new small pants would throttle under their feet. The present review throws light on the culture of tree worship in India and its scientific relevance in present science era.

2 tables, 16 ref

002954   TARIQ F, HAQ S I U, NATASHA K, AHMAD J, AHMAD F, ADNAN, ALI A, BASIT A (Botany Dep, Islamia Coll Peshawar, Pakistan) : Ethnomedicinal study of various plants in Lone valley, district Chitral, KPK, Pakistan. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 24-8.

The valley of lone, district Chitral (Pakistan) is an area of great importance as it is endemic to variety of plants diversity. This present study aims to analyze the variety of ethno medicinal plants found in Chitral. The present study was carried out in lone valley of district Chitral, during 2016–2017. A total of 35 species belonging to 30 genera and 19 families were recorded. Out of 35 species, 34 were angiosperms, having 33 dicots and 2 monocots, one species belonging to Gymnosperm. The dominant family was Asteraceae with 5 species (14.28 %) followed by Rosaceae with 4 species (11.42 %), Lamiaceae, Apiaceae and Chenopodiaceae with 3 (8.57 %) species and Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae, with 2 (5.71 %) species each, Alliaceae, Boraginaceae, Eleagnaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae, Plantaginaceae, Berberidaceae, Convolvulaceae, Ephedraceae, Rubiaceae, Geraniaceae, Chenopodium represented as dominant genus followed by, Prunus and Artemesa each with 1 species (2.85 %).

1 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

002933   Prashith Kekuda T R, SMRUTHI B S, BANU S, SWATHI B G (Microbiology Dep, SRNMN Coll of Applied Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka) : A comprehensive review on the ethnobotanical uses and pharmacological activities of Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston (Bixaceae). J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 17-23.

Plants represent an indispensable need of human life every day. Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston is one among the most important medicinal plants belonging to the family Bixaceae. In this review, we present a comprehensive data available on the ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of C. religiosum. Fruits of C. religiosum are edible. Leaves and shoots are often used as vegetable in some parts of India. Various parts, such as stem bark, root and leaves, of the plant including the gum are traditionally used in several conditions such as cough, bone fracture, ulcer, jaundice, itching, asthma, diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, syphilis, sore throat, gonorrhea, piles, and dandruff. C. religiosum is used as sedative, to enhance face glow and memory. The plant is also widely employed in ethnoveterinary uses. The plant is shown to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal and antioxidant activity. A gum, designated as katira gum (also known as kondagogu gum), obtained from the stem bark of the plant is shown to exhibit various bioactivities including wound healing activity. The gum is also proven to exhibit promising bioremediation property with respect to removal of heavy metals. It is very important to conserve this plant species as the plant is medicinally important and is one of the threatened plant species because of its overexploitation.

2 illus, 2 tables, 90 ref

002869   ABDU M, SAAD M G, SHAFIK H M (Botany Dep, Port Said Univ, Port Said- 42521, Egypt) : Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of some green algae from Egypt. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 12-6.

Chlorophytes represent the largest group as eukaryotic photosynthetic green organisms. Most micro- and macro-green algae are potential sources for active compounds. Ulva sp, Enteromorpha sp, and Chlorella sorokiniana were isolated from the Mediterranean Sea, Port Said, Egypt. The phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone) and the antimicrobial properties were investigated for all species` extracts. Cells were dried then grounded. The powdered biomass was soaked into different solvents (methanol and acetone). The antimicrobial activities of different fraction were done using the disc diffusion technique. Results indicated the presence of different active compounds, and the antimicrobial property in all species which increase the importance of them. The phytochemical screening of methanolic and acetonic extract revealed the presence of phytoconstituents including anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The antimicrobial assessment confirmed the effect of C. sorokiniana extracts on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

5 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

002916   KUMAR R, KUMARI B (Botany Dep, Hindu Coll, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Common grasses of Bijnor district used by Bhoxa tribals in their primary health care system. J Med Plants Stud 2019, 7(3), 05-7.

Within the wide diversity of flowering plants ‘Grasses’ are the one which can be found anywhere with great abundance. Grasses are the members of Poaceae (Gramineae) family which are the most vital part in our life as food, medicine, cattle-fodder and many different things. The Bhoxa tribals of Kotwali and Najibabad blocks use different parts of grasses in crude form as cure for many diseases. This paper deals with 23 grass species used in fungal infection, fever, cough, haematuria, urinary diseases, intestinal worm, wounds, snakebite, gonorrhoea etc. Present study reveals five subfamilies with their species namely Bambusoideae (3), Pooideae (2), Arundinoideae (1), Chloridoideae (3) and Panicoideae (14).

1 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

002870   AFANYIBO Y-G, ESSEH K, IDOH K, KOUDOUVO K, AGBONON A, GBEASSOR M (Lomé (UL) Univ, Togo, Email: yaogameli@yahoo.fr) : Toxicity and antioxidant activity of Syzygium aromaticum, Mondia whitei, Carissa spinarum and Caesalpinia bonduc. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 124-8.

Caesalpinia bonduc, Mondia Whitei, Carissa spinarum and Syzygium aromaticum are four medicinal plants used alone or in combination in the production of traditional liquors in Togo to treat infertility, impotence and infections. They were selected on the basis of an ethnobotanical survey among Togolese traditional medicine practitioners to be evaluated for their toxicological effects and antioxidant properties. The phytochemical extraction was carried out on the powders of the roots, leaves and seeds of C. bonduc, the roots and leaves of M. whitei, the roots of C. spinarum and the leaves of S. aromaticum. The toxicity of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each plant organ were checked in vitro on shrimp larvae and in antioxidant tests. The toxicity test showed that, the seven hydroethanolic extracts had their LC₅₀ between 0.20 and 1.85 mg/ml and were all above 0.1 mg/ml, LC₅₀ threshold set for in vitro toxicity tests. Concerning antioxidant activity, the DPPH antiradical test showed that the fourteen extracts had it IC₅₀ between 38.21 to 96.10 μg/mL, higher than 7.79 µg/mL which is the IC₅₀ of quercetin used as a standard drug. The results showed that the extracts had antioxidant activity and were not toxic to shrimp larvae in vitro. However, toxicity studies will be further evaluated in vivo in animals to prove their safety and their use in traditional medicine in Togo.

3 tables, 23 ref

002925   MUDIMBA T N, NGUTA J M (Public Health Dep, Nairobi Univ, Kenya, Email: nguwesu@gmail.com) : Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Carpobrotus edulis: A global perspective. J Phytopharmacol 2019, 8(3), 111-6.

Carpobrotus edulis has widely been used in South Africa as a traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments and its pharmacological activities has been widely studied. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive literature overview regarding phytochemistry, traditional use, pharmacology and toxicology of different Carpobrotus edulis extracts. The review was compiled through a thorough literature search from authentic resources using data bases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct, peer reviewed articles, books and thesis. Carpobrotus edulis is an important medicinal plant used in ethno medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis and other respiratory infections, toothache and earache, facial eczema, wounds, burns, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacological studies performed on the fresh plant materials, crude extracts and various solvent extracts of Carpobrotus edulis validates the traditional medical use of the plant. Studies performed validate the use of Carpobrotus edulis extracts in antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and antioxidant therapy. Carpobrotus edulis also has proved to have anticholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Information on therapeutic validation in wound healing, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, analgesia and gastrointestinal motility is scanty. To substantiate the traditional use of C. edulis in the aforementioned area, there is need for further experimental studies to validate its pharmacological use. The information on toxicology was also scanty however the available literature suggests that C. edulis extracts are non-toxic. The review article supports the folkloric use of the medicinal plant. However, in-depth studies evaluating the safety profile of C. edulis extracts are highly recommended.

1 illus, 6 tables, 38 ref

002887   BATORO J, HAKIM L, RAHARDI B (Biology Dep, Brawijaya Univ, East Java, Indonesia, Email: jati_batoro@yahoo.co.id) : Traditional knowledge sacred area: Holy sites (Pedanyangan) in Tengger tribe of East Java, Indonesia. Adv Life Sci 2019, 9(1), 1-6.

This study aims to reveal the diversity of plant species, the existence of traditional conservation areas, perceptions, meanings and action (praxis) in tengger’s society, East Java. Holly's site (Danyang or petren) is a spiritual belief by the community, related to the point of view of trust, religion, and also the success raised by the groups. People believe the diversity of flora in traditional conservation areas is spiritually sacred whose existence is protected by customary rules. The relationship between local’s believe, religion, biodiversity, and environment is the local wisdom of the tengger tribe. The research method was conducted through free interviews, direct observations by surveys, and attending ceremonies of traditional rituals in traditional conservation holly sites, and worship sites or sanggar pamujan). It leads by traditional leaders called pandhita (shaman) and he is supporter called legen or wong sepuh, and also Tengger’s society. As a results of the study show that traditional rituals are still well and consistently carried out, especially in the Tengger tribe. While the diversity of plant species in the sacred area is very well maintained and respected. Traditional conservation is a combination of religious views and local beliefs, it turns out that it gets more respect than formal conservation. The diversity of plant species in the sacred area as traditional conservation includes 38 species from 33 genus and 24 families. Tengger's indigenous tribe need to have a developing status in customary law and village policy about traditional conservation sites (pedanyangan and sanggar pamujan). Conservation of protected areas and traditional knowledge can be used as a model that must be considered as the key to traditional biodiversity conservation. The community has been able to determine and utilize long-lived tree species, as well as the diversity of other plant species in traditional rituals.

3 illus, 1 table, 22 ref

001745   YANA W, DZOKOU V J, NDANKEU Y P M, TAMESSE J L (Bamenda Univ, Bambili, Cameroon) : Two species of Psyllids genus Paurocephala (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) pest insects associated to Connaraceae in Cameroon. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(2), 13-9.

Two species of Paurocephala genus are described and illustrated from Cameroon. The psyllid of Cnestis ferruginae described here is morphological identical to Paurocephala sinuata from Tanzania. Paurocephala nkomekui sp. n. psyllid of Agelaea hirsuta is described as new because the morphological examination with the previous described species shows that P. nkomekui is different morphologically but it is closely related to P. hollisi psyllid of Agelaea heterophylla from Tanzania. The two species of psyllids develop on the plants belonging to Connaraceae family with medicinal importance on which they cause serious damage by inducing necrosis to their host plants.

27 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

001708   SARKAR P, KUMAR S, DAS S, AIREN B (Dentistry Dep, Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Kolkata - 700 008, Email: sarkar.pubali8@gmail.com) : Anticariogenic potential of Camellia sinensis on Streptococcus mutans- An in vitro study. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(16), 1268-72.

Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of modern times. Chemical substances used for prevention of dental caries are known to have many side effects. Thus, natural products should be explored for their anti-caries action. We wanted to investigate the in-vitro antibacterial effect of tea leaves extract on Streptococcus mutans. This in vitro experiment was conducted in the laboratory settings of Sri Aurobindo College of Pharmacy, Indore. Two types of tea leaves, black and oolong of a commercially available brand were used for the study. Aqueous extracts of both the tea leaves was prepared by boiling in distilled water in a standardized manner. Two concentrations 50 % and 100 %, were prepared and tested for antistreptococcal activity. Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh supplied the bacterial strain Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497) in lyophilized form. S.mutans was made viable by transferring into brain heart infusion (BHI) broth followed by incubation. Previously smeared S. mutans agar plates were then inoculated by the aqueous extracts of both the teas. Antimicrobial efficacy was checked using agar well diffusion method. The plates were incubated, and the zone of inhibition was determined. A similar procedure was carried out with Chlorhexidine 0.2 %, which served as positive control. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics and analytical tests like ANOVA to test the significance among variables. Oolong as well as black tea aqueous extracts (100 %), after an incubation of 48 hours hindered the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The efficacy of 100 % aqueous extract was greater than 50 % aqueous extract of both the types of tea. The mean zone of inhibition of oolong tea leaves aqueous extract (100 %) was 19.18 ± 0.90 which was significantly higher than black tea 13.35 ± 0.55 but it was less than chlorhexidine (0.2 %) 24.80 ± 1.78 (p value<0.001). A greater inhibitory effect was seen in Oolong tea extracts (Aqueous extract) compared to black tea (aqueous extract) on the growth of S.mutans.

5 tables, 20 ref

001701   SAEED W A, DHAMEN M A, AHMAD R, AHMAD N, NAQVI A A (Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: rizvistar_36@yahoo.com) : Clinical uses and toxicity of Ephedra sinica: An evidence-based comprehensive retrospective review (2004–2017). Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 439-44.

Ephedra sinica (ES) (Ma-huang) is a well-known plant due to its widespread therapeutic uses. However, many adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephritises, and cardiovascular toxicity have been reported for this plant. Few of these side effects are reversible whereas others are irreversible and may even lead to death. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical uses and toxicity cases/consequences associated with the use of ES. The review will compare and evaluate the cases reported for ES and identify the causes which make the plant a poisonous one. An extensive literature review was conducted from 2004 to 2017, and research literature regarding the clinical cases were collected using databases and books such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research gate, PubMed, and Web of Science/Thomson Reuters whereas the keywords searched were “Ephedra sinica,” clinical cases of Ephedra sinica, “Ma-hung poisonous,” “Ma-hung toxicity reported cases and treatment,” and “Ephedra Sinica toxicity reported cases and treatment.” eleven different cases were identified which met the eligibility criteria and were studied in detail to extract out the findings. It turned out that most of the patients and participants developed adverse side effects following the use of ES, and after a proper course of treatment or trail, some of the side effects were reversible, whereas others were found irreversible. The most common adverse effects and toxicity observed in patients were liver problems, renal failures, and cardiac toxicity which resulted in two mortalities whereas the other two got recovered. On an in-depth study, it was revealed that most of the toxicities in such cases were associated with the use of ES in combination with other conventional drugs, long-term use, or use in patients with cardiac and renal problems without a medical supervision. Hence, it is concluded that ES may have reversible as well as irreversible adverse effects and may even result in death; however, the use of a plant with the proper knowledge and under sound medical supervision may reduce such exaggerations.

1 table, 37 ref

001642   ISMAIL A, AHMAD W A N W (Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences Dep, International Islamic Univ Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia, Email: dr_azlini@iium.edu.my) : Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp: A potential phytomedicine. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(2), 429-38.

Ethnomedicinal plant is one of the important sources for drug discovery. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp is one of the ethnomedicinal plants that is currently gaining attention for its various pharmacological potentials. This review evaluates its traditional uses, chemical profiles, toxicological aspects, nutritional values, as well as its pharmacological properties. From our literature search in Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, it was found that S. polyanthum has valuable therapeutic potentials including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antitumor, antidiarrheal, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, and dental plaque inhibition properties. However, few research areas, especially its toxicological profiles, mechanism of actions, as well as identification of its bioactive compound, require more in-depth studies.

1 illus, 2 tables, 44 ref