002888   BERGHEUL S, LIMONES-MENDEZ M , GROSJEAN J, HEHN A, OLRY A, BERKANI A (Lorraine Univ, INRA-LAE - F54000 Nancy, France, Email: alexandre.olry@univ-lorraine.fr) : Comparative study of the production of coumarins and furanocoumarins in three Ruteae species. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2019, 10(2), 137-42.

Within specialized metabolites, coumarins and furanocoumarins represent a wide group of structurally diverse compounds and are specially produced in plants belonging to the Rutaceae family. Here we performed the furanocoumarin and coumarin-targeted chemical characterization of three Ruteae species collected from Algeria. Detection and quantification of 27 coumarins and furanocoumarins extracted from stems and leaves was carried out by UHPLC-MS. We highlighted significant chemical differences between these plants. Ruta chalepensis L. is the highest producer with 24.83 mmol/g dry material in stems and 15.70 mmol/g dry materials in leaves while Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forsk.) is the lowest producer. We also showed a surprising chemical diversity between R. chalepensis L and R. angustifolia Pers. This chemical diversity might, therefore, be a helpful tool for phylogenetic identification of plants.

1 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

002894   CHHETRI A, POKHREL Y, SHAHI N, LAMA D, CHHETRI D R (Botany Dep, Sikkim Univ, Gangtok- 737 102, Sikkim, Email: drchhetri@cus.ac.in) : Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Isaria amoenerosea Henn.: An entomopathogenic fungus from Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2019, 10(2), 111-8.

Isaria amoenerosea Henn., an entomopathogenic fungus parasitizing on the beetle adult was collected from the subtropical forest of Darjeeling, India. Axenic culture of the mycelia for metabolite extraction was carried out through submerged fermentation. The methanolic mycellial extract was evaluated for its antioxidant as well as cytotoxic activities. Through a series of the in-vitro antioxidant assay, it was found that the methanolic extract scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals up to the extent of 56.17 and 83.35 % respectively at the tested concentrations. The 10 mg/mL extract chelated 73.82 % of ferrous ions and it also showed an appreciable capacity to reduce ferric ions to ferrous ions. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay on the three human carcinoma cells: HeLa (cervical cancer), PC3 (prostate cancer) and HepG2 (hepato carcinoma). Among them, HeLa was recorded to be most susceptible exhibiting 53.48 % inhibition at 100 µg/mL. The total phenol and flavonoid content of the extract was 11.58 ± 0.12 and 9 ± 2.1 µg/mg of gallic acid equivalent respectively. The evidence presented herein suggests that the mycelial methanolic extract indicates a correlation between the presence of varied functional groups (FTIR spectrum) and antioxidative as well as cytotoxic activities. No direct test of the hypothesis has been made which demands further investigations.

7 illus, 33 ref

002946   SINGH N, SINGH S, MAURYA P, ARYA M, KHAN F, DWIVEDI D H, SARAF S A (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ, Lucknow- 226 025, Email: shubhini.saraf@gmail.com) : An updated review on Physalis peruviana fruit: Cultivational, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical aspects. Indian J Nat Prod Resour 2019, 10(2), 97-110.

Plants have always been rich sources of medicinally active constituents in the quest for curing numerous diseases. Among those, Physalis peruviana has been utilized traditionally as a therapeutic (antispasmodic, diuretic, antiseptic, sedative, and analgesic) and nutraceutical herb. It contains numerous active components like essential minerals, α-linolenic acid, iron, vitamins, carbohydrates, phytosterols etc. Its potential as a multifunctional agent in beverages, foods and nutraceutical industries makes it an important crop for consideration. From the agricultural point of view, this fruit is a profitable commercial crop for arid regions also and does not require much effort and investment for cultivation. It easily grows in wild and arid regions. Despite being a nutraceutical and a medicinally important crop, its utilization is not up to the mark. Thus the objective of the present review was to explore and emphasize the nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of Physalis peruviana. It provides exhaustive insight into the origin, distribution, cultivation, harvesting, active constituents and its prospective utility in food, nutrition and pharmaceutical industries.

3 illus, 111 ref

002884   BAJPAI A, MEHTA R, PANDEY A (Botany Dep, Govt. J.H. Coll, Betul, Madhya Pradesh) : Ethno-botanical survey of some selected sacred natural sites of Betul district of Madhya Pradesh, India. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 274-7.

Present research survey focused on sacred natural sites of Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. Present survey revealed that 25 plants species belonging to 16 families are used as sacred, religious, medicinal, rituals food and agricultural purposes by indigenous peoples of Bhopali, Jathandeo, Chandi devi, Lakha banjara, Maddeo and Salbardi. Ethno-botanical data is of significant value for conservation purposes. The high fidelity level (FL) of plant species Cocos nucifera 100% and Ocimum sanctum 100% indicates the prevalence use of plant and use value (UV) of plant determines the relative importance on use of plant species. The highest UV was calculated for Bauhinia varigata (0.157) and lowest Gossypium hirsutam (0.035) these finding demonstrate the extensive use of species in different purposes, similarly lowest UV shows minimum uses of species. The observed plants presented as main deity wise with scientific name and family.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

002964   YADAV R, DWIVEDI K N (Dravyaguna Dep, B.H.U., Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo. Roxb. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 270-3.

The present work deals with the pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical studies on the heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo. Roxb. Pharmacognostical parameters for the heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo. was studied with the aim of drawing the pharmacopoeial standards for this species. Macroscopical and Microscopical Characters, physico-chemical constants, quantitative microscopy parameters, extractive values with different solvents, fluorescence analysis of dry powder, its reaction after treatment with chemical reagents under visible light and UV light at 254 nm and 366 nm. Preliminary phytochemical screening on heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo. Roxb. was studied. The determination of these characters will help future researchers in their Phytochemical as well as Pharmacological analyses of this species.

1 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

002895   CHUGH V, MISHRA V, DWIVEDI SV, SHARMA KD (Biochemistry Dep, BUAT, Banda, Uttar Pradesh) : Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.): An underutilized wonder plant with potential pharmacological value. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 236-46.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), believed to be the earliest vegetable consumed by human has been a part of traditional culinary and folk medicine system since long back. It is a rich source of vitamins, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, omega-3 fatty acids (Especially alpha-linolenic and gammalinolenic acids), terpenoids, sterols, proteins and minerals and has also been reported as the super food for the future. Owing to its diverse phytoconstituents, Purslane has been reported to possess potent pharmacological actions such as hepato-protective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive actions. However, molecular mechanisms of action of only few of these have been studied and more systematic clinical studies are needed to test the pharmaceutical properties of purslane. A detailed information on phytochemistry and pharmacology of purslane has been presented in this review for its full exploration by the research community.

3 illus, 3 tables, 99 ref

002903   GIRI N A, SAKHALE B K (Chemical Technology Dep, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad, Maharashtra) : Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.): A valuable tropical tuber crop: A review. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 182-91.

Tropical root and tuber crops play vital role in food security, nutrition and climate change adaptation. Root and tuber crops are essential components of diet in many countries. Tropical tuber crops comprise of major and minor (underexploited) plant species. Sweet potato is one of the nutritious, healthy and underutilized tropical tuber crops whose significance as a food is getting less. The importance of sweet potato tubers as a health food is realized now due to its nutritional composition having low glycemic index as an additional health benefits for diabetics. It is used as a new ingredient for development of gluten free products. A number of value added food products are being developed using sweet potato with functional ingredients. Sweet potato tubers could be processed into different primary products such as flour, chips, puree etc and secondary products like biscuits, pasta, noodles etc. The present article discussed about the potential benefits of sweet potato as a miracle and promising food crop.

2 illus, 2 tables, 75 ref

002947   SINGH R, SINGH A, BABU N, NAVNEET (Botany and Microbiology Dep, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar, Uttarakhand) : Ethno-medicinal and pharmacological activities of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Corr: A review. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 176-81.

Aegle marmelos is native to India. The monotypic genus Aegle belongs to family Rutaceae has several neutraceutical and medicinal properties which are being used in traditional medicinal systems to cure a variety of diseases. The plant has been extensively studied for its medicinal and pharmacological properties by advanced scientific techniques and a variety of bioactive compounds have been isolated from different parts of the plant. This review is summarized information concerning the morphology, distribution, pharmacological and ethno-medicinal uses and phytochemistry of A. marmelos.

61 ref

002959   VEERAPAGU M, JEYA K R, KALAIVANI R, JEYANTHI K A, GEETHANJALI S (Biotechnology Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Kurumbalur, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu) : Screening of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria isolated from oil contaminated soil. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 69-72.

The use of indigenous microorganisms in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollutants to cleanup environment has become a valuable technique. The aim of the present study was to isolate bacteria from contaminated soil of motor vehicle workshop Perambalur. A total of eleven bacteria isolated was investigated for hydrocarbon tolerance in Bushnell Haas broth containing 1% (w/v) crude oil as sole carbon source. Four bacterial isolates exhibited growth of > 1.0 OD screened for hydrocarbon degradation by DCPIP method. The isolate HDB5 showed 27.5% of biodegradation was identified as Pseudomonas sp and investigated for biodegradation of petrol, diesel and engine oil by gravimetric method for 30 days of incubation revealed 76%, 83% and 69% of degradation. The Pseudomonas sp. isolated could be a potential candidate for the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

3 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

002941   SAPAVADIYA S B, KACHHADIA V H, SAVALIYA J J, SAPOVADIYA M H, SINGH S V (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Uni, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Study on combining ability for fruit yield and its related attributes in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Pharma Innov 2019, 8(6), 31-4.

Combining ability effects were estimated for different traits in a line x tester crossing programme comprising 32 crosses produced by crossing 8 lines and 4 testers. The GCA and SCA mean squares were significant for all the traits under study except number of nodes per plant. The ratio of GCA and SCA variances indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene effect for inheritance of all the traits. Genotypes JOL-09-05, JOL-09-07, Pusa Swani and AOL-09-02 showed good general combining ability for fruit yield appear to be worthy for exploitation of segregation and varietal development. The estimates of SCA effects revealed that the cross combinations JOL-0-05 x AOL-09.02, JOL-09-07 x JOL-2K-19 and JF-55 x AOL-08-05 were observed most promising for fruit yield and some related traits.

4 tables, 9 ref

002902   GHOSH P, DUTTA A, BISWAS M, BISWAS S, HAZRA L, NAG S K, SIL S, CHATTERJEE S (Biotechnology Dep, Techno India Univ, Kolkata, West Bengal) : Phytomorphological, chemical and pharmacological discussions about Commelina benghalensis Linn. (Commelinaceae): A review. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 12-8.

Now a day’s herbal medicines are taking the leading positions in the healthcare system. It was the essential driving force for better treatment from ancient time. Commelina benghalensis Linn. belongs to Commelinaceae family is an annual herbaceous weed commonly known as Bengal Dayflower. These plants are found in tropical and temperate parts of the world along with India. The plant is a herbaceous weed with typical morphological characteristics features. The main phytochemicals found in this plant are polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Review of the literature suggested that the various parts of the plant are reported to have some significant therapeutic activities like anti-microbial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diarrheal, anthelmintic, fertility inducing, anti-viral, anxiolytic, hepato-protective, anti-urolithiasis, analgesic, thrombolytic, sedative and larvicidal properties. The present review study deals with the morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological, therapeutic, nutritional and some other biological aspects of Commelina benghalensis. This review work may help get overview ideas about the studied plant.

5 illus, 65 ref

002891   BHATNAGAR P, RATHI N, SINGH S (Uttaranchal Univ, Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Medicinal properties of banana and papaya: A review. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 299-302.

Papaya is a tasty, juicy and healthy fruit belonging to the Caricaceae family scientifically known as (Carica papaya L.) and is cultivated in all the tropical and sub-tropical states of world. It is a rich source of vitamin C and vitamin B due to which it possess many antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. Its mineral composition consists of K and Mg with calcium, iron, manganese, phosphorus, zinc etc. The consumption of fruit is either as a fresh fruit or vegetable or as a processed product globally. Banana (Musa) is a healthy and moderately well balanced origin of nutrient rich several carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts with a low amount of protein and oil. Banana is an essential cultivate of livelihood of farmers around the wet subtropics and topics, which includes America, Africa, South Asia, Melanesia, Pacific and Island Southeast Asia. The fruit plant of both papaya and banana as a complete along with peel, bark, root, pulp and seeds possess many medicinal and nutritional properties. Many studies show that papaya and banana have several pharmacological and medicinal properties that are used for the treatment several disease like diarrhoea, diabetes, cancer, ulcers, hypertension etc. and at present both are observed as neutraceutical fruits.

2 tables, 32 ref

002957   TOMAR V D S, JAWANJAL V D P (Agadatantra Dep, SGAM, Jamnagar, Gujarat) : A critical review on antitoxic formulations of Shirisha (Albizia lebbeck L.) WSRT major classics of Ayurveda. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 149-54.

Ayurveda is a part of science of wholesome living. Majority of medicine mentioned in Ayurveda are plant based. Agadtantra (Toxicology) is specialized branch of Ayurveda that highlights the different mode of poisoning & its management. While treating different cases of poisoning different modality of treatment are used. Agada (Antidote) is one of the modalities which is prepared by the combination of different anti-poisonous herbs. Shirisha (Albizia Lebbeck) is one of the important herbs having a broad spectrum of therapeutic effect. In classical textbook it is mentioned as the best among the Vishaghna drugs. Many formulations of Shirisha in different modes of administration have been mentioned in the management of various poisons in Bruhattrayee (Major treatises of Ayurveda). Shirisha yogas are mentioned for both internal administration and also for external applications as Lepa, etc. This review is an attempt to explore the number of yogas mentioned in Visha chikitsa which contains Shirisha as the main ingredient. So present review is aimed to compile up the updated data and highlight the Vishghna property on its pharmacological activity. Scientific researches proved its anti-histaminic, anti-allergic, Antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial activity. On this basis it is concluded that our ‘Acharyas’ perception about Shirisha as an anti-poisonous is factual and may be based on their experimental studies at that time.

4 tables, 64 ref

002951   SRIVASTAVA R, SONI N (Pharmaceutical Sciences Dep, Sam Higginbottom Univ of Agriculture, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : An updated review on phytopharmacological profile of Euphorbia tithymaloides (L.) Poit. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 109-15.

Euphorbia tithymaloides (L.) Poit or Pedilanthus tithymaloides, (Family: Euphorbiaceae), is a tropical and subtropical succulent plant. This plant is available in various parts of India: Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh. The stem of this plant has morphological resemblance with spinal column due to zigzag structure. The fleshy tubular stems of this plant are thin pencil like which produce thick, dark-green or variegated, fleshy, ovate leaves and peculiar beak shaped flowers. Pedilanthus tithymaloides is mostly used as an ornamental plant and for making fencing in garden. It is latex producing plant and its latex has been traditionally used to treat various pathological conditions apart from latex its leaves, stem and roots also used to treat ear ache, insect stings, ringworm, skin cancer, toothache, umbilical hernias, and warts. This plant is reported to possess various phytochemicals viz. steroids, tannins, triterpenes, coumarins and saponins which have been shown to possess anti-diabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, stomachic, hemostatic, anti-microbial, antifungal, antihelminthic, antimutagenic, anti-tubercular, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, abortifacient, antivenom, antibiotic, antiseptic, antihemorrhagic, antiviral and antitumor effect and useful for venereal diseases. The isolated phytochemicals reported in this plant were cycloartenone, dammaronol A, dotriacontan- 1- ol, friedelanol, hentriacontan-1-ol and sitosterol. Some of the antioxidant principles like Kaempferol, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, and scopoletin were isolated. The significant bioactive principles reported in Pedilanthus tithymaloides were diterpenoids, triterpene, flavonoids, carotenoids, pedilanthus coumarin A, pedilanthus coumarin B, 5,7-dihydroxy-8-(2-methylbutyryl)-4-phenylcournarin, theraphin C, isodispar B, isodisparinol B and isomesuol. Recently silver nanoparticles of plant latex have been synthesized for their potential use as antibacterial agents. The aim of present review is an effort to provide coherent literature survey of plant Euphorbia tithymaloides or Pedilanthus tithymaloides in relation to its phytopharmacological, ethnobotanical and therapeutical uses that would pave the way for development of phytopharmaceuticals.

14 illus, 24 ref

002883   BAJAD P N, PARDESHI A B, PAGORE V P (Zoology Dep, Deogiri Coll, Aurangabad, Karnataka) : Extraction, isolation and quantification of saponin from Dodonaea viscosa JACQ. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 41-4.

The isolation of saponin from various solvent extract of the plant, Dodonaea viscose were studied. Dodonaea viscosa is a shrub belonging to the family Sapindaceae, and is commonly called as hop bush. Saponins are heterosides of plant origin and the type of molecules has an interesting pesticide potential. The saponin was isolated from the leaves, which is further purified with the help of solvent separation method and that shows the positive result for preliminary tests such as foam test, Lieberman’s test. The isolated extract was purified by analytical method (Edeoga, et al.). The IR studies of saponin shows the peaks at-3069 (Aromatic –CH stretching), 2924 (-CH₃), 1636 (C=C Stretching), 1076 (C-O-C stretching of glycoside linkage of Oligosaccharide to sapogenin) which indicated the presence of functional group. The HPLC studies of saponin shows the peak at 205 nm which get matched with the std. saponin and on the basis of that data reveals both qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponin. The amount of saponin present in Dodonaea viscose was found to be 173.25 µg/mg.

4 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

002881   BABU V S, NAIR A S (Botany Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : Phytochemical and physicochemical assessment of diversity in the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 29-35.

Traditional knowledge and ethno-botanical use of plants have been widely acknowledged all over the world. Glycosmis pentaphylla (Rutaceae) is a shrubby plant found all over India, used for the healing of wounds of livestock in Indian folk medicine. The present study involves preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical evaluation of diversity in ten accessions of Glycosmis pentaphylla collected from three different eco-geographical zones of Kerala, India. Significant differences were observed between the studied genotypes for most of the parameters under study. Variability of results of this secondary metabolite testing could be induced by several factors such as age, climate, habitat, plant part, season, chemical race of plants, etc. Thus, it is expected that the important physicochemical properties of this genotype will be very useful in the curing of various diseases.

2 illus, 9 tables, 21 ref

002939   RUWALI P, NEGI D (Biotechnology Dep, MB Government PG Coll, Haldwani, Uttarakhand) : Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant activity of Premna latifolia Roxb. A medicinal plant (Family: Lamiaceae). Pharma Innov 2019, 8(5), 13-20.

Traditional medicine employing a plant-based system of treatment forms an important part of human medicine system. The most common reason for utilizing traditional medicine is its non- toxic nature, closely resembles the patient ideology and allays concerns about the adverse effects of chemical medicines, satisfies the desire for more personalized health care, and allows greater public access to health information. Plants and their bioactive principles have a long history of use in modern medicine and in certain systems of traditional medicine. Plant-derived substances have recently become of great interest owing to their versatile applications. The bark and leaves extract of Premna latifolia Roxb. with different solvents were investigated for their phytochemical and antioxidant potential. The phytochemical composition was carried on the bark and leaves extracts of Premna latifolia, revealed the presence of active ingredients such as Glycosides, Steroids, Saponins, Phenols, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Tannins. The bark and leaves extracts were also evaluated for antioxidant activities by DPPH radical and ABTS scavenging assay. Among four different solvents used, the maximum antioxidant activity found in methanolic extract followed by hexane, ethanol, and chloroform. The present study reveals that this plant is of therapeutic potential due to their high free radical scavenging activity. The methanolic extract of bark and leaves of Premna latifolia showed the presence of maximum phytochemicals (12&11) when compared to other solvent extracts viz. hexane (PLHEX) (10&9), ethanol (PLETH) (9&8), and chloroform (PLCHLO) (8&7) respectively. The amount of phenolics and flavonoids present in solvents were in the order of Methanol > Hexane > Ethanol > Chloroform. The best antioxidant potential was found in Methanolic extract of Premna latifolia (PLME). Methanolic extract of both bark and leaves gave an IC₅₀ (135.53 μg/ml &178.11 μg/ml) for DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and (102.05 μg/ml &111.26 μg/ml) for ABTS (2, 2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay. This study shows that the bark and leaves of Premna latifolia extract could be used as a probable antioxidative agent. This study also revealed that Premna latifolia bark possesses greater antioxidant potential in comparison to leaves.

6 illus, 5 tables, 45 ref

002920   MADHAVAN S A K S, KARPAGAM S (Botany Dep, Madras Univ, Chennai, Tamil nadu, Email: mmraniks87@gmail.com) : Natural coagulants: An easy way to remove heavy metals. J Ind Pollut Control 2019, 35(1), 2266-70.

The seeds of Strychnos potatorum and Moringa oleifera are a natural coagulant which shows promising bioflocculant activity. These seeds are used to purify the drinking water in rural South India. In this research, an attempt has been made to analyze the biosorption of heavy metals by Strychnos potatorum and Moringa oleifera seeds from the tannery effluent. Heavy metals were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The toxicity level of the treated effluent was analysed by green gram germination bioassay. Shoot length and root length of the germinated seeds were measured and seedling vigour index were calculated. The heavy metal removal efficiency of the seeds of Moringa and Stychnous was higher there by making both the seeds a promising candidate for industrial effluent treatment. These agro based compound could replace the chemical coagulant and is an environmentally friendly approach to effluent treatment.

1 illus, 5 table, 21 ref

002876   AL-ZURFI S A, ALBDAIRI N A A-H, AL-SHAMARY F R A (Kufa Univ, Najaf, Iraq, Email: sadiqk.alzurfi@uokufa.edu.iq) : Impact of glyophosate and lambda cyhalothrin pesticides on Hydrilla verticillata plant. Plant Archives 2019, 19(1), 111-21.

Aim of the study to test tolerance of Hydrilla verticillata plant to different concentrations of pesticides (glyophosate and lambda cyhalothrin) and to determine the extent of the physiological changes that occur in the plant. Collect the plant from Euphrates River and acclimation in laboratory during 15-day culture in glass aquarium three frequency exposing to different concentrations of glyophosate (2000, 6000, 12000, 24000 ppm) and lambda-cyhalothrin (33,66,166,332 ppm). Measuring total chlorophyll, chlorophylla, chlorophyll b, total protein, catalase enzyme and super oxide dismutase during (1, 3, 7 and 10 days). The current study showed a decrease in total chlorophyll and total protein content during the experiment period, while a gradual increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) values during the experimental period compared to the control. The values of the activity of catalase enzyme of pesticides observed a gradual decreased during experimental period. The stem of plant not affect to glyphosate while the leaf had clear affect during (3, 7 and 10 days), while affected steam and leaf of Hydrilla verticillata to lambda cyhalothrin pesticide. Our results indicate that glyphosate concentrations from 2000 to 24000 ppm can induce oxidative stress in Hydrilla verticillata and may impede metabolism processes for protein and pigments for plant. Our results suggest that the sensitivity of Hydrilla verticillata to higher concentrations of glyphosate and lambda cyhalothrin exposure.

8 illus, 33 ref

002885   BANSAL R, CHAHAL K K, URVASHI, SINGH R (Chemistry Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, Email: drkkchahal@pau.edu) : Mentha piperita L. Essential Oil and its Constituents as Stored Grain Protectant. Pestic Res J 2019, 31(1), 13-9.

Mentha leaf essential oil extracted from dried and powdered menthe leaves was subjected to column chromatography to obtain its fractions. Three compounds namely pulegone, menthol, p-cymene were isolated from polar fraction. Menthol was chemically transformed to menthone using pyridinium chlorochromate. All the compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques. Mentha leaf essential oil (pure) was tested for its insecticidal activity at five different concentrations in the range 50-500 µg g^-1 respectively against F1 generation of red rust flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst.) adults. Maximum inhibition was observed at 500 µg g^-1. The activity was both time and concentration dependent. The fractions of mentha leaf essential oil and the compounds isolated were tested at 250 µg g^-1 concentration. Polar fraction was more active as compared to the non-polar fraction. Adults of the beetle were more susceptible to menthone as complete corrected per cent mortality was observed on 22nd d in menthone as compared to 25 d for menthol. The results indicated that mentha leaf essential oil may have potential to control infestation of wheat by T. castaneum.

7 tables, 29 ref

002913   KEYA S I, AHMED N, RUNA M M, NASRIN M, PROMA A F, KHAN R H (Pharmacy Dep, BRAC Univ, Dhaka, Bangladesh) : Biological investigation of Actinodephne angustifolia. Int J Multidiscip Res Dev 2019, 6(5), 57-61.

Actinodephne angustifolia plant extract used to assess its different biological activity. Extract was made by soaking the dried plant powder in methanol. After comparing with the standard we found that Methanol extract of the sample gave the activity against all the experimented microbes of ZI (zone of inhibition) against E. coli and B.subtillis. After performing the antioxidant, thrombolytic, antidiarrheal, hypoglycemic and cytotoxic activity assay of methanol extract of sample plant we saw that it has a good biological activity that can be used as a potential traditional medicine.

1 illus, 6 tables, 19 ref

002961   VENKATESH G, ARUNPRASATH A (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal potential against Culex quinquefasciatus and phytochemical profiling in Sesbania sesban Merr.. Int J Entomol Res 2019, 4(3), 35-8.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the Sesbania sesban plant for preliminary phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis and Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. The presence of phytochemical compounds was screened by qualitative method. The results showed the presence of phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins are present in petroleum ether and ethanol extracts. The flavonoids and phenols were present only in petroleum ether extract and absent in ethanolic extract. In GC-MS analysis there are three bio active phytochemical compounds were identified in ethanolic extract of S. sesban. The extract were subjected for screening of Larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus at the concentration of 2 %, 4 %, 8 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, were analyzed the highest mortality was observed after 72 hours in petroleum ether extract. But Low level of mortality was observed in ethanolic extract after 48 hours.

8 tables, 21 ref

002936   RAMADURGA B, JAT R K, BADAMI S (Biological Sciences Dep, Baze Univ, Abuja, Nigeria, Email: bandenawazramadurg@gmail.com) : Pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial activity of root of Careya arborea. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 608-12.

Careya arborea is known for its traditional medicinal properties and reported for potent antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Its stem bark, leaves and fruits were studied biologically, but so far its root has not been studied. The aim of the present study is to standardize the root of Careya arborea and its extracts pharmacognostically and also to screen its extracts for their antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and fungi using standard procedures. Loss on drying, extractive and ash values, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis of the root and its extracts were studied using standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by determining minimum inhibitory concentration. Among all the extracts, the successive ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most active with lowest MIC values against L. acidophilius, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa and M. luteus. The successive chloroform extract was also found to be highly active against P. aeruginosa and fungi, M. furfur and C. albicans. The results are helpful in standardizing the root of the plant and since several of the root extracts possess antimicrobial properties, there is a need to isolate its constituents.

6 tables, 18 ref

002919   LONKALA S, REDDY A R N (Pharma Analysis & Quality Assurance Dep, Jyothishmathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thimmapur, Karimnagar, Telangana, Email: svps11288@gmail.com) : Antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple strains. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 600-2.

Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains. Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method. The results of this study showed that both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains and the potency of the extracts was increased when these two extracts were combined. These extracts directly can be used as natural alternative preventives to control various food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.

2 tables, 20 ref

002923   MARTIN PAUL A, JAYANTHI D, THAMIZHSERAN N (Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore – 641 046, Tamil Nadu, Email: mart_paul18@yahoo.com) : Bio-physicochemical studies on water calyx fluid in the african tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata P. beauv.. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 594-9.

Flowers of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. development is unique as inner whorls develop immersed in a fluid called water calyces. The present study is an investigation into the biochemical composition and physicochemical properties of water calyx fluid from Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Fluid composition of small, medium and large stages of S. campanulata flower buds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for biomolecules viz., reducing sugars, total free amino acids, proteins, phenols and Indole3-Acetic Acid (IAA). Physiochemical analyses were done using particle size analyzer. Reducing sugars, total free amino acids, proteins and IAA were present in appreciable amounts whereas total phenol content was low and the content of biomolecules were significant between groups and within the groups. The water calyx fluid is highly stable and absolute necessity for the floral development. The concentrations of all the analyzed biomolecules were found to be decreasing with bud maturity. The contents of water calyx fluid is obligatory for the development of floral whorls.

5 illus, 39 ref

002872   AGUILAR-FELICES E J, ROMERO-VIACAVA M, ENCISO-ROCA E, HERRERA-CALDERON O, COMÚN-VENTURA P, YULI-POSADAS R A, CHACALTANA-RAMOS L, PARI-OLARTE B (Pharmacology Dep, Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Univ, Lima, Peru, Email: oherreraca@unmsm.edu.pe) : Antioxidant activity of the germinated seed of four varieties of Amaranthus caudatus L. from peru. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 588-93.

The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50 % germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P < 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.

3 tables, 23 ref

002949   SRINIVAS B K, SHIVAMADHU M C, DEVEGOWDA P S, MATHEW G, TAMIZHMANI T, PRABHAKARAN S G, JAYARAMA S (Biotechnology Dep, Teresian Research Foundation, Mysore-570011, Karnataka, Email: shankarbio@gmail.com) : Screening and evaluation of lectin and anti-cancer activity from the phloem exudate/sap of the Indian dietary ethnomedicinal plants. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 570-8.

Lectins are extremely significant biomolecules to study several biological progressions. In this present investigation, we are screening the crude phloem exudate/ sap sample from different ethnomedicinal plants were evaluated for lectin and anticancer activity. The lectin activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples were confirmed by haemgglutination assay and anticancer activity by using trypan blue, MTT and in-ovo CAM angiogenic assay. The tumor cell nuclei resulting in Giemsa stain, AO/EtBr stain, DNA Fragmentation and Caspase- 3 inhibitor assay. Our experimental data show that the phloem exudate/sap sample S2 (Musa acuminata), sample S4 (Euphorbia geniculate) exerting the potent lectin activity, sample S5 exerting very low lectin activity against the trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and decreases the cell viability in EAC cells in-vitro. Sample S2, S4 and S5 exerts significant cytotoxic effect against the various human cancer cell lines and regressed the neovasculature (development of new blood vessels) in the developing CAM embryos when compared to the other crude samples. The apoptotic inducing activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples was revealed by DNA fragmentation assay, caspase-3 inhibitor assay and cellular morphology were studied by fluorescence staining methods. This study reports that some of the isolated crude phloem exudate/sap samples show potent lectin activity and anti-cancer activity in different human cancer cell lines. The further additional experiment needs to purify and characterize the bioactive lectin components from the potent sample which is responsible for pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism involved.

7 illus, 2 tables, 49 ref

002889   BHARDWAJ P, THAKUR M S, KAPOOR S, BHARDWAJ A K, SHARMA A, SAXENA S, CHAURASIA O P, KUMAR R (Medicinal Plant Dep, Defence Institute of High-Altitude Research, Leh, Ladakh, Email: rajdrdo08@gmail.com) : Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity study of methanol extract of stems and roots of Codonopsis clematidea from trans-Himalayan region. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 536-46.

The present report aimed to study the therapeutic and phytochemical properties of stems and roots of trans-himalayan plant Codonopsis clematidea. The crude samples of stems and roots were explored for their chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content in order to understand the matrix of these two plant parts. The extraction of phytochemicals was carried out by three different methods viz. sonication, maceration and soxhlet in methanol to identify the best extraction method. Further, analysis of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) were carried out using rutin trihydrate and gallic acid as a reference standard. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using three methods viz. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In addition to this, GC-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of volatile constituents of Methanol Extract of Stems (MES) and Methanol Extract of Roots (MER). The MES and Dimethylsulfoxide Extract of Stems (DES) were found to have higher Chlorophyll a (Ch_a ) content in comparison to Chlorophyll b (Ch_b ) and Carotenoids (C_ca). Carbohydrate profile showed that stems and roots have the highest content of fructose in comparison to other sugar moieties. The soxhlet method showed the highest percentage extractive yield in the stems as well as roots. Results revealed that the MES showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to the MER. A correlation has also found to exist between the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays, since TPC and TFC are key constituents responsible for the antioxidant potential. These results have been found to suggest the richness of MES in natural phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Further, study should be conducted over identification and characterization of compounds present in the extract.

3 illus, 10 tables, 53 ref

002918   KUMATIA E F, ANTWI S, BREW-DANIELS H, APPIAH A A, OCLOO A (Phytochemistry Dep, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana, Email: kofi2rhyme@yahoo.com) : In vivo comparative anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of root bark, stem and leaf extracts of Capparis erythrocarpus (Capparaceae). Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 515-20.

The root bark powder of the medicinal plant Capparis erythrocarpus is used at the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (In Ghana) against inflammatory pain disorders. The whole plant is destroyed to obtain the root bark which constitutes only 11.1 % of the plant. Hence, the plant is going extinct. We therefore sought to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the root bark, stem and leaf of C. erythrocarpus in order to explore them as substitute(s) anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent to the root bark. Carrageenan induced paw oedema assay was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing assays were employed to ascertain analgesic activity. The extracts of the root bark (CRB) and leaf (CL) produced significant (p<0.05) antiinflammatory activity of 48.93 and 37.42 % at 50 and 200 mg/kg p.o. respectively whereas the stem extract (CS) was inactive. Moreover, the extracts produced significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity. The analgesic activity (178.20 – 248.70 %) of the extracts were higher than that of morphine (136.70 %) at 5 mg/kg i.m. in the hot plate assay. CS (200 mg/kg p.o.) produced the highest analgesic activity (54.61 %) among the extracts and diclofenac sodium (41.15 %) at 5 mg/kg p.o. in the writhing assay. These results indicates that the leaf of C. erythrocarpus can be substituted for the root as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Whiles, the stem can also be used as analgesic agent. This will save the plant from extinction.

3 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

002962   VIEIRA L E B, SA R D, RANDAU K P (de Ciências Farmacêuticas Dep, Federal de Pernambuco Univ, Recife-PE CEP: 50740-521, Brazil, Email: krandau@hotmail.com) : Anatomical and histochemical characterization of leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 511-4.

Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) is an herbaceous plant used for food as compose salads and do sweets and also used in traditional medicine as treat parasitic infections and intestinal diseases. Although this information, there are not many relates about anatomic characters for use in your quality control. The aim was investigating the anatomical characters of petiole and leaf blade and characterizing the metabolites in the leaf blade of L. cylindrica. Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. The anatomical study revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. It was also identifying, for the first time, the presence of two types of trichomes in both of leaf blades faces. The histochemistry allowed determining which metabolites are in the leaf blade and also their location. The study described new characters for L. cylindrica and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

3 illus, 48 ref

002935   RAMADANIL, DAMRY, RUSDI, HAMZAH B, ZUBAIR M S (Biology Dep, Tadulako Univ, Central Sulawesi 94148, Indonesia, Email: pitopang_64@yoo.com) : Traditional usages and phytochemical screenings of selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 505-10.

Zingiberaceae is one of the significant components of the herbaceous ground flora of Southeast Asia tropical forests. This family includes some medicinally important species, in particular the members of genera of Alpinia, Curcuma, Etlingera and Zingiber (Van Balgooy, 2001). To identify the traditional usages and evaluate for phytochemical screening of selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Zingiberaceae samples were collected from the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi Indonesia and its surroundings and evaluated for their phytochemical contents by using TLC method with particular spraying reagents. The plants were used by the local ethnics for different daily and medicinal purposes. All part of each selected species of Zingiberaceae contain flavonoid, tannins, saponins, triterpenoid and alkaloid although steroids were only found in the leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma mangga and Alpinia galanga. Alkaloids were only found in the rhyzome of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma aerugynosa, Zingiber montanum. Besides it was also detected in leaves of both Alpinia rubricaulis and Etlingera acanthoides. Additionally, Alkaloids were also discovered in the stem of Ammomum aculeata, Alpinia galanga and Curcuma mangga.

1 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

002944   SIMAMORA A, TIMOTIUS K H, SANTOSO A W (Biochemistry Dep, Krida Wacana Christian Univ, Jakarta, 11510, Indonesia, Email: adelina.simamora@ukrida.ac.id) : Antidiabetic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of different extracts from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr seeds. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 479-85.

The seeds of B. javanica are known as herbal material for anticancer, antimalaria and antiamoeba. Limited report is available on their antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. Methanol (ME) and Ethyl acetate extracts (EAE) were studied for their inhibition activities on α-glucosidase in vitro, including combination of ME with acarbose and inhibition mechanism. Antibacterial activity was tested by well diffusion and microdilution methods. The extracts were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant property by DPPH assay, as well as their phenolic and flavonoid contents. ME exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity (IC₅₀ 271.97 µg/ml) compared to EAE and acarbose (IC₅₀ of 1745.05 and 823.99 µg/ml, respectively). A low dose of ME gave an additive inhibition on α-glucosidase when combined with acarbose. By a kinetic analysis, ME was found to inhibit α-glucosidase in a mixed-type inhibition. Both ME and EAE showed strong antibacterial activities against gram negative and positive bacteria. The strongest inhibition was observed against C. violaceum and S. mutans for ME (MIC of both 0.387 mg/ml) and P. aeruginosa for EAE (MIC 2.938 mg/ml). Both extracts showed weaker antioxidant activities than standards; IC₅₀ 664.73 and 4225.40 µg/ml, respectively. ME was rich in phenolics (277.54 mg GAE/100 g DW), unlike EAE (1.86 mg GAE/100 g DW). This study can recommend B. javanica seeds as a source for antidiabetic and antibacterial agents. Combination with acarbose may have important role for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

1 illus, 4 tables, 39 ref

002922   MALLYA R, MALIM F, NAIK A, BHITRE M (SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati Coll of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: rashmi.mallya@bncp.ac.in) : Evaluation of anthelmintic potential of leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 475-8.

Zanthoxylum rhetsa of family Rutaceae is traditionally employed for treatment of intestinal worms, urinary tract infection, tooth ache, asthma, bronchitis and rheumatism. Thus, the objective of the study was to screen in vitro anthelmintic activity of leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa on Eisenia fetida and Tubifex tubifex. Total methanol extract and solvent fractions of methanol extract were prepared by maceration and solvent solvent extraction process respectively. The chromatographic fingerprints of total methanol extracts of leaves and fruits were developed using HPTLC. The leaf and fruit extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, essential oils and saponins. The extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity as evidenced by decrease in paralysis death time in the treatment groups when compared to standard. The results suggest that fruits and leaves of Z rhetsa have promising anthelmintic activity and further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals responsible for anthelmintic activity

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

002905   GOSWAMI S, SINGH R P (Institute of Technology and Management, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh-273209, Email: shambampharma@gmail.com) : Antidiabetic potential and HPTLC fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) oken. Pharmacogn J 2019, 11(3), 469-74.

Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15 ± 4.20), total flavonoids (25.13 ± 3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09 ± 2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33 %. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.

6 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

002901   FOUAD E A, ELNAGA A S M A, KANDIL M M (Microbiology and Immunology Dep, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt, Email: ehabfoaud@gmail.com) : Antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against pyogenic bacteria isolated from a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) abscess. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 802-808.

Abscess in camel is one of the most important bacterial infections. It causes anemia and emaciation, resulting in an economic loss due to carcass condemnation and a decrease in reproductive and production efficiency. This investigation aimed to isolate the bacteria from abscesses in camels and evaluate the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera extracts. Disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration were used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera extracts against isolated bacteria from camel abscesses. The isolated bacteria were displayed relatively as follows: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (30.4 %), Staphylococcus aureus (25.8 %), Escherichia coli (17.8 %), Corynebacterium ulcerans (10.5 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.5 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.5 %), Micrococcus spp. (6.7 %), Proteus vulgaris (5.2 %), Citrobacter spp. (4.2 %), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.7 %). The drugs of choice for Corynebacterium isolates were ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, whereas amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, neomycin, novobiocin, streptomycin, and vancomycin were for Staphylococcus isolates. Moreover, the ethanol extracts of M. oleifera showed higher antibacterial efficacy than the cold aqueous extracts. M. oleifera is considered one of the new infection-fighting strategies in controlling pyogenic bacteria responsible for camel abscesses.

1 illus, 3 tables, 53 ref

002929   OGUNTIBEJU O O (Biomedical Sciences Dep, Cape Peninsula Univ of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa, Email: oguntibejuo@cput.ac.za) : Medicinal plants and their effects on diabetic wound healing. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 653-63.

Wounds have a serious negative impact on the health-care economy of a country, especially on the economy of developing countries where resources are poor and funding is very limited. It is presumed that about 80% of people living in developing countries use traditional medicines which are majorly prepared from medicinal plants to meet their primary health-care needs. Due to the large reservoir of medicinal plants and adequate traditional knowledge on wound healing, many people in Africa and other developing countries use medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetic wounds and related complications. Wound healing in the external and internal biological organs involves a series of complex overlapping processes which demand excellent communication between cells. It is an orderly and highly controlled process characterized by hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Diabetes is a global health problem predicted to rise to over 642 million by 2040. The propelling factor responsible for the increase in morbidity and mortality of diabetes is linked to vascular complications as well as the failure of the wound healing processes in diabetic state. Different approaches have been adopted in the treatment of diabetic wounds, and medicinal plants are certainly one of those approaches that have drawn global attention. In this review paper, the effects of medical plants on wound healing in diabetic state as well as factors affecting wound healing and the mechanism of action of medicinal plants are examined.

11 illus, 1 table, 81 ref

002890   BHARDWAJ R, SHUMAILAH S, VISHWAKARMA S, KHAN M F, GUPTA R A (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Univ, Indore, (M. P.), Email: rita.bhardwaj06@gmail.com) : Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal gargle from ratanjot. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2019, 10(5), 6289-91.

Herbal medicine has its origins in ancient cultures including those of the Egyptians, American Indians and Chinese. The use of herbal extracts in various forms is entirely consistent with the primary health-care principles. These aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis. Herbal medicines have been used widely throughout human history and according to world health organization (WHO) about 80% of the human population used herbal medicine for primary healthcare. Gargle are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections .They are usually available in concentrated form with direction for dilution with warm water before use. Jatropha was disseminated as a valuable hedge plant to Africa and India by the Portuguese traders. In many parts of the world the ancient systems of medicine have included Jatropha as a medicinal herb. Tulsi has been evaluated against several diseases and health problems such as immunomodulatory effects. Mentha (also known as mint, from Greek míntha, Linear B mi-ta) is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae (mint family). Peppermint oil is excellent for mental fatigue and depression, refreshing the spirit and stimulating mental agility and improving concentration. Honey is a sweet, viscous food substance produced by bees and some related insects. Bees produce honey from the sugarysecretions of plants

14 ref

002943   SHARMA C (Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad, Adhyatmik Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Curcumin: A multifaceted herbal medicine. Int J Herbal Med 2019, 7(3), 52-58.

Curcumin, is a phenolic compounds isolated from the roots of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), exhibit a variety of beneficial effects on health and on events that help in preventing certain diseases. These plant derived chemicals have generated considerable interest recently for their potential to show great variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, neuro protection, anti-cancer etc by modulation of several important molecular targets including transcription factors, cytokines, cell cycle proteins etc. As a result of extensive epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies, several molecular mechanisms are developed that elucidate multiple biological effects of curcumin. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief summary for research awareness of the effects of curcumin on the subject of potential health benefits.

1 illus, 1 table, 64 ref

002897   DASKUM A M, GODLY C, QADEER M A, LING L Y (Biological Sciences Dep, Yobe State Univ, Damaturu, Nigeria) : Effect of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae) leaves extract on the formation of β-hematin and evaluation of in vitro antimalarial activity. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 46-51.

The search for antimalarials from plant sources has yield significant success in drug discovery approaches. The heme polymerization inhibitory activity as well as the antimalarial activity of Senna occidentalis, a local medicinal plant used for malaria therapy in Hausa folk medicine in Northern Nigeria was evaluated in in vitro assays. Results obtained revealed a good inhibition of β-hematin formation (83.08 % and 83.97 %) by the methanolic and aqueous leaves extracts of S. occidentalis at 500 µg/mL as against the 54.92 % inhibition exhibited by hexane extract at the same concentration. Findings of the in vitro antimalarial studies revealed a dose dependent suppression of plasmodium growth. At a concentration of 6.25 µg/ml, 73 % suppression of parasite growth was observed for the hexane extract. This suppression of plasmodial growth attains 84.43 % at 50 µg/ml with an IC₅₀ of 3.47 µg/ml. Secondary metabolites such as anthraquinones, phenols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids were detected in S. occidentalis. This could be a responsible for the antimalarial activities observed.

1 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

002911   JAVALGIKAR A, SHAIKH H, SARGAR M, SURVANSHI H, RATHOD M (Pharmacology Dep, Sahyadri Coll of Pharmacy, Methwade, Maharashtra) : In vitro anti-inflammatory and anthelmintic activity of Tectona grandis leaves extract. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 36-40.

Ayurvedic system of medicine is one of the oldest systems in India. Herbs and herbal products, with their incredibly wide use throughout time and place, continue to provide real health benefits while maintaining safety profile. The conservative drug available in the marketplace treat inflammation and analgesia produces various side effects. For conquer these problems medicinal plants play a major role to alleviate many diseases related with inflammation and analgesia. Tectona grandis (Family - Lamiaceae) is one of the most famous timber plants in the world and is renowned for its dimensional stability, extreme durability and hard which also resists decay even when unprotected by paints and preservatives. Teak is the major exotic species found in tropical regions. It allays thirst, and acts as antihelmintic, expectorant and anti-inflammatory. The objective of present study was to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and antihelmintic of ethanolic extracts of Tectona grandis leaves. The results of plant extracts were found to have significant (P<0.005) anti-inflammatory activity and showing effective against parasitic infections.

2 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

002892   CHAUDHARY A, VASHISTHA A (IMS Ghaziabad Univ, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Antimicrobial activity of biocontrol agents against soil born phytopathogens. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 33-5.

Soil borne pathogens are one of major concern in agriculture which significantly decreases the plant yield. Among pathogens phytopathogenic fungi is most devastating. Chemical are used to control plant pathogens which cause environmental, ecological and human health hazards, so natural pesticides are used which are known as biopesticides. In this study the effect of plant products and cow urine was observed on certain species of Alternaria, Fusarium and Helminthosporium. The phytopathogens were obtained by different methods were used. For plant extract preparation Cassia lunata and Calotropus procera were used. The extract antifungal activity of plant and cow urine distillate was observed separately and a combination of both cow urine distillate and plants extract was also used. Calotropus procera showed maximum inhibition upto 70 % and the inhibition was increased when concentration of extract was increased. Cow urine also showed successful decrease in fungal activity.

6 tables, 12 ref

002882   BADIGER A B, GOWDA T M, RAJARAJESHWARI S, MAJHI S S, KUMAR T, MEHTA D S (Periodontology Dep, Rajiv Gandhi Univ of Health Science, Davangere, Karnataka) : Antimicrobial effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on periodontal pathogens: An in vitro study. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 16-9.

Usages of antibiotics play an adjunctive role in the management of periodontitis. Antibiotic resistance is a major global issue, implicated with inadvertent drug usage. Herbal interventions are a therapeutic strategy that warrants greater research attention. Flax seed is one such recognized original super food which is rich in omega 3 fatty acids and has demonstrated potent anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activity. This in vitro study aims to evaluate antimicrobial activity of flaxseed extract against periodontal pathogens. Ethanolic extract of flaxseed powder was prepared and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia were estimated. Flaxseed extract exhibited bacteriostatic activity against all pathogens whereas bactericidal against P. gingivalis at the concentration of 100 μl/ml. Present study demonstrated bactericidal role of flaxseed against P. gingivalis, a key periodontal pathogen can be an adjunct to periodontal therapy.

3 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

002909   HAZRA K, DUTTA S, GHOSAL S, PARIA D, RAO M M (Central Ayurvedic Research Institute of Drug Development, Bidhannagar, Calcutta, West Bengal) : Phytopharmacognostic evaluation of plant Euphorbia hirta L.. Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 07-15.

The plant Euphorbia hirta L. belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. This plant is known for medicinal properties, such as in anti-oxidant, diarrhea, dysentery, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial etc. The present study considers the detail investigation of macroscopy, microscopy, preliminary qualititative phytochemical analysis, physicochemical evaluations, chromatography and infra red spectroscopy profiling. Microscopical investigation was adopted to identify the powder characters of whole plant include multi cellular hirsute covering trichomes, epidermal cells with sinuous wall, anomocytic stomata, spiral and retulate xylem vessels, laticiferous ducts, anther sac with pollen grains etc. Physicochemical parameters reveal the data of quality, purity while phytochemical screening reflects the presence of various secondary metabolites. Data from botanical and chemical screening in combination may be considered for further pharmacological and therapeutical evaluation of the species and will assist in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

7 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

002886   BATHRASAMY R, ARUNPRASATH A (Botany Dep, PSG Coll of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Screening of phytochemical compounds and mosquito larvicidal activity of Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Br.ex Wight (Amaranthaceae). Int J Herb Med 2019, 7(3), 01-6.

In the present investigation phytochcmical analysis and larvicidal activity of Allmania nodiflora. were screened against Aedes aegypti in the phytochemical analysis of the petroleum ether and ethanol extract of A. nodiflora revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids. The phenol and tannin were absent in petroleum ether extract in ethanolic extract. The tannins were present and absent in petroleum ether extract. In GCMS analysis 9 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract of A. nodiflora. The extract were subjected for screening of larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti at the concentration of (2 %, 4 %, 8 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %) were analyzed the highest mortality was observed after 96 hours in ethanolic extract. Lowest mortality was observed in petroleum ether extract 24hours.

11 tables, 28 ref

002927   NIVEDHA M, EBENEZAR E G, KALPANA K, Arun Kumar R (Plant Pathology Dep, Agricultural Coll and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu) : In vitro antifungal evaluation of various plant extracts against leaf blight disease of Jasminum grandiflorum caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2143-7.

Alternaria alternata is the wide spread pathogen causing leaf blight disease in Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum L.) an important flower crop of commerce widely grown in India. Generous spectrum of effective fungicides is in use against this pathogen. The indiscriminate use of chemical fungicides is not only expensive but also hazardous for all living organisms. With this view the study was conducted to find a bio fungicide against Alternaria alternata. Twenty-four plant extracts and four oils were screened for antifungal activity under in vitro condition. Among the tested plant oils and plants products clove extract of Allium sativum (5 %) recorded the highest reduction of the mycelial growth of 100 % followed by leaf extract (10 %) of Datura metel (68.44 %) and oil (3 %) of Azadirachta indica (59.88 %). The effective plant extracts and oils have potential to be developed as potent fungicides in organic farming.

2 tables, 16 ref

002906   HAIT M, BEHERA S K, CHATURWEDI A K, VAISHNAV M M (Chemistry Dep, Dr. C.V. Raman Univ, Kota, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh) : Exploration of phytochemical potential on flower of Butea monosperma. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2083-5.

Phytochemical exploration is an important step in the finding of bioactive composite present in medicinal flora. The Butea monosperma flower extracts and its solvent fractionates was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard phytochemical tests. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of phytochemicals. Soxhlet apparatus was used for the organic solvent extraction. These investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, alkaloids, proteins, quinones, phenols and glycosides in the flower of the plant extracts. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of B. Monosperma for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

1 table, 21 ref

002875   AISHWARYA A, JAIPRAKASH D, RAVINDRA S, AMOL D (Microbiology Dep, Dayanand Science Coll, Latur, Maharashtra) : Pomegranate bacterial blight: Abutilon indicum, Prosopis juliflora and Acacia arabica as antibacterial agents for Xanthomonas axonopodis PV. Punicae. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2069-73.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causes Bacterial blight disease in Pomegranate. Complete range of symptoms of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae appear on various pomegranate plant parts expect roots. The present investigation was initiated to find a suitable alternative to synthetic antibiotics for the management of plant diseases caused by bacteria. The study was aimed to use wild plant species viz., Abutilon indicum, Prosopis juliflora and Acacia arabica as Antibacterial agent against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae. Aqueous extracts of Abutilon indicum, Prosopis juliflora and Acacia arabica plants has Antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae. The antibacterial activity was tested by well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The maximum activity recorded in P. juliflora (MIC = 1.03 mg ml^-1 and MBC = 0.15 mg ml^-1 ) and A. arabica (MIC = 1.00372 mg ml^-1 and MBC = 2.58 mg ml^-1) against X. axonopodis pv. Punicae, while the lowest activity was recorded by A.indicum (MIC = 0.619 mg ml^-1 and MBC = 0.923 mg ml^-1 ). Highest ZOI was shown by P.juliflora while lowest ZOI was shown by A.indicum the results infer that the extracts of Prosopis juliflora and Acacia arabica are highly sensitive against the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. Plant extracts exhibited antibacterial activity with a potential to be used in the management of many plant diseases as an alternative to chemical antibiotics. Further phytochemical analysis is required to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for antibacterial activity.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

002934   RACHANA G A, PATHAK A K, TAILANG M (Pharmacy Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Extraction isolation and analytical characterization of phytoconstituent of fruit of Luffa echinata Roxb. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 2041-6.

The herbal system of medicine has been practiced since historical times and traces its roots to ancient civilizations. Almost 70% of the populations of the third world countries including India, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan are dependent upon their indigenous systems of medicines, based mainly on herbage formulations. Due to the prime importance of plants as a source of medicine, work began to focus on the isolation of chemical constituents responsible for their activity. The present study deals with the extraction, identification and analytical characterization of phytoconstituents of fruit of Luffa echinata Roxb from sponified matters of petroleum ether extract. The structure methyl esters of fatty acids were isolated and characterized by GC-MS analysis. The fruit of Luffa echinata Roxb contains important fatty acid.

6 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

002930   PARASHAR R, RIZVI G, SINHA P (Botany Dep, Bundelkhand Univ, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh) : Seed mycoflora of some pulses collected from Bundelkhand region. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1981-5.

The present paper deals with a study to identify the fungi associated with seed of four major pulses of Bundelkhand namely Chickpea, Mung bean, Pigeon pea, and Lentil. Isolation of seed mycoflora was done by both blotter and Agar technique prescribed by ISTA 1996. Both the sterilized and unsterilized seed were taken. Further the effect of seed mycoflora on the germination percent of the seeds was estimated. In our study 13 genera and 23 species were isolated. There was variation in total CFU and number of seeds associated with these pulses. Chickpea possessed maximum number of seed fungi. As well as showed its superiority in germination percentage among the other legumes.

2 tables, 31 ref

002878   ANUSHA S, RIYAS C T, DAS R M, SOORYA S, NAMITHA L H, VISHNU B, PILLAI A R, ANILKUMAR C, KAMARUDHEEN KUNJU M (Botany Dep, Kerala Univ, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) : A preliminary pharmacological evaluation of methanolic extract of Gymnacranthera canarica (King) warb seeds: A threatened species of myristica swamp ecosystem of southern western Ghats, Kerala. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1957-61.

This research works deals with the screeing of methanolic extracts of Gymnacranthera canarica seeds for antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and total phenol, flavanoid quantification. The Myristicaceae family are well known for “Nutmegs” known to contain several polyphenol compounds like α-pinene, β-pinene…Myristicin is the key present in the Myristicaceae family. G. canarica is the only species of genus Gymnacranthera in India. It is an exclusive swamp species seen in Myristica swamp, one of the rarest and primitive ecosystem in the Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. On the basis of local tribal knowledge that the seeds of G. canarica are used as wild nutmegs this study executed to understand the pharmacological evaluation in a preliminary level. The results shows that G. canarica seeds methanolic extract possess a promising antimicrobial activities against both bacteria and fungi. Mostly sensitive against gram +ve bacteria. The seeds shows a good antidiabetic potential in α amylase inhibitory assay (74.68 %) at a concentration of 100 µg/mg of extract. But the phenol conent (8.75 µg/mg) and antioxidant activities are not in a great extend, substantiating the direct correlation between phenol content and antioxidant activities. High flavanoid content in the G. canarica seeds of 103.3 µg/mg of extract may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect by G. canarica seeds.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref