020558   Saini T;Chakraborty S (Physical Education and Sports Sciences Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi) : Comparison of sport motivation among springboard and platform divers of India. Scient J Sports Exercise 2016, 12(2), 43-8.

The purpose of the study was to compare sports motivation between Springboard and Platform divers of India. A total number of 15 Springboard and 15 Platform divers were taken as the subjects of the study. The age of the selected subjects was above 13 years of age. The Sport Motivation Scale (Sms-28), Test was employed as a questionnaire. Scoring was done according to the instructions given in the test manual of the checklist. To compare the intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, the independent t-test was applied between the mean scores of both study groups. Further the level of significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed with the help of SPSS. The scores of the questionnaire were analyzed to determine any significant difference that might exist between Springboard and Platform divers of India. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference in amotivation of Springboard and Platform divers of India. Platform divers have lesser amotivation than the Springboard divers. Whereas there are insignificant difference in intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, extrinsic motivation to identified, extrinsic motivation to introjected, extrinsic motivation to external regulation among Springboard and Platform divers of India.

1 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

020557   Saini T;Chakraborty S (Physical Education and Sports Sciences Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi) : Sport motivation of international level divers and state level divers: A comparative study. Scient J Sports Exercise 2016, 12(2), 22-8.

The purpose of the study was to compare sports motivation between International level divers and State level divers of India. A total number of 5 International and 5 State level divers were taken as the subjects of the study. The age of the selected subjects was above 12 years of age. The Sport Motivation Scale (Sms-28), Test was employed as a questionnaire. Scoring was done according to the instructions given in the test manual of the checklist. To compare the intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation, the independent t-test was applied between the mean scores of both study groups. Further the level of significance was set at an alpha level of 0.05. The statistical analysis was performed with the help of SPSS. The scores of the questionnaire were analyzed to determine any significant difference that might exist between International level divers and State level divers of India. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference in intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, extrinsic motivation to identified and amotivation of International level players and State level players. State level players have higher intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation than the International level players. State level players have higher extrinsic motivation to identified than the International level players and International level players have lesser Amotivation than the State level players. Whereas there are insignificant difference in intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish, extrinsic motivation introjected, extrinsic motivation external regulation between International and State level players.

1 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

020556   Saha S P (Microbiology Dep, Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling-734 101, Email: spalsaha44@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of natural antimicrobials on shelf-life of raw milk. J mycopathol Res 2016, 54(3), 409-13.

Milk has an outstanding nutritional quality but it is an excellent medium for bacterial growth and an important source of bacterial infection when consumed without pasteurization. On the basis of morphology and utilization of carbon source three frequently available microbial contaminants have been isolated from eight different raw milk samples of Kolkata. The organisms were partially characterized. Attempt has been made to inhibit those bacteria and to increase the shelf-life of raw milk using six different natural antimicrobials, Aloe vera juice, Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil, aquatic extract of Ocimum (tulsi) and Curcuma tonga (turmeric), raw honey, and whey of Lactobaclllus yogurt. Honey was used directly whereas others were applied as their lyophilized extract (1/10 volume reduced). The inhibition of microorganisms was determined following agar cup assay and the extent of efficacy of antimicrobial agents appeared as clove> honey<62> tulsi<62> whey <62>turmeric<62> aloe for all, except the Type II bacteria. The antibiotic resistant Type I, Type II and Type III bacteria revealed growth inhibition 64.75, 69.49 and 83% respectively, in NB with clove oil (0.1%, v/v) after 10h. The bactericidal activity of clove oil (0.1%) and diluted filter sterilized honey (1%, v/ v) were comparable with those of ampicillin (100-200 μg/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) against the contaminants in filter sterilized raw milk.

2 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

020555   Rejith A K;Venu K K;Suresh Kutty K (NO, Kerala Univ, Kerala) : Efficacy of swiss ball training on selected core strength and physical fitness variables of Kerala cricketers. Scient J Sports Exercise 2016, 12(2), 9-14.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Swiss Ball Training on Selected Core Strength and Physical Fitness Variables of Kerala Cricketers. To achieve the purpose of the study, a total of forty (N=40) cricket players were randomly selected from Kerala state, India as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 15 to 17 years. The subjects were equally divided into two groups (n=20). The experimental Group I underwent Swiss ball Training (ST) whereas the Control Group (CG) II was not exposed to any specific training. The requirement of the experiment procedures, testing as well as exercise schedule was explained to the subjects so as to get full co-operation of the effort required on their part prior to the administration of the study. Before the training the pre-test was conducted to assess the core strength namely abdominal and lower back strength, the physical fitness variables namely shoulder strength and flexibility for both the groups. After the training period of 12 weeks, all the forty subjects were tested on the same variables. To find out the significant improvement paired 't' test was applied. In all cases 0. 05 level of confidence was fixed to test hypotheses. The analysis of data revealed that the core strength and physical fitness variables namely, Abdominal Strength, Lower back Strength and Shoulder strength & flexibility showed significant improvement after the Swiss ball of the Kerala Cricketers.

2 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

020554   Kamalavathi M U;Sethu S;Suresh Kutty K (NO, Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Physical Education, Tiruchendu, Kerala) : Effect of Suryanamaskar on biochemical variables. Scient J Sports Exercise 2016, 12(2), 49-52.

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Suryanamaskar on biochemical variables among competitive athletes. To achieve the purpose of the study, twenty four athletes (n=24) from Thoothukudi District were selected as subjects at random. The age category of the subject was under 18 to 28 years. All the subjects were divided into two groups with 12 subjects each as experimental and control group. Group I underwent Suryanamaskar practices for a period of six weeks of five days per week and group II acted as control who did not participate in any special training other than the regular routine. Blood sugar and blood cholesterol were selected as dependent variables and it was measured by using CHOD - PAP Method. It was concluded that, there was a significant improvement takes place on blood sugar and cholesterol and also there was a significant difference exists between experimental and control groups on blood sugar and cholesterol.

2 tables, 6 ref

020553   Halima A B;Bahri R;Esteban E;Moral P;Chaabani H (Lab of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir Univ, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia, Email: abirmaster@yahoo.fr) : Variation of rhesus haplotype frequencies in North Africans and in worlwide population analyses. Int J Hum Genet 2015, 15(1), 21-31.

The Rhesus (Rh) blood group system is one of the most highly polymorphic genetic systems used in the investigation of human genetic relationships. In this paper the researchers aimed to expand the determination of the Rh haplotype frequencies in new samples from North African populations providing comparative analyses within and between these populations. A total of 771 blood samples were collected from three North African countries. Results reveal a general genetic homogeneity between North African populations when samples representative of wide areas were considered, regardless of their current linguistic status. However a significant micro-differentiation could be noted when small areas were considered. North African populations would possess a low ancient genetic sub-Saharan component. Analyses of the Rh haplotype frequency variation showed that worldwide populations represent a network of genetic relationships having adequate statistics and a general correspondence with geography coupled to historical patterns of gene flow and genetic drift influence.

3 illus, 4 tables, 70 ref

020552   Gupta R K;Sharma S L (Zoology Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: beesind@gmail.com) : Note on the apoidean visitors on sun flower (Helianthus annus L.) around Ludhiana, Punjab (insecta : hymenoptera). J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 455-7.

This note enlists Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) recorded on Sun flower (Helianthus annus L.) in and around Ludhiana (Punjab). The repetitive collections were made during years 1981, 1984, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2006 and 2013 on various crops, including Sun flower at the referred district. The list of apoidean pollinators on sun flower consists of 38 species, out of which 20 species were identified belong to family Megachilidae, 10 to Family Apidae and eight belong to Halictidae. No species of Family Andrenidae, Colletidae and Melittidae was ever collected on sun flower crop. Species of genus Euaspis and Coelioxys are well known cleptoparasites therefore their role in pollination of this crop is doubtful. Rest of Megachilidae, Halictidae and Apidae were collected with their scopa filled with pollens of Sun flowers.

1 table, 3 ref

020551   Gupta R K (Zoology Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 005, Email: beesind@gmail.com) : Supplement to apoidea (insecta: hymenoptera) of Uttarakhand state (India): a check - list with synonymies and distribution record. J Envir Biosci 2015, 29(2), 539.

The study presented a check-list of Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) recorded from the Uttarakhand State in India. It listed 32 genera including 179 species of bees found in the State. The synonyms and taxonomic revisions of several species were included in this presentation for the first time. The present paper supplements with 08 more species which were recently collected from Uttarakhand.

7 ref

020550   Gupta A K;Basumatary S J;Chakraborty S (NO, Delhi Univ, Delhi) : Effect of selected yogic exercise and diet on the weight and BMI of West Delhi obese females. Scient J Sports Exercise 2016, 12(2), 15-21.

The science of yoga is an ancient one. It is a rich heritage of our culture. Several older books make a mention of the usefulness of yoga in the treatment of certain diseases and preservation of health in normal individuals. The effect of yogic exercise and diet on the BMl of females has not been investigated well. These studies were both short term and long term. These studies have confirmed the useful role of yoga in the control of BMI.

2 tables, 15 ref

020549   Elmhdwi M F;Muktar M A;Attitalla I H (Chemistry Dep, Faculty of Science, Benghazi Univ, Libya, Email: idressattitalla2004@yahoo.com) : Hypoglycemic effect of Marubium vulgare (Rubia) in experimentally induced autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Int J Pharm Life Sci 2015, 6(4), 4374-88.

Cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the Pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM) Type1. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Marrbium vulgare L in autoimmune DM. Autoimmune DM-Type1 was induced in adult male albino mice by co-administration of cyclosporine A and multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Diabetic mice were treated daily with 2, 2 and 1mg/ml doses of Marrbium vulgare L (methanol, water and buthanol extract) respectively for 28 days. Blood glucose level (BGL), serum insulin level, lipid profile and pancreatic levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and (NO) were measured. The results showed that Marrbium vulgare L treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the BGL and the pancreatic levels of IFN-γ and NO compared to diabetic mice and significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides. The serum insulin level and HDL cholesterol level were significantly increased after Marrbium vulgare L treatment compared to diabetic mice. These results suggest that Marrbium vulgare L has a beneficial effect in the treatment of autoimmune diabetes, an effect that seemed to be a secondary consequence of its anti-inflammatory.

11 illus, 3 tables, 72 ref

020548   Boronova I;Bernasovska J;Cakanova G;Ferenc P; Petrejcikova E;Szabadosova V (Biology Dep, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Presov Univ, ul. 17. novembra 1, Presov 080 01, Slovakia, Email: boronova@unipo.sk) : Heterochromatin variants in Slovak women with reproductive failure. Int J Hum Genet 2015, 15(1), 1-5.

Various studies have reported a higher incidence of heterochromatin variants among individuals with idiopathic reproductive failure. The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms in 948 women with history of reproductive failure and 478 controls in the Presov region (Slovakia) (1998-2013) using 0-banding and C-banding cytogenetic techniques. In 95 individuals (10.02%) with reproductive failure heterochromatin variants of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and Y were detected. In the control group, there were 15 (3.15%) heterochromatin variants. The most frequent heterochromatin variants in the reproductive failure group were heterochromatin variants within chromosome 9 (9qh+/9qh-/inv(9)). The overall incidence of heterochromatin variants in women with reproductive failure was higher than in controls (p<60>0.0001; 95% CI 1.971-5.996). The results of the study confirmed the higher occurrence of chromosome anomalies in Slovak women with reproductive failure that absolutely reasons indication of cytogenetic examination.

3 tables, 23 ref

020547   Bhavsar S P;Singh K G;Sharma L P (Microbiology Dep, Institute of Life Science, H.P.T. Arts and R.Y.K College of Sciences, Nashik-422 005, Maharashtra) : Microbial production of astaxanthin pigment using marine shirmp. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 352-7.

In this study, shrimp waste collected from local hotels of Nashik and Trimbakeshwar, was used as a source of Astaxanthin and Lactobacillus spp. Overall, 4 isolates of Lactobacillus from various shrimp body parts viz., head, stomach, tail etc. were obtained and identified using morpho-biochemical characteristics. Astaxanthin extracted from dried shrimp waste using hexane/acetone gave 4% recovery (<126>0.4g/10g of shrimp) and microbial fermentation using Lactobacillus isolates showed enhanced astaxanthin production. Detection of the extracted pigment was done using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The concentrate was subjected to TLC using silica gel G250 sheet and run with solvent system of hexane:acetone (2:3). Thin layer chromatographic separation of carotenoid extract from shrimp waste produced a distinct band at Rf <126>0.3 corresponding to free Astaxanthin. It was further characterized using spectrophotometry with absorption maxima at 465 nm and using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Preliminary study was done on microbial fermentation for astaxanthin production so as to select the efficient microbial culture and significant fermentation factors. This investigation concludes that Lactobacillus spp. are efficient candidate for astaxanthin fermentation and that soyabean extract supports maximum astaxanthin yield as indicated by the FFD.

5 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

020546   Basumatary S J (NO, IGIPESS (Univ of Delhi), New Delhi) : Effect of 8 weeks weight training among beginners in relation to their selected anthropometric measurements. Scient J Sports Exercise 2016, 12(2), 39-42.

The present study was conducted on 30 male 1st semester students of U.G. course having the age range from 17 to 23 years. The subjects were divided into two groups randomly i.e. "A " as an experimental and "B" as a control group. The anthropometric measurements selected were height, chest girth, upper arm girth, lower arm girth, thigh girth and calf girth. Pre-test was conducted prior to the start of the training and after the 8 weeks of weight training post-test was again conducted to collect the data for its analysis. The statistical t-test technique was applied at 0.05 level of significance to find out the mean difference between pre and post scores for experimental and control group. The finding of the study revealed that chest girth, upper arm girth, lower arm girth and thigh girth of the experimental group shows the significance but control group did not. However, the height of the subjects of experimental and control group did not show any significance difference.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

020545   Azevedo M M B;Almeida C A;Chaves F C M; Rodrigues I A;Bizzo H R;Alviano C S;Alviano D S (General Microbiology Dep, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal Univ of Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Fundao Island, Rio de Janeiro, RI, Brazil) : 7-hydroxycalamenene effects on secreted aspartic proteases activity and biofilm formation of Candida spp.. Pharmacog Mag 2016, 12(45), 36-40.

The 7-hydroxycalamenenene-rich essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of Croton cajucara (red morphotype) have been described as active against bacteria, protozoa, and fungi species. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 7-hydroxycalamenenene against Candida albicans and nonalbicans species. C. cajucara EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and its major compound, 7-hydroxycalamenene, was purified using preparative column chromatography. The anti-candidal activity was investigated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and secreted aspartic proteases (SAP) and biofilm inhibition assays. 7-hydroxycalamenene (98% purity) displayed anti-candidal activity against all Candida species tested. Higher activity was observed against Candida dubliniensis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans, showing MIC values ranging from 39.06 μg/ml to 78.12 μg/ml. The purified 7-hydroxycalamenene was able to inhibit 58% of C. albicans ATCC 36801 SAP activity at MIC concentration (pH 7.0). However, 7-hydroxycalamenene demonstrated poor inhibitory activity on C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm formation even at the highest concentration tested (2500 μg/ml). The bioactive potential of 7-hydroxycalamenene against planktonic Candida spp. further supports its use for the development of antimicrobials with anti-candidal activity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

020544   Al-Ajoury R;Kassem E;Al-Halabi B;Moassess F; Al-Achkar W (Biology Dep, P.O. Box 6091 Damascus, Syria, Email: nsk.5@hotmail.com) : Mutations analysis of the growth differentiation factor 9 gene in syrian women with ovarian failure. Int J Hum Genet 2015, 15(3), 139-44.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a primary ovarian defect characterized by absent menarche or premature depletion of ovarian follicles. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) plays an important role in normal growth, differentiation, and proliferation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte in the ovary. The present study was to verify the involvement of GDF9 variations in a POF woman in Syrian. POF cases (n= 80) consist of (primary amenorrhea PA n=55) and (secondary amenorrhea SA n=25) compared with 200 controls. All cases with POF had a normal karyotype analysis (46XX). Genetic analysis of the GDF9 gene were showed, four variants in 23 patients. Two of novel variants were observed in two patients, the first was [c.1231G<60>A] and the second novel variant was [c.531T<60>G]. The document variants [c.447C<62>T] was observed in 17 patients and 15 controls. But the variant [c.546G<62>A] was showed in one patient and in one control. The variant [c.447C<62>T] appeared associated with the variant [c. 546G<62>A] in 3 patients [c.447C<62>T]+[c.546G>A] (compound heterozygous genotype), this compound variant didn't detect in the controls. The researchers findings are consistent with the critical role played by GDF9 in human folliculogenesis. The presence of these variants might indicate a higher risk for POF,.

2 tables, 33 ref

019294   Yadav A N;Sachan S G;Verma P;Saxena A K (Microbiology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: saxena461@yahoo.com) : Biosprospecting of plant growth promoting psychrotrophic bacilli from the cold desert of north western Indian Himalayas. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(2), 142-50.

The plant growth promoting psychrotrophic Bacilli were investigated from different sites in north western Indian Himalayas. A total of 247 morphotypes were obtained from different soil and water samples and were grouped into 43 clusters based on 16S rDNA-RFLP analysis with three restriction endonucleases. Sequencing of representative isolates has revealed that these 43 Bacilli belonged to different species of 11 genera viz., Desemzia, Exiguobacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Planococcus, Pontibacillus, Sinobaca, Sporosarcina, Staphylococcus and Virgibacillus. With an aim to develop microbial inoculants that can perform efficiently at low temperatures, all representative isolates were screened for different plant growth promoting traits at low temperatures (5-15°). Among the strains, variations were observed for production (%) of indole-3-acetic acid (20), ammonia (19), siderophores (11), gibberellic acid (4) and hydrogen cyanide (2); solubilisation (%) of zinc (14), phosphate (13) and potassium (7); 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity (6%) and biocontrol activity (4%) against Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Among all the strains, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus muralis, Desemzia incerta, Paenibacillus tylopili and Sporosarcina globispora were found to be potent candidates to be developed as inoculants as they exhibited multiple PGP traits at low temperature.

4 illus, 1 table, 51 ref

019293   Vijayan M (Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Sciences, Bengaluru-560 012, Email: mv@mbu.iisc.ernet.in) : Legacy of G.N. Ramachandran and the development of structural biology in India*. Curr Sci 2016, 110(4), 535-42.

G. N. Ramachandran is among the founding fathers of structural molecular biology. He made pioneering contributions in computational biology, modelling and what we now call bioinformatics. The triple helical coiled coil structure of collagen proposed by him forms the basis of much of collagen research at the molecular level. The Ramachandran map remains the simplest descriptor and tool for validation of protein structures. He has left his imprint on almost all aspects of biomolecular conformation. His contributions in the area of theoretical crystallography have been outstanding. His legacy has provided inspiration for the further development of structural biology in India. After a pause, computational biology and bioinformatics are in a resurgent phase. One of the two schools established by Ramachandran pioneered the development of macromolecular crystallography, which has now grown into an important component of modern biological research in India. Macromolecular NMR studies in the country are presently gathering momentum. Structural biology in India is now poised to again approach heights of the kind that Ramachandran conquered more than a generation ago.

7 illus, 63 ref

019292   Ujah F O;Berinyuy E B;Edeh F O;Ujah R I (Chemical Scienes Dep, College of Natural and Applied Sciences Univ of Mkar, Mkar, P.M.B. 017, Benue State, Nigeria) : Phytochemical screening and combined effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus and Psidium guajava in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(2), 211-23.

This study investigated the combined anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus amarus and Psidium guajava extracts on the blood glucose level and the histopathology of the pancreas. Forty-two albino wistar rats (35 diabetic and 7 non-diabetics) were assigned randomly to six groups of seven and extracts administered for 31 days ad libitum. To achieve this, acute toxicity study of the plants extracts were determined. Doses of 1000, 1500, 2000, 30000 and 5000mg/kg bodyweight for phyllanthus amarus extract and doses of 6000, 8000 10,000 and 12,000 for Psidium guajava were administered orally for 24 hours. No death was observed, although a mailed symptom of weakness, low feed intake was noticed with Psidium guajava. Isophane insulin injection was used as a standard anti-diabetic drug. The fasting blood glucose levels were determined at intervals of three days. Photochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, Phlobatannins, steroids, tannins, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and phenols in both phyllanthus amarus Linn and Psidium guajava. The study showed a significant reduction (P<60>0.05) in the fasting blood sugar level in streptozotocin- induced diabetes treated groups that received 1000, 2000, and 3000mg/kg bodyweight of the various plant extracts for both combined and individual plant administration. The histological examination shows the recovery of the islet cells on administration of the extracts in all the groups. In conclusion, the result of this work clearly suggests that the ethanolic leaf extract of phyllanthus amarus, Psidium guajava and the combined extract have anti-diabetic and ameliorative properties on the islet cells of the pancreas. However, the combined extract is less effective in the reduction of blood glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats when compared with the individual plant extract. This may be due to the formation of some intermediate metabolites, which might have reduced the efficacy of either or both of the plant extracts when combined.

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

019291   Tugbobo O S;Oloyede O I (Science Technology Dep, Biochemistry Unit, Federal Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria) : Modification by garlic extract against atrophic changes in lead induced nephrosis. Archiv appl Sci Res 2015, 7(3), 13-7.

Lead is one of the oldest environmental contaminant, which is a known mutagenic agent or carcinogen vin cases of high exposure. The present experimental study is designed to observe the gradual antimutagenic effects of crude garlic extract on the atrophic changes in the nephron of albino rats due to excessive ingestion of lead. Twelve (12) male albino rats were used and were divided into three groups A, B and C with four animals in each group. Animals in group A, B and C were treated with 100mg/ml distilled water, 2.5mg/ml lead acetate and 25mg/ml garlic extract with 2.5mg/ml lead acetate respectively for 30-days. The animals were fed with normal diet (21% protein) and their body weights monitored and recorded weekly as well as change in their physical appearances. The animals were later sacrificed after 30-days by cervical dislocation and pathological examination of the kidneys was carried out. The results showed that group A animals had 1.41g mean weight/paired kidney and 369.91g mean body weight as well as average tissue ratio of 0.0038 and appeared active with normal feeding behavior. Animals in group B had 1.15 mean weight/ paired kidney, reduced mean body weight of 314.07g and average tissue of 0.0032 while group C animals fed with the extract in combination with lead showed fairly normal feeding behavior, active with sharp agility and were sensitive to their immediate environment having 1.36g mean weight/paired kidney, 361.24g mean body weight and 0.0036 average tissue ratio respectively. Hence, crude garlic extract is a viable dietary supplement with high antioxidant properties that could offer protection against heavy metal induced nephrosis.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

019290   Sharma V;Singh R (Bioscience and Biotechnology Dep, Banasthali Univ, P.O. Banasthali-304 022, Email: drvshs@gmail.com) : Haematological and immunological response of Achyranthes aspera leaf and root extracts in arsenic-intoxicated female mice (Mus musculus). Curr Sci 2016, 110(4), 708-13.

To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Achyranthes aspera against arsenic toxicity, mice were given aqueous root and leaf extracts at both low and high doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body wt) after being intoxicated with sodium arsenate (0.1 mg/kg body wt). Significant alterations (P <60> 0.05, 0.001) were seen in various haematological parameters, Ig level, macrophage yield, viability, phagocytic index and progesterone level. Results clearly depict that both A. aspera extracts significantly restore the unbalanced level up to the normal. This study shows the protective efficacy of A. aspera on altered haematological and immunological system. It is possible that future work on drug formulation may use this plant as a source.

5 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

019289   Sergeevich N D;Viktorovna S O;Anatolyevich B O;Ivanovich N Y;Aleksandrovna N S (NO, Omsk State Agrarian Univ named after P.A. Stolypin, Russian Federation, 644008, Omsk, 2 Institutskaya pl.) : Rating assessment of the agro-tourism potential of rural areas. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2731-8.

The main goal of the research is to improve the approaches to determining the agro-tourism potential of rural areas using the method of rating assessment. The methodology of the conducted research involves studying factors and conditions affecting the agro-tourism potential of rural areas and specifying the concept of agro-tourism potential; analysing existing methodologies for the assessment of tourism potential. During the analysis, we revealed weaknesses in existing methodologies and identified the directions for improvement of the approaches to assessing the potential of agro-tourism. Given the identified directions, the original rating assessment method of the agro-tourism potential in rural areas was developed, including the score system of the factors that underpin potential travellers' desire to purchase a proposed agro-tourist product and the factors, contributing to the successful economic implementation of the agro-tourism projects in rural areas. The methodology was tested on the example of the Omsk region municipal districts. With the results of the study, we rated municipal districts of the region by their attractiveness level for the development of agro-tourism and identified priority directions for the development of agro-tourism in the Omsk region. The obtained research results can be used to develop organization models of a regional agro-tourist cluster based on the specialization of certain rural areas in certain areas of the agro-tourism development.

3 tables, 10 ref

019288   Samedov M N O;Aikashev G S;Shurygin V Y; Deryagin A V;Sahabiev I A (Kazan Federal Univ, Elabuga Institute, Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, 423600, Elabuga, Kazan Street, 89) : Study of socialization of children and student-age youth by the express diagnostics methods. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2711-22.

The article reveals the research methodology and describes approaches to study psychological and pedagogical level of socialization of children and student-age youth in Russia using advanced technological equipment. The authors carry out the analysis of the conventional and up-to-date methods of psycho-pedagogical investigation through the express diagnostics. One of these methods consists in the application of the diagnostic game designers, their integrated effect on the human body, based on measurement of physical and biological processes. The article describes experience in application of contemporary equipment for diagnostics of the social qualities of the people, as well as application features of technical devices, in particular "AR-101", "AR-600", and "Jibo" programmable microcontrollers of android family, and variety of medical, sporting, and household electronic game designers in the activity of pupils, students and educators. The authors consider in detail the design methods, the results of scientific research, and the technology of using several game designers in the express diagnostics. Based on the data, obtained during the study, the authors assess the socialization level of the students of supplementary education institutions, tested at the children's recreation camp "Intelletto", pupils of "Children's University" and "Entertaining Physics" and "Junior Programmer" teenage associations, as well as undergraduate students specializing in pedagogy at the Elabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University (EI KFU).

29 ref

019287   Ramasarma T;Rafi M (NO, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: ramasarma_1932@rediffmail.com) : Glucose-centric perspective of hyperglycemia. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(2), 83-99.

Digestion of food in the intestines converts the compacted storage carbohydrates, starch and glycogen, to glucose. After each meal, a flux of glucose (<62>200 g) passes through the blood pool (4-6 g) in a short period of 2 h, keeping its concentration ideally in the range of 80-120 mg/100 mL. Tissue-specific glucose transporters (GLUTs) aid in the distribution of glucose to all tissues. The balance glucose after meeting the immediate energy needs is converted into glycogen and stored in liver (up to 100 g) and skeletal muscle (up to 300 g) for later use. High blood glucose gives the signal for increased release of insulin from pancreas. Insulin binds to insulin receptor on the plasma membrane and activates its autophosphorylation. This initiates the post-insulin-receptor signal cascade that accelerates synthesis of glycogen and triglyceride. Parallel control by phos-dephos and redox regulation of proteins exists for some of these steps. A major action of insulin is to inhibit gluconeogensis in the liver decreasing glucose output into blood. Cases with failed control of blood glucose have alarmingly increased since 1960 coinciding with changed life-styles and large scale food processing. Many of these turned out to be resistant to insulin, usually accompanied by dysfunctional glycogen storage. Glucose has an extended stay in blood at 8 mM and above and then indiscriminately adds on to surface protein-amino groups. Fructose in common sugar is 10-fold more active. This random glycation process interferes with the functions of many proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, eye lens proteins) and causes progressive damage to heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves. Some compounds are known to act as insulin mimics. Vanadium-peroxide complexes act at post-receptor level but are toxic. The fungus-derived 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone derivative is the first one known to act on the insulin receptor. The safe herbal products in use for centuries for glucose control have multiple active principles and targets. Some are effective in slowing formation of glucose in intestines by inhibiting α-glucosidases (e.g., salacia/saptarangi). Knowledge gained from French lilac on active guanidine group helped developing Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide) one of the popular drugs in use. One strategy of keeping sugar content in diets in check is to use artificial sweeteners with no calories, no glucose or fructose and no effect on blood glucose (e.g., steviol, erythrytol). However, the three commonly used non-caloric artificial sweeteners, saccharin, sucralose and aspartame later developed glucose intolerance, the very condition they are expected to evade. Ideal way of keeping blood glucose under 6 mM and HbA1c, the glycation marker of hemoglobin, under 7% in blood is to correct the defects in signals that allow glucose flow into glycogen, still a difficult task with drugs and diets.

3 illus, 1 table, 77 ref

019286   Patil P;Tomar S K (Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute of Karnal, 132 001, Email: sudhirndri@gmail.com) : Isolation and characterization of β-galactosidase positive Kluyveromyces spp from dairy products. Indian J Dairy Sci 2016, 69(1), 60-6.

K. marxianus and K. lactis happen to be the only lactose fermenting yeast species found regularly in milk products. These species are considered to be Generally Regarded As Safe organisms (GRAS) and have been approved as a food additive. Since, the information regarding the prevalence of Kluyveromyces spp. in dairy products is scanty especially under Indian conditions, hence an attempt has been made in the present study to isolate and characterize β-galactosidase (β-gal) positive Kluyveromyces spp. from dairy products. A total number of 110 randomly selected colonies were isolated from different dairy products. Out of these, 60 isolates were identified as Kluveromyces spp. after morphological and biochemical characterization. However, after molecular characterization, 18 isolates were confirmed as Kluyveromyces spp. Out of which 14 isolates were confirmed as K. marxianus and 4 as K. lactis. The present study has revealed that indigenous dairy products can be natural and preferred niche for isolation and growth of native and novel strains of dairy yeasts such as K. lactis and K. marxianus.

3 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

019285   Mande S C (National Centre for Cell Sciences, NCCS Complex, SP Pune Univ Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Email: shekhar@nccs.res.in) : Biology across scales: historical perspective on some Indian contributions. Curr Sci 2016, 110(4), 529-32.

Understanding biological systems across scales has led to two apparently contradicting approaches - the reductive approach and the holistic approach. The former attempts to understand complex systems by reducing it into smaller components, whereas the latter attempts to combine information to integrate at the systems level. Many important contributions from India have been made in these areas. I attempt to present a view of these in this article to mark celebrations of 30 years of the Department of Biotechnology.

3 illus, 24 ref

019284   Kuruvatti S P;Frank E A;DSouza C J M (Studies in Biochemistry Dep, Mysore Univ, Mysore, Karnataka) : Factors affecting paraoxonase1 activity: Standardization of arylesterase assay. Asian J biochem pharm Res 2015, 5(2), 153-61.

Paraoxonase1 (PON1) is an enzyme associated with High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and contributes to its cardioprotective properties. Measurement of PON1 activity is an index of quality of HDL and hence its functionality. Because of the promiscuous nature of PON1 and lack of knowledge about the natural substrate of the enzyme, diverse assay methods with different conditions of buffer, cofactors, enzyme dilutions and solvents are used for activity measurements, making comparison between different assays difficult. The study aims at investigating the effects of various solvents and assay conditions on PON1 activity. Methanol, isopropanol, N, N-dimethyl formamide, acetone and dimethyl sulphoxide were used to dissolve phenylacetate and paraoxon, substrates for PON1 assay. Arylesterase activity of PON1 at various conditions of buffer pH, buffer concentration, Ca²⁺ concentration and enzyme dilution was measured to determine optimum reaction conditions. Paraoxon and phenylacetate dissolved in methanol gave the highest PON1 activity followed by dimethyl sulphoxide. 10 mM to 100 mM tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5 to 8.5 containing 1.5 mM to 2 mM calcium chloride, 2 mM phenylacetate, and enzyme dilution of 1:1000 in the final reaction mixture was optimum for arylesterase activity. Non-specific esterase activity was lowest at pH 8.0. Most of the published PON1 assays within the parameters set in this study can be compared with each other since the PON1 activity remained constant.

4 illus, 1 table, 34 ref

019283   Krupnov Y A;Kovrigo Y M;Rygalin D B;Sedova O V (NO, National Research Univ of Electronic Technology (MIET), 124498, Moscow, Zelenograd, Shokina Square, Building 1, Email: krupnov@unicm.ru) : Development of a system for automated finding and tracking of thermal objects. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2959-70.

The presented paper describes the results of an applied research, the aim of which was to develop an optimum configuration of an optical system capable to detect and track thermal objects situated at 0.5 ... 10 m from a point of sight. In the course of the development of the design of the system we reviewed components from various producers, carried out selective comparisons of them and chose the most suitable for the achievement of the goal of the research. During the study we developed an optical scheme of infrared module and an objective consisting of germanium-made lenses. On the basis of the optical scheme we developed the design of the optical module with the combined optical system with an infrared detector of optical channel combined with an image detector in visible spectrum, as well as selected the material of the body taking into account the decrease of the weight of the system. In the course of the study it was decided to include an automatic focusing mechanism for the infrared objective and to measure focal length using a range finder. The study discusses advantages and disadvantages of the most widely spread types of range finders; the most suitable range finder was selected according to the set goal of the research. In addition, the paper discusses a problem of selection of a vacuum pump for the decrease of molecular heat exchange. The breadboard construction obtained in the result of the study represents a finished module and allows to install it on any base.

18 illus, 6 tables, 21 ref

019282   Kovacevic G;Gregorovic G;Matijevic A; Kalafatic M (Faculty of Science, Biology Zoology Dep, Zagreb Univ, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Email: goran.kovacevic@biol.pmf.hr) : Toxic effects of iron on green and brown hydra. Curr Sci 2016, 110(4), 502-5.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

019281   Karapetyan K O;Trifonova T A (NO, Vladimir State Univ, 87 Gorky str., Vladimir, Russia, 600000) : Assessment of the ecological footprint of an average household in the vladimir region. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2869-78.

A study for defining ecological footprint of an average household characterizing a detailed profile of materials and energy resources consumption by household members has been made. The direct calculation method with the "Ecological Footprint Calculator" software was used in the work. Peculiarities of ecological footprint distribution by consumption categories, and their load on various types of bioproductive earth surface have been found. The biological capacity of the Vladimir Region has been assessed in detail. The analysis of the Ecological Footprint measurement results showed that out of the six consumption categories analyzed, food and transportation have the greatest share. Although forests cover about 55% of the territory of the Vladimir region, they satisfy only half of the total demand for this type of bioproductive surface. The demand for arable land and infrastructure has been satisfied. A considerable ecological deficiency has been detected in the region, since the obtained ecological footprint value is 5.8 gha/person, which is almost twice the estimated biocapacity of the Vladimir region. The maximum load on ecosystems is the carbon footprint, which amounts to over half of the value of the ecological footprint of the region. In turn, half of the carbon footprint is created by the households using transport.

5 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

019280   Karami A;Miandari A;Shoghli A;Farhood G K (NO, Zanjan Univ of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran) : Assess the knowledge and attitude of barbers toward HIV / AIDS infection. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2279-86.

AIDS, including emerging disease that has no cure has been discovered for it and primary prevention is the only way to avoid it, Barbers are those who use sharp tools as a means for work and contamination of these devices is effective at infecting others. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of the male and female barber carried about AIDS prevention in Zavjan. In this cross - sectional study involving questionnaires to examine the knowledge and attitude about AIDS among male and female barbers in Zanjan city who were selected randomly distributed the necessary information. Statistical analysis was then extracted information and considered. In this study we evaluated information of 375 questionnaires, of which among them 4.42 percent were male and 6.57 percent were female barbers. The average age of men is 34.85 ± 47 years, the average age of women is 34.25± 9.36 years and the mean age of the patients studied 36.9 ± 25.34 years.4.26 of low level of knowledge, 3.28% of moderate of knowledge and 4.45 percent had good knowledge. In attitude part 1.26 percent positive attitude and 1.62 percent acceptable attitude, and 7.11 percent had moderate attitude, knowledge and attitudes have positive relationship between gender, level of education and years of education. The results of this study showed that knowledge of the subjects is at relatively low levels, and among people with low literacy and the education and men and those with a history of less do not have AIDS majority of people in an appropriate level of awareness the propose future studies will also be considered in addition to the knowledge and attitude of the people.

4 tables, 54 ref

019279   Ghavi F;Mosalanejad L;Taheri M;Yari N; Etebariy S;Golestan M (Midwifery Dep, College of Nursing, Research Center for Social Determinant of Health, Jahrom, Iran, Email: saedparsa2012@gmail.com) : Holistic approach for comparing stress by gender difference in couple who received assisted reproductive treatment. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 1975-83.

The recognition of the distressing character of infertility diagnosis and treatment has led to the development of many researches in medical psychology and mental health domain. This article aimed to investigate holistic stress from infertility by gender difference. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study on 369 infertile couples (175 male and 194 women) who referred to Yazd infertility center. These participants were selected by purposive sampling method. Data were collected by using demographic characteristics' questionnaire (researcher-made questionnaire), DASS test( depression- anxiety- stress), Courdon stress test( health stress- personality stress and life stress ) and perceived stress test ( positive and negative perceived stress). Mean score of depression, anxiety and stress in women was higher than men. Negative perceived stress, personality stress and life stress in women was higher than men, but positive stress conceived and health stress in men was higher than women. The results show that infertility has a significant impact on couples over time. Mental health professionals can educate couples regarding the effectiveness of coping strategies as well as stress management techniques while experiencing the stress of infertility.

3 illus, 5 tables, 60 ref

019278   Esmali A;Alizadeh M (Psychology Dep, School of Litrature, Maragheh Univ, Maragheh, Iran) : Effectiveness of group psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment on increasing of mental health and the quality of women's life with breast cancer. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2253-60.

The target of current research was to determine the effectiveness of group psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment on increasing of mental health and the quality of patients, life with breast cancer, For this purpose, in a semi trial research 30 persons of women with breast cancer in Omid hospital of Urmia city were selected with available sampling method and they were randomly divided into two trial (15 persons) and control (15 persons) groups. Test group received an interference based on acceptance and commitment in 8 sessions (each session 90 minutes), but no interference was accomplished on control group. Both groups were tested in two pre-test and post-test stages by questionnaire of Quality Of Lifefor patients with breast cancer (QOL_BR23) and Goldberg mental Health Questionnaire of Goldberg (GHQ). The results of covariance analysis showed that therapeutic plan could improve all aspects of mental health of test group subjects and two aspects of social health and physical health of life quality but it couldn't influence on conditions of subjects in two aspects of psychological health and environmental health of interference. Therefore we can express that group psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment can be effective on promotion of mental health and quality of patients, life with breast cancer.

3 tables, 44 ref

019277   Chinnathambi A (Botany and Microbiology Dep, College of Science, King Saud Univ, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: dr.arunmicro@gmail.com) : Industrial important enzymes from alkaliphiles - an overview. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2007-16.

Alkaliphiles are an interesting group of extremophilic organisms that thrive at pH of 9.0 and above and which are represented by prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. It is clear that a variety of taxa are represented among the alkaliphiles, some of which are new. Alkaliphiles can be isolated from normal environments such as garden soil, although the number isolated increases dramatically in highly alkaline environments. Many alkaliphile-products, notably enzymes, have found widespread practical applications, primarily in the detergent and laundry industries; other potentially important products isolated from alkaliphiles include antibiotics and carotenoids. Alkaliphiles, and their products, are also potentially important for use in the degradation of xenobiotics, and they play a major role in the biogeocycling of key inorganic compounds. This review provides an insight into the huge diversity of alkaliphilic bacteria, the varied products obtained from them, and the need for further investigations on this interesting group of bacteria.

2 illus, 66 ref

019276   Aljohny B O (Biological Science Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: boaljohny@kau.edu.sa) : Halophilic bacterium - a review of new studies. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(3), 2061-9.

Halophilic bacteria are organisms which thrive in salt-rich environments, such as salt lakes, solar salterns and salt mines which contain large populations of these organisms. In biotechnology, such salt-tolerant bacteria are widely used for the production of valuable enzymes, and more than a thousand years ago humans began using salt to cure and thereby preserve perishable foods and other materials, such as hides; halophiles can be detrimental to the preservation of salt brine cured hides. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the taxonomy of these organisms including novel isolates from rock salt, and also to discuss their current and future biotechnological and environmental uses.

58 ref

018209   Verma A;Chakrabarty N;Velmurugan S;Prithvi Bhat B;Dinesh Kumar H D;Nishanthi B (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Isnstitute of Science, Bengaluru-560 012) : Assessment of driver vision functions in relation to their crash involvement in India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(6), 1063-72.

Among the human factors that influence safe driving, visual skills of the driver can be considered fundamental. This study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of visual functions of drivers in India on their road crash involvement. Experiments were conducted to assess vision functions of Indian licensed drivers belonging to various organizations, age groups and driving experience. The test results were further related to the crash involvement histories of drivers through statistical tools. A generalized linear model was developed to ascertain the influence of these traits on propensity of crash involvement. Among the sampled drivers, colour vision, vertical field of vision,depth perception, contrast sensitivity, acuity and phoria were found to influence their crash involvement rates. In India, there are no efficient standards and testing methods to assess the visual capabilities of drivers during their licensing process and this study highlights the need for the same.

2 illus, 9 tables, 35 ref

018208   Sur U K (Chemistry Dep, Behala College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700 060, Email: uksur99@yahoo.co.in) : Onions can bend, contract and elongate just like muscles. Curr Sci 2016, 110(6), 967-8.

2 illus, 10 ref

018207   Savitha P;Swetha K;Beena P M (Microbiology Dep, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka, Email: microsavi@gmail.com) : Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and their antibiotic resistance pattern among clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in rural South India. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2015, 4(1), 89-92.

To study the prevalence of MRSA infections among different clinical conditions, To know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Also to know the changes in the antibiotic susceptibility patterns over the years. This study was done using various clinical samples, which included Pus, Blood, Urine, Sputum and synovial fluid obtained from patients. Staphylococcus Aureus isolated from the above specimens were identified by Tube coagulase, Urease production and Mannitol fermentation test according to the Central Laboratory Standards (CLSI) guidelines. Of the isolates 318 (30.57%) were community acquired and 140 (69.43%) were hospital acquired strains. There was a change noted in the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, for the first two years of the study we isolated organism which were more sensitive to chloramphenicol but later on the sensitivity to chloramphenicol decreased but at the same time increase in tetracycline sensitivity was observed. Staphylococcal infections especially MRSA poses a great health threat to all individuals including patients and health care workers. Hence there is a strict need for the development of antibiotic policy for each and every clinical set up. Most of the wound infections with MRSA can be treated with local dressing rather than systemic antibiotics.

4 illus, 9 ref

018206   Ramasamy T;Sanmugasundram A (Immunology Dep, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai) : Analysis of genetic diversity among naphthalene degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from petroleum contaminated sites by RAPD-PCR. Ann Biol Res 2015, 6(3), 30-5.

Genus pseudomonas spp., are able to metabolise the petrochemical pollutants in the environment, and as a result can be used for bioremediation. Naphthalene is a major component in the petroleum that can cause damages the surrounding ecosystems. The pollutant may inhibit some microbial communities that are important in some biogeochemical cycles of that ecosystem and this affects the productivity of such ecosystems. The aim of presentstudy was to investigate the genetic diversity of naphthalene degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) method. The petroleum contaminated three different kinds of soil sample like A. petrol, B. diesel, and C. both (A&B) were collected from petrol spilling, diesel spilling and petrol+diesel spilling sites respectively in Tamil Nadu. The pure culture of P.aeruginosa isolated from cetrimide agar and this species conformed through gram staining, and various biochemical analyses. The naphthalene degrading P.aeruginosa conformed by catechol as metabolic intermediates in the substrate of naphthalene. The species of interest genetic diversity was done by RAPD-PCR method and gel image creates dendogram analysis. RAPD-PCR was carried out to determine the genetic diversity of P.aeruginosa in the petroleum by-products contaminate soil samples. Totally 39 bands was amplified by using five random (OPW-6 to 10) short singe primers. In the present study, we found that RAPD-PCR technique as a useful tool for investigation of the genetic diversity among P.aeruginosa and the number of bands and banding pattern were variable depending upon the primer and the type of species tested. This also study showed that a relative high polymorphism among P.aeruginosa isolates from sample A and C than B.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

018205   Patil C S;Jagadeesh K S;Noor Nawaz A S (Agricultual Microbiology Dep, Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Email: jagsbio@gmail.com) : Isolation and screening lactic acid bacteria for riboflavin production and their use for bioenrichment of curd. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(2), 541-4.

As many as 47 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from various vegetables and fruits and raita collected from local households and characterized. All of them were Gram positive and catalase negative. The isolates were screened for riboflavin production. The riboflavin production varied from 0.86 to 10.90 mg L^-1. The isolate Ra1 produced the highest riboflavin (10.90 ppm). Incidentally, it also produced 5.6 per cent lactic acid and 21.4 ppm exopolysaccharide (EPS). Similarly, N2 and F2 isolates produced 10.90 and 10.20 ppm riboflavin and 21.17 and 21.24 ppm EPS, respectively. These three selected isolates were used for preparing a functional curd and evaluated. The curd produced by inoculating N2 and Ra1 were of very good quality with excellent flavor, taste and texture and smooth cutting quality. Ra1 produced a functional curd with the highest riboflavin content (13.97 ppm). N2 and RA1 resulted in very high acceptability index of 95.37 and 94.44 per cent, respectively. The better organoleptic parameters of the functional curd may also be due to high lactic acid and exopolysaccharide production by these isolates. Thus, by inoculating riboflavin synthesizing LAB isolates to curd, riboflavin-enriched functional curd with enhanced consumer appeal, can be produced.

2 tables, 15 ref

018204   Lavanya V;Solabannavar S S (Microbiology Dep, Malabar Medical College, Modakkallur, Atholi, Calicut, Kerala, Email: lavanyav53@gmail.com) : Prevalence and Socio-economic Correlation of Dermatophytes Isolated from Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Centre in South India. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2015, 4(1), 1-4.

Dermatophytes are by far the most significant fungi because of their widespread involvement of population at large and their prevalence all over the world, particularly in the tropical and subtropical countries like India. The present study was undertaken to determine the social & demographic factors including occupational correlation of various dermatophytic infections. Skin, nail and hair specimens taken from a total of one hundred and five clinically diagnosed randomly selected patients of dermatophytosis attending the outpatient department of Dermatology and Venereology, HSK Hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot, North Karnataka, India. Patient data was collected using a pre-structured and pre-tested proforma which included age, sex, socio-economic status, Region (rural or urban), occupation, etc. The social, demographic & occupational factors were then correlated with the clinic-mycological diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Dermatophytosis was more common in the age group of 31-40 years (27.6%) and in males (70.48%). Most of the patients belonged to low socio-economic status (51.43%) and of rural region. Fungi were demonstrated in 74 cases (70.48%) either by KOH and/or culture. Dermatophytosis was more common in manual workers (48.6%). Most common clinical type was tinea corporis (44.8%) followed by tinea cruris (18.09%). Most common aetiological agent was T. rubrum (51.35%).

3 illus, 17 ref

018203   Jahanbaksh M;Sayrafi R;Sadighara P (Environmental Health Dep, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email: sadighara@farabi.tums.ac.ir) : Nephrotoxic potential of stevia in chicken embryo model. Asian J Adv Basic Sci 2015, 4(1), 38-41.

Stevioside, a plentiful component of Stevia rebaudiana leaves, has become well-known for its intense sweetness is used as a non-caloric sweetener in many countries. The aim of this study was to investigate nephrotoxicity of stevia sweeteners on chicken embryo. The 10,100 and 1000 PPM of stevia doses was injected into the egg yolk on the day 4 of incubation. The experiment was terminated on the day 21 of incubation, then, the kidney sample tissues were collected. The oxidative stress parameters and kidney parameters in serum were measured and compared in the groups. It is however known that the increase of some oxidative parameters. Serum parameters show that there was an increase in the levels of creatinine. Overall, our study demonstrated stevioside induced nephrotoxicity in high doses and it is likely to be mediated through oxidative stress mechanisms.

2 tables, 18 ref

018202   Das M;Asthana S;Singh S P;Dixit S;Tripathi A; Jacob John T (Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, , Vellore-632 002, Email: mukul@iitr.res.in) : Litchi fruit contains methylene cyclopropyl-glycine. Curr Sci 2015, 109(12), 2195-7.

1 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

018201   Behera J P;Ramani Y R;Prusty I;Rohit S S (Pharmacology Dep, MKCG MC, Berhampur, Email: yrramani@gmail.com) : Antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Triticum aestivum grass on insulin resistance models in Wistar albino rats. Free Radical Antioxidant 2015, 5(2), 43-51.

Prolonged use of hypoglycaemic drugs is problematic due to their toxic side effects and diminution of response. Oral antihyperglycaemic agents from plant sources are therefore being explored for use in traditional medicine. To study antihyperglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of Triticum aestivum grass (TAGE) in two different models of T2DM in wistar albino rats such as High Fat Diet with Low dose STZ and High Fructose Diet models. Two models of insulin resistance were used (single i.p injection of STZ (45 mg/kg) with high fat diet and fructose 10% w/v, p.o, ad libitum). STZ with high fat diet and fructose 10% w/v, p.o, in rats was administered for a period of 21 days. Three doses of TAGE (40, 60 and 80 mg/kg, p.o) were used. Pioglitazone (PG) 20 mg/kg was used as the reference standard. At the end of the experimental period, serum biochemical parameters like fasting blood sugar, plasma insulin, lipid profile and MDA and SOD activity were studied in both the models. Statistical analysis used: one way ANOVA followed by Turkey's multiple comparison test. p<0.05 was considered as significant. In both the models, TAGE significantly lowered plasma glucose, lipid, MDA level and increased SOD activity. It also improved insulin resistance which is comparable to that of normal and standard group. TAGE may be a potent drug, for treatment and prevention of complications of T2DM used alone or in combination with other oral hypoglycaemic agents.

4 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

017253   Yadav N;Sharma S;Sharma K P;Pandey A;Pareek P;Sharma S (Botany Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaiput, Rajasthan, Email: shamakp_in@yahoo.co.in) : Protective role of diet supplements spirulina and tamarind fruit pulp on kidney in sodium fluroide exposed swiss albino mice: histological and biochemical indices. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(1), 44-55.

Fluoride toxicity through potable water, particularly ground water, is not uncommon in countries such as India, China, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, parts of Africa and Afghanistan. Kidney being the main organ involved in fluoride removal, it accumulates considerable amount of fluoride. Here, we report toxic effects of oral exposure of Swiss albino mice to fluoride (sub-acute: 190 mg/kg body wt. for 7days; and sub-chronic: 94 mg/kg body wt. for 90 days) and recovery of sub-chronic fluoride exposed mice after 90 days of sodium fluoride (NaF) withdrawal. The role of diet supplements (Spirulina and tamarind fruit pulp @ 230 mg/kg body wt. independently as well as in combination) in amelioration of fluoride toxicity has also been screened. Compared with controls, feed intake decreased from 3-43%, body wt. 4-18%, and kidney wt. 5-12% in treated mice (except diet supplement groups of sub-chronic exposure) while their water intake increased from 4-43%. Histopathological changes in the cortical region of kidney in fluoride treated mice were as follows: dilation of bowman's capsule and thickening of its parietal and visceral layer; alterations in glomeruli size and their sclerotization; increase in bowman's space; proliferation of mesangial cells; reduction in podocyte counts; and dilation of proximal and distal tubules. Fluoride exposure altered tissue biochemistry (protein, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase content) and increased urea (23-58%) and creatinine content (14-127%) in the serum. Sub-acute exposure was found more toxic. The diet modulation not only reduced fluoride toxicity but also led to better recovery of treated mice after withdrawal, especially in combination.

7 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

017252   Venkateshwarlu E;Reddy K P;Dilip D (Pharmacology Dep, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal-506 001, Email: dililpd4u@gmail.com) : Potential of Vigna radiata (L.) sprouts in the management of inflammation and arthritis in rats: possible biochemical alterations. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(1), 37-43.

Vigna radiata (Fabaceae) is an important pulse crop widespread throughout the tropics and warm temperature regions. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antiarthritic activity of Vigna radiata sprouts in rats. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined by membrane stabilization and protein denaturation method. Whereas, the antiarthritic activity of the ethanolic extract of the sprouts was evaluated by complete Freund's adjuvant model with diclofenac sodium as the standard drug. Body weights, paw volume, biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation, total reduced glutathione, myeloperoxidase and lysosomal enzymes like cathepsin-D, N-acetyl β-D-glucosamindase and β-D-glucuronidase were estimated. Treatment with ethanolic extract of V. radiata exhibited significant membrane stabilization activity and protein denaturation activity, and significantly attenuated the biochemical changes induced by administration of complete Freund's adjuvant. The findings of the present study suggest the possible role of Vigna radiata in the therapeutics of arthritis.

2 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

017251   Valarmathi C;Amala Hazela A M;Kalyana Sundaram T K;Anbu J (Kuzhandhai Maruthuvam Dep, National Institution of Siddha, Chennai-600 047) : Evaluation of anti-histaminic activity of Siddha drug Madhulai Nei in male guinea pig. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(5), 425-30.

This study was conducted to investigate the Antihistaminic activity of Siddha trial drug MADHULAI NEI in Male guinea pig. Madhulai nei is used in the treatment of NEERKANAMAANTHAM (ACUTE NASOPHARYNGITIS). Male guinea pig weighing 350- 400g was kept in fasting condition 18 hours prior to commencement of experiment and given water ad libitum. It was then sacrificed by a blow to the head and exsanguinated as per CPCSEA recommended guidelines. The ileum was dissected and suspended in a 25 ml organ bath with tyrode's solution. The antihistaminic effect of madhulai nei was tested in this bioassay at various concentrations (10, 20 and 40 μg/ml), in terms of their ability to prevent the histamine contractions when they were added to the bath 5 min before histamine and compared with the standard drug Chlorpheniramine maleate (10 μg/ml). Responses to histamine were recorded as changes in height from baseline and expressed as percent of maximum response of the histamine. The CRC was constructed with a 20 min-rest between each. The test drug madhulai nei (P<60>0.05) was found to be effective in their antagonism against histamine at 20 and 40 μg/ml when compared with that of the standard antagonistic drug. It is manifest that the madhulai nei had shown marked antihistaminic activity in isolated tissue of guinea pig ileum.

1 table, 4 ref

017250   Uma Maheshwari T;Hemalatha T;Sankaranayanan P;Puvanakrishnan (Biotechnology Dep, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai-600 020, Email: puvanakrishnan@yahoo.com) : Enzyme therapy: Current perspectives. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(1), 7-16.

Enzymes control all metabolic processes in human system from simple digestion of food to highly complex immune response. Physiological reactions occuring in healthy individuals are disturbed when enzymes are deficient or absent. Enzymes are administered for normalizing biological function in certain pathologies. Initially, crude proteolytic enzymes were used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Recent advances have enabled enzyme therapy as a promising tool in the treatment of cardiovascular, oncological and hereditary diseases. Now, a spectrum of other diseases are also covered under enzyme therapy. But, the available information on the use of enzymes as therapeutic agents for different diseases is scanty. This review details the enzymes which have been used to treat various diseases/disorders.

1 table, 96 ref

017249   Suriyavathana M;Kuppulingamramalingam (Biochemistry Dep, School of Biosciences, Periyar Univ, Salem-636 011) : Green synthesis of Z_nO nanoparticles using leaves extracts of Anisomeles malabarica and its antibacterial activity. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(5), 232-41.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has broad applications in various areas. Nanoparticle synthesis using plants is an alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods. It is known that the biological synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining importance due to its simplicity, eco-friendly and extensive antibacterial activity. The present study report the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Anisomeles malabarica leaves extract. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles of 62 nm size. The XRD peaks at 31°, 34°, 36° and 47°can be indexed to the (100), (002), (101) and (102) Bragg's reflection of cubic structure of metallic ZnO, respectively. The FTIR result clearly exhibit that the extract containing C-N as a functional group act in capping the nanoparticles synthesis. SEM images revealed that ZnO nanoparticles were spherical shape was carried out at the different magnification range as 5000x and 20000x. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).analysis releated the stability of ZnONps synthesized from A.malabarica leaves Besides, this the study determines the antibacterial efficacy of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

6 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

017248   Shahabfar N;Ahmadian M A;Jafari H (Geography and Rural Planning Dep, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Mashhad, Iran, Email: n_shahabfar@yahoo.com) : Impact of villagers' participation on developing rural tourism (A case study of Kalat county). Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(4), 1705-10.

Tourism is one of active and dynamic parts of economy in the current era, and rural tourism can be considered as a new approach for preserving rural life and developing villages. In the light of unmarred natural, historical and cultural resources of Iran villages, rural tourism can be of great importance as a new policy. An effective strategy to develop rural tourism is exploitation of villagers' participatory capacities. Considering lack of the possibility of vast investments in Iran tourism sector, minor investment together with participation of local societies may be of notable benefit to dynamism of this industry in Iran. In this context, the current study has focused on investigating the participatory role of local society in developing rural tourism using descriptive-analytic methods and by distributing questionnaires among villagers of ten elite villages of Kalat county. The obtained results from statistical analysis of items and questionnaires reveal that villagers have medium to high perception towards participation in tourism. So, villagers' intuitions and thoughts about participating in tourism affairs in targeted area are positive; a total of 41.7 percent of villagers declared their interest to participate in tourism as high and very high, and 41.7 percent of them, as well, express the profitability of participatory investment in tourism affairs as high and very high. The significance of hypothesis was investigated by Pearson test and regression coefficient, and considering the small amount of P coefficient and R value, it is predicted that villagers' participation in tourism with probability of 97.6 percent will lead to development of tourism.

4 tables, 23 ref

017247   Pal M (Microbiology, Immunology and Public Health Dep, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa Univ, P.B.No.34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, Email: palmahendra@gmail.com) : Cryptococcus gattii: an emerging global mycotic pathogen of humans and animals. J mycopathol Res 2014, 52(1), 1-6.

Pathogenic Cryptococcus species consisting of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococ-cus gattii are the principal cause of cryptococcosis which is a highly infectious global fungal disease of humans as well as animals. Cryptococcosis once considered as a sleeping giant has become an awakening giant after the discovery of human immune deficiency virus. It constitutes a major public health problem both in developed as well as developing countries. Globally, one million cases of cryptococcal meningitis occur every year in HIV/AIDS patients resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths. Cryptococcus gattii has emerged as an important mycotic agent which causes a significant burden on human and animal health. Global warming may be one of the important factors associated with the emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in some regions of the world. The pathogen, Cryptococcus gattii, has a propensity to infect mainly the immunocompetent subjects. It is found in the soil, air, water and trees. The source of infection is exogenous and the respiratory tract is recognized as the principal portal of entry of Cryptococcus gattii. The humans and animals may acquire the infection from the saprobic reservoirs. Both the fungi can be easily isolated from clinical and environmental samples on Pal sunflower seed medium. However, differentiation of Cryptococcus gattii from Cryptococcus neoformans requires L-canavaline-glycine- bromothymol blue agar. Molecular techniques are useful to identify the several genotypes of Cryptococcus gattii. A number of drugs such as amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole are tried for the treatment of cryptococcal infection. Multidisciplinary approach is imperative to understand the dynamics of Cryptococcus gattii infection. Further studies on the ecologic niches, risk factors and therapeutic agents will be fruitful. Since animal infections due to Cryptococcus gattii are often a sentinel for human infec- tion, the veterinarians are advised to immediately report the incident of cryptococcal disease.

32 ref