014129   John J;Nampoothiri M;Nitesh Kumar;Mudgal J; Nampurath G K;Rao Chamallamudi M (Pharmacology Dep, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Univ, Karnataka, Email: mallik.rao@manipal.edu) : Sesamol, a lipid lowering agent, ameliorates aluminium chloride induced behavioral and biochemical alteration in rats. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(42), 327-36.

Thus, the present study was aimed to explore the anti-dementia effect and possible mechanism (s) of SML in aluminium chloride (AlCl₃)-induced cognitive dysfunction model in rodents with special emphasis on memory centers viz., hippocampus and frontal cortex. Male Wistar rats were exposed to AlCl₃ (175 mg/kg p.o.) for 60 days. SML (10 and 20 mg/kg) and rivastigmine (1 mg/kg) were administered orally 45 min before administration of AlCl₃ for 60 days. Spatial memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. After 60 days of treatment animals were sacrificed, hippocampus and frontal cortex were collected and analyzed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) level, antioxidant enzymes (Glutathione, catalase), lipid peroxidation, and nitrite level. The circulating triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were also analyzed. SML significantly prevented behavioral impairments in aluminium-exposed rats. Treatment with SML reversed the increased cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL while raised the HDL levels. SML significantly corrected the effect of AlCl₃ on AChE activity. Further, SML reversed the elevated nitric oxide, TNF-a and reduced antioxidant enzymes in hippocampus and frontal cortex. The present study suggests the neuro-protection by SML against cognitive dysfunction induced by environmental toxin (AlCl₃ ) in hippocampus and frontal cortex.

6 illus, 1 table, 62 ref

014128   Jaspreet Kaur;Khera K S (Zoology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: jjjaspreet@yahoo.co.in ) : Effect of quinalphos administration on body weight, feed intake and cyclicity of female albino rats. Indian J Ecol 2015, 42(1), 243-5.

Present investigation was carried out to determine the effect of quinalphos on the body weight and ovarian cyclicity in female albino rats. Commercial quinalphos (2 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally of female albino rats for 15 and 30 days. There was significant decreases in body weight in 30 days in treated group as compared to control. The feed intake did not decrease in this group. The cyclicity was affected after one week of treatment in 20% of the rats but after four weeks the cyclicity in all the treated rats was disrupted with the diestrous stage being the most predominant phases.

1 table, 7 ref

014127   Gupta G;More A S;Kumari R R;Lingaraju M C; Pathak N N;Kumar D;Dinesh Kumar;Mishra S K;Tandan S K (Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: sktandan@gmail.com) : Protective effect of alcoholic extract of stem of Entada pursaetha in dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2015, 52(2), 147-84.

Oxidative stress has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Entada pursaetha has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of stem of alcoholic extract of E. pursaetha (PSE) in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The protective effect of PSE was determined at three different doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for 7 days. Morphological (colon length and colon weight/length ratio), clinical (disease activity index) and macroscopic (damage score) features were determined using standard criteria. Lipid peroxides (determined as malonaldehyde; MDA), enzymatic (superoxide dismutase; SOD and catalase; CAT) and non- enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione; GSH), nitrate and nitrite (NOx) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in colon tissues were determined. The DSS damaged the colonic tissue, increased MPO activity, lipid peroxidation and NOx levels, reduced the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione and lowered the body weight. PSE significantly reduced the inflammation of colon and reversed the increase in MPO activity induced by DSS. It also significantly increased the SOD and catalase activities and did not elicit any effect on depleted levels of GSH in the colonic tissue. In addition, PSE also significantly decreased colonic NOx and MDA levels compared to DSS-treated mice; reduced both infiltration of inflammatory cells and the mucosal damage in colon on histopathological examination. The results suggested the protective potential of PSE in DSS-induced colitis and this might be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

4 illus, 2 tables, 69 ref

014126   Choudhary S;Kumar U;Kumar U (Zoology Dep, S.K.M. College, Begusarai-851 101) : Plankton status of chaurs in Begusarai district, Bihar. J Inld Fish Soc India 2015, 47(1), 78-83.

3 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

014125   Binitha P P;Kuttan R (NO, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, P O, Thrissur-680 555) : Protective effect of green tea extract against the toxicity induced by carbofuran in wistar rats. Amala Res Bull 2015, 35, 151-9.

Present study is aimed to assess the effect of an extract of green tea on carbofuran induced toxicity in Wistar rats. The rats were treated with carbofuran (5 mg/kg orally) in presence and absence of different concentrations of green tea extract for 30 days. Administration of green tea extract was found to significantly reduce the carbofuran induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Administration of green tea extract restored acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along with other serum and tissue marker enzymes such as, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), mitochondrial and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. Decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes and GSH were increased by green tea administration. Similarly, green tea extract administration reduced oxidative stress markers which were increased during carbofuran administration. The study concluded that the green tea administration effectively protected the rats from carbofuran toxicity.

8 tables, 23 ref

014124   Agarwal A;Rupali Kumari;Jabbar M (Zoology Dep, School of Life Sciences, Khandari Campus, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Univ, Agra-282 002, Email: asha.agarwal01@gmail.com) : Short term effects of two different brands of mosquito coil smoke on histology of lung in albino rats. Pollut Res 2015, 34(3), 503-6.

Present study is designed to evaluate the effects of two different brands of mosquito coil smoke on histological changes in lung of albino rats. Rats were exposed to Mortein and Goodknight coil smoke separately for 8hr/day for 4 weeks. Histological changes in lung viz. pulmonary edema, emphysema, capillary permeability and cell debris were observed after exposure to mosquito coils smoke. The smoke from the coils also produced significant decrease in body weight, while increase in lung weight of rats.

1 table, 16 ref

013172   Zhou Q;Yu D H;Liu S M;Liu Y (Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang Univ of Chinese M, Harbin, P.R. China, Email: keji-liu@163.com) : Total saponins from Dioscorea nipponica makino ameliorate urate excretion in hyperuricemic rats. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(43), 567-73.

The objective was to study the mechanism of reducing level of the uric acid by rhizoma dioscoreae nipponese. A total of 40 rats were divided into four groups: A normal group, hyperuricemia group, benzbromarone group (9 mg/kg) and total saponins from rhizoma dioscoreae nipponese (TDN) group (40 mg/kg). Adenine (100 mg/kg) and ethambutol (250 mg/kg) were used to induce hyperuricemic rats. Immunohistochemical and Western blotting methods were used to detect the mRNA and proteins expressions of rat organic anion transporter1 (rOAT1), rat organic anion transporter3 (rOAT3) and rat urate transporter1 (rURAT1) in the kidneys of different groups. It was found that the reduced concentration of blood uric acid was due to the enhancement of renal uric acid excretion. It was realized by up regulating proteins expressions of rOAT1 and rOAT3 and down regulating of rURAT1. The findings suggested that there were uricosuric effects of TDN by regulating renal organic ion transporters in hyperuricemic animals. Altogether, TDN may be a good Chinese herb in treating hyperuricemia, even a potential drug for gouty arthritis.

3 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

013171   Yu L;Xu K K;Chen C Y;Zhang R T;Ming L;Pan L Z;Shao-hua L;Zhang T;Yan Z Y (School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Chengdu-610 031, Email: 1153615912@qq.com) : Substance dependence effect of the ethanolic extract and iridoid-rich fraction from Valeriana jatamansi jones in mice. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(44), 745-9.

This study aims to the substance dependence effect of the ethanolic extract and iridoid-rich fraction. The study included two experiments: Mice were given orally with ethanolic extract for 12 weeks or iridoid-rich fraction for 16 weeks in experiment I and experiment II, respectively. Diazepam was used as a control drug and the normal mice groups were administered with 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose Na in both experiments. All groups were administered twice daily. Natural withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal-induced body weight change, audiogenic tail-erection test (in experiment I), and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced convulsion test (in experiment II) were measured. (1) Compared to normal group in both experiments, the diazepam-treated group exhibited obvious withdrawal symptoms of tail-erection, irritability, teeth chattering, etc; the body weight of them after withdrawal had a period of significant loss (P <60> 0.05 or P <60> 0.01); and the ratios of tail-erection and seizure in two experiments were improved significantly when mice were induced by mixer noise ringtone (experiment I) or PTZ (experiment II) (P <60> 0.05 or P <60> 0.01).(2) In experiment I and II, there were no significant differences between mice that received ethanolic extract or iridoid-rich fraction and normal group in terms of natural withdrawal symptoms and withdrawal-induced body weight change (P <62> 0.05); in audiogenic tail-erection test, it found that the significant difference compared with normal group was just in ethanolic extract 900 mg/kg dose group on week 8 (P <60> 0.05); in PTZ-induced convulsion test, mice in iridoid-rich fraction groups had a slightly tail-erection and seizure, all results of them were with no significant difference compare to normal mice (P <62> 0.05), while significant lower than diazepam group (P <60> 0.01). (1) The two experiments successfully established the physical dependence of diazepam by gradually increasing the dose.(2)There were just a few mice received with ethanolic extract for 12 weeks or iridoid-rich fraction for 16 weeks appearing some slight withdrawal symptoms after precipitated withdrawal, but it didn't show significant difference compared to normal mice. Therefore, these indicated that the risks of potential drug dependence about ethanolic extract and iridoid-rich fraction were far lower than that of diazepam.

3 tables, 21 ref

013170   Yang H;Yuan L;Liu J;Dong X (College of Medicine, Hebei Univ, Baoding-071 000, China) : Detection methods for H₂O₂ in biological samples. Int J chem Stud 2016, 4(2), 18-21.

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) plays significant roles in regulating diverse biological processes such as immune cell activation, vascular remodeling, apoptosis, stomatal closure and root growth. Many studies have suggested that an excessive amount of H₂O₂ will induce various kinds of biological damage, leading to aging, neurodegeneration, as well as many other diseases. Thus, determination of H₂O₂ in trace level in biological and various water samples is of great importance. In this article the studies of detection methods for H₂O₂ in biological samples in recent years are reviewed.

28 ref

013169   Yang H;Sung S H;Kim Y C (Laboratory of Natural Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National Univ, Chuncheon-200 701, South Korea, Email: youngkim@snu.ac.kr) : Ethanolic extract of Juglans sinensis leaves and twigs attenuates CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(43), 533-9.

Hepatoprotective activity of the refined ethanolic extract of J. sinensis (JSE3) was evaluated using carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) intoxicated rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ for 6 weeks in the presence or absence of JSE3 (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight). The hepatoprotective activity of JSE3 was assessed by biochemical parameters including plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxide, reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, along with histopathological studies on hepatic tissue. JSE3 significantly decreased the elevated levels of AST and ALT and restored the reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes. JSE3 also decreased the amounts of collagen content accumulated by CCl₄ intoxication. These results suggested that the refined extract of J. sinensis may have a potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent to treat hepatic diseases, such as fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis.

4 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

013168   Xiong Z E;Dong W G;Wang B Y;Tong Q Y;Li Z Y (Gastroenterology Dep, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan Univ, Wuhan-430 060, Hubei Province, China, Email: dongwg01@yeah.net) : Curcumin attenuates chronic ethanol-induced liver injury by inhibition of oxidative stress via mitogen-activated protein kinase uclear factor E2-related factor 2 pathway in mice. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(44), 707-15.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on chronic ethanol-induced liver injury in mice and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Ethanol-exposed Balb/c mice were simultaneously treated with curcumin for 6 weeks. Liver injury was evaluated by biochemical and histopathological examination. Lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant activities were measured by spectrophotometric method. Anti-oxidative genes expression such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the phosphorylation states of specific proteins central to intracellular signaling cascades were measured by western blotting. Curcumin treatment protected liver from chronic ethanol-induced injury through reducing serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, improving liver histological architecture, and reversing lipid disorders indicated by decrease of triglyceride, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and increase of High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Meanwhile, curcumin administration attenuated oxidative stress via up-regulating SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities, leading to a reduction of lipid hydroperoxide production. In addition, curcumin increased Nrf2 activation and anti-oxidative genes expressions such as NQO1, HO-1, and SOD through inducing extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 phosphorylation. The data suggested that curcumin protected the liver from chronic-ethanol induced injury through attenuating oxidative stress, at least partially, through ERK/p38/Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidant signaling pathways.

6 illus, 30 ref

013167   Wu R;Gao J P;Wang H L;Gao Y;Wu Q;Cui X H (Pharmacology Dep, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Univ of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO. 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai-201 203, China) : Effect of fermented Cordyceps sinensis on oxidative stress on doxorubicin treated rats. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(44), 724-31.

The aim was to investigate the antagonistic effect of fermented CS on OS in doxorubicin (DOX) treated rats and to compare the anti-OS effects in heart and liver tissues. OS rats were induced by tail-intravenous injection of DOX (total of 7.5 mg/kg), and then administered intragastrically with fermented CS (1.5 g/kg) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, heart, liver and serum samples were taken for and biochemical analyses. Fermented CS significantly increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase and catalase and the scavenging activity of O2- in serum, and the total superoxide dismutase activity in cardiac tissue; reduced the malondialdehyde content in liver and cardiac tissues. Fermented CS can inhibit DOX-induced OS reactions, and the anti-OS effects have high selectivity to heart and liver, especially to heart. Thus, fermented CS may be a candidate used for the prevention against various cardiac diseases induced by OS.

9 illus, 46 ref

013166   Singla S;Kumar N R;Kaur J (Zoology Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh) : In vivo studies on the protective effect of propolis on doxorubicin-induced toxicity in liver of male rats. Toxic int 2014, 21(2), 191-5.

Since anticancer drugs are to be administered for long durations of time and are associated with systemic toxicities, the present studies were conducted to evaluate the protective potential of honey bee propolis against a widely used anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DXR) induced toxicity and oxidative damage in liver tissues of rats. Sixteen male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 200-220 g, were used and were divided into four equal groups. Propolis was given orally to rats [250 mg/kg body weight (bw) for 14 consecutive days] and DXR [25 mg/kg bw; intraperitoneally (i.p) was administered on 12th, 13th and 14 th day of the experiment. All the animals were sacrificed on day 15 th day by decapitation. Blood and tissue samples were collected for measurement of toxicity and oxidative damage parameters (enzymatic assays and biochemical estimations). Administration of DXR for 3 days at a cumulative dose of 25 mg/kg bw, induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rats as significantly decreased activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) were observed in rat liver supernatants when compared to control group. Increased activity of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) was obtained in DXR administered rats. Also there are significantly increased levels of lipid peroxides (measured as malondialdehyde formation) and significantly decreased level of glutathione (GSH) in doxorubicin treated rat liver supernatants as compared to healthy controls. On the other hand, administration of animals with propolis prior to DXR treatment led to significant modulation of the oxidative damage related parameters in liver and hepatotoxicity parameters in blood, when compared to doxorubicin treated group. However results were still not comparable to control group or only propolis group indicating partial protection by propolis at the concentration used against anticancer drug toxicity. Propolis extract was found to have a protective effect against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rat liver though it was still not normalized. It can be concluded that propolis provides partial protection from toxicity of anticancer drug.

1 illus, 1 table, 25 ref

013165   Shukla S K;Sharma S B;Singh U R;Ahmad S; Dwivedi S (Biochemistry Dep, Univ College of Medical Sciences (Univ of Delhi), Delhi=1110 095) : Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) wighy & Arn. augments cardioprotection via antioxidant and antiapoptotic cascade in isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2015, 53(12), 810-18.

Worldwide, Ischemic heart disease (IHD) affects a large population. Implication of myocardial infarction (MI) and its multiple pathophysiology in cardiac function is well known. Further, isoproterenol (ISP) is known to induce MI. Today, there is an urgent need for effective drug that could limit the myocardial injury. Therapeutic intervention with antioxidants has been shown useful in preventing the deleterious changes produced by ISP. Here, we investigated the protective effects of oral pre-treatment of hydroalcoholic extract of bark of Terminalia arjuna (HETA) on biochemical and apoptotic changes during cardiotoxicity induced by isoproterenol (ISP) in rats. HETA was orally administered at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt., for 30 days with concurrent administration of ISP (85 mg/kg body wt.) on days 28th and 29th at an interval of 24 h. ISP caused deleterious changes in the myocardium and significantly increased (P <60>0.05) malondialdehyde, serum glutamate oxaloacitate transaminase, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase and troponin-I. However, it significantly decreased (P <60>0.05) glutathione and superoxide dismutase compared to healthy control. Oral pre-treatment of HETA for 30 days significantly decreased (P <60>0.05) the biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and cardiac markers as compared to ISP control. Histopathological findings also revealed that architecture of the myocardium was restored towards normal in HETA pre-treated group. Overall, the present study has shown that the hydroalcoholic extract of bark of T. arjuna (HETA) attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis and improves antioxidant status in ISP-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

5 illus, 41 ref

013164   Sen S;Charaborty R;Thangavel G;Logaiyan S (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assam Down Town Univ, Guwahati,Assam) : Hepatoprotectiva and antioxidant activity of Karisalai karpam, a polyherbal siddha formulation against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in rats. Ancient Sci Life 2015, 34(4), 198-202.

This study aims to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic and antioxidant potential of the Karisalai Karpam formulation. Karisalai Karpam tablet at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o. doses were administered orally to rats for three consecutive days. Single dose of acetaminophen (3 g/kg, p.o.) was administered on the 3 rd day. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the administration of acetaminophen, and their serum bilirubin, different hepatic enzymes and in vivo antioxidant activity were estimated. Data were evaluated using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey tests. A level of P <60> 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Pretreatment with Karisalai Karpam tablet showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity. Karisalai Karpam tablet (200 mg/kg) reduces serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin, direct bilirubin by 67.8%, 72.3%, 47.6%, 61.3% and 62.9% respectively compared to disease control group. A significant increase (P <60> 0.001) in antioxidant enzyme level was observed in Karisalai Karpam treated animals. At higher doses, Karisalai Karpam prevented the depletion of glutathione in liver tissue. Results confirmed that Karisalai Karpam tablet could protect the liver against acetaminophen-induced oxidative damage possibly by increasing the antioxidant defence mechanism in rats.

1 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

013163   Sarkar M (Pharmacology Dep, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, Kolkata, Email: mayuksrkr4u@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) in rats. Int J Drug Dev Res 2015, 7(3), 21-5.

The Mangifera indica dried leaves were Soxhlet extracted by the solvent methanol and a clay type sticky extract was obtained. This was used in this research work after some chemical verification. There were two screening model systems used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, mainly cotton pellet granuloma technique (for chronic inflammation) and carrageenan induced paw edema technique (for acute inflammation). Granuloma pouch is mainly used for assessing the drugs for their topical use rather than parenteral use. Granulation formation is one of the key features in chronic inflammation. Acute inflammatory conditions can be produced in laboratory animals by using various phlogistic agents (e.g., Carrageenan); however, duration of these inflammatory conditions is quite transitory and these inflammatory conditions can easily be controlled by using currently available antiphlogistic agents. The present pharmacological study was undertaken to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous methanolic leaf extract from Mangifera indica. The study was therefore aimed at investigation of the anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract with a view to justifying the use of the plant in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

2 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

013162   Sanikommu N;Bhargavi K;Suresh M B;Johnson R; Joshi A S (International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Mat, Dep of Science & Techology, Govt of India, PO Balapur, Hyderabad-500 005, Email: nirmala@arci.res.in) : Mixing Torque measurement - an effective tool for identifying critical binder volume concentrations for ceramic processing. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(9), 504-7.

Ceramic processing of powders, mixed with additives, can be classified into three regimes: CBVC [Critical Binder Volume Concentration], sub CBVC and post CBVC which correspond to viscous plastic processing, compaction processing and colloidal processing respectively. These regimes can be estimated experimentally by measuring the mixing torque for different ratios of the powder to additive concentration. In the present study, the torque required for mixing is indirectly estimated by measuring the torque of the AC motor that drives the blender. Analysis of the Torque v/s Volume Concentration curve permits delineation of the three zones. Our present study was carried out using alumina powder mixed with a binder. The developed torque was logged in a paperless chart recorder, with built-in storage memory.

4 illus, 6 ref

013161   Sachdeva M;Chadha R;Kumar A;Karan M;Singh T; Dhingra S (NO, Univ Institute of Pharamaceutical Sciences, UGC Center of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS) in Pharamaceutical Sciences, Email: sameer.dhingra@sta.uwi.edu) : Hepatoprotective effect of trimthylgallic acid esters against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2015, 53(12), 803-9.

Gallic acid and its derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating various oxidative stress mediated disorders. In the present study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of newly synthesized conjugated trimethylgallic acid (TMGA) esters against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Animals were pre-treated with TMGA esters at their respective doses for 7 days against CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity. The histopathological changes were evaluated to find out degenerative fatty changes including vacuole formation, inflammation and tissue necrosis. Various biomarkers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels, and endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities), liver enzymes (AST and ALT), triacylglycerol and cholesterol were evaluated. Pre-treatment with TMGA esters (MRG, MGG, MSG, and MUG at the dose of 28.71, 30.03, 31.35, 33.62 mg/kg/day), respectively reversed the CCl₄-induced liver injury scores (reduced vacuole formation, inflammation and necrosis), biochemical parameters of plasma (increased AST, ALT, TG, and cholesterol), antioxidant enzymes (increased lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels; decreased glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities) in liver tissues and inflammatory surge (serum TNF-α) significantly. The study revealed that TMGA esters exerted hepatoprotective effects in CCl₄-induced rats, specifically by modulating oxidative-nitrosative stress and inflammation.

2 illus, 3 tables, 13 ref

013160   Sachan A;Shanker D;Jaiswal A K;Sudan V (Parasitology Dep, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigayan Vishwavidyala Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281) : In vitro ovicidal assessment of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of Annona squamosa and Chenopodium album against caprine gastrointestinal nematodiosis. J parasitic Dis 2015, 39(1), 62-6.

The objective of this study was in vitro evaluation of the ovieidal efficacy of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of Annona squamosa (seeds) and Chenopodium album (whole plant) in comparison to albendazole against the GI nematodes of goats using egg hatch test. Eggs of GI nematodes were incubated at 27 °C in different extracts at concentration of 100-6.25 mg/ml for 2 days. Distilled water and albendazole were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Percentage efficacy and ED₅₀ and ED₉₀ values were separately evaluated with upper and lower confidence limit by log probit analysis using SAS 9.2. The EB₅₀ and ED₉₀ values of methanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of A. squamosa was calculated as 1.52 and 4.56; 2.48 and 10.73; 3.02 and 12.44 mg/ml, respectively against GI nematodes if goats. Similarly, the ED₅₀ and ED₉₀) values of methanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of C. album was calculated as 3.86 and 7.14; 2.73 and 8.31; 4.41 and 20.11 mg/ml, respectively This study shows that C. album and A. squamosa possess in vitro anthelmintic activities. The study also suggests further large scale pharmacological and toxicological studies for their safer use in veterinary medicine.

4 tables, 21 ref

013159   Ramesh D R;Swami C (NO, Sciences Teacher New English School, Lingiware At/Po Lingiware Tal-Atpadi Dist, Sangli-415 315) : Total antioxidant capacity of some common seeds and effect of sprouting and its health benefits. Int J chem Stud 2016, 4(2), 25-7.

The aim of study was to evaluate the antioxidants capacity of extracts of sprouted and unsprouted seeds viz., Green gram (Vigna radiata), Moth bean (Vigna aconifolia), Chick pea (Cicer arietinum). The extracts of sprouted and unsprouted seeds were prepared. The sample seeds were examined and compared with their total antioxidant capacity. The total antioxidant capacity assessed by phosphomolybdenum method. The result showed that green gram, moth bean, chick peas differ in their total antioxidant capacities. In sprouted seeds, green gram was higher antioxidant capacity over moth bean and then chick peas, so the sprouted seeds of green gram were found to be much effective in total antioxidant capacity. We have concluded from our study that the sprouting increases the health benefits by increasing its free radical scavenging abilities which otherwise if reduced causes oxidative stress leading to provide base for many diseases.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

013158   Raina O K;Jacob S S;Sankar M;Bhattacharya D; Badyopadyay S;Varghese A;Chamuah J K;Lalrinkima H (Division of Parasitiology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Email: rainaok@rediffmail.com) : Genetic characterization of Fasciola gigantica from different geographical regions of India by ribosomal DNA markers. J parasitic Dis 2015, 39(1), 27-32.

Ribosomal DNA sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) and 28S ribosomal DNA (618 bp) of Fasciola gigantica collected from cattle and buffaloes from four different geographical locations of India, were characterized for genotyping. ITS-2 sequence was analyzed in 28 worms that was typical of F. gigantica and differed at six positions, with one of these being a distinguishing deletion (T) at the 327th position in F. gigantica relative to F. hepatica. However, Fasciola specimens also showed intraspecies sequence polymorphism in the ITS-2, with two different ITS-2 sequences existing in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array within a single Fasciola worm. One of the sequences was identical to that of F. gigantica and the other showed extensive sequence polymorphism in the ITS-2. Using BspH1-restriction fragment length polymorphism, six variable ITS-2 sequences in F. gigantica were identified within these parasite specimens and were found distributed in these four geographical regions. 28S rDNA sequence of 24 flukes, collected from the above four geographical regions, showed a single nucleotide polymorphism at 284th nucle-otide (G/A). Analyzing the sequence data of 28S rDNA of F. gigantica available from some African and Asian countries for this polymorphic 284th nucleotide position, it is proposed that there are two basic lineages of the F. gigantica for 28S rDNA existing in the fluke populations from five African and several Asian countries.

2 illus, 27 ref

013157   Pandey B (Microbiology & Biotechnology Dep, Bhilai Mahila Mahvidyalaya, Hospital Sector, Drug, Chhattisgarh) : Study of antibacterial activity of Justicia procumbens Var. extracts. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 5(1 spl), 7-11.

Justicia procumbens (Acanthaceae) is an important medicinal herb found as a weed throughout India. It has been used in almost all the traditional system of medicine, ayurveda, unani, and sidha from the ancient time. The present study discuss about the antibacterial activity of Justicia procumbens against E.coli, S.aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescence and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also determined. It was found that the extracts shown excellent inhibitory activity against B.subtilis. MIC obtained from bacterial strains for methanol and aqueous extract, leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was mixed in different concentration and again the MIC of Justicia procumbens was noted and found that with 50 μL/mL. dilution of A.indica in 200μL/mL. of Justicia procumbens inhibitory activity takes place which increases with increase in concentration. The present study is the first study on all parts of Justicia procumbens which combines these different parameters in it including the mixing of plant extracts with A.indica leaf extract.

5 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

013156   Oh T W;Jung H W;Park Y K (Herbology Dep, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk Univ, Gyeongju-780 714, Republic of Korea) : Effect of modified bo-yang-hwan-tang, a polyherbal medicine on the hippocampal neuronal damage in a rat model of global ischemia. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(43), 665-73.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been well characterized as a common pathological status contributing to vascular dementia (VD). In this study, the neuroprotective effect of modified Bo yang Hwan O Tang (mBHT), a polyherbal medicine for ischemic stroke, was investigated in a rat model for global ischemia. Global ischemia model was prepared in Sprague Dawley rats by the permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (two vessel occlusion [2VO]) induced chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. mBHT at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg was orally administrated for 4 weeks once a day, 24 h after 2VO. Histopathological change of the hippocampal region was observed by hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and Fluoro Jade B staining and immunohistochemistry with anti glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti neuronal nuclei antibodies. The expression of Bax, Bcl 2, and caspase 3 was investigated in the hippocampus by Western blot. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF κB) expression was also analyzed in hippocampal CA1 region using immunofluorescence staining. The administration of mBHT at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly inhibited chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced neuronal damage and astroglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region in 2VO rats. mBHT increased the NF κB expression in the CA1 neuronal cells but decreased in activated astrocytes. In addition, mBHT significantly decreased the hippocampal expression of Bax and caspase 3 and increased the Bcl 2 expression in 2VO rats. The data indicate that mBHT has a neuroprotective property in VD induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion through inhibiting the hippocampal neuronal damage and astrogliosis.

5 illus, 35 ref

013155   Naz S;Agrawal S (Microbiology and Biotechnology Dep, Bhilai Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Hospital Sector, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh) : Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Thevetia peruviana (Kaner) leaves. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 5(1 spl), 17-20.

Thevetia peruviana is an evergreen tropical shrub or small tree. Its leaves are willow-like, linear-lanceolate, and glossy green in colour. The antimicrobial potential of the 50% ethanolic extract of Thevetia peruviana (kaner) leaves has been evaluated against some micro organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Rhizobium sp., E.coli and Streptococcus sp. Results indicated that the phytochemical extracts of T. peruviana exhibited significant activity at different varying dosages (50-150 mg/ml). However, the present study depicts that the 50% ethanolic extract of Thevetia peruviana leaves can be used as a potential source of novel antibacterial agents against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus, where as Streptococcus sp. shown resistance against extracts of T. peruviana and Rhizobium sp. slightly inhibited at high dosages.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

013154   Mohammed M K;Rasheed M N;Nadeer M I (Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute Dep, Baghdad Univ, Iraq) : Detection of Biofilm-Associated genes in clinical staphylococcus aureus isolates from Iraqi patient. Int J Sci Nat 2015, 6(1), 19-22.

Clinical sampling carried out between December 2013 to April 2014. One hundred Staphylococcus aurease isolates were obtained from 220 clinical specimens. The sample included of patients in referring various hospital in Baghdad (nose, wound, burn, ear swabs and sputum). The production of viscous layer in S. aureas was investigating by used congo red agar (CRA), showed that 56% of S. aureas produce viscous layer and also been screening the ability of isolates to biofilm formation using the microtitter plate, the result appear 57% of isolates produce biofilm. The extraction of DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in a monplex and multiplex to amplify the virulence factor (clfA, fnbA and can)gene. The result of this investigation showed that (56%, 56%, 81%) respectively.

4 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

013153   Malathi U;Praveenkumar G;Suneetha V (School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT Univ, Vellore-632 014, Email: vsuneetha@vit.ac.in) : Qualitative, biochemical and nanoparticle-antimicrobial analysis of Lactobacillus SPS screened from the various milk and curd samples of Southern Tamilnadu. Int J Drug Dev Res 2015, 7(1), 94-100.

To study probiotic microbes like lactobacillus species were isolated from various milk and curd samples was collected from different places such as vellore, kannamangalam, gudiyatham. Which were subjected to screening and characterized and examined for the presence of probiotic properties of lactobacillus. Lactobacillus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria and It's a group of regular,non-sporing, gram positive bacteria,rod shaped,non-motile and absence of catalase enzyme. Milk and curd samples is an important culture media for lactobacillus. Analysis for quality of milk and curd samples by mbrt test. To detect various adulterants present in milk by using specific biochemical test. The main aim of this study to isolates were obtained by growing on de man rogosa and sharpe[MRS] Agar medium. Lactobacillus was isolated for the production of silver nanoparticles was monitered by UV-spectroscopic analysis.The peak was observed between 400-450nm indicating this presence. Finally the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles were checked against lactobacillus.

6 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

013152   Makarim Q;Al-Lami;Salloom D E;Mohammad M K (Biology Dep, College of science, Univ of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq) : Serum leptin level in children with celiac disease: relationship to age, gender and body mass index. Int J Sci Nat 2015, 6(1), 84-87.

Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent intolerance of dietary gluten leading to mucosal damage in the proximal small bowel in genetically susceptible individuals. It is characterized by malabsorption of nutrients, chronic inflammation and damage of the small intestinal mucosa. The global prevalence ranges from 1% to 2%. In this study, thirty children (17 girls and 13 boys) with celiac disease (CD) at age range of 2-12 years and 15 apparently healthy controls were investigated for 3 autoantibodies [anti-gliadine IgA antibody (AGA), anti-gliadine IgG antibody and anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG)] in addition to leptin in their sera. Serological screening tests revealed a non significant difference (P<62>0.05) in the level of antigliadin antibody IgA between the two groups (children with CD and control), while the levels of antigliadin antibody IgG and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody were significantly higher (P<60>0.01) in children with CD as compared with the control. The results of serum leptin level showed that it was significantly lower (P<60>0.01) in children with CD as compared with the control. When the correlation was studied between levels of leptin with age, gender and BMI in children with CD, the results revealed a non-significant correlation (P <62> 0.05) with age and gender, while a significant positive correlation (r = 0.63, P<60>0.001) was found with BMI. From the result analysis we can conclude that serum leptin levels were markedly reduced in children with CD compared to controls and the values of BMI of these children were lower than the controls; these results may be explained on the ground that the children with CD were undernourished as compared to the controls.

3 tables, 26 ref

013151   Ma Y;Fan R;Duan M;Yu Z;Zhao Y (Pharmaceutical Analysis Dep, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical Univ, Shenyang-110 016, China, Email: yunli76@163.com) : Pharmacokinetic interactions among co-existing ingredients in Viscum coloratum after intravenous administration of three different preparations to rats. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(43), 455-62.

The aim was to investigate pharmacokinetic interactions among co existing ingredients in V. coloratum after intravenous administration of three different preparations (four monomer solutions, the mixture of them and Viscum coloratum extracts) to rats. After protein precipitation pretreatment with plasma samples, high performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed and applied to quantitatively determinate the four components [syringin (Syri), homoeriodictyol 7 O-β-D glycoside (Hedt III), homoeriodictyol 7 O-β-D apiose (1 → 2)-β-D glycoside (Hedt II) and homoeriodictyol 7 O-β-D apiosiyl (1 → 5)-β-D apiosyl (1 → 2)-β-D glycoside (Hedt I)]. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Area under the curve [AUC_(0-t)], AUC_(0-∞), t_1/2) were calculated using DAS 2.1 software (Chinese Pharmacological Society, Shanghai, China) and compared statistically by One way analysis of variance using SPSS software (18.0, Chicago, IL, USA) with P <60> 0.05 considered statistically significant. Good linearities were achieved in the measured concentration range with R^{2 it0.9920. Precision, accuracy and extraction recovery were all within the acceptable range. For Syri, there was a significant difference only on t_1/2 among three treatment groups. For Hedt I, Hedt II and Hedt III, three flavonoid glycosides, the change of AUC_(0-t), AUC_(0-∞) and t_1/2 were markedly distinctive and even converse. Complex, extensive pharmacokinetic interactions were observed among these components in V. coloratum. They were mutually influenced by the in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. The result suggested traditional Chinese medicine was a complicated system, and we should take a scientific and dialectic view in the research and development processes.}

3 illus, 5 tables, 22 ref

013150   Liang Q;Wang C;Li B;Zang A H (First Affilated Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang Univ of Chinese Medicine, Xiangfang District, Harbin-150 040, China) : Metabolic fingerprinting to understand therapeutic effects and mechanisms of silybin on acute liver damage in rat. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(43), 586-93.

Metabolic fingerprinting is a rapid and noninvasive analysis, representing a powerful approach for the characterization of phenotypes and the distinction of specific metabolic states due to environmental alterations. It has become a valuable analytical approach for the characterization of phenotypes and is the rapidly evolving field of the comprehensive measurement of ideally all endogenous metabolites in bio-samples. Silybin has displayed bright prospects in the prevention and therapy of liver injury, and we had conducted a preliminary exploration on the molecular mechanism of the hepatoprotective effects of silybin. Because the knowledge on the metabolic responses of an acute liver damage rat to the silybin is still scarce, metabolic fi ngerprinting can provide relevant information on the intrinsic metabolic adjustments. Here, the physiological and metabolic changes in the acute liver damage rat were investigated by performing a metabolic analysis. The phenotypic response was assessed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) combined with pattern recognition approaches such as principal components analysis and partial least squares projection to supervised latent structures and discriminant analysis. Multivariate analysis of the data showed trends in scores plots that were related to the concentration of the silybin. Results indicate 10 ions (7 upregulated and 3 downregulated) as differentiating metabolites. Key observations include perturbations of metabolic pathways linked to glutathione metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, etc., Overall, this investigation illustrates the power of the LC/MS combined with the pattern recognition methods that can engender new insights into silybin affecting on metabolism pathways of an acute liver damage rat. The present study demonstrates that the combination of metabolic fi ngerprinting with appropriate chemometric analysis is a valuable approach for studying cellular responses to silybin drug and can provide additional insight into the mechanisms.

6 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

013149   Khaled F A;Yousef M I;Kamel K I (NO, Omar AL-Mukhtar Univ, Al Bayda, Libya) : The protective role of propolis against the reproductive toxicity of mono-sodium glutamine in male rabbits. Int J chem Stud 2016, 4(2), 4-9.

The present study was carried out to investigate the possible protective effect of propolis on semen characteristics induced by the flavor enhancers, monosodium glutamate (MSG) in adult male V-line rabbits. Twenty mature male rabbits were randomly divided into four equal groups of 5 rabbits each. Group 1 served as control. However, group 2, 3 and 4 were given propolis (50 mg/kg body weight), mono-sodium glutamine (8 mg/kg body weight) and the combination of propolis (50 mg/BW) and MSG (8 mg/BW), respectively. Animals were orally administered the doses of propolis, MSG and propolis plus MSG every day for 12 weeks. Results showed that semen quality was deteriorated following treatment with MSG. Also, testosterone levels, body weight (BW) and relative weights of testes (RWT) were decreased. Propolis alone significantly increased BW, RTW, testosterone levels and semen characteristics. Furthermore, the presence of propolis with MSG alleviates its toxic effects. From the present study, it can be concluded propolis can be effective in the protection of MSG-induced reproductive toxicity.

3 tables, 39 ref

013148   Kabir M L;Haque M E;Borty S C;Mustafa K;Kamal M M;Khasruzzaman A K M;Khan M S R;Islam M A (Microbiology and Hygiene Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh, Bangladesh) : Isolation and molecular detection of fowl pox and pigeon pox viruses from recent outbreak in Bangladesh. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 5(1), 01-07.

Present study was undertaken for the isolation and molecular detection of recently circulating fowl pox (FP) and pigeon pox (PP) viruses in Bangladesh. Isolation of the viruses was done via CAM route of avian embryos inoculation. Out of 40 FP suspected field samples, 27 (67.5%) were found positive and 13 (32.5%) were negative. Similarly, out of 40 PP suspected field samples, 30 (75%) were positive and 10 (25%) were negative. Results of molecular detection of FP suspected field samples 32 (80%) were positive and 8 (20%) were negative. On the contrary, out of 40 PP suspected samples 35 (87.5%) were positive and 5 (12.5%) were negative by PCR. Rate of molecular detection of avi-pox viruses from recent outbreak found higher than that of virus isolation in avian embryos. Results of experimental infection showed re-establishment of FP and PP infection with similar pox lesions (nodule) as natural infection under the wing (100%) and nasal areas (100%) after day 6 and day10 of post inoculation in chicken and pigeon respectively. Results of experimental infection clearly indicated that both chicken and pigeon got infected with fowl pox viruses regardless route of infection whereas pigeon pox viruses were able to infect pigeon only in this study.

3 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

013147   Joya;Sangha G K (Zoology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sanghagk@hotmail.com) : Development and behavioural toxicity of deltamethrin on Rattus norvegicus following gestational exposure. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(1), 40-5.

Deltamethrin, a synthetic type II pyrethroid was used at acceptable daily intake (ADI) levels to evaluate the embryo toxic risk in rat offsprings. Commercial formulation of deltamethrin (Decis 2.8 EC) at the level of ADI (0.01 mg/kg bw/day) and ten times ADI (0.1 mg/kg bw/day) was given orally to female rats (Rattus norvegicus) after mating until the end of pregnancy. The rats which did not breed were sacrificed for uterine examination, total implantations and resorptions. No toxicological symptoms were found in the rats treated with ADI level of deltamethrin, however rats treated with 10 times ADI dose of deltamethrin appeared weak and less active. Rats treated with 10 x ADI did not breed and resorptions and cysts were observed in their uterus and ovary respectively. In rats treated with ADI dose of deltamethrin, litter size was reduced, pups gained less body weight and their developmental parameters and behavioural milestones were delayed as compared to control rats pups. The results suggested that gestational exposure of deltamethrin on growth and viability of rat offsprings at ADI level also affected the development and behaviour of rat offsprings.

1 illus, 4 tables, 41 ref

013146   Jitendra G;Govind M;Prabakaran L (NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS Univ, Jaipur-303 121, Email: smartjitu79@gmail.com) : Formulation characterization and in-vivo anti-ischemic activity of ranolazine loaded ethyl cellulose microspheres in albino wistar rats. Int J Drug Dev Res 2015, 7(1), 211-22.

Ranolazine (RZ) is an antiischemic/antianginal agent employed in therapy of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, variant and exercise-induced angina and arrhythmias constipation, headache, nausea and dizziness are the most common side effects. So the aim of the present research work was to formulation characterization and invivo antiischemic activity of RZ loaded ethyl cellulose microspheres in albino wistar rats. RZ microspheres were developed by oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion solvent diffusion evaporation technique with different ratio of drug and ethyl cellulose as a polymer in order to achieve high entrapment efficiency and prolonged release characteristics. The prepared microspheres were subjected for characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), percent yield, Fourier transformer infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), percent entrapment efficiency and percent drug release. The size of microspheres formulations (F1 to F6) were in range of 20±1.2 to 54±1.7μm, percent yield 78.21±2.31 to 94.24±1.21%, percent drug entrapment efficiency 53.25±0.65 to 85.76±0.78% and percent drug release 56.87 ± 0.34 to 92.74 ± 0.83% up to 12 hrs. XRD and IR studies showed no interaction between drug and polymer; no degradation during microspheres preparation and stable at storage conditions. Then compare in-vivo activity of optimized F2 microspheres formulation to standard drug in 120-200g of Albino wistar rats of either sex. The results of present study reflect that successfully prepared free flowing RZ loaded EC microspheres and showed a significant reduction in level of cardiac biomarker LDH and CK-MB enzyme for prolong period of time with respect to standard in isoproterenol induced myocardiac infraction (MI) rats.

7 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

013145   Jameel Y J;Sahib A M;Husain M A (Public Health Dep, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ of Kerbala, Iraq) : Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty Acid on antibody production against newcastle disease in broilers. Int J Sci Nat 2015, 6(1), 23-27.

Objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (flaxseed oil source) on immune response and antibody production against Newcastle disease. Three equally treated groups (50 birds per treatment) with two replicates (25 birds per replicate) of total 150 unsexed chicks (Ross 308) at age one day old chicks were randomly weighed and divided into three dietary treatments: T1 (as control group) birds fed basal diet without any supplemented. While, T2 and T3 fed basal diet supplemented daily with 0.25 and 0.5% flaxseed oil respectively to the end of experiment (35 days). ELISA antibody titers against Newcastle disease, and relative weights of spleen and bursa were determined. Blood samples were collected and then analysis, in addition, spleen index and bursa index were measured at the end of experiment. No significant difference in all parameters at a level 0.25% flaxseed oil While, antibody titers against Newcastle disease at age 15th and 30 days, and spleen percentage and bursa of fabricius percentage, total protein, albumin, and globulin were significantly improved, while glucose, ALT, AST and ALP were decreasing by using 0.5% flaxseed oil. In conclusion, dietary addition of 0.5% flaxseed oil may be stimulate the development of the immune response and antibody production against Newcastle disease and enhancement the blood biochemical parameters and health status of broilers.

5 tables, 37 ref

013144   Jacob K M P;Ali M A;Vishnu H;Shylaja G; Mythili S;Sathiavelu A (School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT Univ, Vellore-632 014, Email: kmoni.phillipjacob2013@vit.ac.in) : Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Garcinia gummigutta. Int J Drug Dev Res 2015, 7(3), 57-9.

Antibiotic resistance in microbes is a great problem in the modern world. Everyday new drugs are being used to overcome this problem. The aim of this study was to examine Antibacterial and Antioxidant properties of the Garcinia gummi-gutta. The dried fruits of G. gummi-gutta are used in Kerala, a southern state of India for preparation of curries. The extract of dried fruit of G. gummi-gutta, was prepared by using three different solvents such as acetone, ethanol and distilled water. These prepared extracts were used for evaluation of the antibacterial property against two gram negative bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two gram positive bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus. The Antibacterial property was evaluated by Disc diffusion assay and the results of the test were compared with Chloramphenicol (30 mcg) as positive control. P. aeruginosa was sensitive to all the extracts of G. gummi-gutta tested. Whereas the other organisms showed good to moderate activity. In this study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the G. gummi-gutta extract was also determined. The Antioxidant property of G. gummi-gutta was evaluated by Ferric chloride reducing power assay and compared with Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) solution. The results indicated that G. gummi-gutta extract had more antioxidant property than Ascorbic acid solution.

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

013143   Huang X P;Ding H;Wang B;Qiu Y Y;Tang Y H;Zeng R;Deng C Q (Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Hunan Univ of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China, Email: dchangq@sohu.com) : Effects of the main active components combinations of Astragalus and Panax notoginseng on energy metabolism in brain tissues after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(44), 732-9.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of AST IV combined with Rg1, Rb1, R1 on energy metabolism in brain tissues after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 11 groups, treated for 3 days. At 1 h after the last administration, the model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established, and brain tissues were detected. All drugs increased the contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and the level of total adenine nucleotides (TAN), the combinations increased energy charge (EC), the effects of four active components combination were better. The phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinasea1/2 (p-AMPKα1/2) was increased in AST IV, R1, four active components combination, AST IV + Rg1 and AST IV + R1 groups, the increased effect of four active components combination was greater than that of the active components alone and AST IV + Rb1. All drugs increased glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) mRNA and protein, and the increases of four active components combination were more obvious than those of the active components alone or some two active components combinations. Four active components combination of Astragalus and P. notoginseng have the potentiation on improving of energy metabolism, the mechanism underlying might be associated with promoting the activation of AMPKα1/2, enhancing the expression of GLUT3, thus mediating glucose into nerve cells, increasing the supply and intake of glucose.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

013142   Honwad S;Bairy T S;Ravi M;Ravishankar B (Dravyaguna Dep, S.D.M. College of Ayurveda, Udupi) : Hepatoprotective activity of Somanathitamrabhasma in paracetamol induced liver toxicity in albino-rats. Aryavaidyan 2014, 28(2), 67-73.

The hepatoprotective activity of Somanathitamrabhasma was tested against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Administration of Somanathi tamrabhasma (67.5 mg/lkg. bd. wt.) markedly prevented paracetamol induced elevation of levels of SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphate. A comparative histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture as compared to the control group. Treatment with the trial drug found to be significantly reduced the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. A comparative histological study of liver from different groups further confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of Somanathi tamrabhasma.

8 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

013141   Haque M E;Kabir M L;Chakraborty S; Khasruzzaman A K M;Ahammed T;Islam M A (Microbiology and Hygine Dep, Bangladesh Agricultural Univ, Mymensingh, Bangladesh) : Co-circulation of velogenic and mesogenic strains of newcastle disease virus in the farm birds of Bangladesh. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 5(1), 23-8.

A research work was undertaken to detect circulating pathotypes of Newcastle disease viruses in the farm birds (chicken, pigeon and quail) in Bangladesh during the period January to September 2014. A total of 150 cloacal swab samples were collected for the isolation and detection of NDV from dead birds by rapid test kit (RTK), hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) and RTPCR. Of the total 150 samples, 96 (64%) were positive and the remaining 54 (36%) were negative for NDV by RTK. Out of the 96 NDV positive samples by RTK, 77 (80.20%) were from chickens, 12 (12.5%) from pigeon and 7 (7.29%) from quail. In hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT), hyperimmune serum against NDV was used to confirm Newcastle disease virus that also showed 96 (64%) samples positive for NDV. In the RT-PCR, 100 (66.66%) samples showed positivity for NDV out of 150 samples. Total of 100 NDV positive samples by RT-PCR, 80 (80%) from chickens, 12 (12%) from pigeon and 8 (8%) from quail. Results of pathogenecity indices indicated that most isolates of NDV from chicken and pigeons were velogenic (MDT=48 hrs, ICPI=2.00 and IVPI=2.10) and all the isolate from quails were mesogenic (MDT=62 hrs, ICPI=1.20 and IVPI=1.10) in nature. Findings of the study closely indicated that velogenic strain of NDV was predominant in chickens compared to that of other two species. Present study also indicated that both velogenic and mesogenic strains of NDV are circulating among the three species of farm birds in Bangladesh.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

013140   Fachim H A;Mortari M R;Gobbo Netto L;Dos Santos W F (Biology Dep, Neurobiology and Venoms Laboratory, FFCLRP, Univ of Brasillia, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-90 Brasilia, DF, Brazil) : Neuroprotective activity of parawixin 10, a compound isolated from Prawixia bistriata spider venom (Araneidae: Araneae) in rats undergoing intrahippocampal microinjection. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(43), 579-85.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Pwx 10 in a rat model of excitotoxic brain injury by N methyl D aspartate (NMDA) injection. Male Wistar rats have been used, submitted to stereotaxic surgery for saline or NMDA microinjection into dorsal hippocampus. Two groups of animals were treated with Pwx 10. These treated groups received a daily injection of the Pwx 10 (2.5 mg/μL) in the right lateral ventricle into rats pretreated with NMDA, always at the same time, each one starting the treatment 1 h or 24 h. Nissl staining was performed for evaluating the extension and efficacy of the NMDA injury and the neuroprotective effect of Pwx 10. The treatment with Pwx 10 showed neuroprotective effect, being most pronounced when the compound was administrated from 1 h after NMDA in all hippocampal subfields analyzed (CA1, CA3 and hilus). These results indicated that Pwx 10 may be a good template to develop therapeutic drugs for treating neurodegenerative diseases, reinforcing the importance of continuing studies on its effects in the central nervous system.

2 illus, 31 ref

013139   Dar M A;Raina R;Mir A H;Verma P K;Ahmad M (Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Div, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu-181 102) : Role of vitamin C against bifenthrin induced oxidative damage in lungs of wistar rats. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(1), 346-9.

Aim of present study was to unravel the protective role of vitamin C on oxidative stress parameters in lung homogenates of bifenthrin intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into four groups. Group I served as control while group II animals were treated with bifenthrin @ 5.8mg/Kg/day. In group III, vitamin C was orally administered @ 60mg/Kg/day where as group IV received both vitamin C and bifenthrin @ 60mg/Kg/day and 5.8mg/Kg/day respectively. After 30th day of treatment, lung samples were taken and analysed for oxidative stress parameters. Significant (P<60>0.05) increase in lipid peroxidation was observed from control value of 4.80±0.39 to 7.90±0.50 in bifenthrin treated animals. Mean control values of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT were 0.55±0.05, 0.98±0.03 and 138.70±6.01 which were significantly (P<60>0.05) decreased to values of 0.27±0.0, 0.53±0.05 and 91.10±9.70 respectively in bifenthrin treated animals. The value of GST increased significantly (p<60>0.05) to 1.05±0.06 in bifenthrin administered animals from control value of 0.70±0.08. Pre-treatment with vitamin C in ameliorative group IV significantly restored the normal values of lipid peroxidation, SOD, GST and CAT but could not reverse the decreased values of GSH-Px. The present research is first of its type where in free radical generation due to bifenthrin -a commonly used insecticide was evaluated in lung homogenates when given orally which might be due to residues present in the lung. Besides it will be helpful in better understanding of toxicological profile of pyrethoids, the most commonly used insecticides.

1 table, 28 ref

013138   Bhattcharya S;Das A;Bhardwaj S;Rajan S S (Microbiology Dep, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain Univ, Bangalore-560 011, Karnataka, Email: bhattsourav3011@gmail.com) : Phosphate solubilizing potential Aspergillus niger MPF-8 isolated from muthupettai Mangrove. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(9), 499-503.

Present study deals with the isolation of fungi from the mangrove sediment and determining their tri-calcium phosphate solubilization efficiency. Among the 47 fungal isolates, MPF-8 showed maximum phosphate solubilization and based upon molecular identification using 18S rDNA sequencing was identified as Aspergillus niger. Among the various carbon and nitrogen sources added to Pikovskaya broth, maximum phosphate solubilization, 401 μg/ml and 427 μg/ml were recorded with glucose and ammonium sulphate supplementation, respectively. Optimum pH and temperature for maximum phosphate solubilization was 7.0 and 30°C, liberating 443 μg/ml and 468 μg/ml of soluble phosphate, respectively. Following incubation, a reduction in the pH of the medium was recorded at all stages of the optimization process, indicating the involvement of organic acids in the solubilization process. These results emphasized that the mangrove isolate of A. niger MPF-8 may be utilized as a biofertilizer for solubilization of soil-bound phosphates, thereby increasing the soil fertility.

2 illus, 21 ref

013137   Ajeet Kumar;Mishra H K;Dwivedi P;Subramaniam J R (Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, Email: jamuna17@sriramachandra.edu.in) : Secreted trophic factors of human umbilical cord stromal cells induce differentiation and neurite extension through PI3K and independent of cAMP pathway. Ann Neurosci 2015, 22(2), 97-106.

Though TF mediated protection is known, the exact mechanism of protection is not clear. So, here the essential TFs (secreted by HUMS cells) and the pathway of induction of neurite extension, differentiation and networking is addressed. The HUMS cells from the human umbilical cord matrix were derived and the mouse spinal cord motor neuron cell line, NSC-34 was extensively used. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, RT- PCR, western blot, ELISA and antibody/inhibitor treatment were carried out to figure out the TF pathway. The HUMS cells secrete six neurotrophic factors (sTFs), namely, NT-3, NGF, BDNF, VEGF, IGF-1 and GDNF (TFs). These TFs are sufficient to induce differentiation, neurite extension and neural networking in a motor neuron cell line, NSC34. All the 5 TFs need to be neutralized simultaneously with their antibodies to abrogate neurite extension. These motor neurons express the concomitant receptors, which are either receptor tyrosine kinase (TrK) coupled or to the receptor followed by the TrKs, for the above trophic factors (except for BDNF). The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K252a, drastically reduces neurite extension. In NSC34, the TFs are coupled to the PI3K-Akt-pathway and the RAS-MAP kinase signaling through phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2. PI3K inhibitor, Ly 294002, abolishes neural differentiation and neurite extension. Thus, differentiation, neurite extension and networking could be achieved through the PI3K pathway. Intriguingly, the cAMP second messenger system coupling was not required. H89, PKA-inhibitor caused extensive cell death. But, had no effect in the presence of HUMS-secreted-TFs(HSTFs) suggesting a pathway switch for cell survival itself. HUMS cells and their secreted factors could be of great use in regenerative medicine (RM). The activators of PI3K pathway, the major route of these HUMS-TFs action could be explored in RM and in the neurobiology of neural differentiation and extension.

7 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

013136   Agwa O K;Osakuade F O;Ossai-Chidi L N (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Biological sciences, College of Natural and applied science, P.M.B.5323, Port Harcourt) : Microbiological assessment and antimicrobial properties of calabash chalk. Int J Sci Nat 2015, 6(1), 36-9.

Deliberate consumption of clay is common among Africans and in South Asia. Apart from the traditional practices involving the use of clay, nanoclays such as calabash chalk have found use in nanomedicine, essentially in the form of nanocomposite when exfoliated and organically modified. Microbial evaluation of commercially available calabash chalk showed a heterotrophic count ranging from 1.0-2.1 x 10^{4 CFU/g, frequency of organisms isolated included; Staphylococcus sp. (36%), Escherichia coli and Citrobacter sp. (20% each), Bacillus sp. (16%) and Clavibacter sp. (8%) with the following fungal isolates; Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp. (25% each), Mucor sp., Saccharomyces sp. (10% each) and Rhizopus sp. (5%). Antibacterial activity of the calabash chalk against selected pathogens was determined at various concentrations using well-in-agar diffusion and disk diffusion methods. Concentrations of 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml had the highest inhibitory activities on all the test isolates, concentrations from 6.25mg/ml to 25mg/ml had very little or no inhibitory activity on the test isolates. Streptococcus sp., Candida sp. and Klebsiella sp. were the organisms with the highest zone of inhibitions among the test isolates.}

3 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

013135   Agrawal S (Zoology Dep, Bhilai Mahavidyalaya, Hospital Sector, Bhilainagar, Chhattisgarh) : Effect of embelin on reproductive organs of male albino rats. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 5(1 spl), 1-6.

Embelia ribes Burm (vern.Vidang,Virang,Baivirang,Sanskrit-Kirmighan, chitratundal), a member of family Myrsinaceae, has been reported to possess antioxidant and antifertility activity both in the crude powdered berries as well as in petroleum ether and methanol extracts. Embelin (2,5 Dihydroxy 3-Undicyl, 1-4 benzoquinone) isolated from the berries and administered Sub cutaneously to different groups of rats at doses of 0.4& 0.5 mg/kg body weight for 28 days and 35 days resulted in considerable reduction in the wet weight of testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate gland. Arrest of spermatogenesis accompanied by large number of empty, collapsed or atrophic seminiferous tubules. Intensely eosinophilic germ cells having 2-9 nuclei and more than one giant cell were observed. Embelin altered the histology of caput and cauda epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate. The compound is suggested to possess antiandrogenic and antifertility activity in male albino rats.

13 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

013134   Acquaye D O;Mensah B A;Padi B (Biology Education Dep, Univ of Education, Winneba, Ghana, Email: kojoosam@yahoo.com) : Biological characteristics of two species of cocoa mirids reared on Desplatsia dewevrei(De Wild&Th. Dur.) in the laboratory. Int J Sci Nat 2015, 6(1), 12-18.

Studies were conducted on the development of two cocoa mirids. Sahlbergella singularis Hagl., and Distantiella theobroma Dist., on Desplatsia dewevrei and on cocoa pods, and the suitability of using the fruits to mass rear these cocoa mirids. Fertility, survival, longevity, number of instars and duration, sex ratio and feeding preferences were determined. A newly emerged adult female and two males of either species of mirids were isolated and fed different stages of maturity of the fruits of D. dewevrei. S. singularis laid eggs which hatched into nymphs, went through five nymphal stages and emerged as adults on only ripe fruits. D. theobroma could not reproduce on any of the stages of D. dewevrei fruits. Mortality in the nymphs of S. singularis was highest at the first instar but this reduced considerably as the nymphs got older. The mean longevities of 13.8 and 10.1 days were recorded for adult female and male respectively. The sex ratio varied from 1: 1.5 to 1: 2.5 (male: female). However, adults of D. theobroma that emerged from field collected specimen on the averaged lived 14.0 days in females and 12.0 days in males. Both species of mirids fed on all the stages of the fruits but fed more on the ripe fruits. Cocoa pods could not support the development of the two mirid species due to fungal rot. The fruits were found to contain protein and sugar. The biological characteristics observed in this study have shown that ripe fruits of D. dewevrei could be used to mass rear S. singularis in the laboratory but further work need to be done on that of D. theobroma.

9 tables, 20 ref

013133   Abarikwu S O (Chemical Sciences Dep, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's Univ, Redemption City, Ogun, Nigeria) : Protective effect of quercetin on atrazine-induced oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, brain, and heart of adult wistar rats. Toxic int 2014, 21(2), 148-55.

Objective is to evaluate the effect of quercetin at doses of 5 mg/kg (Q5) or 10 mg/kg (Q10) against atrazine (120 mg/kg, ATZ)-induced oxidative stress in various tissues of rats. Adult male albino Wistar rats were administered ATZ, Q5, and Q10 alone or in combination for 16 days. At the end of the 16th day, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; and the blood, heart, brain, kidney and liver were collected and used for biochemical determinations and histopathological examination. Q10 but not Q5 attenuated ATZ-induced increase in the levels of serum enzyme markers sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The heart was less susceptible to ATZ-induced oxidative stress than the liver, kidney, and brain of treated animals, and there were tendencies for synergistic effects in the heart and liver of Q5 + ATZ-treated rats. Oxidative stress-induced by ATZ in terms of increased lipid peroxidation level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased in the brain of the Q5 + ATZ-treated rats but not that of the Q10 + ATZ-treated rats. Conversely, histopathological changes and oxidative stress-induced by ATZ in terms of elevated lipid peroxidation level, decreased SOD, and catalase (CAT) activities were prevented in the kidney and liver of the Q10 + ATZ-treated rats but not that of the Q5 + ATZ-treated rats. Quercetin at the investigated doses and especially the low dose may not protect against ATZ-induced oxidative stress in rat tissues in an overall sense.

5 illus, 2 tables, 47 ref

012225   Vishnu K V;Ajeesh Kumar K K;Asha K K; Remyakumari K R;Ganesan B;Anandan R;Chatterjee N S;Mathew S (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P.O. Matsyapuri, Cochin-682 029, Email: vishnukalladath@gmail.com) : Protective effects of Echinorhinus brucus liver oil against induced inflammation and ulceration in rats. Fish Technol 2015, 52(4), 252-7.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activities of Bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were examined in rats. The oil showed significant proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the percentages of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) being 16 and 18% respectively. The study also revealed that liver oil had a very favourable n3:n6 ratio of 4.7. Oral administration of shark liver oil at 1g kg-1 concentration significantly attenuated the formalin-induced paw edema in experimental rats. It exerted potent anti-ulcer effect against acid-ethanol mixturemediated lesion formation in the rat gastric mucosa.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

012224   Ravikumar H;Puttaraju H P (Biological Sciences, School of Natural Science, Jnanabharathi Campus, Bangalore Univ, Bengaluru) : Molecular phylogenetic affiliation of Wolbachia and phage WO among Mansonia Mosquitoes from Kerala, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2015, 52(3), 257-60.

2 illus, 18 ref

012223   Ranijbar R;Goudarzi M M;Nounaidi N (Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah Univ of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran) : Lactobacillus acidophilus and assessment for its antiviral effect against herpes simplex virus type I. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2015, 12(2), 1351-6.

Prevalence of diverse genital infections among women and their increasing resistance to antibiotics has motivated researchers to study the use of probiotics to prevent and treat them. Samples of vaginal discharge were collected from healthy married women. The types of lactobacilli present were identified by biochemical and molecular testing. The antiviral properties of a culture supernatant of wild species or strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 on the standard strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was evaluated. L. acidophilus culture supernatant significantly decreased the amount of plaque produced by HSV- 1 on cells. Similar results were obtained for the standard strain. The inhibitory effect of the wild L. acidophilus did not require the production of H₂O₂ or H^{+ ions of the standard strain or an acidic environment. L. acidophilus was able to control HSV-1 without producing H2O2 or H+ ions or acidifying the environment. The inhibitory property of virus is most likely related to production of active metabolites.}

2 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

012222   Panjaitan R G P;Zulfan (Biology Education Dep, Tanjungpura Univ, Pontianak, Indonesia, Email: ruqiah.gpp@gmail.com ) : The effect of administration of Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack.) roots to haematological profile of lactating mice. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2015, 14(2), 231-5.

The roots of Pasak bumi have been used as a traditional medicine as tonic after childbirth in Indonesia. However, the usefulness of its is still empiric. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of pasak bumi roots methanol extract and its derived fraction to haematological profile of lactating mice. Each mouse was administered methanol extract and its derived fractions (n-hexane fraction, chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol-water fraction) at dose 500 mg/kg rat body weight for 21 consecutive days in lactation period. Positive control group received Moloco+B12 at dose 0.13 gm/kg rat body weight, negative control (placebo) group received 2 mL/kg rat body weight of aquadest daily, and normal control group. There were no significant differences in erythrocytes count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit value among the groups during the study (p<62>0.05). On the contrary, leukocytes count of methanol extract was higher than normal control, placebo, positive control, and derived fractions of methanol extract (p<60> 0.05), but the differentiation of leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) were not significantly different (p<62>0.05). It can be concluded that the methanol extract haematological profile is more similar to physiological value.

2 tables, 42 ref