017246   Mishra A;Sharma K P (Microbiology Dep, FASC, Mody Univ of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan) : Isolation and characterization of probiotic microganism from fermented dairy products. GERF Bull Biosci 2014, 5(1), 10-14.

Gut microflora is considered very important for maintenance of human health. The inherent growth of these microorganisms is also related to diet. Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria are of prime importance in this respect. Milk and fermented dairy products are considered as very good source of these microorganisms. Thus, an investigation is carried out to isolate and characterize a potential probiotic bacterium from some commonly consumed food materials. In the present study a bacterium was obtained from fermented dairy product was identified as Lactobacillus casei. The isolate showed potential as a probiotic owing to its antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial potential and ability to survive under acidic environment.

3 tables, 21 ref

017245   Lu Z;Lai Z;Du M J (Pathophysiology Dep, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical Univ, Shen Yang, 110 01, China, Email: luxmei@hotmail.com) : Protection of Salvia miltiorrhiza against acute sodium nitrite poisoning in mice. Indian J Anim Res 2014, 48(5), 464-8.

The present study evaluated the protection of Salvia miltiorrhiza injection against acute sodium nitrite poisoning in mice. Forty male C57 mice were randomly divided into control group, sodium nitrite poisoning group (SN), Methylene blue (MB) and Salvia miltiorrhizae (SM) group. In SN, MB and SM group, 200 mg/kg sodium nitrite was injected intraperitoneal. Mice in MB and SM group were given 1.5mg/kg Methylene blue and 0.2ml Salvia miltiorrhiza injection immediately after sodium nitrite injection respectively. Mice in SN and SM group demonstrated higher blood methemoglobin and Serum TNFα and IL-6 but lower IL-10 levels than control group (P<60> 0.05). HE and TUNEL staining showed developed histological damage accompanied with increased apoptosis in heart, lung, liver and kidney. But the values were much less severe in MB and SM group than those in SN group (P<60> 0.05). The results of this study showed that Salvia miltiorrhizae injection reduced tissue injury induced by sodium nitrite effectively.

1 table, 17 ref

017244   Jeppu U;Namitha J;Sneha Satya;Amrutha K P (Microbiology Dep, Kasturba Medical College, Light House Hill Road, Manipal Univ, Mangalore-575 001, Email: udayalaxmi68@gmail.com) : Microbiological evaluation of Ultra-High-Temperature (UHT)- Treated milk close to expiry date and routine home practices for preservation of milk. Indian J community Med 2015, 40(3), 174-6.

As milk is an excellent medium for growth of microorganisms, milk gets contaminated very easily leading to its early spoilage and to milk-borne diseases. To compare the quality of pasteurized milk with milk cooker-treated milk and to compare the quality of fresh ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk with that of UHT milk close to expiry date. Samples of pasteurized milk, milk heated in milk cooker, fresh UHT milk, and UHT milk nearing expiry date were tested by methylene blue reduction test, coliform test, and colony count test. The results were analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. All milk samples passed the methylene blue test and UHT-treated milk passed the coliform test also. Out of the 30 fresh pasteurized milk samples, seven (23.3%) passed the coliform test; but the same after milk cooker treatment, 16 (53.3%) passed the coliform test (P <60> 0.05). Fourteen (46.6%) out of 30 fresh pasteurized milk samples failed the colony count test, but the same after milk cooker treatment only eight (26.6%) failed the test (P = 0.583). Only seven out of the 60 UHT milk samples failed the colony count test and out of these six (20%) were close to expiry date (P <60> 0.05). Milk cooker-treated milk appears to be safer than the fresh pasteurized milk. Fresh UHT-treated milk is safer then UHT milk close to expiry date.

2 illus, 7 ref

017243   Halder D;Paswan K A;Chowdhury A;Biswas E;Basu M (Microbiology Dep, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, 6 Riverside Road and 85 Middle Road, Barrackpore, Kolkatta-700 120, Email: drmalini.basu@gmail.com) : Characterization and cell immobilization of a potent amylase producing mesophilic soil bacteria Bacillus cereus strain BRSC-S-A26MB. J mycopathol Res 2014, 52(1), 11-19.

Modern biotechnological approach utilizes microbial enzymes having a wide variety of industrial application. Among these enzymes, α-amylase has a high demand in industries such as Pharmaceuticals, textiles, food processing etc. Considering the importance of microbial amy-lase, this study has been focused on isolating, characterizing and identifying potent amylase producing organisms from a natural source like soil. Soil samples were used for isolation of bacteria on nutrient agar which were then screened for their amylase producing ability. Among 71 isolates, 35 isolates were able to produce α-amylase enzyme. Four of them showed high to moderate responses which were further checked for amylase production quantitatively. However, only one of the strains was found to be the best producer of amylase. Hence it was chosen for further characterization. The microorganism was characterized by biochemical tests and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. It was an aerobic, mesophilic, endospore forming, Gram-positive, short rod, capable of fermenting glucose, hydrolyzing gelatin and was positive for simmon citrate, methyl red, catalase and urease tests. It showed 99% homology with Bacillus cereus. The organism was hence designated as 6. cereus strain BRSC-S-A26MB (KC460310). Optimum pH and temperature for the growth of the organism was found to be 7.0 and 37°C respectively. B. cereus strain BRSC-S-A26MB showed varying response to heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic sensitivity. It was found that the organism attained late stationary phase of growth in the 72 h, where the enzyme production was maximum (3197.15 U/ml). Enhancement of the enzyme production was observed with immobilized cells when compared to free cells.

7 illus, 1 table, 35 ref

017242   ElNaggar R A;ElDenshary E E;Zaki H F;Haroun E;Shaker O (Pharmacology and Toxicology Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mis R Univ for Science and Technology, 6th October, El mota maiz, Cairo, Egypt) : Effects of A-Lipoic acid and sitagliptin on fructose- induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2015, 4(5), 160-78.

Four groups of rats (n=12) were fed on fructose-enriched diet (FED) for 14 weeks followed by single i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ). One served as FED-control while the remaining groups received α-lipoic acid (100 mg/kg. p.o.), sitagliptin (10 mg/kg. p.o.) or their combination, respectively, for the last 4 weeks. A fifth group was fed with on normal diet (normal control). At the end of the study systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured, blood samples were collected for estimation of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin resistance (IR), insulin sensitivity (IS), β-cell functions (BCF), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C), malondialdehyde (MDA) and uric acid as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Induction of MS resulted in significant increases in SBP, FBG, FINS, IR, TG, TC, LDL-C, MDA and uric acid. Meanwhile it resulted in a significant decrease in IS, BCF as well as SOD and GST activities. Treatment of rats with ALA resulted in decreased SBP, FBG, IR, TG, TC, LDL-C, MDA and uric acid. Meanwhile it increased FINS, BCF, HDL-C levels and SOD activity. Treatment of rats with Sita showed more or less comparable results to ALA. Moreover, their combination further improved MS markers. The results indicate that FED could induce IR which could further result in MS. The use of antioxidants as ALA could improve the antidiabetic activity of Sita in animal models of MS.

3 illus, 2 tables, 83 ref

017241   Dutta A;Kar S;Apte A;Nopen I;Constales D (Biomath, Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent Univ, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Email: abhishek.dutta@kuleuven.be) : Generalized cellular automata approach to modeling first order enzyme kinetics. Sadhana 2015, 40(2), 411-23.

Biochemical processes occur through intermediate steps which are associated with the formation of reaction complexes. These enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reactions are inhibited in a number of ways such as inhibitors competing for the binding site directly, inhibitors deforming the allosteric site or inhibitors changing the structure of active substrate. Using an in silico approach, the concentration of various reaction agents can be monitored at every single time step, which are otherwise difficult to analyze experimentally. Cell-based models with discrete state variables, such as Cellular Automata (CA) provide an understanding of the organizational principles of interacting cellular systems to link the individual cell (microscopic) dynamics wit a particular collective (macroscopic) phenomenon. In this study, a CA model representing a first order enzyme kinetics with inhibitor activity is formulated. The framework of enzyme reaction rules described in this study is probabilistic. An extended von Neumann neighborhood with periodic boundary condition is implemented on a two-dimensional (2D) lattice framework. The effect of lattice-size variation is studied followed by a sensitivity analysis of the model output to the probabilistic parameters which represent various kinetic reaction constants in the enzyme kinetic model. This provides a deeper insight into the sensitivity of the CA model to these parameters. It is observed that cellular automata can capture the essential features of a discrete real system, consisting of space, time and state, structured with simple local rules without making complex implementations but resulting in complex but explainable patterns.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

017240   Dhanasekaran S V;Joyce M E;Krishnan G;Abilash K C;Komathi R (ENT Dep, VMKVMCH, Salem) : Assessment of eustachian tube funtion before and after cleft palate repair. Int J Med Hlth Sci 2015, 4(4), 462-6.

To assess the Eustachian tube function before and after cleft palate repair. A longitudinal study was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology, at Kirupananda Variyar Medical College during the period of October 2012 to October 2014. A total of 50 patients with cleft palate were examined. Tympanometric analysis was done to study subjects before and after cleft palate repair. The patients underwent surgery for cleft palate repair. The parametric variables measured before and after palatoplasty were analysed using paired 't' test and for all non parametric variables Man-Whitney 'U' test was applied for analysis. The compliance of middle ear, middle ear pressure and middle ear reflex showed a statistic ally significant improvement in both the ears after the surgical correction for cleft palate. After the cleft palate repair the tympanogram showed that the type A graph among the patients were increased and type B and C graph were decreased and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p<60>.05). An overall hearing profile for the children with cleft lip and palate should be conducted before 5 years and early intervention is recommended as hearing loss in childhood could affect speech and language development as well as scholastic performance.

5 tables, 21 ref

017239   Amin K A;Al-muzafar H M;Elsttar A H A (Chemistry Dep, College of Science, Dammam Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: kaothman@uod.edu.sa) : Effect of sweetener and flavoring agent on oxidative indices, liver and kidney function levels in rats. Indian J expl Biol 2016, 54(1), 56-63.

Food additives while attract consumers, improve quality, control weight and replace sugar, may affect seriously children and adults health. Here, we investigated the adverse effects of saccharin and methylsalicyltaes as sweetener and flavoring agent on lipid profile, blood glucose, renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress/antioxidants (lipid peroxidation, catalase and reduced glutathione in liver tissues). Saccharin and methylsalicylate were administered orally in young male albino rats at low and high dose for 30 days. Rats were divided into 5 groups, 1st control group, 2nd and 3rd (low and high saccharin-treated groups) and 4th and 5th (low and high methylsalicylate-treated group). Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose levels and body weight gain were found decreased in saccharin high dose group compared to control. Rats consumed high dose of saccharin showed a significant decrease in serum triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL levels. Low and high doses of saccharin exhibited a significant increase in liver function marker of ALT, AST, ALP activity, total proteins and albumin levels and renal function test (urea and creatinine levels) in comparison with control group. Further, saccharin at high dose induced significant decrease in liver GSH levels, catalase and SOD activity and increase in hepatic MDA level. Overall saccharin harmfully altered biochemical markers in liver and kidney at higher as well as lower doses. Whereas, methyl salicylates did not pose a risk for renal function and hepatic oxidative markers

3 tables, 54 ref

017238   Abuelhassan N N;Mutalib S A;Salih N K M; Yusoff W M W (School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Univ Kebangsaan, Malaysia, Email: nawalnoureldaim@yahoo.com) : Prevalence and virulence factors of shiga toxin producing E. coli isolated from raw meat. Ecol Envir Conserv 2015, 21(4), 2131-42.

Raw meat rich in protein, nitrogen compounds, high water activity and amino acids is a good medium for microbial growth. Microbiological safety of raw meat is of importance globally due to possibility of transmission of pathogens to both consumers and other food. Among the pathogens implicated in raw meat is Escherichia coli which normally live in the intestines of animals and humans. Although most E. coli are harmless but some E. coli are pathogenic which they can cause diarrhea. Transmission has been attributed to fecal-oral route, by consuming undercooked, contaminated ground beef, swimming in or drinking contaminated water, and eating contaminated vegetables. In both developing and developed countries, E. coli and shiga toxin producing E. coli infections are becoming very important food-borne disease due to various outbreaks of these pathogens. This current paper reviews occurrence, prevalence, epidemiology and virulence factors in E. coli and shiga toxin producing E. coli isolated from raw meat samples and recommendation for future research.

1 illus, 2 tables, 89 ref

016347   Yashpal;Rathod D R;Devi J;Kumar A;Mukherjee K;Cheruku D;Chandra S;Lal S K;Talukdar A (Genetics Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: atalukdar@iari.res.in) : Genomic variation studies in Glycine max and Glycine soja using SSR markers. Curr Sci 2015, 109(11), 1929-31.

3 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

016346   Singh S;Krishna T H A;Kamalraj S;Kuriakose G C;Valayil J M;Jayabaskaran C (Biochemistry Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560 012) : Phytomedicinal importance of Saraca asoca (Ashoka): and exciting past, an emerging present and a promising future. Curr Sci 2015, 109(10), 1790-1803.

Since the dawn of civilization, natural resources have remained the mainstay of various remedial approaches of humans vis-a-vis a large number of illnesses. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde (Saraca indica L.) belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae has been regarded as a universal panacea in old Indian Ayurvedic texts and has especially been used to manage gynaecological complications and infections besides treating haemmorhagic dysentery, uterine pain, bacterial infections, skin problems, tumours, worm infestations, cardiac and circulatory problems. Almost all parts of the plant are considered pharmacologically valuable. Extensive folkloric practices and ethnobotanical applications of this plant have even lead to the availability of several commercial S. asoca formulations recommended for different indications though adulteration of these remains a pressing concern. Though a wealth of knowledge on this plant is available in both the classical and modern literature, extensive research on its phytomedicinal worth using state-of-the-art tools and methodologies is lacking. Recent reports on bioprospecting of S. asoca endophytic fungi for industrial bioproducts and useful pharmacologically relevant metabolites provide a silver lining to uncover single molecular bio-effectors from its endophytes. Here, we describe socio-ethnobotanical usage, present the current pharmacological status and discuss potential bottlenecks in harnessing the proclaimed phytomedicinal worth of this prescribed Ayurvedic medicinal plant. Finally, we also look into the possible future of the drug discovery and pharmaceutical R&D efforts directed at exploring its pharma legacy.

3 tables, 109 ref

016345   Prasanna G;Chitra M (Biochemistry PG and Research Dep, Sengamala Thayar Educational Trust Women's College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur Dt, Tamil Nadu, Email: prasannakeertana@yahoo.in) : In vitro antioxidant activity of Drynaria quercifolia L. Rhizome. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(7), 3061-6.

Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Drynaria quercifolia rhizome at different concentrations (100, 200 and 300μg/ml) were studied in various in vitro models. Results were compared with standard ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity of extract was increased with the increasing concentration. The order of antioxidant potential according to models were found to be highest in nitric oxide scavenging activity followed by total antioxidant activity, reducing power assay and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. IC50 values were found to be 180, 230, 230 and 240μg/ml respectively in nitric oxide scavenging activity, total antioxidant assay, reducing power assay, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. In conclusion, the results of present analysis demonstrated that Drynaria quercifolia rhizome possess potential antioxidant activity, and could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants.

33 ref

016344   Nayak A R;Lande N H;Kawle A P;Kabra D P; Chandak N H;Purohit H J;Taori G M;Daginawala H F;Kashyap R S (Biochemistry Research Centre, Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur-440 010, Email: raj_ciims@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of peptide-based approach for estimation of NSE and S-100ββ towards the development of a cost-effective test for prognosis of AIS patients. Curr Sci 2015, 109(8), 1466-7.

Here we compare the in-house ELISA technique for estimation of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100ββ (glial-specific protein) peptides with a commercial kit in serum samples of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients. Nineteen improved and four expired AIS patients were included for the study. NSE concentrations were significantly higher (P <60> 0.05) in expired as compared with improved AIS patients by both inhouse ELISA and commercial kit method. Estimation of S-100ββ by only in-house ELISA showed significantly high (P <60> 0.05) levels in expired AIS patients. Peptide-based estimation of NSE and S-100ββ may be used for prognosis of AIS patients.

1 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

016343   Mondal N;Engtipi L (Anthropology Dep, Assam Univ, Diphu Campus, Karbi Anglong-782 462, Assam, Email: nitishanth@gmail.com) : Use of mid upper-arm circumference-of-age as a screening measure of wasting: A case of undernutrition among Karbi tribal children (1-5 years) of Assam, Northeast India. Tribal Hlth Bull 2014, 21(2), 23-31.

The prevalence of childhood undernutrition is considered a significant determinant of adverse health effect in children who survive to adulthood. The objectives of the present study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition based on MUAC and to compare the prevalence of undernutrition trends among tribal Karbi children of Northeast India. The present community based cross-sectional study was carried out among Karbi children aged 1-5 years of Karbi Anglong district of Assam. A total of 809 children (425 boys; 384 girls) were selected using a multistage stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurement of MUAC was obtained following standard procedure. The prevalence of undernutritionl status was assessed by computing age-and sex-specific z-scores by comparing with the WHO reference population of the same age and sex, using WHO Anthro (version 3.2.2.). Children with a z-score value <60>-3SD and <60>-2 SD from the reference were considered to be severely and moderately undernourished respectively. The overall prevalence of wasting was found to be 33.18% and 32.29% among boys and girls respectively (p<62>0.01). The sex-specific overall moderate prevalence of wasting was found insignificantly (p<62>0.05) greater among girls (19.27%) than boys (18.82%), but severe wasting was greater among boys (15.35%) than girls (13.02%). The severity of the undernutrition related to the public health using conventional anthropometric index of MUAC showed very high wasting <62> 15.00% among Indian children. There is urgent need for nutritional intervention to addressed the public health problem especially undernutrition among children.

1 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

016342   Kolay S K (Anthropology & Tribal Studies, Bastar Univ, Dharampura, Jagdalpur, Bastar-494 005, Email: skkolay2001@yahoo.co.in) : Forest biodiversity, nutrition and tribal health. Tribal Hlth Bull 2014, 21(2), 32-57.

Forest ecosystem contributes to the diets and subsistence of forest dwellers and in increasingly market oriented economies they provide a significant portion of food and medicines consumed by the rural and urban population. Recognizing that the sustainable use of forest resources is essential for local livelihoods and the well being of Sahariya-a primitive tribal group of Sheopur forest division of Madhya Pradesh, provides a foundation for investment in conservation of biodiversity and its integration with objectives of poverty reduction, food security and disease reduction in development policies. However, it is necessary to demonstrate that biodiversity is indispensable for combating malnutrition and diseases of vulnerable Sahariya population in Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh of unprecedented population growth and resource demand. This article outlines key components of the link between forest biodiversity and the viability of contemporary food system.

1 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

016341   Kaspate D;Ziyaurrahman A R;Saldanha T;More P; Toraskar S;Darak K;Rohankhedkar S;Narkhede S (NO, , S.No.229/2, "Sopandev" Buildg., Opp. '"KESAR Sonigara" Buildh., Chhatrapati Chowk, Kaspate Wasti, Wakad, Pune-411 057, Email: dkaspate@gmail.com) : To study an aphrodisiac activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Withania somnifera dried roots in female wistar rats. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(7), 2820-36.

Female sexual dysfunction is a complicated disorder and mostly ignored. Worldwide, reduced sexual function occur in all ages but largest reduction is seen in menopausal women. Now, in the market various conventional medicines are available but they have various side effects and are less efficacious. Therefore the scientists diverted towards the medicinal plants claimed in the traditional systems of medicines. Withania somnifera, one of the plants from Ayurvedic medicinal system has been traditionally claimed to enhance the sexual activity in male and female. In females, it has not been scientifically documented like study on male sexual dysfunction. So, in the present study hydroalcoholic extract of dried roots of Withania somnifera (100, 200 and 300mg/kg/day, p.o. for 21 days) was investigated for increase in sexual activity in tubal ligated female rats (150-200g). Readings for sexual behaviours were taken on 11th and 21th day by using automated runway and Copulatory arena apparatus. At the end of the study female rats were decapitated, blood samples were collected for estimation of serum estradiol level and different organs like vagina, uterine horn and ovary were removed for histopathology. The results showed increase in sexual behaviours, hormonal level and normal histology of genital organs of female rats.

47 ref

016340   Jhariya J;Gautam R K;Sharma A N (Anthropology Dep, Dr.Harisingh Gour Central Univ, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh-470 003, Email: drjyotijhariya@rediffmail.com) : Antenatal and postnatal practices among the Baiga of Mandla district Madhya Pradesh. Tribal Hlth Bull 2014, 21(2), 63-9.

Pregnancy among Baiga is considered as a natural phenomenon and survival of the child is considered as the will of the God, Often the death of a woman during childbirth is taken more seriously. For present investigation data was collected from 300 Baiga households of 14 villages of District Mandla of Madhya Pradesh. Different Anthropological techniques were used in data collection. The finding of the study indicates that large proportion of women face different health ailments after delivery and need specialized care. The problems reported by them were fever, persistent back pain, swelling etc. In case of post natal issue 25 % women seek treatment from Government institutions (PHC/CHC/Hospital), 19.4% responded that in case of post natal complication, they approach private practitioner. Still large proportion of women (36.1 %) practice home remedies and a meager proportion of women went to traditional healers (5.6 %). The study revealed that Baiga women still prefer Home delivery. This may be due to poor network of health infrastructure, corruption in the system and neglecting attitude of staff towards the tribal people.

6 illus, 24 ref

016339   Gberikon G M;Aguoru C U;Yandev D (Biological Sciences Dep, Agriculture Univ, Makurdi, Benue State of Nigeria) : Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Trichomonas vaginalis in relation to age distribution and marital status among patients attending four selected hospitals in Gboko, Benue state of Nigeria. Int J pure appl Sci Technol 2015, 29(1), 26-30.

Prevalence of urinary parasitic infections with emphasis on T. vaginalis and S. haematobium among patients attending four selected hospitals in Gboko viz: Mkar hospital, Myom hospital, General hospital and Division hospital all in Gboko Local Government area of Benue State Nigeria, was investigated. A total number of 400 urine samples (100 from each hospital) were aseptically collected into sterile specimen bottles. Samples were immediately transferred to Lens Gabriel School of Medical Laboratory Sciences Mkar, Benue State for microscopic analyses and examination. Data were analysed and presented using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on age and marital status, results showed that prevalence rate of trichomoniasis and schistosomiasis were highest among (C) that is age group 21years and above. In all the hospitals, prevalence rate of T. vaginalis was highest with 12% followed by S. haematobium with an infection rate of 11% among the married patients as compared to the single patients. In the case of co infection, prevalence rate was also highest in the married patients (2.5%) as opposed to the single patients (1.5%). There was no significant level of associations between urinary tract infections, age and marital status of patients with 95% confidence limit. This work has therefore provided baseline information on the prevalence of these two infections in the four hospitals in Gboko Local Government Area. Thus, there is need for urgent effective control measures.

2 illus, 10 ref

016338   Bhutia K O;Singh T S K;Adhikari L;Biswas S (Microbiology Dep, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, New Delhi, Email: shantikumar_singh@rediffmail.com) : Molecular characterization of community- &hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant & methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Sikkim. Indian J med Res 2015, 142(3), 330-5.

Total of 150 clinical isolates of S. aureus isolated from various clinical specimens were subjected to duplex (mec-A and pvl gene) and multiplex (SCCmec typing) PCR. Of the 150 isolates, 53 (35.33%) and 66 (44%) were positive for mec-A (MRSA) and pvl genes, respectively. Thirty eight (25.33%) met the definition of CA-MRSA and 15 (10%) of HA-MRSA and the remaining 63 (42%) and 34 (22.66%) as CA- and HA-MSSA, respectively. No significant difference was seen in the distribution of PVL toxin in MRSA and MSSA isolates, but it was significantly (P<60>0.001) high in overall MRSA isolates than in MSSA. The majority of the MRSA isolates showed a double amplification band of SCCmec type III plus V (54.71%), and only a fewer isolates were amplified by single DNA fragments of type I (1.88%), III (3.77%), IVa (1.88%) and V (11.32%). SCCmec types I, III, IVa, were found only in HA-MRSA isolates, whereas type V in both the CA- and HA-MRSA. AST pattern showed that 18.42 per cent (7/38) and 46.66 per cent (7/15) were multidrug resistant (MDR)-CA-MRSA and MDR-HA-MRSA, respectively. The present results show that SCCmec type V MRSA has been on the rise, and genotypic markers such as pvl gene detection used for the differentiation of these clinically distinct isolates of MRSA may not be reliable.

3 illus, 31 ref

016337   Bhardwaj V;Nehra S;Bansal A;Saxena S;Singh M; Saraswat D (Experimental Biology Dep, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science, New Delhi-110 054, Email: deepika_saras@yahoo.com) : Effect of amlodipine in ameliorating the hypobaric hypoxia induced neuronal damages and dysfunction. Int J pharm Sci Res 2015, 6(7), 2770-80.

Calcium accumulation and calcium overload in the intracellular organelles has been known to be the main reason for cellular abnormalities related to oxidative stress. The study deals with the effects of an important calcium channel blocker (CCB)amlodipine in countering the hypoxia induced oxidative stress, in vitro and in vivo. We examined the intracellular calcium changes along with Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS), lipid peroxidation by malondialdehyde(MDA) and reduced glutathione levels(GSH). Amlodipine displayed its maximum efficacy in attenuating oxidative damage during hypoxic insult of 0.5% hypoxia for 24 hours at concentration of 12.5nM. Amlodipine was also found effective in controlling apoptosis by maintaining Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Cox-2 and VEGF levels significantly offering neuroprotective activity in N2a cells.In hypobaric hypoxia subjected (25,000 ft, 280mmHg and 28°C for 24 h) Sprague Dawley (S/D) rats, intracellular calcium levels were found to be lowered significantly in amlodipine treated group (10mg kg^{-1 body weight) when compared to control group. Vascular leakage and brain water content were also found to be significantly decreased upon treatment with amlodipine compared to control animals. Similarly, antioxidant status significantly improved in brain and was evaluated using ROS, MDA and GSH levels. These results suggest a protective role of amlodipine against oxidative damage and edema formed in response to hypobaric hypoxia.}

30 ref

016336   Begum S;Donta B;Nair S;Prakasam C P (Biostatistics Dep, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai) : Socio-demographic factors associated with domestic violence in urban slums, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Indian J med Res 2015, 141(6), 783-8.

Community based cross-sectional household survey was carried out among eligible women for the study during September 2012 to January 2013. A total of 1137 currently married women aged 18-39 yr with unmet need for family planning and having at least one child were selected using cluster systematic random sampling from two urban slums. Information on socio-demographic, reproductive and domestic violence was collected through face-to-face interview using a pretested structured questionnaire after obtaining informed written consent. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to find the socio-demographic factors associated with ever experienced domestic violence among women. The prevalence of women ever experiencing domestic violence in the community was 21.2 per cent. Women whose husband consumed alcohol [RR: 2.17, (95% CI: 1.58-2.98)] were significantly at an increased risk of ever experiencing domestic violence than their counterparts. Risk of domestic violence was twice [RR: 2.00, (95% CI: 1.35-2.96)] for women who justified wife beating than women who did not justify wife beating. The findings showed that domestic violence was prevalent in urban slums. Factors like early marriage, working status, justified wife beating and husbands use of alcohol were significantly associated with domestic violence.

3 tables, 36 ref

015172   Tigga P;Joardar S N;Banerjee D;Samanta I; Isore D P;Bayabyal K;Dey S (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal Univ of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037) : Detection of bluetongue virus vector and its characteristics in Jharkhand. Indian J Anim Hlth 2015, 54(1), 9-16.

Present surveillance study was conducted to detect the prevalent species of Culicoides midges, an important vector of bluetongue virus, in different districts (viz. Hazaribag, Ranchi and Khunti) of Jharkhand state of India covering central and north eastern plateau agro-climatic zone. Habitat of the midges was noted and meteriological parameters were anaysed to correlate the breeding and propagation potentiality of the midges in those areas. The principal habitat of Culicoides midges were sheds of sheep, goat, cattle or buffalo and decomposed manure. Dirty manger, cracked walls and open drainage system were also noticed to be habitat of midges. The data indicated that conducive environment for multiplication and propagation of Culicoides existed in different districts of Jharkhand, at least in studied areas. Culicoides oxystoma being observed to be more than 85% in each catch may be considered as the predominant species in these districts of Jharkhand for the first time.

2 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

015171   Suryanarayan T S;Gopalan V;Sahal D;Sanyal K (NO, Vivekananada Institute of Tropical Mycology, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Chennai-600 004, Email: t_sury2002@yahoo.com) : Establishing a national fungal genetic resource to enhance the bioeconomy. Curr Sci 2015, 109(6), 1033-7.

Global conservation activities of animals and plants to protect endangered species are laudable. Similarly, various national and international bodies have recognized the value of preserving different types of microbes, the 'hidden-constituents' that are present in all habitats. However, conservation of microbial biodiversity has generally not been a priority in the world. We present a roadmap for creating a national genetic resource for fungi, whose diversity reflects their remarkable fitness for the rich and varied habitats and environments in India. In addition to offering fine prospects for research-based higher education, this national asset will accelerate technology development and the bioeconomy.

2 illus, 32 ref

015170   Sen A;Das M;Basu S;Datta G (Physiology Dep, Rammohan College, Kolkata, West Bengal, Email: dattagp@yahoo.co.in) : Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among Kolkata-based policemen: a sociophysiological study. Int J med Sci pub Hlth 2015, 4(2), 225-32.

Objective is to determine the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among the policemen of a metropolitan city, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. A total of 916 men (policemen = 507, civilian = 409) were randomly selected from different regions of central Kolkata, and the age ranged from 20 to 60 years. Blood pressure, anthropometric parameters, lifestyle pattern, and family history of hypertension were recorded. All statistical computations were performed with SPSS, version 20.0. The prevalence of hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, or use of antihypertensive drugs] was observed among 32.5% of policemen, which was significantly higher when compared with the civilians (P <60> 0.01). Behavioral habits and obesity indices were also higher among the policemen (P <60> 0.05). Regression analysis identified age, body mass index (BMI), SBP, history of parental hypertension, and consumption of smokeless tobacco as the risk factors of hypertension. As obtained from receiver-operating characteristics analysis, the suggested cutoff values for BMI were 23.64 (kg/m^{2), for age 47.53 year, and for SBP 135 mm Hg. The findings revealed that notable numbers of Kolkata-based policemen are hypertensive than civilians and lifestyle modification along with healthcare strategies must be planned for this special population.}

4 illus, 4 tables, 37 ref

015169   Roy S V;Hajare S N;Gautam S;Deobagkar D; Sharma A (Centre of Advanced Studies, Zoology Dep, Pune Univ, Pune-411 007, Email: dddeo@unipune.ac.in) : Sporulation- associated mother cell lysis in bacillus displays markers of programmed cell death. Curr Sci 2015, 109(7), 1283-92.

Sporulation in Bacillus sp. requires the death of spore mother cell that has been hypothesized to be genetically programmed. However, there is lack of conclusive evidence supporting this hypothesis. The present study provides evidence showing expression of programmed cell death (PCD)-specific markers such as activation of caspase-3, externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) detected by annexin V-FITC binding through flow cytometry, and damage to DNA evaluated by TUNEL assay during sporulation in B. subtilis and B. megaterium. Addition of cell-permeable irreversible inhibitor of caspase-3 was found to inhibit the sporulation process as also the caspase-3 activity and PS externalization. These findings were further revalidated using sporulation-deficient-mutants of B. subtilis, created using chemical mutagenesis. These mutants were found to be deficient in caspase-3 activity as well as the extent of PS externalization. Wildtype B. subtilis cells were found to have extracellular metal-dependent DNAse activity, which decreased in sporulation-deficient mutants. These findings provide evidence for the existence and association of markers of PCD during sporulation-associated mother cell lysis in Bacillus sp.

3 illus, 31 ref

015168   Moolchandani A;Sareen M (Veterinary Biochemistry Dep, College of Veterinary and Animal Science RAJUVAS, Bikaner-334 001, Email: dranilmool@gmail.com) : Biochemical changes during draft loading in donkeys. Indian J vet Sci Biotechnol 2016, 11(3), 76-8.

Present investigation was carried out to study the effects of draft load on biochemical parameters glucose, cholesterol, urea and lactate in donkeys. Six male donkeys 4 to 5 years of age were subjected to loading exercise (i.e. 10 per cent draft load for 1st to 5th days and 20 per cent draft load from 6th to 10th day). A highly significant (P≤0.01) increase in serum lactate and urea and highly significant decrease in glucose level at 10 per cent and 20 per cent draft load was noted. Cholesterol showed non-significant (P≤0.05) effect at 10 per cent and 20 per cent draft load.

2 tables, 12 ref

015167   Mishra P;Gupta M;Shrivastava K;Singh N;Singh P (Consevative & Endodontics Dep, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: drpankajmsr007@gmail.com) : Oral tattoos: "Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder". Adv hum Biol 2015, 5(2), 17-21.

Body piercing is a cultural practice or tradition in various civilizations dating back to antiquity. In recent years, body piercing has become increasingly fashionable for purely esthetic reasons and the practice cuts across all sectors of society. The emergence of oral tattoos especially among young adults is of concern to dental and medical professionals because of the risks and complications for oral, dental and general health. Intraoral piercings involve the tongue, while perioral piercings involve the lips, the cheeks and to a lesser extent the uvula and the frenum. Education is a primary method to intercept or prevent risky behavior of oral piercing and dental professionals have a major role in providing guidance about perioral /oral modification.

21 ref

015166   Malathi V G (Plant Pathology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: vgmalathi@rediffmail.com) : Biology and pathogenesis of begomoviruses. J Mycol Pl Pathol 2015, 45(2), 123-43.

Begomoviruses transmitted by whitefly infect a large number of dicotyledonous hosts causing diseases of economic importance. In the last decade using rolling circle amplification, more than hundred isolates of begomoviruses have been characterized. About 385 begomovirus isolates have been characterized in India from crop and weed species. Comparative genome analysis revealed events of recombination as a major factor contributing to variability. The intricate events of replication, movement, encapsidation, PTGS and transmission by the vector are being unravelled, which will open up interesting option for the management of diseases.

31 ref

015165   Majeed M;Borole K (Pharmacology Dep, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed Univ Medical College, Katraj Dhankawadi, Pune-411 043) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of pineapple juice in rheumatiod arthritis and osteoarthritis models in rats. Int J Med Hlth Sci 2015, 4(1), 70-6.

First total 48 rats of either sex weighing 250-300 g were divided into 2 batches, (each containing 24 rats), batch I for osteoarthritis and batch II for rheumatoid arthritis. Each batch was subdivided in to 4 groups (n=6). Rheumatoid Arthritis induced by injecting 0.1ml Complete Freund's Adjuvant in sub plantar region of left hind paw. 24 Rats divided into 4 groups (n=6). Group-I: Control, Group-II: Pineapple juice, Group-III: Diclofenac, Group-IV: Pineapple juice + Diclofenac. Oral drug treatment was given from day0 to day12. Paw volume was measured by plethysmometer on day 0, 1, 5, 12, 21. Osteoarthritis induced by intra-articular injection of 50 μl Monosodium-Iodo-Acetate solution. 24 rats divided into 4 groups (n=6) as above and drug treatments given for 14 days. Animals were observed for joint inflammation and gait. On day 15 they were sacrificed, knee joints observed for gross changes and sent for histopathology. Localized inflammatory reaction developed in all rats in 24 hours. In control group, no resolution of swelling, while in others, significant anti-inflammatory activity was seen which was maximum in combination Group-IV, followed by Diclofenac and least with Pineapple juice. Similarly significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed in terms of low histopathology scores in all 3 treatment groups of Osteoarthritis model. Results suggest that Pineapple juice has weak anti- inflammatory activity and can be added as a dietary adjuvant to standard anti-inflammatory drugs.

6 tables, 23 ref

015164   Mahanti A;Gopi M;Samanta I;Isore D P;Joardar S N (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, West Bengal Univ of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata-700 037) : Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and PCR based detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea) from environment. Indian J Anim Hlth 2015, 54(1), 67-9.

Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of many Pyogenic infection ranging from localized abscesses to fatal septicaemias and other secondary infections. Coagulase, and enterotoxins are the major virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus, Present study we have collected 50 swab samples from soil to isolate Staphylococcus aureus and to study their pathogenicity based on production of coagulase and enterotoxins. The result showed that none of the isolates were positive for both this factor. From this study we can conclude that the local environment( soil) is free from pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, although this study should be widened before coming to any definite conclusion.

8 ref

015163   Deka M;Dutta U (Zoology Dep, Cotton College, Guwahati, Assam) : Chronic exposure of CAC₂ induced haematotoxicity on albino rat. Indian J Life Sci 2015, 4(2), 33-41.

Calcium carbide (CaC₂) is indiscriminately used as a post ripening agent in a variety of marketed fruits which causes toxicity in human and animals as it contains traces of arsenic and phosphorus. On biochemical conversion, it produces free radicals that causes oxidative stress and in turn, damages the tissues. Therefore, the present study was aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of CaC₂ on haematological picture of albino rat exposed repeatedly to two different doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg body weight/day for a period of 90 days through oral route. The study was carried out on the basis of cytomorphological alterations of different blood cells following Wright stain. In addition, numerical level of different blood indices such as Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Differential Leucocyte count (DLC), Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were performed following standard haemotological methods. Findings of the study showed an increase in the TLC with abnormal count of DLC whereas a gradual reduction of Hb content and TEC found in all treated groups. Cytomorphological changes of erythrocytes revealed the presence of numerous stomatocytes with central pallor, membrane deformities, macroscopic hypochromic cells, tear drop cells and Heinz bodies along with anisopoikilocytes. Various immature WBC especially ring type eosinophils and blast formation of granulocytes along with fragmented neutrophils and membrane irregularity in many cells were evident in blood film. Analysis of the present findings concluded that CaC₂ is a potent agent that can cause alterations in the blood and thus haematotoxic in nature.

5 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

015162   Das L;Ghosh R;Bhattacharjee P (Pharmacology Dep, Tripura Medical College and B R A M Teaching Hospital, Hapania, Agartala, Email: doctordas@gmail.com) : Hepatoprotective activity of fruit extracts of phyllanthus acidus linn. in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxic model in albino rats. J Evolution med dent Sci 2015, 4(100), 16517-20.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

015161   Bhansali S;Vinod Kumar;Saikia U N;Medhi B;Jha V;Bhansali A;Dutta P (Endocrinology Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, Email: pinaki_dutta@hotmail.com ) : Effect of mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on glycaemic profile & their localization in streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats. Indian J med Res 2015, 142(1), 63-71.

The study was carried out in male Wistar rats categorized into three groups (n=6, in each group): Group 1 as control, group 2 streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg) induced diabetic group and group 3 experimental group; 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labelled allogenic MSCs were injected in the non-irradiated diabetic rat of the experimental group through tail vein. The blood glucose profile was subsequently monitored at regular intervals. Rats were sacrificed on day 45 and pancreas was examined for localization of BrdU labelled stem cells by immunofluorescence and islet-neogenesis by immunohistochemistry. There was a significant reduction in blood glucose level after administration of MSCs in the experimental group (P<60>0.001). The presence of BrdU labelled MSCs in islet suggested their localization in the pancreas. Co-expression of anti-BrdU and anti-insulin antibody indicated trans-differentiation / fusion into insulin producing cells evidenced by significant increase in total number of islet (P=0.004) and insulin positive cells ( P<60>0.0001) in experimental group. The results showed that the MSCs administration in non-irradiated diabetic Wistar rat reduced hyperglycaemia and was accompanied by increased islet-neogengesis, possibly through trans- differentiation/fusion.

5 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

015160   Bhagat A G;Kher H N;Dadawala A I;Chauhan H C; Chandel B S;Shah N M (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, Email: abidalibhagat@gmail.com) : Isolation, identification and antibiogram of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from the bovine mastitis. Indian vet J 2015, 92(11), 27-9.

Present study indicates Isolation, Identification and Antibiogram of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovinemastitis. Out of 50 milk samples, 11 isolates were recovered resulting into 22 per cent prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae. Biochemical characterization reveals all the 13 isolates were found to be negative in catalase test, while 8 isolates were found to be positive in CAMP test. Out of 13 Streptococcal isolates, 11 isolates yielded 329 bp amplicon of 16S rRNA gene confirming them as Streptococcus agalactiae. All the isolates were found to be resistant to streptomycin, whereas Gentamicin was found to be the most effective antibiotic.

3 illus, 12 ref

015159   Agnihotri M A;Khan A (NO, CM Medical College, Kachandur, Durg, Chhattisgarh, Email: akhilesh.1564@rediffmail.com) : Effects of cholesterol-supplemented and unsupplemented diets containing unextracted and extracted Syzygium cumini seeds on lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Int J med Sci pub Hlth 2015, 4(1), 27-34.

Effects of cholesterol-supplemented and unsupplemented diets containing unextracted and extracted Syzygium cumini seeds on lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats Powder of Syzygium cumini seeds was successively extracted using organic solvents, and hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic activities of 15% unextracted, 15% extracted, and 15% degummed S. cumini seeds with cholesterol-supplemented and unsupplemented diets were assayed in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this study, significant decrease in the levels of total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum phospholipids, and total cholesterol and triglycerides in tissues of liver, heart, and aorta was observed. Also, significant increase was observed in the phospholipid levels in tissues of liver, heart, aorta, and biliary, and fecal bile acid content and sterols in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects of S. cumini seeds may be attributed to their water-soluble gel-forming gummy fiber acting by decreasing cholesterol absorption and breakdown leading to an increased fecal excretion of bile acids and sterols.

7 tables, 19 ref

014144   Vinodraj K;Nayak I M N;Rao J V;Mathai P; Chandralekha N;Nitasha B;Rajesh D;Chethan T K (Pharmacology and Community Medicine Dep, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Kanataka, Email: vinodjkundapur@gmail.com) : Comparison of the efficacy of liraglutide with pioglitazone on dexamethasone induced hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia in albino rats. Indian J Pharmac 2015, 47(2), 181-4.

This is to evaluate the efficacy of liraglutide with pioglitazone for prevention of dexamethasone induced hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in Albino rats. There were four groups of six rats each. First group received dexamethasone alone in a dose of 8 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 6 days to induce metabolic changes and considered as dexamethasone control. Second group received liraglutide 1.8 mg/kg subcutaneously 6 days before dexamethasone and 6 days during dexamethasone administration. Third group received pioglitazone 45 mg/kg orally 6 days before dexamethasone and 6 days during dexamethasone administration. Fourth group did not receive any medication and was considered as normal control. Fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, blood sugar 2 h after glucose load were measured. Liver weight, liver volume, and histopathological analysis were done. Dexamethasone caused hepatomegaly, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Both pioglitazone and liraglutide significantly reduced hepatomegaly, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia (P <60> 0.01). Reduction of blood sugar levels after glucose load was significant with pioglitazone when compared with liraglutide (P <60> 0.01). Liraglutide has comparable efficacy to pioglitazone in prevention of dexamethasone induced hepatomegaly, dyslipidemia and fasting hyperglycemia.

1 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

014143   Suseela I M;Narayanankutty A;Ramavarma S K; Manalil J J;Sivaram V P;Shaji E M;Kuttappan R M;Padikkala J; Raghavamenon A C (NO, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P O, Thrissur-680 555) : Desimodium gyrans DC modulates lipid trafficking in macrophages and improves functional HDL in rats. Amala Res Bull 2015, 35, 143-50.

Accumulation of foam cells (lipid-laden macrophages) in the arterial wall is an indication of plaque-build up, a hallmark in atherosclerosis. High density lipoprotein (HDL) mediated efflux of these lipids is known to reduce plaque burden. Desmodium gyrans DC (Fabaceae) has been previously shown to be hypolipidemic and HDL enhancing in high fat-high cholesterol fed rats and rabbits. The present study was undertaken to assess the HDL promoting effect of Desmodium gyrans and to purify the active components to the level possible. The study clearly observed a reduction in the uptake of oxidized lipids by THP-derived macrophages by the pre- treatment of D. gyrans crude methanolic extract (DGM) in a dose dependent manner. The efficacy was comparatively higher than niacin used as positive control. Among the various fractions of the DGM obtained using silica gel column chromatography based on polarity, the aqueous fraction of the crude extract obtained showed significant effect in preventing lipid uptake by macrophages. Similarly, in the cholesterol efflux assay using THP-1 derived macrophages, higher cholesterol efflux rate was observed with DGM and its aqueous fraction. Further, oral administration of DGM (100 mg and 250 mg) progressively enhanced serum HDL level of normal Wistar rats and associated paraoxonase activity dose dependently over a period of 1 month. The results clearly indicate that DGM possess functional HDL enhancing effect and the active component responsible could be purified from its aqueous fraction.

4 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

014142   Singha D M;Dutta B K;Ray D C (Microbial and Agricultural Ecology & Biodiversity Conservation Laborat, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar-78801, Email: candela_rj@yahoo.co.in) : Potential of some selected soil fungi in relation to litter decomposition in tea agroecosystem. J mycopathol Res 2014, 52(2), 261-6.

Decomposition of leaf litter is a major source of nutrients in tea agroecosystem. The leaf litter is broken down by the insects and midrobial decomposers. Decomposition refers to the processes that convert dead organic matter into smaller and simpler compounds leading to mineralization. The rate of decomposition is influenced by many factors. In the present work, leaf litter decomposition was measured using the Nylon bag technique. Six fungal species were isolated from tea soil and selected for litter decomposition study, viz, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium rubrum and Penicillium frequentans. They were cultured in vitro and introduced in the tea leaf litter to know their potential in the process of litter decomposition. Litter decomposition rate was found to be higher in the Aspergillus flavus amended litter followed by Penicillium rubrum and Trichoderma harzianum respectively as compared to other selected species of fungi and control. Potential of tea soil mycoflora in relation to litter decomposition in tea agroecosystem has been discussed.

2 tables, 26 ref

014141   Saxena S;Negi R;Guleri S (Botany Dep, SGRR (P.G.) College, Dehradun-248 001, Email: seema.sx@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial potential of Berberis aristata DC. against some human bacterial pathogens. J mycopathol Res 2014, 52(2), 227-35.

Berberis aristata DC (Family Berberidaceae) is one of the herbs mentioned in all ancient scriptures of ayurveda, Charakha and Susruta. Leaves of the plant were investigated for antimicrobial activity against six bacterial pathogens responsible for various ailments and infections in human body viz. Staphylococcus aureus MTCC7405, Streptococcus epidermidis MTCC3615, Streptococcus mutans MTCC890, Escherichia coli MTCC3221, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC7407 and Bacillus cereus MTCC7190 procured from Microbial Type Culture Collection Centre, Chandigarh, India. Plant extracts were made from powdered leaves by gradient extraction in the order of increasing polarity ( hexane <60> chloroform < ethyl acetate <60> methanol <60> ethanol <60> water) using Soxhlet extractor.Agar-well diffusion method was employed to evaluate the zone of inhibition exhibited by individual plant extract against bacterial pathogens. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant leaves was carried out to evaluate the presence of secondary metabolites. Active constituent was confirmed by GLC, TLC, HPLC and FTIR. Syn-ergism between the active plant extract and few antibiotics was analyzed against three bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Ethanol and methanol extracts exhibited maximum activities with zones of inhibition recorded 22 mm. and 15 mm. against Staphylococcus aureus and 12 mm. inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ethyl acetate extracts profoundly inhibited K. pneumoniae (24 mm.) and S. aureus (18 mm.). Hexane and aqueous extracts moderately effected the growth of the pathogens, while chloroform extract was found weakly active. The leaves of the plant possessed three phytochemicals viz. tannins, saponines and steroides. Active constituent was isolated and confirmed as Berberin. Gentamicin presented significant synergism with active ethanol extract. Higher synergism was exhibited in case of S. aureus showing 28 mm. zone as compared to gentamicin alone (20 mm.), followed by K. pneumoniae (25 mm.), while plant extract with tetracycline combination recorded slight increase in zones of inhibition not establishing much synergism. Bacitracin along with active plant extract could not established effective synergism. The study may serve for the development of lead molecules and for the purpose of use of specific extracts in specific herbal formulations.

12 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

014140   Samuel S S;Shukla S;Ramteke P W;Sushma (Warner School of Food and Dairy Technology, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, (SHIATS), Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Isolation and identification of antagonistic Lactobacillus spp. isolated from dairy products against selected pathogens. Pharma Innovation 2016, 5(1), 08-13.

Lactic acid bacteria occur naturally as indigenous micro flora. In fermented foods, starter culture of lactic acid bacteria is added for fermentation which results in desired changes in the food and dairy products. Isolation and identification of Lactobacillus spp. in various food products reveals the indigenous microflora of that region. Isolation of such regional strains helps in identification the best isolates which can be utilized for further study. Five hundred forty eight lactic acid bacteria were isolated from food (Dosa batter) and dairy samples (Raw milk, Curd and Paneer). Out of which 242 isolates were identified as Lactobacillus spp. and others included Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Lactococcus spp. Isolates of Lactobacillus spp. were identified to species level on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics - Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus.

2 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

014139   Ravikumar K S;Lawrance S;Janardhanan K K (NO, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur-680 555) : Protective effect of cultured mycelia of Morchella esculenta (L.: Fr.) pers. against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Amala Res Bull 2015, 35, 133-42.

Clinical usefulness of doxorubicin, a highly effective antineoplastic drug, is often limited by its dose dependent cardiotoxicity. This adverse effect is caused by the induction of oxidative stress. In this study, possible protective effect of ethanol extract of cultured mycelium of Morchella esculenta against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was examined. The extract, at 250 and 500 mg/Kg b. wt doses, was found to be effective in reducing cardiac and liver damage caused by doxorubicin (6 mg/ Kg b. wt, i.p) as indicated by the decreased levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum. All these marker enzymes were markedly increased after doxorubicin treatment. Doxorubicin also caused a reduction in the activity of catalase and glutamate - S - transferase (GST) in myocardial cells. The extract was found to be effective in increasing the activity of these enzymes. Large scale lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue as a result of doxorubicin treatment was also reduced on the extract administration. The level of glutathione (GSH), which was found to be decreased in cardiac cells on doxorubicin treatment, was increased by the administration of the extract. All these results indicate that Morchella esculenta contains active components that can confer protection to a significant level against doxorubicin induced heart and liver damage.

9 illus, 13 ref

014138   Rajwinder Kaur;Jindal V (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: vikas_ento@pau.edu) : Genetic relatedness of bacterial species isolated from local entomopathogenic nematode strains of Punjab. Indian J Ecol 2015, 42(1), 35-9.

Symbiotic bacteria are associated with entomopathogenic nematodes e.g. Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus spp with Heterorhabditis and Steinernema, respectively. In this study bacterial species were isolated from five local strains of EPN, isolated from Punjab soil and their genetic relatedness was studied using RAPD-PCR. Bacterial isolates (1,2,3,4 & 5), isolated from local EPN strains (N-12, N-13, N-14, N-15 & N-17) produced brick red coloured colonies and were non-bioluminescent. The infective juveniles (Us) of each EPN strains developed into adults within 72 hours, when fed on respective bacterial isolates. This confirmed the association between bacterial isolates and respective EPN strains. The genetic relatedness dendrogram developed based on RAPD-PCR analysis showed isolate 2, 4 and 5 are very closely related. Isolates 1 and 3 have 65% similarity, while these two are different from other isolates by 70 per cent.

2 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

014137   Patel S;Kale P P;Addepalli V;Sarkar A;Saval J (Pharmacology Dep, SPP SPTM, NMIMS Univ, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: addepalliv@gmail.com) : Effect of combination of duloxetine with hydroxyzine on experimental models of anxiety in mice. Indian J Pharmac 2015, 47(2), 173-6.

There is a strong association between depression and anxiety. Duloxetine, an antidepressant agent, is also used in the treatment of anxiety. Hydroxyzine is preferred over benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety. Present study was designed to study the impact of a combination of duloxetine with hydroxyzine in treatment of anxiety. Mice received intraperitoneal injection of normal saline (10 ml/kg), duloxetine alone (10 mg/kg), hydroxyzine alone (10 mg/kg), and hydroxyzine plus duloxetine (5 mg/kg, each). The in vivo results (elevated plus maze and light/dark transition tests) showed significant anxiolytic activity with the hydroxyzine treatment than the control group. The brain monoamines were significantly increased in hippocampi, cerebral cortices, and whole brain in drug-treated groups than in the control group. The group receiving the combination showed similar results in the in vivo models and in vitro tests (brain monoamine estimations) than respective monotherapies, with the exception of a greater increase of norepinephrine levels in cerebral cortices in duloxetine-treated group. Combination of duloxetine with hydroxyzine is not beneficial in anxiolytic treatment than the respective monotherapies. There is a need to study the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions to understand the present study outcomes.

3 tables, 30 ref

014136   Pal M;Dave P;Kumar Manna A (Microbiology Dep, Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agric, P.B. No.34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, Email: palmahendra2@gmail.com) : Emerging role of Aspergillus flavus in human and animal disorders. J mycopathol Res 2014, 52(2), 211-16.

Fungi have emerged as a major public health problem both in developing as well developed countries. Among the fungi, Aspergillus flavus, is recognized as an important pathogen that has the potential to cause infections in plants, humans and animals including birds. The infection due to A. flavus can occur in sporadic and epidemic form, and is recorded from many countries of the world including India. A. flavus can produce disease both in immunocompetent, and immunocompromised hosts. The fungus is widely distributed in the environment, and is recovered from the soil, air, water, and plant materials. The source of infection is exogenous; and humans and animals can acquire the infection by inhalation of the infectious fungal spores from the saprobic environment. The fungus can attack on various tissues including the skin, eye, heart, brain and joint. The tissue damage is more severe in those whose immunity is compromised due to any reason. The disease in animals and plants has economic implications. The help of laboratory is needed to confirm the diagnosis of disease. The direct microscopic detection of pathogen in clinical specimens and its isolation in pure growth still remains the simple and cheap gold standard method for diagnosis of fungal infection. The pathogen is highly virulent and more resistant to antifungal drugs. However, itraconazole and voriconazole have been tried in clinical management of the disease. It is advised that immonocompromised persons must avoid dust environment and use face mask to prevent the exposure to A.flavus. The early diagnosis and prompt therapy is imperative in immunocompromised patients to prevent the fatal outcome of disease. The additional studies on the pathogenesis, chemotherapy and epidemiology of A.flavus infection would be rewarding. It is emphasized that the role of A. flavus in various clinical disorders of humans and animals should be established. The wider application of "NARAYAN" stain in all the microbiology and public health laboratories to study detailed morphology of fungal isolates for identification of the pathogen is recommended.

39 ref

014135   Nagar J K;Patel P P;Mohapatra J N;Sharma M M; Pandya G M;Umar M M;chatterjee A A;Deshpande S S;Jain M R;Soni H M (Pharmacology Dep, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Email: drhiteshsoni@gmail.com) : Differential effects of dexamethasone and rosiglitazone in a sephadex induced model of lung inflammation in rats: possible role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3. Indian J Pharmac 2015, 47(2), 153-9.

This is to study the effects of two different classes of drugs in sephadex-induced lung inflammation using rats and explore the potential mechanism (s). Effects of dexamethasone (0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) and rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg, p.o.) treatments were evaluated up to 3 days in sephadex challenged rats. 72 h postsephadex administration, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for cell count and cytokine estimation. Lung tissues were harvested for gene expression and histopathology. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in significant inhibition of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils, whereas rosiglitazone inhibited eosinophils and neutrophils only. Further, dexamethasone reduced the elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) after sephadex challenge while rosiglitazone significantly reduced the PGE2 levels without altering LTB4 in the BALF. Hydroxyproline content in rat lung homogenate was significantly reduced with dexamethasone treatment but not with rosiglitazone. Both the drugs were found to suppress matrix metallo proteinase 9, whereas only dexamethasone showed inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) expression and preserved the broncho-alveolar microstructure. The results revealed that up-regulation of TIMP-3 corroborated well with dexamethasone mediated inhibition of collagen degradation and restoration of alveolar micro-architecture.

4 illus, 2 table, 26 ref

014134   Mubeen M;Arshad H M I;Iftikhar Y;Ullah M I; Bilqees I (Plant Pathology Dep, Univ College of Agriculture, Sargodha Univ, Sargodha 40100-Pakistan, Email: mustansar@yahoo.com) : Bio-chemical characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri: A gram negative bacterium causing citrus canker. Int J Sci Nat 2015, 6(2), 151-4.

Bacterial citrus canker is one of the major causes of yield losses in citrus growing areas of world. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the cause of this disease, which is a gram negative bacterium. Biochemical analysis helps to differentiate between gram positive and gram negative. Gram staining, Starch hydrolysis, Tween 80 hydrolysis, Gelatin Liquefaction, KOH test, Kovacs' Oxidase and Fluorescent Pigmentation tests were performed to characterize the Xac. The results of all biochemical tests confirmed the Xac a gram negative bacterium.

2 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

014133   Mondal S;Ghosh R C;Purohit K (Veterinary Pathology Dep, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Durg, Chhattisgarh) : Acute toxicity of acetamiprid in rats. Pesticide Res J 2015, 27(2), 252-7.

The pathology of acute acetamiprid toxicity in female wistar rats in reported. The approximate lethal dose (ALD) by oral route was found to be 506 mgkg^{-1 body weight. The toxicity signs were respiratory distress, hyperaesthesia, extensive tremors and terminal clonic convulsion, coma and death. At necropsy, severe haemorrhages in lungs and mild congestion in liver were noticed. Microscopically, congestion, haemorrhages and necrosis were found in liver, lungs, spleen and heart.}

11 illus, 26 ref

014132   Merter A A;Mayir B;Erdogan O;Colak T (General Surgery Dep, Antalya Traning and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey, Email: burmay@yahoo.com) : Protective effects of amifostine on ischemia reperfusion injury of rat kidneys. Indian J Pharmac 2015, 47(2), 185-9.

Amifostine is a drug which can eliminate free oxygen radicals that appear in the body after radiation or chemotherapeutic agent exposure. It is used to decrease the renal toxicity of cisplatin. The aim of this study was to determine the role of amifostine in warm ischemia kidney model for prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury and also to find out the mechanism for prevention from ischemia/reperfusion injury if such an effect does exist. Adult female rats (n = 40) that used in our study were divided into three groups. Group 1: Control (n = 8), group 2: Ischemia-control (n = 16), group 3: Amifostine treated (n = 16). The effect of amifostine on ischemia/reperfusion injury investigated in rat kidneys. At the 7 th day, blood urea nitrogen level was statistically significantly higher in ischemia-control group than all groups (P = 0.001) and mean serum creatinine levels were found to be the highest in ischemia-control group (P = 0.091). Mean malondialdehyde levels in left kidneys removed on the 7 th day were not significantly different (P = 0.105) at all three groups. Between ischemia-control group and amifostine group, there was a significant difference in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (P = 0.001). In amifostine group, grade 4 necrosis was not detected neither on 7 th day nor day 0. Amifostine could decrease the degree and severity of necrosis after reperfusion. Amifostine could not prevent membrane lipid peroxidation caused by superoxide anion radicals in kidney but they could protect tissues from the harmful effects of ischemia/reperfusion injury by increasing the level of reduced GSH which is a well-known oxygen radical eliminator.

3 illus, 2 table, 19 ref

014131   Llyas U K;Katare D P;Aeri V (Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Dep, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard Univ, New Delhi) : Comparative evalution of standardized alcoholic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn. against galactosamine-induced hepatopathy in albino rat. Pharmacog Mag 2015, 11(42), 277-82.

The extraction of P. maderaspatensis as per Ayurveda was simultaneously standardized and quantified for biochemical markers viz., polyphenols: Kaempferol, quercetin, catechin, rutin, and ellagic acid by high-performance thin layer chromatography. Hepatotoxicity was induced albino adult rats by intraperitoneal injection of galactosamine (400 mg/kg). The quantified aqueous, hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extract of P. maderaspatensis (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight/day) were compared for evaluation of hepatoprotective potential, which were assessed in terms of reduction in histological damage, change in serum enzymes such as aspartate amino transaminase, alanine amino transaminase and alkaline phosphatase and increase thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The hydroalcoholic extract was found to contain comparatively high amount of kaempferol, quercetin, catechin, rutin, and ellagic acid which are responsible for hepatoprotection. Antioxidant parameters such as glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity in liver tissues were restored toward the normalization more significantly by the hydroalcoholic extract when compared with other extracts. The biochemical observations were supplemented with histopathological examination. The hydroalcoholic extract standardized with respect to known biomarkers may be considered as a potent extract against hepatotoxicity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

014130   Kale P P;Addepalli V (Pharmacology Dep, SPP SPTM, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, Email: addepalliv@gmail.com) : Enhancement of nootropic effect of duloxetine and bupropion by caffeine in mice. Indian J Pharmac 2015, 47(2), 199-201.

The existing evidence suggests an association between depression and memory impairment. The objective of present study was to assess the effect of low dose caffeine with duloxetine and bupropion on memory. Mice were divided randomly into seven groups. Intra-peritoneal treatment of normal saline (10 ml/kg), caffeine (10 mg/kg), duloxetine (10 mg/kg), bupropion alone (10 mg/kg), caffeine + duloxetine (5 mg/kg, each), caffeine + bupropion (5 mg/kg, each), and bupropion + duloxetine (5 mg/kg, each) were given to groups I-VII, respectively. Elevated plus maze was used to evaluate transfer latency (TL) and Morris water maze was used to estimate the time spent in target quadrant. Caffeine with duloxetine treated group was better than other combination treated groups in terms of a significant decrease in TL and increase in the time spent in target quadrant recorded. Combining lower dose of caffeine with duloxetine may enhance cognitive benefits than respective monotherapies.

2 table, 20 ref